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Zahida Shabnam
Zahida Shabnam
&t+kfgnk 'kcue
*
eksgjZe dk bfrgkl
bLykeh ;kfu fgtjh o"kZ dk igyk ekg eksgjZe gS A fgtjh o"kZ dh 'kq:vkr blh ekg ls gksrh gS A bl eghus dks bLyke /keZ esa pkj ifo= eghuksa esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS A [kqnk ds nwr iSxEcj gt+jr eksgEen us bl ekg dks vYykg dk eghuk dgk gS A bl ekg euk;k tkus okyk eksgjZe dk ioZ ekg ds igys fnu ls 'kq: gksdj nlosa fnu rd pyrk gS A eqfLye /keZxzUFk ds vuqlkj 61 fgtjh lEor 680 bZ0 esa pkSFks [kyhQk gt+jr vyh1 ds fu/ku ls muds mkjkf/kdkj dks ysdj fookn gqvk A u;k euksuhr [kyhQk ;thn O;fHkpkjh vkSj v/kehZ Fkk A mlds xyr dk;ksZa ,oa vkpj.k dk gt+jr beke gqlSu2 us fojks/k fd;k A blh dkj.k eksgjZe ds eghus esa ,d ;k=k ds nkSjku gt+jr beke gqlSu] muds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa vkSj vuq;kf;;ksa dks [kyhQk ds lSfudksa us ?ksjdj ca/kd cuk fy;k A vR;kpkjh [kyhQk ds funsZk ij ?ksjkcanh ds nkSjku lHkh ca/kdksa dks ftlesa efgyk,a vkSj cPps Hkh Fks Hkw[kk I;klk j[kk x;k] ftlls muesa ls vf/kdkak yksxksa dh e`R;q gks x;h] [kyhQk ds lsukifr mej fcu lkn us eksgjZe dh 9 rkjh[k dh jkr dks gt+jr gqlSu ds lkeus ,d izLrko j[kk ftlesa muls lPpkbZ ds ekxZ dks NksMdj leiZ.k djus ds cnys thou nku nsus dh iskdk dh A bl izLrko dks gt+jr gqlSu us fuMjrk ls vLohdkj dj fn;k A vUr esa eksgjZe dh 10 rkjh[k 61 fgtjh lEor3 dks gt+jr gqlSu lkgc dk Hkh flj dkV fn;k x;k A ;s ?kVuk bjkd ds dcZyk uked LFkku ij ?kfVr gqbZ Fkh A rc ls gh mudh ;kn esa eksgjZe dk ioZ euk;k tkrk gS A
*Member of the Research Project titled THE OLD CITY OF JAIPUR IN HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND
SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE , in association with Dr. R. S. Khangarot, Principal, Agrawal College, Jaipur and Prof. Dr. Monica Boehm Tettelbach, Deptt. of Modern South Asian Studies, UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. A
1- iSxEcj gt+jr eksgEen ds nkeknA 2- gt+jr vyh ds iqk vj iSxEcj gt+jr eksgEen lkgc ds ukrhA 3- xzsxfj;u dSys.Mj ds vuqlkj 10 vDVwcj 680 bZLohA
gt+jr
vU;k; vkSj vlR; dks Lohdkj u dj thou esa lnSo lR; vkpj.k dks viukuk pkfg, vkSj lekt esa vPNkbZ dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, izk.kksa dh Hkh ijokg ugha djuh pkfg,A ;gh eksgjZe dk ewy lansk gS A
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bjkd dh jkt/kkuh cxnkn ls 100 fdyehVj nf{k.k-if'Pke esa fLFkr ,d dLckA fk;k er ds vuqlkj 123 yx 72 enZ-vjrsa vj 51 cPps FksA gt+jr gqlSu ds 6 ekg ds ckyd dk uke gt+jr vyh vlxj Fkk A edcjk] et+kj A nkZu A
1. e/; ,f'k;k ds 'kkld rSewj yax us 1398-99 Loh esa Hkkjrh; jkT;a ij vke.k fd,A 1398-99 Loh esa fnYyh ds lqYrku ulh#hu egewn rqxyd d ijkftr dj fnYyh d ywVkA mlds ckn 1399 Loh esa fQjtkckn] esjB] gfj}kj] dkaxMk vj tEew ij Hkh vf/kiR; fd;kA 2- LoIu esa vyfdd ?k"k.kk lquuk ;k bZojh; vknsk kIr gksukA 3- eykuk 'kjQqhu vyh ;t+nh r t+Q+jukek mnwZ vuq% fgnk;r gqlSu]1951 i`-la- 37-44. 4- jktLFkku Fkzw n ,tst+% okWY;we&4% t;iqj #ylZ ,.M ns;j ,MfefuLVsku (la% vkj ds xqIrk] ,l vkj c[kh) i`-la- 290-345.
