kifiHrSm awmawmifxlxyfNyD; vSyaom

oD&dvuFm Edobm0I
cif;wkEYd iS hf aecsifph zG,f uRef;Edik if H
i,fav;jzpf\/ ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmifausmfu ausmif;
awmf&mrsm;? eef;awmfa[mif;rsm;? Ak'bmom0ifwkdY
tav;tjrwfxm;Muonfh Ak'jrwfpG,fawmfESifhbDpD
ok;H &mpku pku
d yf sdK;cJo
h nfh r[maAm"dyifwYdk wnf&dS m
Edik if jH zpfonf/ xkad 'owko
Yd Ydk a'oE&A[kow
k tjzpf
vnfywfciG &hf onft
h jyif ax&0g'Ak'b
momukd &ifxJ
tonf;xJu ,kMH unfu;dk uG,Mf uonfh o&D v
d uFmjynfol
wkdY\b0ukd teD;uyfavhvmcGifh&jcif;u oD&dvuFm
Edik if o
H Ydk Ak'p mayavhvm&ef a&mufvmMuonfh pma&;ol
wkt
Yd wGuf wef;zk;d rjzwfEikd af om tawGUtBuHKrsm;yif/
NyD;cJo
h nfh {NyDv 9-rSm oli,fcsif;wpfpEk iS t
hf wl oD&d
vuFmEdik if w
H iG f emrnftBuD;qk;H awmifjzpfonfh p&Dyg'
h nf/ xkb
d &k m;zl;
awmif (Sri Pada)okYd c&D;xGucf iG Bhf uHK cJo
c&D;pOftwGi;f xl;jcm;onfh tawGUtBuHKrsm;&cJo
h nfh
tjyif uRef;Edik if iH ,fav;\ obm0tvSEiS hf oD&d
vuFmjynfow
l \
Ykd b0ukd twGi;f ususavhvm
cGifh&cJhygonf/
NrdKUawmfukdvHbkdrS p&Dyg'
awmifoYdk twkq
d ;Hk ESihf tvG,f
qk;H vrf;rSomG ;vQif uDvrdk D
wm (150)om a0;yg
onf/ pma&;olwu
Ydk m;

116 v uFm w r ef r * Z if ;

NrdKUawmfuv
dk b
H rdk S uDvrdk w
D m (180) uGma0;NyD; jrefrm
Edik if rH S jyifO;D vGiEf iS hf &moDOwk? orkid ;f aemufcw
H n
l o
D nfh
Ek0a&vd, (Nuware Eliya)NrdKUrS wpfqifo
h mG ;Mujcif;
jzpfonf/ NrdKUuav;rSm ukv
d edk aD cwfu t*Fvyd w
f Ydk
oabmusESpfjcdKufcJhonfh awmifay:tyef;ajzNrdKU
uav;jzpfco
hJ nf/ a*gufuiG ;f ? jrif;NydKifuiG ;f ? t*Fvyd f
pwkid t
f rd ?f k;H taqmufttHw
k EYdk iS hf t*FvefEikd if u
H
Gmuav;wpfmG ESiw
hf al tmif yko
H iG ;f cJo
h nf[k qkyd gonf/
jrifrh m;vSonfh awmifcg;yef;wku
Yd ydk if avScg;xpfoPmef
jyKvkyu
f m xkt
d ay:rSm aq;a&mifpt
Hk rd af v;awG?[kw
d ,f
awG aqmufxm;\/ NrdKUrSm Edik if jH cm;om; tawmf
rsm;rsm;vnf; vma&muftajccs aexkdifMuaMumif;
od&onf/
Ek0a&vd,a'oum; obm0t& vSyko
H mr
u awmifcg;yef;eH&rH mS pku
d yf sdK;xm;onfh vufzufpu
dk f
cif;rsm;aMumifv
h nf; emrnfausmfjcif; jzpf\/ vufzuf
NcHwrYdk mS rsm;aomtm;jzifh ukrP
BD uD;rsm;u ykid q
f idk f
MuNyD; vufzufc;l olwrYdk mS jrefrmEdik if ?H Sr;f
jynfe,frSmvkd vSysdKjzLrsm; r[kwf?
t*Fvyd u
f v
dk edk v
D ufxufu vuf
zufpu
dk yf sdK;&ef tdE,
d wrD;vf
em'l;jynfe,frS ac:aqmif
cJo
h nfh wrD;vfvrl sdK; t
quftEG,f tom;

