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b. Ham lg : lim (dang 0 / 0), dung cong thc lim =1 x a g ( x ) u 0 u f (x) c. Ham cha can : lim (dang 0 / 0) , dung lng lien hiep : xa g( x )
1. Tm lim dang
d. Ham cha mu hay log (dang 1) : dung cong thc lim (1 + u)1/ u = e
f ( x ) f (x o ) x x o x xo
Tai iem xo ma f oi cong thc, phai tm ao ham tng pha : / / / / f+ ( x o ) = lim , f (x o ) = lim . Neu f+ ( x o ) = f ( x o ) th f co ao ham tai xo.
+ xx o x xo
k = tg = f/(xM) f(x) M
c. f/ + : f , f// + : f lom ,
f / (x ) = 0 f at CT tai M // M f (x M ) > 0 M la iem uon cua f f//(xM) = 0 va f// oi dau khi qua xM.
e. Tnh ao ham bang cong thc : C/ = 0, (x)/ = x1 , (lnx)/ = 1/x , ( log a x ) =
(ax)/ = ax.lna, (sinx)/ = cosx , (cosx)/ = sinx, (tgx)/ = 1/cos2x, (cotgx)/ = 1/sin2x, (ku)/ = ku/ , (u v)/ = u/ v/, (uv)/ = u/v + uv/ , (u/v)/ = (u/v uv/)/v2 * Ham hp : (gof)/ = g/[f(x)] . f/(x) * ao ham logarit : lay log (ln : c so e) 2 ve , roi ao ham 2 ve; ap dung vi ham [f(x)]g(x) hay f(x) dang tch, thng, cha n ... f. Vi phan : du = u/dx 3. Tiem can : lim y = x = a : tc
x a
1 , (ex)/ = ex x ln a
x y
lim y = b y = b : tcn
x y
+ b b
x y
Ve o th co tiem can : - t c : khi y cang tien ve th ng cong cang gan ng t c . - t c x :khi x va y cang tien ve th ng cong cang gan ng t c. - t c n :khi x cang tien ve th ng cong cang gan ng t c.
P(x) Q( x ) Co tc x = a khi Q(a) = 0, P(a) 0 Co tcn khi bac P bac Q : vi x , tm lim y bang cach lay so hang bac cao nhat cua P chia so hang bac cao nhat cua Q. P (x ) Co tcx khi P hn Q 1 bac, khi o chia a thc ta co : f ( x ) = ax + b + 1 , tcx la y = ax + b. Q( x ) Neu Q = x , co the chia Honer. * Bien luan tiem can ham bac 2 / bac 1 : c y = ax + b + (d0) dx + e a 0, c 0 : co tc, tcx a = 0, c 0 : co tcn, tc. c = 0 : (H) suy bien thanh t, khong co tc. 4. o th cac ham thng gap : a<0 a=0 a/ y = ax + b : a>0 2 b/ y = ax + bx + c c/ y = ax3 + bx2 + c + d a>0 a<0 * Xet y = a> 0 :
y > 0 y < 0 y = 0
e/ y = (ax + b) / (cx + d) (c 0)
ad - bc > 0 f/ y = ax 2 + bx + c (ad 0) dx + e
y > 0
ad - bc < 0
ad > 0
y = 0
y < 0
ad < 0
x=a b
y>b
y<b a x<a x>a (C/) : y = f (x) : gi nguyen phan (C) ben tren y = 0, lay phan (C) ben di y = 0 oi xng qua
y=b
(Ox). (C/) : y = f ( x ) : gi nguyen phan (C) ben phai x = 0, lay phan (C) ben phai x = 0 oi xng qua (Oy). 6. IEM AC BIET CUA (Cm) : y = f(x, m) a/ iem co nh : M(xo, yo) (Cm), m yo = f(xo, m), m Am + B = 0, m (hay Am2 + A = 0 A = 0 Bm + C = 0, m) (hay B = 0 ). Giai he, c M. B= 0 C = 0 b/ iem (Cm) khong i qua, m : M(xo, yo) (Cm), m yo f(xo,m), m yo = f(xo, m) VN A = 0 A = 0 A 0 2 m Am + B = 0 VN m (hay Am + Bm + C = 0 VN m) (hay B = 0 ). B 0 < 0 C 0 Giai he , c M. B 0 A Chu y : = C VN B = 0 B A = BC VN c/ iem co n ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua : Co n ng (Cm) qua M(xo, yo) yo = f(xo, m) co n nghiem m. Can nam vng ieu kien co n nghiem cua cac loai phng trnh : bac 2, bac 2 co ieu kien x , bac 3, trung phng.