LFkkuh; <wa<kM LFkkiR; 'kSyh o eqxy fuekZ.k 'kSyh dk feJ.k dj ,d ubZ t;iqjh rkft;k fuekZ.k 'kSyh dk tUe gqvk A ,d ckj egkjktk lokbZ jkeflag cgqr chekj gks x, A dbZ ukeh oS|ksa vkSj gdheksa ls bZykt djkus ij Hkh dksbZ ykHk ugha gqvk rHkh muds njckj ds ,d mPpkf/kdkjh mLrkn jtc vyh [kk egkjkt dh dqky{kse iwNus egy x, vkSj mUgksaus rkft, ij ls mrkjdj ykbZ xbZ dykos dh Mksjh egkjkt dks iguk nh A blds ckn egkjkt ds LokLF; esa rsth ls lq/kkj vkus yxk vkSj iw.kZr;k Bhd gksus ij egkjkt dh vkLFkk gt+jr gqlSu ds rkft, esa csgn izxk< gks xbZ A egkjkt us vius lkeUr uokc QSt vyh [kk dks cqyk;k vkSj vknsk fn;k fd rqjUr jktdks"k ls lksus o pkanh dk ,d rkft;k cuk;k tk, A if.Mr uUnfdkksj ikjhd vkSj QSt vyh [kk dh ns[kjs[k esa lksus pkanh dk ,d mRd`"V rkft;k rS;kj fd;k x;k vkSj f=iksfy;k njokts ds ikl vkfrk ds njokts ds xks[kksa ij rkft;k j[kk x;kA1 ;g ijEijk vkt Hkh dk;e gS A izfro"kZ eksgjZe dh ukS rkjh[k fgtjh lEor dks <ksy&rkkksa ds lkFk vkfrk ds njokts ls rkft;k jokuk gksdj gokegy rd vkrk gS vkSj okil vkfrk rd ykSVrk gS A fQj vxys fnu eksgjZe dh nl rkjh[k dks ikap&lkr flikfg;ksa dh fuxjkuh esa ;s rkft;k dcZyk t;iqj rd ys tk;k tkrk gS vkSj iqu% vius ewy LFkku ij ykSVkdj yk;k tkrk gS A bl rkft;s dks nQuk;k ugha tkrk A blds vfrfjDr vU; eksgYyksa ds rkft;s dcZyk esa ys tkdj fof/kor nQu dj fn;s tkrs gSa A
ds rkft;ksa dks yx fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku rd nQukus ds fy, ugha ys tkrs Fks cfYd lehi ds gh fdlh lqfo/kktud LFkku ij nQuk fn;k djrs FksA A bl LFkku dk fuekZ.k egkjktk lokbZ ekuflag f}rh; ds 'kklu dky esa muds [okl th ,d lkeUr Jh jkeizrki /kkHkkbZ ds iq= jkepUnz /kkHkkbZ us 1352 fgtjh 1933 bZLoh esa djok;k Fkk A jkepUnz /kkHkkbZ ds dksbZ lUrku ugha Fkh A viuh iq=-izkfIr dh euksdkeuk ysdj jkepUnz Lo;a bjkd esa dcZyk fLFkr gt+jr gqlSu ds edCkjs ij x;s vj eUur ekaxh fd ;fn esjs iqk jRu dh kfIr gqbZ rks eSa vkidk LFkku t;iqj esa Hkh cuokaxkA dcZyk ls yVrs le; ogka dh ifok feV~Vh ,d iVyh esa cka/k dj jkepU vius lkFk t;iqj ysdj vk,A vxys gh o"kZ jkepU dks iqk jRu dh kfIr gqbZ A Jh /kkHkkbZ us euksdkeuk iw.kZ gksus ij egkjktk lokbZ ekuflag th ls 40 ch?kk 3 fcLok Hkwfe jkex< eksM ds lehi dcZyk 'kjhQ ds uke ls vkoafVr djokbZ A bl Hkwfe ds e/; esa dcZyk bjkd ls ykbZ x;h feV~Vh dks nQu dj ,d njxkg dk fuekZ.k djok;k vkSj lehi gh nks d{k vkSj pkj nhokjh dk Hkh fuekZ.k djok;kA1