rJorl sm; jzpfMuonf/ (3)em&D MumjrifNh yD; awmawmif

csdKif0h rS ;f wku
Yd dk jzwf&onfh Ek0a&vd,rS p&Dyg'awmifoYdk
toGm;vrf;wpf avQmufrmS vnf; awmifapmif;awGrmS
pku
d yf sdK;xm;onfh vufzufpu
dk cf if;wko
Yd m awGUcJ&h onf/
vrf;rSmawGU&onfh a&wHceG Bf uD;awG? tif;tkid af csmif;
ajrmif;awGu jrefrmjynfu armSr;f ajrukd vGr;f atmif
zefaeawmhonf/ uDvrdk w
D m (40) tuGmta0;So
d nfh
[wfwefNrdKUa&mufawmh p&Dyg'awmifudk vSr;f jrifae&
ygNyD/ okaYd omf um;u awmifay:wufvu
dk ?f csdKif0h rS ;f xJ
qif;oGm;vku
d f qkad wmh p&Dyg'awmifum; jrifuiG ;f rSm
aysmufomG ;vku
d ?f ay:vmvku
d f jzpfaeonf/

p&Dyg'awmif a&mufcgeD;jzwf&onfh a&tm;

vQyfppfxw
k v
f yk o
f nfh qnfBuD;ESihf xif;SL;awmwef;
wku
Yd m; jrLESi;f wkjYd zifah 0hqidk ;f ae\/ xif;SL;awmwef;
vGerf S p&Dyg'awmifudk Si;f Si;f vif;vif; jrif&onf/
naearSmifvNk yDqadk wmh awmifay:rSr;D a&mifvv
hJ hJ ukd
vSr;f jrifae&onf/ um;ukd cP&yfcidk ;f NyD; oli,fcsif;
wpfpak wmifudk aemufcx
H m;um trSww
f & "mwfyHk
ku
d Mf uonf/ taemufwidk ;f om; wpfa,muf\ pum;
twkid ;f ajym&vQif p&Dyg'awmifudk Munf&h onfrmS pmr
wwfolwpfa,muf *&dtu&mukd zwf&ouJhokdY Sd
onf/ awmif\tvSudk pmzGUJ zkrYd vG,/f pma&;ol

v uFm w r ef r * Z if ; 117

pdwx
f rJ mS xkad wmifBuD;ukd e*ku
d "mwfy?Hk yef;csu
D m;wkx
Yd J
jrifz;l onfh jrif;rk&d af wmifyEHk iS hf wlaeonf[ck pH m;&onf/
awmifajcra&mufcifum; q&mqk'wf (Sudath) u
p&Dyg'awmiftaMumif; oloo
d avmuf Si;f jyonf/

