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Slab Design
Slab Design
3.1
INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete slabs are one of the most widely used structural elements. In many structures, in addition to providing a versatile and economical method of supporting gravity loads, the slab also forms an integral portion of the structural frame to resist lateral forces. Usually a slab is a broad, flat plate, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or nearly so. It may be supported by reinforced concrete beams, by masonry or reinforced concrete walls, by structural steel members, directly by columns, or continuously by the ground.
3.2
TYPES OF SLAB
One-way slab : Independent of support condition. (Figure 3.1a 3.1b) l1 > 2; l2 Two-way slab : Depends on support condition. (Figure 3.1c) l1 2 l2
l2
l1
l1 l2
>2
(a) One- way slab
l1
l2
>2
SLAB
Two-way slabs are classified as: Two-way edge supported slab or slab with beams. ( Figure 3.1d ) Two-way column supported slab or slab without beams. ( Figure 3.1e,3.1f, 3.1g )
l1
l2
l1
l2
15
SLAB
3.3
Slab thickness is determined according to ACI Code 9.5.2 as given in Table 3.1
Members
wc =90120 pcf
Cantilever
Span length l is in inches, as defined by ACI Code 8.7 given in Fig. 3.2(a), (b), & (c)
h psf 12
Unit weight of concrete (145 ~ 150 pcf for normal weight concrete )
16
SLAB
Design moment is determined by using ACI Moment Coefficient (ACI Code 8.3.3) as given in Table 3.4.
d=
f f yb(1 0.59 y ) f c
/
Mu
Where, b = 0.85* 1
fc 87000 * f y 87000 + f y
1 = 0.85 1 shall be reduced at a rate of 0.05 for each 1000 psi of strength in excess of 4000 psi. 0.65 1 0.85
17
SLAB
Design is ok.
la t l= la + h la + t
(a) Slabs not built integrally with the support (ACI Code 8.7.1)
h la t l= la + t
18
SLAB
Moment Coefficent
2. Discontinuous ends are built integrally with support (spandrel beam or girder)
1 2 4 1 1 4 1 1 4
1 9
1 9
1 2 4
3. Discontinuous ends are built integrally with support (when support is a column only)
1 1 6 1 9 1 9 1 1 6 1 1 4 1 1 4
1 1 1
1 1 6
1 1 0
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
2. Discontinuous ends are built integrally with support (spandrel beam or girder)
1 2 4 1 1 4 1 1 6
1 1 0
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
3. Discontinuous ends are built integrally with support (when support is a column only)
1 1 6 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6
1. Shear in end members at first interior support 2. Shear at all other supports w = Total factored load per unit length of beam or per unit area of slab l = Clear span for positive moment and the average of two adjacent clear spans for negative moment.
1.15 w 2
w 2
19
SLAB
(As) trial =
f y d a 2
Mu
(a)
corrected
As f y 0.85 f cb
(As) corrected
No
Yes
OK
20
SLAB
whichever is smaller
in c/c
Reinforcement is provided normal to main reinforcements. ACI Code 7.12.2.1 provides required area of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement as given in Table 3.5.
Slabs where grade 40 or 50 deformed bars are used 0.0020 Slabs where grade 60 deformed bars or welded wire fabric are used But should be: 0.0018 > 0.0014
Slabs where reinforcement with yield strength exceeding 60,000 psi measured at a yield strain of 0.35 percent is used
0.0018 60,000 fy
21
SLAB
According to ACI shear coefficient given in Table 3.2 Shear at end members at first interior support is 1.15
wu ln 2
Wu l n Wu d ) 2 12
= 0.85
22
SLAB
A
l2/ 4
'_zoom
l2/ 4
l2/ 4
'_zoom
l2
6"
6"
23
SLAB
24
SLAB
3.4
ACI Code 13.5.1 states that a slab system shall be designed by any procedure satisfying conditions of equilibrium and geometric compatibility, if it is shown that the design strength at every section is at least equal to required strength, and that all serviceability conditions, including limits on deflections, are met. According to ACI Code 13. 5.1. 1, all Two-way slab system are to be analyzed and designed either by the Direct Design Method or the Equivalent Frame Method for gravity loads only. For lateral loads, separate elastic analysis should be worked out. ACI Code 13. 5.1.3 permits the combining to the gravity load analysis with the result of lateral load analysis. Adaptation of any one of the two methods demands fulfillment of certain requirements. However, when the requirements are not met, an old procedure is still followed by the Engineers as specified in 1963 ACI Code, named as Coefficient Method.