1.t;iqj dh dcZyk-'kjhQ esa fLFkr njxkg ds nk,a njokts ij Qkjlh Hkk"kk esa ,d drck fgtjh lEor 1352 1933 bZ0 dk mRdh.kZ gS] ftlesa dcZyk 'kjhQ ds fuekZ.k dk lEiw.kZ o`rkUr of.kZr gS] tks fuEuor gS%&
fcfLeYykfgjZgekfujZghe
dnkZ rkehj njoktk o nqdkukr fojl njxkg 'kgukkgs dksuSu gt+jr beke gqlSu vySfgLlyke feutkfuc tkstk nkjksxk jkeizrkith [k+yQ+ nkjksxk jkepUnjth /kkHkkbZ ckuh fcuk, njxkgs bekes vkyh eqdke crkSj utj o feUur
drk
ln 'kq tkst+k filj jkepUnz th nj ckjxkgs gds rqQSys bekes ikd djnk crkSjs utj bekes efyd tukc rkjh[k lky xqr ft;k, crkSj utj
njs edlwn eqjkn [kqnk dke;kc 'kqn ckln [kqn nqvk, fnyk eqLrlkc 'kqn rkehj ckc eqjhns vtjks lokc 'kqn rkehj ckcs njxkgs okyk tuck 'kqn
egkjktk lokbZ ekuflag f}rh; (1922-1970) ds 'kkludky esa t;iqj fj;klr esa rkft+;nkjh s
egkjktk lokbZ ekuflag f}rh;1 dk 'kkludky (1922-1970) t;iqj fj;klr esa rkft;snkjh ds fodkl esa u, vk;ke ysdj vk;kA t;iqj fj;klr dh QkSt esa ml le; 12 csMs Fks A gj csMs ds lSfud vius csMs dk vyx rkft;k cuk;k djrs Fks A t;iqj egkjkt dh vj ls gj csMs dks 250 #i;s izfro"kZ rkft;k fuekZ.k ds fy, feyrs Fks A rkft;ksa ds fuekZ.k dk;Z gsrq gj csMs ds 50 lSfudksa dks gj lky eksgjZe ls igys ,d ekg ds fy, loSrfud vodkk fn;k tkrk Fkk A izR;sd csMs ds rkft, dks egkjkt o jktifjokj ds lnL; gokegy ls ns[kk djrs Fks vkSj mRd`"V dykd`fr okys rkft;ksa ds fkYidkjksa dks egkjkt Lo;a foks"k iqjLdkj ckVrs FksA2
1- jktLFkku Fkzw n ,tst+% okWY;we&4% t;iqj #ylZ ,.M ns;j ,MfefuLVsku (la% vkj ds xqIrk] ,l vkj c[kh) i`-la- 290-345. 2. lzr% rkft;ssnkja dh iapk;r lfefr ds lssVh fetkZ vkQkd csx] lnj bfy;kl ekSgEen feLdhuh] mLrkn cqUnw [kk vkSj ofj"B lnL;a ls fy, x, O;fDrxr lk{kkRdkja ds vk/kkj ijA buesa ls Jh vkQkd csx o d vU; cqt+qxZ lnL;a us egkjktk lokbZ ekuflag f}rh; (19221970) ds le; dh rkft+;snkjh viuh vk[ka ls ns[kh gSA
dkykUrj esa t;iqj 'kgj ds gj eksgYys dk viuk ,d vyx rkft;k cuus yxk vkSj lHkh rkft;s ,d tqywl ds :i esa e ls pyrs gq, gokegy gksrs gq, dcZyk 'kjhQ igqapus yxs A izfro"kZ rkft;ksa ds fuekZ.k dks ysdj t;iqj ds eksgYyksa esa izfrLi)kZ gksus yxh tks vkt rd py jgh gS A
rkft;k fuekZ.k 'kSyh dh fjok;r ds vuqlkj rkft, ds 9 Hkkx&r[r] btkjk] dukl] ikok] ckal] ikSMh] eafty] ikydh vkSj dyl gksrs gSaA t;iqj esa rkft;ksa dk fuekZ.k eq[;r% Ng fgLlksa esa fd;k tkrk gS] ftuds uke gSa & r[r] jkstk] vBokl] xqEcn] dyl o rqjkZ A