p&Dyg'awmif
p&Dyg'awmifudk oD&v
d uFmEdik if w
H iG f tjrifq
h ;Hk
awmif[k tcsdeu
f mvtawmfMum owfrw
S cf MhJ uonf/
aemufyidk ;f wdusaomwkid ;f wm csufrsm;t& yifv,f
a&rsufEmS jyifxuf tjrifah y (7360) SNd yD; oD&v
d uFm
EdkifiHwGif 'kwd,tjrifhqkH;awmifomjzpfaMumif; od&
onf/ Edik if t
H v,fyidk ;f Sd uke;f ajrjrifh awmifbufpeG ;f
wGif wnfNdS yD; NrdKUawmfuv
dk b
H rdk S uDvrdk w
D m (150)
uGma0;ygonf/ awmifBuD;\ txl;jcm;qk;H tcsuf
rSm bmomBuD;av;ckv;Hk u olUenf;olU[efEiS hf wav;
wpm; wef;zk;d xm;Mujcif; jzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh t*Fvyd f
pma&;q&m*GsefpwD;vf (John Stell) u p&Dyg'awmifrmS
urmay:wGif bmoma&;t& vlom;wkYd txG#t
f jrwf
xm;cH&qk;H awmifjzpfaMumif; qkcd jhJ cif; jzpfonf/
Ak'bmom0ifwkdYu]]p&Dyg' (Sri Pada= Sacred Footprint) jrifjh rwfonfh ajcawmf&m}} [k ac:Mu
NyD; awmifx#G af y:rS ajcawmf&mukd jrwfpmG bk&m;\ 0J
bufajcawmf&m[k ,kMH unfum OD;wku
d yf al ZmfMuonf/
[dELbmom0if wrD;vfvlrsdK;wkdYu SD0y'rf (Shiva
Padam) [kac:NyD; xka
d wmifay:u ajcawmf&mukd [dEL
ewf bk&m;S0D \ajc&m[k ,kMH unfMuonf/ oD&v
d uFm
EdkifiHukd ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tkyfcsKyfcJhonfh c&pf,mef
bmom0if ay:wl*DwkdYuvnf; c&pf,mefolawmfpif
pdeaYf omrufpf (St Thomas)\ ajc&m[k jiif;csux
f w
k Mf u
jyefonf/ c&pf,mef bmom0ifwu
Ydk m; xkad wmifay:rS
olw\
Ydk aumif;uifbo
Hk Ydk rkid af v;q,fom a0;uGmawmh
onf[yk if ,kMH unfMuonf/

118 v uFm w r ef r * Z if ;

aS;u oD&v
d uFmEdik if o
H Ydk yifv,fvrf;aMumif;
rS vma&mufuek o
f ,
G Mf uonfh tm&yfuek o
f nfwu
Ydk
p&Dyg'awmifudk urmt
h jrifq
h ;Hk awmiftjzpf rSww
f rf;
wifcMhJ uonf/ rlpvifrsm;u xkad wmifay:rS ajcawmf
&mrSm at'ifO,smOfrS ESifxkwfcH&NyD; urmajray:
yxrqk;H ajccscJo
h nfh tm'rf (Adam) \ ajc&m[k qkd
Muonf/ Adams Peak rSm t*Fvyd v
f adk c:a0:onfh
awmifBuD;\ xifSm;onfhtrnfwpfck jzpfonf/
p&Dyg'awmifrmS wpfaxmifw
h pfnykjH yif (The Arabian
Nights) ESifh &mrm,PwkdYwGif azmfjycH&onftxd
xifSm;cJhygonf/
p&Dyg'awmif\ tjcm;trnfrsm;rSm okreul#
(Sumanakuta)ESifh orEul# (Samanthakuta) wkdY
jzpfonf/ okre (ok)Yd oref; (Saman) ewfrif;ukd
taMumif;jyK rSnfhac:xm;aomtrnfrsm; jzpfonf/
oref;ewfrif;rSm p&Dyg'awmifw0kdufESifh oD&dvuFm
awmifwef;a'orsm;ukad pmifah Smufonf[k ,kMH unfMu
\/ r[m0Ho\tqkt
d & ,uKu
d f (ewfbv
D ;l )rsm;ukd
ESrd ef if;&ef jrwfpmG bk&m; oD&v
d uFmEdik if ?H r[D,*FPokYd
yxrtBudrftjzpf<uvmpOf okreewfrif;rSm bk&m;
a[mMum;onfh w&m;awmfuedk mMum;NyD; aomwmyef
wnfonf/ jrwfpmG bk&m;csD;jrio
hf nfh qHawmfwu
Ydk dk Xmy
emNyD; r[D,*FPapwDukd wnfxm;cJhonf[k qkdyg
onf/ oD&v
d uFmEdik if ?H auveD,(Kelaniya)okYd jrwf
pGmbk&m; wwd,tBudrEf iS hf aemufq;Hk tBudrt
f jzpf <u
vmpOf okreewfrif;\awmif;yefcsut
f & p&Dyg'awmif
xdyrf mS 0Jzufajcawmf&mcscJah Mumif; r[m0HorSmvm
Syd gonf/ bk&m;zl;&moD pwifcsdejf zpfonf'h ZD ifbmv
wGif tcrf;tem;jzifh oref;ewfrif;ukad wmifxyd af y:okYd
yifah qmifMuonf/ bk&m;zl;c&D;onfrsm;ukd tE&m,f
rusa&mufatmif xkdoref;ewfrif;u apmifhaSmuf
onf[k oD&v
d uFmjynforl sm;u ,kMH unfMuonf/