The design is based on equivalent rigid frame system as shown in Figure 3.5. ACI Code13. 2.1 specifies: Width of equivalent frame = l2 Width of column strip =
1 1 l1or l 2 2 2
whichever is less
The equivalent frames are considered in both longitudinal and transverse directions.
25
SLAB
The successive span lengths in each direction shall not differ by more than one third of the longer span. Column may be offset a maximum of 10% of the span in the direction of successive column. Loads shall be due to gravity only and live load shall not exceed 2 times the dead load.
l2
H.M.S
C.S H.M.S
l2
l2
l2
H.M.S C.S
l2 2
l1
l1
H.M.S = Half Middle Strip; C.S= Column Strip
l1
26
SLAB
If beams are used on the column lines, the relative stiffness of the beams in the two perpendicular direction shall be: 0.2<
1l
2 2
2 l 21
< 5.0
= in direction of 1
2 = in direction of 2
=
Ecb I b Ecs I s
ACI Code 13.6.1.8 allows the deviation from above limitations, if it can be shown that the requirements of ACI Code 13.5.1 (as stated in section 3.4) are satisfied.
3.4.1.3
ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies the minimum thickness for two- way slab system
Table 3.6: Minimum thickness for slab without beams (ACI Table 9.5.c)
Interior panels
Interior panels
Without Without edge edge beams beams * ln ln ln 33 36 36 ln ln ln 30 33 33 ln ln ln 28 31 31 h > 5 in ( ACI Code 9.5.3.2.a)
Without Without edge edge beams beams a ln ln ln 36 40 40 ln ln ln 33 36 36 ln ln ln 31 34 34 h > 4 in (ACI code 9.5.3.2.b)
27
SLAB
For slabs with beams along exterior edges, the value of for edge beam shall not be less than 0.80. For f y between given values the minimum thickness should be obtained by linear interpolation.
Table 3.7 : Minimum thickness for slab with beams (ACI Code 9.5.3.3)
h=
200,000 36 + 5 ( m 0.2)
ln(0.8 +
fy
ln(0.8 +
h=
fy ) 200,000 36 + 9
h > 5 in
h > 3.5 in
For edge beam > 0.80 , otherwise h min as provided by column (2), (3) must be increased by 10% in the panel with edge beam (3) (ACI Code 9.5.3.3. d)
ln = face to face of columns or capitals or walls. ln 0.65l1 and in determining ln, circular and polygon shaped supports shall be treated as square supports with the same area , shown in Fig 3.6. (ACI Code 13.6.2.5)
28
SLAB
The total factored static moment, Mo is distributed to the negative and positive zone of a equivalent frame according to ACI Code 13.6.3.2 and 13.6.3.3 as given in Table 3.8.
29
SLAB
Mo
0 .6 5 M o
0 .6 5 M o
0.63Mo
0.75Mo
0 .5 7 M o
0 .1 6 M o 0 .7 0 M o
0.52Mo
Mo
0.26 Mo
0.70Mo
0.30 Mo 0.70Mo
0.35 Mo
0.65Mo
0.65Mo
30
SLAB
The longitudinal negative and positive moments are for the entire width of equivalent frame. Each of these moments is to be distributed proportionately among column strip and two half middle strips following ACI Code 13.6.4. Before distribution of moment the following 3 parameters are to be obtained:
E cb = modulus of elasticity of beam concrete, psi E cs = modulus of elasticity of slab concrete, psi I b = moment of inertia of beam I s = moment of inertia of slab C = torsion constant Evaluating the three parameters, distribute the percentage of longitudinal moment into column strip and the remainder into two half middle strips according to Table 3.9.
Table 3.9 : Percentage of longitudinal moment in column strip (ACI code 13.6.4.2.1, 13.6.4.2, 13.6.4.4)
Negative moment exterior support Negative moment interior support Positive moment
at
Aspect ratio = l2/l1 l 1 2 /l11 o = t = o t > 2.5 > t = o 1 l2 /l11 1.o t > 2.5 > 1 l2 /l11=1.o l /l11 o 1 l2 /l11= o 1 l2 /l11 1.o >
1 2
at
45 75 60 45
31
SLAB
l2 l1
Ratio of flexural stiffness is related to slab with beams either on all sides or on edge only. For slab without beams e.g. flat plate or flat slab, = 0. =
E cb I b E cs I s
Ib = k
bw h 3 12
32
SLAB
h w 4h f
b w +2h w bw + 8h f
Is =
bh 3 12
h = slab thickness b = l2 for interior equivalent frame, or = l2/2 for exterior equivalent frame It should be determined in both directions.
t =
Calculation of Ratio t
Ecb C 2 Ecs I s
33
SLAB
Torsion Constant
ACI Code 13.7.5.1 specifies that torsional members shall be assumed to have a constant cross section throughout their length consisting of the largest of (a), (b) and (c) as shown in Figure 3.8. ACI Code 13.0 defines torsion constant as:C=
x x 3 y 1 0.63 y 3
x = shorter dimension of a component rectangle y = longer dimension of a component rectangle The component rectangle should be taken in such a way that the largest value of C is obtained. Example for slab with beam & flat plate shown in Figure 3.9.