y C = y C / a. (C) : y = f(x), tx (C/) : y = g(x) khi he phng trnh sau co nghiem : / . Nghiem x cua / y C = y C / he la hoanh o tiep iem. b. Tm tiep tuyen vi (C) : y = f(x) * Tai M(xo, yo) : y = f'(xo)(x xo) + yo.
* Qua M (xo, yo): viet phng trnh ng thang qua M : (d) : y = k(x xo) + yo. Dung ieu kien tx tm k. So lng k = so lng tiep tuyen (neu f bac 3 hay bac 2 / bac 1 th so nghiem x trong he phng trnh k tx = so lng tiep tuyen). * // () : y = ax + b : (d) // () (d) : y = ax + m. Tm m nh k tx. 1 * () : y = ax + b (a 0) : (d) () (d) : y = x + m. Tm m nh k tx. a / c. Bai toan so lng tiep tuyen : tm M (C ) : g(x, y) = 0 sao cho t M ke c en (C) ung n tiep tuyen (n = 0, 1, 2, ...), M(xo,yo) (C/) g(xo,yo) = 0; (d) qua M : y = k(x xo) + yo; (d) tx y = y d (C) : C (1). The k vao (1) c phng trnh an x, tham so xo hay yo. at k e phng / y C = k trnh nay co n nghiem x (so nghiem x = so tiep tuyen), tm c xo hay yo. 8. TNG GIAO : * Phng trnh h iem chung cua (C) : y = f(x) va (C/) : y = g(x) la : f(x) = g(x). So nghiem pt = so iem chung. * Tm m e (Cm) : y = f(x, m) va (C/m) : y = g(x, m) co n giao iem : Viet phng trnh hoanh o iem chung; at k e pt co n nghiem. Neu pt hoanh o iem chung tach c m sang 1 ve : F(x) = m : at ieu kien e (C) : y = F(x) va (d) : y = m co n iem chung. * Bien luan s tng giao cua (Cm) va (C/m) : Neu pt h iem chung dang : F(x) = m : lap BBT cua F; so iem chung cua (Cm) va (C/m) = so iem chung cua (C) va (d). PTh iem chung, khong tach c m, dang f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 (x ) hay dang bac 3 : x = f(x) = 0 : lap , xet dau , giai pt f(x) = 0 e biet m nao th la nghiem cua f, vi m o, so nghiem b bt i 1. 9. CC TR : * f co ung n cc tr f/ oi dau n lan. f / (x ) = 0 * f at cc ai tai xo // o f (x o ) < 0 f / (x ) = 0 f at cc tieu tai xo // o f (x o ) > 0 * f bac 3 (hay bac 2 / bac 1) co cc tr f co C va CT f / > 0 * f bac 3 (hay bac 2 / bac 1) co cc tr : Ben phai (d) : x = y/ = 0 co 2 nghiem < x1 < x2. Ben trai (d) : x = y/ = 0 co 2 nghiem x1 < x2 < . f/ > 0 1 ben (Ox) yCD .yCT > 0 f/ > 0 2 ben (Ox) yCD .yCT < 0 * Vi ham bac 2 / bac 1, cac ieu kien yC.yCT < 0 (>0) co the thay bi y = 0 VN (co 2 nghiem.). * Tnh yC.yCT : Ham bac 3 : y = y/ (Ax + B) + (Cx + D) yC.yCT = (CxC + D).(CxCT + D), dung Viete vi pt y/ = 0. u Ham bac 2/ bac 1 : y = v
yC.yCT =
* ng thang qua C, CT : Ham bac 3 : y = Cx + D Ham bac 2 / bac 1 : y = u/ / v/ * y = ax4 + bx2 + c co 1 cc tr ab 0, 3 cc tr ab < 0 10. N IEU : a. Bien luan s bien thien cua ham bac 3 :
i) a > 0 va y = 0 vo nghiem ham so tang tren R (luon luon tang) ii) a < 0 va y = 0 vo nghiem ham so giam (nghch bien) tren R (luon luon giam) iii) a > 0 va y = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 vi x1 < x2 ham so at cc ai tai x1 va at cc tieu tai x2. Ngoai ra ta con co : + x1 + x2 = 2x0 vi x0 la hoanh o iem uon. + ham so tang tren (, x1) + ham so tang tren (x2, +) + ham so giam tren (x1, x2) iv) a < 0 va y = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 vi x1 < x2 ham at cc tieu tai x1 va at cc ai tai x2 thoa ieu kien x1 + x2 = 2x0 (x0 la hoanh o iem uon). Ta cung co : + ham so giam tren (, x1) + ham so giam tren (x2, +) + ham so tang tren (x1, x2)