um;ukd cP&yfcidk ;f Ny;D oli,fcsi;f wpfpk awmifudk aemufcH

xm;um trSwfw&"mwfykH kdufMuonf/ taemufwkdif;
om;wpf,muf\pum;twkid ;f ajym&vQif p&Dyg'awmifudk
Munf&U onfrmS pmrwwfow
l pfa,muf *&dtu&mukd zwf
&ouJhokdh Sdonf/ awmif\ tvSukd pmzGJYzkdh rvG,f/
pma&;olpw
d x
f rJ mS xkad wmifBu;D ukd e*ku
d "mwfy?Hk yef;csu
D m;
wkx
hd jJ rifz;l onfjU rif;rk&d af wmifyEHk iS w
hf al eonf[ck pH m;&onf/
bk&m;zl;&moD
p&Dyg' bk&m;zl;&moDrmS 'DZifbmvv,f cefrY S
p arvvv,fcefw
Y iG f qk;H ygonf/ xkb
d &k m;zl;&moD
twGi;f Edik if w
H eHwvsm;rS oD&v
d uFmjynforl sm; omr
u urmvSnchf &D;onfrsm;vnf; wufa&mufMuonf/
xk&d moDtwGi;f cefrY eS ;f ajcwpfvvQif bk&m;zl;c&D;onf
ESpo
f ed ;f ig;aomif;SNd yD; awmifxyd f dS taqmuftrkH sm;rSm
tNrJvjl ynfv
h Qufo
dS nf[k od&onf/ bk&m;zl;c&D;onf
tpnfum;qk;H tcsderf mS Zefe0g&DvESihf azazmf0g&Dv
twGi;f jzpfonf/ bk&m;zl;&moDtwGi;f awmifay:
wuf&m vrf;wpfavQmuf vQyfppfr;D xGe;f ay;xm;yg
onf/ ta0;uMunfv
h Qif a>rwpfaumifuo
hJ Ydk wGeYf
vdraf eonfh tvif;wef;BuD;ukd jrif&ygrnf/
bk&m;zl;&moDr[kwfonfh useftcsdefrsm;rSm
vnf; p&Dyg'awmifay: wufEdkifygonf/ okdYaomf
vQyfppfr;D xGe;f ay;xm;rnf r[kw
f vufEydS "f mwfr;D
ukid Nf y;D wuf&rnf jzpfonf/ xkt
d csed rf sm;wGif aeYcif;ykid ;f
rSpNyD; rk;d onf;xefpmG Gmavho
dS nf/ arvrS atmuf
wkdbmvtxd p&Dyg'awmifxdyfrSm wdrfwkdufwkdYjzifh
roJruGJ rJarSmifaeavho
dS nf/ xku
d mvrsm; twGi;f
rk;d onf;xefpmG GmavhadS omaMumifh bk&m;zl;c&D;xGuf
&ef roifah wmfaMumif; od&onf/

awmifwufc&D;
p&Dyg'awmifajcokdY nae (6;15)rdepfwGif
a&mufonf/ um;q&mqk'wfEiS hf oduRrf;onfh xrif;
qkid u
f pma&;olwt
Ydk zGUJ twGuf tcef;wpfcef; pDpOfay;
onf/ xkt
d cef;rSm acwtem;,lMuNyD; awmifwufzYdk
vkt
d yfonfh taEG;xnf? ajctdw?f acgif;pGyw
f u
Ydk dk aps;
wef;rSm oGm;0,fMuonf/ rk;d Gmaeawmh rk;d umtus
vnf; 0,f&ygonf/ pma&;olwt
Ydk zGUJ rSm yxrtacguf
wufz;l ol oli,fcsi;f ESpyf g;ygvmawmh tqifajyonf/