Where two steel layers (along two directions, perpendicular with each other) are in contact, the larger d is assigned to the steel of greater moment ( i.e. steel for greater moment shall be placed near to either top or bottom face ). Large d = h clear cover (min in) - d b + d b in Short d = h clear cover - d b in
34
SLAB
direction
hf
t
Flat plate
t
t
of moment
Torsional member
b e=(bw+h w) (b w+4h f )
hf
b e=(bw+2h w) (b w+8h f)
h w4h f
h hw
h w4h f
h w4h f
bw Edge beam
bw Interior beam
35
SLAB
y1 1 X1 y2 y2 2 C1 2
y1 1 X1
C2
X2
X2
C=Larger of C1 and C2
y1 1 2 1 y2
Y2 2 C1
C2 X2
X2
C=Larger of C1 and C2
t1 t2
Imaginary beam
t1
t2 hf x
Short direction
Long direction
36
SLAB
A s , min = bh = minimum steel ratio for temperature and shrinkage as shown in Table 3.5 A s, provided > A s , min (OK) Otherwise provide A s , min
N=
As , Ab
Spacing =
b = width of strip
According to ACI Code 9.5.3 control of deflection is achieved by providing the slab thickness in accordance to Table 3.6 and Table 3.7. For details see section 3.5.
37
SLAB
Concrete Cover: Minimum concrete cover = in. Figure 2.10.a. (ACI Code 7.7.1). Effective Depth: When bars are placed in perpendicular layers either on top or bottom together, stacking problem arises. The inner steel will have an effective depth 1bar diameter less than the outer steel. For relatively larger moment bars in one direction are provided with greater d. Details in Figure 3.10.a & Figure 3.10.b. Embedment for Positive Moment: Positive moment reinforcement perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall extend to the edge of slab and have embedment, straight or hooked, at least 6 in. in spandrel beams, columns or walls. Details in Figure 3.10.c. (ACI Code 13.3.3). Embedment for Negative Moment: Negative moment reinforcement perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall be bent, hooked or anchored in spandrel beams, columns or walls. Details in Figure 3.10.c. (ACI Code 13.3.4). Cantilever Slab: Where slab is not supported by a spandrel beam or wall at a discontinuous edge or where a slab cantilevers beyond the support, anchorage of reinforcement shall be permitted within the slab. Details in Figure 3.10.d. (ACI Code 13.3.5). Corner Reinforcement: In slabs with beams between supports, with value > 1.0, special top and bottom reinforcement shall be provided at exterior corners. Details in Figure 3.11. (ACI Code 13.3.6). Slab with Drop Panel: Detail dimensions are shown in Figure 3.12. (ACI Code 13.3.7). Details of Reinforcement in Slabs without Beams: In addition to other requirements as mentioned through paragraph 1- 10, detailing shown in Figure 3.13 should be observed. (ACI Code 13.3.8)
38
SLAB
h
3 4"
min
3 4"
min
39
SLAB
6"
Anchorage
40
SLAB
L/5
L/5
L/5
L/5
l 5
D iagonal type (Providedin band)
T opba r B otto m b ar
l 5
l 5
l 5
41
SLAB
h
t
t b
m 4 in 1
1 b 6 l1
42
SLAB
Figure 3.13 : Minimum extension for reinforcement in slabs without beams (ACI Figure 13.3.8)
43
SLAB
3.4.2.1 General
The EFM is an alternate method to the DDM for computing longitudinal moments and shear for gravity loads in slabs, supported on column or walls. ACI Code Commentary R13.7 states that EFM involves the representation of the three dimensional slab systems by a series of twodimensional frames that are then analyzed for loads acting in the plane of the frames.
44
SLAB
l2 h 3 Is = 12 Variation in Is along axis of slab-beam shall be taken into account. The first change from midspan Is occurs at the edge of drop panels, the next occurs at the edge of the column or capital. (ACI code 13.7.3.2) Is Is from center of column to face column = ; I s at face of column 2 1 C 2 l2 (ACI Code 13.7.3.3).