bac 2 bac1
i) Neu a.m > 0 va y/ = 0 vo nghiem th ham tang ( ong bien) tren tng khoang xac nh. ii) Neu a.m < 0 va y/ = 0 vo nghiem th ham giam ( nghch bien) tren tng khoang xac nh. iii) Neu a.m > 0 va y/ = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 th ham at cc ai tai x1 va at cc tieu tai x2 thoa x1 < x2 va < x2 va iv) Neu a.m < 0 va y/ = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 th ham at cc tieu tai x1 va at cc ai tai x2 thoa x1
x1 + x 2 p = . 2 m
x1 + x 2 p = . 2 m
c. Tm m e ham so bac 3, bac 2/bac 1 ong bien (nghch bien) tren mien x I : at k e I nam trong mien ong bien (nghch bien) cua cac BBT tren; so sanh nghiem pt bac 2 y/ = 0 vi . 11. BIEN LUAN SO NGHIEM PT BANG O TH : a. Cho pt : F(x, m) = 0; tach m sang 1 ve : f(x) = m; lap BBT cua f (neu f a khao sat th dung o th cua f), so nghiem = so iem chung. b. Vi pt mu, log, , . , lng giac : oi bien; can biet moi bien mi t c may bien cu x; can
biet k cua t e cat bt o th f. 12. QUY TCH IEM DI ONG M(xo, yo) : Da vao tnh chat iem M, tm 2 ang thc cha xo, yo, m; kh m, c F(xo, yo) = 0; suy ra M (C) : F(x, y) = 0; gii han quy tch : M ton tai m ? xo ? (hay yo ?) Neu xo = a th M (d) : x = a. Neu yo = b th M (d) : y = b. 13. TAM, TRUC, CAP IEM OI XNG : a. CM ham bac 3 co tam x (iem uon), ham bac 2/bac 1 co tam x (g 2 tc) tai I : oi toa o : x = X + xI, y = Y + yI; the vao ham so : Y = F(X), cm : F(x) = F(x), suy ra F la ham le, o th co tx la goc toa o I.
b. CM ham bac 4 co truc x // (Oy) : giai pt y/ = 0; neu x = a la nghiem duy nhat hay la nghiem chnh gia cua 3 nghiem : oi toa o x = X + a, y = Y; the vao ham so : Y = F(X); cm F(X) = F(X); suy ra F la ham chan, o th co truc oi xng la truc tung X = 0, tc x = a. c. Tm tren (C) : y = f(x) cap iem M, N oi xng qua I : giai he 4 pt 4 an :
x M + x N = 2x I y + y = 2y M N I y M = f(x M ) y N = f(x N )
d. Tm tren (C) : y = f(x) cap iem /x qua t (d) : y = ax + b : dt (d) la 1 (d') : y = x + m; lap pt h iem chung cua (C) va (d'); gia s pt co 2 nghiem xA, xB, tnh toa o a trung iem I cua AB theo m; A, B oi xng qua (d) I (d) m?; thay m vao pth iem chung, giai tm xA, xB, suy ra yA, yB. c co toa o nguyen (a, b, c, d, e Z) : giai he 14. Tm iem M (C) : y = ax + b + dx + e c c y M = ax M + b + dx + e y M = ax M + b + M dx M + e c xM , yM Z xM , Z dx M + e c y M = ax M + b + dx M + e x M Z, dx M + e = c so cua c 15. Tm min, max cua ham so y = f(x) Lap BBT, suy ra mien gia tr va min, max. 16. Giai bat phng trnh bang o th : x<a f < g a < x < b, f > g b<x xa fgaxb,fg x b
f g a b