Edik if w
H iG f p&Dyg'awmifEiS hf ywfoufNyD; qk;d k;d pum;
wpfck So
d nf/ p&Dyg'awmifay: rwufz;l olonf tl;/
awmifay: ESpcf gwuforl mS vnf; tl;[k ajymprSwjf yK
Muonf/ odkYjzpf pma&;olwkdYtzGJUrSm Zefe0g&Dv
qef;ykid ;f u p&Dyg'awmifwufco
hJ nfh tl;ESpyf g; ygvm
onf/ awmifwufvrf;wpfavQmuf xkt
d l;ESpyf g;ukyd if
tm;ukd;&ygonf/
awmifay:wuf&ef vrf;ok;H oG,f o
dS nf[k qkd
ygonf/ xko
d ;Hk oG,rf mS (1) [wfwefvrf; (Hatton)
(2) &wemyl&vrf; (Ratnapura)ESifh (3) ukk0dwtJ&ufoef mvrf; (Kuruwita-Erathna)wkYd jzpfygonf/
bk&m;zl;wkdY trsm;qkH;tokH;jyKaomvrf;ESifh twkdqkH;
vrf;rSm ajrmufbufemvoefeD (Nallathanni)rS wuf
&onfh [wfwefvrf; jzpfonf/ awmifbuf ygvb'v
(Palabadella)rS wuf&onfh &wemyl&vrf;rSm vrf;
a[mif;jzpfNyD; ,ckvnf; tokH;jyKqJjzpfonf/ (11)
uDvrdk w
D mSnv
f Qm;NyD; ysrf;rQawmifay:wufcsdef ckEpS f
em&DMumjrifh ygvdrrhf nf/ uk0k w
d -tJ&ufoef mvrf;rSm
tSnfqkH;vrf;jzpfNyD; awmawmifIcif;rsm;jzifh vSy
onf[k qkyd gonf/ SiOf wrausmfqv
dk Qif p&Dyg'oGm;
awmvm; wpfy'k u
f ydk if zGUJ qkrd mS aocsmonf/
pma&;olwYdk pwifxu
G cf mG rnfh [wfwefvrf;?
f d (7)
'gv [kpd aD ps;wef; (Dalhousie)rS awmifxyd x
uDvrdk w
D ma0;onf/ bk&m;zl;c&D;onfwidk ;f \ t"du
OD;wnfcsufrmS reufyidk ;f aexGucf sdeu
f dk rD&efEiS hf bk&m;
Si\
f ajcawmf&mukd Scd ;dk ylaZmf&ef jzpfonf/ trsm;pku
nykid ;f ckEpS ef m&D Spef m&Davmuf pwifawmifwufMuNyD;
awmifay:Sd taqmuftHkwkdYwGif tdyfpuftem;,l
Muonf/ reuftkPrf wufcif ajcawmf&mukd zl;ajrmf
um xGuaf y:vmrnfh aerif;BuD;ukd p&Dyg'awmifay:rS
apmifharQmfMunfhIMuonf/ tjcm;enf;vrf;wpfckrSm
wnf;ckdcef;wGif tdyfpuftem;,lNyD; reufapmapm
v uFm w r ef r * Z if ; 119