45
SLAB
I=
c2 c13 I c = 12
Variab le I= c1
Figure 3.16 : Column area for moment of inertia
c E cc I cc
lc
c = Column stiffness coefficient ( to be obtained from Appendix C-1) E cc = modulus of elasticity of column concrete
46
SLAB
C 2 C13 12
9E
cs
C
3
l 2 1 C 2 l2
` Sign implies that Kt of the transverse member in each side of interior column is computed separately and added. For exterior columns, there is only one transverse member. For beam along center line of column Kt should be corrected.(ACI Code 13.7.5.2 ) I K t,corrected = Kt * sb Is Isb = Moment of inertia of slab with a beam Is = Moment of inertia of slab without such beam
Kc = Kc1 + Kc2
s E cs I s
l1
47
SLAB
s1
k s1 + k
ec 1
KS2
KS2 + K S 3 + K ec 2
KS2
K s3 + K S 3 + K ec 2
DF DF
DF
DF
k s1
k s2
DF K ec 2
k s3
k ec1
k ec1 k s1 + k ec1
k ec 2 k s 2 + k s 3 + k ec 2
Carry over factors (C.O.F) and moment coefficient (M) for slab beam are obtained from Appendix C-1, 2, 3)
The longitudinal moments of equivalent frames are obtained by Moment Distribution Method.
For different loading conditions distributed negative and positive moments are computed. Maximum moments are taken as design moment.
Live loading pattern is known, frame shall be analyzed for that load. ( ACI Code 13.7.6.1) 3 Variable LL, but LL < DL, then maximum factored moment occur at all sections 4 with full LL on entire slab system. ( ACI Code 13.7.6.2)
48
SLAB
Total load (w u ) on all panels 3 DL on all panels and LL on midspan of a panel. 4 3 DL on all panels and LL on adjacent panels. 4
F.E.M = M wu l2l12
Analyzing by Moment Distribution Method final negative moments at the supports are computed.
Positive moments at midspan is obtained by 1 M(+) = M p - [sum of M(-) in a panel after distribution] 2
Reduction in Negative Moments: The negative moment as obtained is applicable for centerlines of support. Since the support is not a knife edge but rather a broad band, ACI Code 13.7.7 specifies a reduction in negative moment at critical section.
When a slab system satisfy the six imitations of DDM, but are analyzed by EFM, Mo as further reduction in computed moments are permitted to the proportions of MT such, Design moments < Mo (ACI code 13.7.7.4) MT = total panel moment Mo =
2 Wul2 ln 8
49
SLAB
According to ACI Code 13.7.7.5 the distribution of longitudinal moments to column strip and half middle strips to be done as mentioned in step 4 of section 3.4.1.3.
50
SLAB
3.4.3.1 General
The method makes use of tables of moment coefficient for a variety of conditions. These coefficients are based on elastic analysis but also account for inelastic redistribution. This method was recommended in 1963 ACI Code for the special case of two-way slabs supported on four sides by relatively deep, stiff, edge beams.
lb
la 4 ; C. la 2 ;M
la
la 4;CS lb 4 ;C lb 2; lb 4 ;C S
Figure 3.18 : Elements of two- way slab with beam by coefficient method
l a = length of clear span (face of support to support) in short direction l b = length of clear span (face of support to support) in long direction
51
SLAB
The moments in the middle strips in two directions are: Ma = Ca wu la2 Mb = Cb wu lb2 Ca, Cb = tabulated moment coefficients
; wc = 150 lb
Case type is identified from end conditions. Using the value of m corresponding moment coefficients are obtained for respective case type:
Ca, neg and Cb, neg are obtained from Appendix D-1. Ca, dl, pos and Cb, dl, pos are obtained from Appendix D-2. Ca, ll, pos and Cb, ll, pos are obtained from Appendix D-3.
52
SLAB
Negative Moments for Discontinuous Edge Ma, neg, discont = Mb, neg, discont =
1 Ma, pos 3 1 Mb, pos 3
d=
Mu
f yb(1 0.59
fy ) f c
If (d + clear cover) < h ; design is ok. Otherwise redesign the thickness. (For details see step 4 of section 3.3)
53
SLAB
Required reinforcement can be determined by Iteration process as given in Figure 3.3. Reinforcement shall be determined for short direction and long direction separately as follows:
Short Direction
Long Direction
Check for Minimum Reinforcement: According to ACI Code 13.3.1 the minimum reinforcement in each direction shall be as mentioned in Table 3.5. Spacing: Using # 3 or # 4 bar required spacing is determined.