Nrjh yxkuk ,sfPNd gS] blfy, Nrjh bu fgLlksa esa 'kkfey ugha gS A dqN xqEcnksa ij Nrjh yxkdj Hkh rkft, cuk, tkrs gSa tcfd dqN fcuk Nrjh ds curs gSa A rkft;k fuekZ.k esa dke vkus okyh lkexzh esa ckal] ydMh ds iV~Vs] vHkzd] dkxt] iUuh] dpdMk dPpk IykfLVd] rkeMk] diMk] pedh] FkeksZdkWy o Mksjs dk iz;ksx gksrk gS A ckal o ydMh ds iV~Vksa ls loZizFke rkft, dk <kapk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA rRipkr dkxt] iUuh] diMk] vHkzd] FkeksZdkWy o vU; lkexzh ls rkft, dks cMh esgur vkSj dykdkjh ls ltkoV djds cgqr lqUnj :i fn;k tkrk gSA1
t;iqj ds rkft;ksa dh fuekZ.k 'kSyh esa ,d fofk"Vrk egkjktk lokbZ jkeflag ds 'kkludky ls vkbZ A muds le; ls gh rkft;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa vHkzd dh dfVax] jaxfcjaxs dkxtksa ls cus xqynLrs vkSj dykRed tkfy;a dk iz;ksx kq# gqvkA rkft;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa ijEijkxr vkVZ vkSj vkfdZVsDpj ds feJ.k ls ckal dh [kifPp;ksa dks Hkou dk :i nsdj rkft, cuk, x;s vkSj fQj ltkoV esa csgrjhu vHkzd dh dfVax] jaxfcjaxs dkxtksa ls cus xqynLrs o dykRed tkfy;k
1. t;iqj esa rkft,nkjh ds mLrknxkuksa rkft;k fuekZ.k dyk ds foks"kK fkYih xq:va vkSj vuqHkoh [kyhQkvksa mLrknxkuksa ds lgk;dksa ls fy, x, O;fDrxr lk{kkRdkja ds vk/kkj ijA 2.rkft;ssnkja dh iapk;r lfefr ds lssVh fetkZ vkQkd csx] lnj bfy;kl ekSgEen feLdhuh] mLrkn cqUnw [kk vkSj ofj"B lnL;a ls fy, x, O;fDrxr lk{kkRdkja ds vk/kkj ijA
dkV dj [kwclwjrh ls yxk;s tkrs Fks A dkykUrj esa FkeksZdkWy vkSj dpdMs IykfLVd ds iz;ksx ls t;iqj ds LFkkuh; dykdkjksa us rkft;ksa dh fuekZ.k 'kSyh dks ubZ mpkbZ;k iznku dhA
eksgjZe dh jLeksa esa lHkh leqnk; ds yksx c< p< dj fgLlk ysrs gSa A eksgjZe dh 7 rkjh[k dks xr-,-vye dh jLe ds nkSjku lcdks nw/k] xqykc o dsoMs dk 'kcZr o B.Mk ikuh fiyk dj lsok dh tkrh gS A [kSjkr o benkn nku Hkh dh tkrh gS A bl lsok esa fk;k] lqUuh o vU; lHkh lEiznk;ksa ds yksx
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fu%LokFkZ viuk ;ksxnku nsrs gSa A eksgjZe dh 9 rkjh[k dh jkr vkSj 10 rkjh[k dks lqcg rkft;ksa dk tqywl ns[kus yk;d gksrk gS A 9 rkjh[k dh jkr dks 11 cts <ksy rkkksa ds lkFk gj eksgYys dk rkft;k tqywl ds :i esa fudy dj gokegy rd igqprk gSA1 rkft;s ds lkFk lkFk yksx tqywl esa iVsckth vkSj ryokjckth djrs gq, pyrs gSa A ;s rkft, e/; jkf= rd yVdj okil vius eqdke ij vk tkrs gSa A vxys fnu eksgjZe dh 10 rkjh[k dks rkft, fQj ls fnu esa tqywl ds :i esa fudyrs gSa vkSj gokegy ds jkLrs dcZyk rd ys tk, tkrs gSaA rkft;ksa ds bl tqywl esa fk;k eqlyeku dkys diM+s igurs gSa vkSj uaxs iSj pyrs gSa vkSj vius lhus ij gkFk ekjrs gSa] ftls ekre dgk tkrk gS A ekre ds lkFk os gk; gqlSu dh