ESpef m&D? ok;H em&Davmuf pwifawmifwufMujcif;jzpf

\/ reuftkPt
f rD ajcmufem&DcaJG vmufqv
dk sS if awmif
ay:a&mufNyD/ tcsdKUbk&m;zl;c&D;onfwu
Ydk m; aeYcif;rSm
wufNyD; awmifxyd rf mS ntdyt
f em;,lum reufcif;rSm
jyefqif;cJMh uonf/ &[ef;awmfwt
Ydk wGuf awmifay:rSm
tdypf &mtcef;&zkYd tcuftcJrSEd ikd [
f al om taMumif;
jycsufjzifh pma&;olwkdYwpfzGJUvkH; nykdif; wufMu&ef
oabmwlvu
dk Mf uonf/ n (8)em&DrpS wifum awmif
pwufMuonf/
awmifwufcsdew
f iG f rk;d wzGzJ u
JG saeNyD; awm
awmifxx
l yfonfh t&yfa'oqkad wmh at;pdrphf rd hf Sd
onf/ rkeq
Yf idk ?f vufzuf&nfqidk ?f vufaqmifypn;f
a&mif;onfq
h idk pf onfh qkid af ygif;pkrH mS awmifwufvrf;
wpfavQmuf wef;pDae\/ c&D;onftawmfrsm;rsm;u
bke;f BuD;awGcsnf;jzpfonfh pma&;olwt
Ydk zGUJ ukd pdw0f if
pm;Muonf/ ]]b,fEdkifiHuvJ? 'Da&mufwm b,f
avmufMumNyDv}J } ponfar;NyD; pum;vmajymMu\/
pma&;olwu
Ydk vnf; olw\
Ydk "avhx;Hk pH? p&Dyg'awmif
taMumif;ponfh uk,
d o
f cd sio
f nfwu
Ydk dk ar;jref;&onf/
um;yghuifrS pxGucf o
hJ nf yxrem&D 0ufcefY
awmifwufc&D;u cyfajyajyom/ (1976) ckESpfu
Ak'b
mom *syefbek ;f BuD;wpfyg; OD;aqmifNyD; trSww
f &
wnfxm;cJo
h nfh urmat;apwD (The Sama Chatiya)
rSp awmifwufvrf;u wjznf;jznf; rwfapmufvm
\/ awmifwuf&ygrsm;awmh vlwpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk acR;wkYd
ESihf TpJ v
kd monf/ awmifatmufwek ;f u 0wfco
hJ nfh
taEG;xnfwu
Ydk v
dk nf; cRwv
f u
dk &f Ny/D tajctaersKd ;
rSm uk,
d rf mS ywfxm;onfh tay:k{H uoDu tqifrajy
awmh/ r[m,mebke;f BuD;awG0wfavho
dS nfh abmif;bD
ESihf 0wfu
Hk ydk J 0wfvu
dk cf sifawmhonf/ a&qmawmh
atmufu0,fco
hJ nfh a&oefb
Y ;l vnf; odyMf umMumrcH/
vrf;ab;u qkid w
f pfqidk rf mS xyf0,f&onf/ aps;u
xuf0ufe;D yg; wufomG ;onf/ awmifwufvrf;wpf
avQmuf vufzuf&nfqidk ?f rkeq
Yf idk w
f u
Ydk dk rjywfawGU&yg
vdrrhf nf/ tay:wpfqifw
h ufwidk ;f aps;uvnf; ykjd rifh

120 v uFm w r ef r * Z if ;

vmygonf/ tay:ykid ;f a&mufvmawmh bk&m;zl;c&D;onf

vnf; ykdrsm;vmwmawGU&onf/ aumif;uifrSmawmh
wefc;l vjynfah eY v0ef;BuD;u xdex
f ed o
f mae\/