Bars selected for middle strip are used in column strips, with the spacing 3/2 times that in the middle strip, but spacing < 2h.
Percent of total load as transmitted in each direction is obtained from Appendix D-4 Load per foot on the beams are determined. The shear to be transmitted by the slab to these beams is = beam loads Shear at critical section at a distance d from beam face = V u
54
SLAB
3.5
CONTROL OF DEFLECTION
3.5.1 GENERAL
ACI Code Commentary R 9.5.1 establishes two methods for controlling deflections: For non-prestressed two-way construction, minimum thickness as required by Table 3.4 & Table 3.5 will satisfy the requirements of the code. When there is need to use member depths shallower than are permitted by Table 3.4 & Table 3.5 or when members support construction is likely to be damaged by large deflections, deflections should be calculated and compared with ACI Code limiting values as given in Table 3.13.
Immediate deflection is also termed as Short-Term deflection and calculated using the formula given in Table 3.11.
55
SLAB
# Both ends continuous or equally restrained or, One or both ends discontinuous, but monolithic with beam. # Mb = live load +ve moment # Slab supported by masonry walls # Mb = live load +ve moment # Both ends continuous and fully fixed # Mb = maximum dead load +ve moment # Both ends free of restraint (Supported on masonry wall) # Mb = maximum dead load +ve moment
M b, pos ,ll
2. Live load deflection 2 5M b lb l = 48E c I e 3. Dead load deflection 2 1M b lb d = 16 E c I e 4. Dead load deflection 2 5M b lb d = 48E c I e lb = Clear span in long direction M b, pos ,dl
1.7 in long direction M b = Unfoctored moment = 1.4 Deflection can be calculated in short direction also in the same way. Ie = Effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection l b = Clear span in long direction; I e = effective moment of inertia
M b, pos ,dl or M b, pos ,ll
or
M b = Unfoctored moment =
1.4
1.7
in long direction
Determination of Ie
Where, M cr =
fr I g yt
56
SLAB
y t = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to extreme fibre in tension, in. f r = modulus of rupture of concrete, psi.
f r = 7.5
f c/
For light weight concrete one of the following modifications shall apply:
When average tensile strength, f ct is specified f f ct f r = 7.5 ct = 1.12 f ct , f c/ 6 .7 6 .7 When f ct is not specified f f r = 0.75 * 7.5 ct ; for all lightweight concrete 6 .7 f f r = 0.85 * 7.5 ct ; for sand- lightweight concrete 6 .7 I e for Continuous Spans ( ACI Code 9.5.2.4) I e = 0.50 I em + 0.25 ( I e1 + I e 2 ) I em = effective moment of inertia for the midspan section I e1 , I e 2 = negative moment sections at the respective bean ends
Initial deflections increase significantly if dead loads sustain over a long period of time, due to the effects of shrinkage and creep According to ACI Code 9.5.2.5
57
SLAB
long = d,short *
Where, =
1 + 50 /
TOTAL DEFLECTION
total = long + l ,short
Deflection should be calculated along both direction and maximum values will be considered. (ACI Code 9.5.2.6)
58
SLAB
Type of member
Deflection to be considered
Deflection limitation
l 180
Flat roofs not supporting or attached to Immediate deflection due to nonstructural elements likely to be live load L damaged by large deflection Floors not supporting or attached to Immediate deflection due to nonstructural elements likely to be live load L damaged by large deflection Roof or floor construction supporting or That part of the total attached to nonstructural elements likely to deflection which occurs after be damaged by large deflection attachment of the nonstructural elements, the Roof or floor construction supporting or sum of the long- time due to all attached to nonstructural elements not deflection sustained loads, and the likely to be damaged by large deflection immediate deflection due to live load L.
l 360
l 480
l 240
3.6
Introduction:
The strip method is a lower bound approach, based on satisfaction of equilibrium requirements everywhere in the slab. By the strip method a moment field is first determined that fulfills equilibrium requirements, after which the reinforcement of the slab at each point is designed for this moment field. The strip method gives results on the safe side, which is certainly preferable in practice, and differences from the true carrying capacity will never impair safety. The strip method is a design method, by which the needed reinforcement can be calculated. It encourages the designer to vary the reinforcement in a logical way, leading to an economical arrangement of steel as well as a safe design.