lnk yxkrs gSa vkSj lkFk gh dqN 'kksd xkFkk,a Hkh dfork ds :i esa i<rs gSa] ftUgsa ukSgk dgk tkrk gSA1 rkft;s ds lkFk ,d >.Mk :ih vye Hkh gksrk gS] ftls beke gqlSu ds lkFk 'kghn gq, muds NksVs HkkbZ gt+jr vCckl dh ;kn esa fudkyk tkrk gS A eksgjZe dk eghuk 'kq: gksrs gh etfylksa kksd lHkkvksa dk flyflyk 'kq: gks tkrk gS A dbZ LFkkuksa ij bZekeckMs+ ltk, tkrs gSa A eksgjZe ds fnu eqlyeku jkstk miokl j[krs gSa A Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa fgUnq] eqlyeku vkSj fl[k lHkh dcZyk ds 'kghnksa dh ;kn eukrs gSa A nk czk.kksa ds ifjokj esa eksgjZe euk;k tkrk gS rFkk rkft;k Hkh fudkyk tkrk gSA1
1.rkft;ssnkja dh iapk;r lfefr ds lssVh fetkZ vkQkd csx] lnj bfy;kl ekSgEen feLdhuh] mLrkn cqUnw [kk vkSj ofj"B lnL;a ls fy, x, O;fDrxr lk{kkRdkja ds vk/kkj ijA
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1.rkft;ssnkja dh iapk;r lfefr ds lssVh fetkZ vkQkd csx] lnj bfy;kl ekSgEen feLdhuh] mLrkn cqUnw [kk vkSj ofj"B lnL;a ls fy, x, O;fDrxr lk{kkRdkja ds vk/kkj ijA
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vU; rkft+;s
t;iqj ds dbZ eksgYyksa ds rkft, cgqr izfl) gSa A tSls fgjuokyku] xqytkj efLtn] gkaMhiqjk] uhyxjku] ukgjx<] flykoVku] ekghxhjku] [kqejku] QjkZkku] robZQku] iUuhxjku] ukycUnku] dLlkcknku [k.Mkj] cklcnuiqjk] iYysnkjku] cMokyh efLtn] 'kkL=huxj bR;kfnA1 bu izeq[k rkft;ksa ds vfrfj vU; NksVs eksgYyksa] xfy;ksa esa NksVs o cMs lkbZt ds dbZ rkft, cuk, tkrs gSa A Qwyokyksa dk diMs ij Vhdh dk vkSj fldhZ dk rkft;k Hkh cgqr [kwclwjrh ls cuk;k tkrk gSA1
1.rkft;ssnkja dh iapk;r lfefr ds lssVh fetkZ vkQkd csx] lnj bfy;kl ekSgEen feLdhuh] mLrkn cqUnw [kk vkSj ofj"B lnL;a ls fy, x, O;fDrxr lk{kkRdkja ds vk/kkj ijA 2.rkft;k fuekZ.k dyk ds foks"kK fkYih xq: mLrkn cgqopu- mLrknxku dgykrs gSaA mLrkn ds lgk;d fk"; [kyhQk dgykrs gSaA
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t;iqj dh rkft;k fuekZ.k dyk esa mkjkskj Js"Brk izkIr djus vkSj Js"Bre rkft, cukus dks ysdj gj lky mLrknxkuksa esa dMh Li)kZ gksrh gS A vius rkft, dks lqUnjre fn[kkus dh gksM esa fkYidkj dksbZ dlj ugha NksMuk pkgrs A1
A eksgjZe dh 10 rkjh[k dks rkft;ksa ds tqywl esa tks rkft, lqUnjre o Js"B dykd`fr ds gksrs gSa] mUgsa vxys fnu ftyk ifj"kn vkSj 'kkfUr lfefr }kjk iqjLd`r fd;k tkrk gSA1 t+kfgnk 'kcue 'kks/kkFkhZ
1.rkft;ssnkja dh iapk;r lfefr ds lssVh fetkZ vkQkd csx] lnj bfy;kl ekSgEen feLdhuh] mLrkn cqUnw [kk vkSj ofj"B lnL;a ls fy, x, O;fDrxr lk{kkRdkja ds vk/kkj ijA