olw"Ydk avh
vjynfhaeYjzpf xkdaeYu bk&m;zl;c&D;onf
tawmfrsm;onf/ tcsdKUc&D;onfwu
Ydk bmoma&;ESihf
ywfoufaom cyfat;at;oDcsif;rsm;ukd NydKifwo
l q
D dk
Ny;D wufMuonf/ tcsKd Uu arwmokwpf onfh bk&m;pm
wku
Yd dk tzGUJ vku
d f w
G zf wfNyD; wufomG ;Muonf/ wpfcg
wpf&H qif;vmolrsm;ESihf wufomG ;olrsm;vrf;rSm awGU
MuvQif pm"k pm"k pm"k ...[k EIwu
f >rufqdk
oGm;Muonf/ (olwYdk toHxu
G jf zifh om"kac:qkd Mujcif;
jzpf\)/ awmifay:wufo?l awmifatmufqif;vmol
tm;vk;H u pref;a'0dEK ukPma0 (Saman Devindu,
Karuna wai) oref;ewfrif; apmifrygap[k Gwq
f Ndk yD;
p&Dyg'awmifapmifhewfrif;BuD;oref;ukd wkdifwnfMu
\/ xkt
d oHudk Mum;&oltaygif;rSm pdwt
f m;wufvm
NyD; av;vHaeonfh ajcvSr;f wkyYd if yko
d u
G v
f mMuonf/
awmifwuforl sm;um; a,musfm;? rde;f rtG,pf o
Hk nf/
ajcmufq,f? ckEpS q
f ,fausmf tbk;d BuD;? tbGm;BuD;awG
vnf; awGU&onf/ tm;tifuek cf rf;aeonfh touf
tG,Bf uD;olwu
Ydk dk i,f,
G o
f w
l u
Ydk wGNJ y;D wpfrsKd ;? xrf;yk;d
NyD;wpfzHk az;rulnaD ewmawGU&awmh uk,
d v
f w
G w
f pf
a,muftaeESihf tm;wif;wuf&jyefonf/ cufcMJ urf;
wrf;onfh awmifwufc&D;rSm vom;tG,o
f mSOd ;D rnfh
uav;rsm;ukd xrf;yk;d wufaeMuonfrh cd if? zcifwu
Ydk dk
vnf; awGU&onf/ av;vom;tG,f orD;av;ukd
yck;H ay:wifNy;D rwfapmufvo
S nfh avScg;xpfwu
Ydk dk jznf;
jznf;csif; wufaeonfh zcifwpfO;D ukd tb,fah Mumifh
orD;i,fav;ukd p&Dyg'awmifokdY ac:vmcJh&aMumif;
ar;Munfh jzpfonf/ xko
d u
l olUorD;av;ukd awmif
apmifeh wfrif;BuD;oref;ukd jy&efEiS hf olUorD;\ b0wpf
avQmufv;Hk apmifah Smufay;zkYd qkawmif;&ef ac:aqmif
vm cJjh cif;jzpfaMumif; Si;f jy\/