59
SLAB
Condition-1:
The simplest load distribution is obtained by setting k = 0.5 over the entire slab, as shown in figure below. The load on all strips in each direction is then w/2, as illustrated by load dispersion arrows in figure. This gives maximum design moments
m x = my =
wa 2 16
w/2
60
SLAB
Condition-2:
An alternative, more reasonable distribution is shown in figure below. Here the regions of different load dispersion, separated by dash-dotted discontinuity lines, follow the diagonals, and all of the load on any region is carried in the direction giving the shortest distance to the nearest support. The solution proceeds, giving k values of either 0 or 1, depending on the region, with load transmitted in the direction indicated by the arrows in figure. For a strip A-A at a distance y a/2 from the X-axis, the design moment is
mx = wy 2 2
61
SLAB
Condition-3:
A third alternative distribution is shown in figure below. Here the division is made so that the load is carried to the nearest support, as before, but load near the diagonals has been divided, with one-half taken in each direction. Thus k is given values of 0 or 1 along the middle edges and value of 0,5 in the corner and center of the slab. For an X direction strip along section A-A, the maximum moment is
mx = w a a wa 2 x x = 2 4 8 64
5wa 2 64
62
SLAB
a/2
a/4
Wa2/64
w/2 w w/2
w/2 w w/2 a B A a
w/2
w/2
Figure 2.22: Square slab with load near diagonals shared equally in two directions
63
SLAB
Condition-4:
The preferred arrangement, shown in figure below, gives design moment as follows: In the X direction: Side strips:
mx = wb 2 w b b x x = 2 4 8 64
wb 2 b b Middle strips: mx = w x x = 4 8 32
Middle strips: mx = w x b x
64
SLAB
b b a 2
b2 a
b b a 2
b/2 b b/2
Figure 2.23: Rectangular slab with discontinuity lines originating at the corners
b/4
A-b/2 Wa2/64
b/4
w/2
w/2
b/4
b/2
w/2 a
w/2
b/4
Figure 2.24: Discontinuity lines parallel to the sides for a rectangular slab
65
SLAB
Condition-5:
For slab strips with one end fixed and one end simply supported, the duel goals of constant moment in the unloaded central region and a suitable ratio of negative to positive moments govern the location to be chosen for the discontinuity lines. Figure a shows a uniformly loaded rectangular slab having two adjacent edges fixed and the other two edges simply supported. The moment curve of figure b is chosen so that moment is constant over the unloaded part, i.e., shearing force is zero. The maximum positive moment in the X direction middle strip is then
mxf =
wb
2
b
4
2 wb 2
8
Accordingly, the distance from the right support, figure c, to the maximum positive moment section is chosen as b . It follows that the maximum positive moment is
m yf = wb x
b
2
2 wb 2
2
With the above expressions, all the design moments for the slab can be found once a suitable value for is chosen. The values of from 0.35 to 0.39 give corresponding ratios of negative to positive moments from 2.45 to 1.45.
66
SLAB
(1 ) b
b 2
b 2
B w/2 w/2
b 2
b A
b/2 A
w/2
(1 ) b
wb 2 (1 2 ) 8
wb 2 8
67
SLAB
wb 2 2
wb 2 (1 2 ) 2
68
SLAB
Wu = 1.4 D+ 1.7 L (ACI Code-00) Wu = 1.2 D+ 1.6 L (ACI Code-02) Where, D =150 x
h (psf) 12
f y (1 0.59
If (d + clear cover) h;
design is OK.
Mn=fybd2 ( (1 0.59
fy fc'
If Mn<M; then only minimum reinforcement. If Mn>M; then iteration from figure-3.3.
69
SLAB
Spacing:
Using #3 and #4 bar. Maximum spacing 2h (ACI Code-13.3.2) Cut-off points can be calculated from moment diagrams and development length should be provided.
70
SLAB
Case-1
wy 2 mx = 2
Case-2
Case-3
For an X direction strip along section A-A, the maximum moment is wa 2 w a a x x = mx = 2 4 8 64 And for a strip along section B-B, the maximum moment is a a w a 3a 5wa 2 x + x x = mx = w x 4 8 2 4 8 64
Case-5
The maximum positive moment in the X direction middle strip is then 2 wb 2 wb b x = mxf = 2 4 8 The maximum positive moment is b 2 wb 2 = m yf = wb x 2 2
71
SLAB
3.7
Problem:
A plan of a market building is given in Figure 3.20. Necessary data are furnished below: Live load = 60 psf Story height = 9 ft
1 Slab thickness = 5 in. 2
5 @ 12 = 60
5 @ 15 = 75
72
SLAB
Solution:
The problem is solved with reference to section 3.4.1.3.
W= 1.4D + 1.7L = (1.4 * 69) + (1.7 * 60) = 198 psf = 0.198 ksf
Clear span
ln.long = (15-1) = 14 and ln,short = (12-10/12) = 11.17 For = o; ln = 15-1 = 14 Using Table 3.6 by interpolation for fy = 50 ksi
tmin =
1 ln ln 1 1 1 + = * 168 + = 5.34 in 2 33 30 2 33 30
For Interior Panel
tmin =
1 ln ln 1 1 1 + = *168 + = 4.88 in 2 36 33 2 36 33
According to ACI Code 9.5.3.2 (a) the minm thickness for flat plate is 5 So, given thickness of slab = 5 (Ok)
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SLAB
Mo =
Wu l 2 l n 8
Mo,long = Mo,short =
0.52 0.20
0.35
0.65 0.70
Mo for A = 58.2 ft kips Mo for B =
1 (58.2) = 29.1 ft - kips 2
0.60
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SLAB
For A & B :
l 2 12 = = 0.80 l1 15 : l 2 15 = = 1.25 l1 12
For C & D :
Calculation of
For A & B : Is =
(15 x12)(5.5) 3 = 2500in 4 For C & D : 12 Torsional Constant, C Since no actual edge beam, use Figure 2.8 (b) for calculation of the torsional member C=
x x 3 y 1 0.63 y 3
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SLAB
t =
Finding out
l2 l1
t
l2 l1
A 0.118 0 0.80
l2 l1
B 0.118 0 0.80 0
C 0.073 0 0.80 0
D 0.073 0 0.80 0
l2 = l1
0.80:
l2 = 0; l1
t = 0.118
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SLAB
l2 l1
0.5 100
1.0 100
2.0 100
l2 =0 l1
75
75
75
l2 = l1
1.25:
l2 =0 l1
t = 0.073
From above Table, by interpolation in both direction For, t = 0.073, % of moment decrease = (
100 75 ) * 0.073 = 0.70% 2.50 0
For A 60%
l2 =0 l1
B 60%
C 60%
D 60% 77
SLAB
For A 75%
l2 l = 0 and 2 = l1 l1
B 75%
0.80 C 75%
and
l2 = l1
D 75%
1.25
Transverse Distribution of Longitudinal Moment Ser. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Equivalent Rigid Frame Transverse width (in) Column strip width (in) Half middle strip width (in) C (in4) Is (in4) in t t l2 l1 A 144 72 2 @ 36 474 2000 0.188 0 0.80 B 72 36 36 474 2000 0.188 0 0.80 0 98.8% C 180 72 2 @ 54 363 2500 0.073 0 1.25 0 99.3% D 90 36 54 363 2500 0.073 0 1025 0 99.3%
l2 l1
Exterior ve moment, percent 98.8% to column strip. Positive moment percent to 60% column strip Interior negative moment, 75% percent to column strip.
11. 12.
60% 75%
60% 75%
60% 75%
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SLAB
Table 3.16 : Distribution of factored moment in Column Strip & Middle Strip
Ser.
Moments at Exterior span Vritical section (ft.- kips) -ve +ve -ve moment moment moment Total moment -15.1 in equivalent rigid frame A Percentage to 98.8% column strip Moment in -14.92 column strip Moment middle strip in -0.18 +30.3 -40.7
Interior span -ve moment -37.8 +ve moment +20.4 -ve moment -37.8
1.
2.
60%
75%
75%
60%
75%
3.
+18.20
-30.53
-28.53
+12.24
-28.35
4.
+12.10
-10.17
-9.45
+8.16
-9.45
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SLAB
Problem:
A multi-story market building is planned using a flat plate floor system as shown in Figure 3.21. Necessary data are given below: Live Load = 100 psf Floor finish = 20 psf Floor to floor height = 12 ft. fc = 4000 psi fy = 60,000 psi Column size = 18 in. x 18 in.
22ft
22ft
Figure 3.21 : Floor plan for Example 3.7.2
80
SLAB
Solution:
The problem is solved with reference to section 2.4.2.5. The EFM is used to determine the longitudinal moments only. As mentioned earlier the transverse distribution process of longitudinal moments and reinforcement calculation are similar to DDM (Section 3.4.1.3, step 4). Hence, this problem is solved upto determination of longitudinal moments. The structure is identical in each direction, permitting the design for one direction to be used for both.
Minimum thickness h for a flat plate is obtained from Table 3.6.For an exterior panel: h=
Slab DL = wc * h = (150*8.50)/12 = 106 psf ; wc = weight of concrete= 150 pcf Super imposed DL = 20 psf Total DL = (106=20) 126 psf
Factored Load:
DL= 1.4D = 1.4* 126= 176psf LL= 1.7L = 1.7*100= 170 psf
Kc =
k c Ecc I cc lc
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SLAB
For flat plate structure it is assumed all members are prismatic, neglecting the increase in stiffness within the joint region. Take k c = 4 Consider Ec = constant
C=
Kt =
9E
cs
C
3
C l 2 1 2 l2
Kt =
9E
* 2590
3
18 / 12 2641 22
= 109
Ec
1 = K ec
1 1 + Kc Kt
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SLAB
= 2 * 243 Ec
Kt = 2 * 109 Ec
1 1 1 K ec = 151 Ec = + K ec 486 E c 218 E c
K s=
s Ecs I s
l1
Distribution factors at each joint are calculated according to step 7 of section 3.4.2.5.
C.O.F and Moment coefficient for slab- beam are obtained from Appendix C-2.Moment coefficient 0.083.COF=.503(for both cases).
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SLAB
Total load on all panel DL load on al panels and LL on midspan of a panel DL on all panels and LL on adjacent panel
Panel Joint DF
Fixed end moments Final moments Span moment in C (b) 176 psf panels B 304 psf panel C Fixed end moments Final moments Span moment in C (c) 304 psf panels B(left) & C &176 psf panel B (right) Fixed end moments Fixed end moments Span moment in C
1 .424 +307 +139
B
2 .576 -307 -359 2 .447 +307 +328
C
3 .22 -307 -328 132 3 +307 +359
B
4
-307 -139
+156 +59
-156 -229
+270 +253
+156 +229
-156 -59
+270 +120
-270 -325
+270 +306
+156 +220
-156 -62
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SLAB
Problem:
A plan of a residential building is given in Figure 3.22. Necessary data are given below: Live Load = 140 psf fc = 3000 psi fy = 60,000 psi Column size = 12 x 12 Design the corner panel A as two-way slab with beam by coefficient Method. 16
Column size: 12
Solution:
The problem is solved with reference to section 3.4.3.2 and Appendix D-1, 2, 3, 4.
85
SLAB
l a 16 = =1 lb 16
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SLAB
Ma,pos = Ca,dl Wla2 + Ca, ll Wla2 Ma,pos = 0.027 * 326 * 162 + 0.032 * 326 * 162 = 4924 ft-lb Mb,pos = Cb, dl Wlb2 + Ca, ll Wlb2 Mb,pos = 0.027 * 326 * 162 + 0.032 * 326 * 162 = 4924 ft-lb Negative Moments at Continuous Edge
Ma,neg = Ca,neg W la2 = 0.05 * 326 * 162 = 4173 ft lb Mb,neg = Cb,neg W lb2 = 0.05 * 326 * 162 = 4173 ft lb
Column strip moments are 2/3 of corresponding middle strips moments in respective direction.
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SLAB
d=
Mu
f y (1 0.59
fy f c'
d=
= 2.41 in.
In Short Direction:
Midspan
Mu = 4924 *12 lb- in. By Iteration process as given in Step 5 of section 3.3 find: As = 0.30 in.2/ft Using # 3 bar required spacing: Spacing =
12 x0.11 = 4.4 4c / c 0.30
88
SLAB
Continuous Edge
Mu = 4273 *12 lb- in. By Iteration process as given in Step 5 of section 3.3 find: As = 0.25 in2/ft. Using # 3 bar required spacing: Spacing =
12 x0.11 = 5.28 5c / c 0.25
Discontinuous Edge
The negative moment at discontinuous edge is one third of positive moment in the span. It would be adequate to bend up every third bar from the bottom to provide negative moment steel at discontinuous edge.
However the spacing would be = 12 But maximum allowable spacing = 2h = 10 in. So, using # 3 @ 10 in c/c.
In Long Direction:
Being equal moments, the reinforcement in long direction will be equal to short direction in this case.
The average moments in columns being two-third of the corresponding moments in the middle 3 strips, adequate steel will be furnished if the spacing of this steel is times that in the middle 2 strip. Using # 3 bar spacing for column strip
89
SLAB
Midspan = 4 x
Step 8: Detailing
B A
A B
90
# 3 @ 4 in c/c
# 3 @ 5 in c/c
Section B-B
SLAB
91