r[mc&D;onf
p&Dyg'awmifESifh awmifapmifhewfrif;taMumif;ukd 0dZ,
Am[krif; (1058-1114) vufxufusrSom r[m0HowGif
rSww
f rf;wifcahJ Mumif; qko
d nf/ r[m0Hotqkt
d & p&Dyg'
awmifay:okYd yxrOD;qk;H wufa&muforl mS 0dZ,Am[krif;
jzpfonf/ p&Dyg'awmifajcSd aus;GmwpfmG wGif awGU&onfh
xkrd if;a&;xk;d cJo
h nfh ausmufpmuvnf; r[m0Ho\ tqku
d dk
axmufcHaeonf/ y&urAm[krif; (1225-1269) \
trwfBuD;wpfOD;u awmifwufvrf;ukd azmufvkyfcJhNyD;
twuftqif;tqifajyap&ef vrf;wpfavQmuf vuf&ef;
ESiw
hf uG oHwidk rf sm;ukd pku
d x
f cl o
hJ nf/ aemufyidk ;f jynfow
l \
Ydk
xnf0h ifv' gef; aiGwjYdk zifh ykrd adk umif;rGeaf tmif xyfrjH yKjyif
cJMh uonf[k od&onf/ (13) &mpku a0a'[trnfdS &[ef;
wpfyg;a&;cJhonfh orEul#0Pemtqkdt& xkdacwfwGif
oD&dvuFmjynfoltrsm;tjym; p&Dyg'awmifay:wufNyD;
jrwfpmG bk&m;\ ajcawmf&mukd zl;ajrmMf uaMumif; od&onf/
(1292)ckESpfu urmausmfr[mc&D;onf rmukdykdvkdvnf;
p&Dyg'awmifay:wufcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;rsm;u qkdonf/
rmukyd v
dk rdk mS awmiftaMumif; ulAvkid cf efxrH S odc&hJ NyD;
wkwjf ynfrS ZmwdajrokYd tjyefvrf;wGif oD&v
d uFmok0Yd ifum
p&Dyg' awmifay:wufcjhJ cif; jzpfonf/ rmukyd v
dk dk wufchJ
aomvrf;rSm pma&;olwkdYwufaeaom awmifwufvrf;
r[kw?f &wemyl&vrf;[k qko
d nf/ rnfoq
Ykd akd p uk,
d u
hf ,
dk u
f dk
rmukyd v
dk u
dk o
hJ Ydk r[mc&D;onf *ku
d q
f u
dk zf rf;um tm;wif;
wuf&jyefonf/
q,fem&DausmfausmfavmufwiG f pma&;olwt
Ydk zGUJ rS
yxrtacguf a&mufz;l onfo
h il ,fcsif;u ol awmifay:
a&mufNyDjzpfaMumif; zke;f jzifv
h rS ;f taMumif;Mum;onf/ ESpf
em&DcefYESifhawmifay: ta&mufwufEdkifonfh oli,fcsif;
ukd tm;usrdonf/ a*gyutzGUJ ESihf pum;ajymNyD; pma&;olwYdk
wpfzGJUvkH;twGuf tcef;wpfcef;yif iSg;NyD;NyD jzpfaMumif;
taMumif;Mum;onf/ xkt
d csed u
f pma&;olwrYdk mS awmifxyd o
f Ydk
a&muf&ef ok;H ykH ykw
H pfyrHk u usefao;onf/ at;at;aq;
aq;wufNyD; tcsdew
f efvQif awmifay:a&mufvrd rhf nf[o
k m
atmufarhvu
dk o
f nf/ ykrH eS t
f m;jzifh pma&;olww
Ykd ufonfh
[wfwefbufjcrf;rS awmifay:wufcsdef ESpef m&DcrJG S av;em&D
tMum; Mumjrifyh gonf/ awmifxyd Ef iS hf eD;uyfvmonfEiS hf
trQ tat;"mwfu ykv
d monf/ taEG;xnfawG jyef0wf&
\/ tat;oufomap&ef qkdifwpfqkdif0ifNyD; aumfzDylyl
wpfcu
G f rSmaomufMuonf/ awmifxyd Ef iS ehf ;D aeNyDqadk wmh
aps;uvnf; ok;H qausmfwufomG ;onf/ avScg;xpfrsm;um;
awmifxyd Ef iS hf eD;uyfvmav rwfapmufav jzpf\/ avScg;
xpfaygif; (5200)ausmfadS Mumif; od&onf/ rQjrifrh m;vS

onfh awmifxyd t
f xda&mufatmif aooyf
ckid cf v
hH o
S nfh avScg;xpfwu
Ydk dk xkqpfxm;cJh
Muonfh oD&dvuFmjynfolwkdYum; csD;usL;
xkdufygaypG/

awmifBuD;z0g;atmuf
jznf;jznf;wuf&if; aemufq;Hk awmh
wpfem&Dxkd;cefYwGif awmifxdyfay:a&muf
onf/ awmifxyd af &mufzYdk ig;em&Dtcsdeaf y;
vku
d &f \/ awmifay:rSm ESi;f rk;d wzGzJ u
JG sNyD;
avuw[l;[l;wku
d af eonf/ tay:k{H uoD
ukd avxJygroGm;atmif renf;xde;f xm;&
\/ at;vku
d o
f nfrmS vnf; cku
d cf u
dk w
f ek af e
onf/ awmifay:a&mufvQif bk&m;zl;c&D;
onfwidk ;f acgif;avmif;xk;d Muygonf/ wpf
Budrfa&mufzl;olu wpfBudrfacgif;avmif;
xk;d NyD; tBudrt
f Budraf &mufz;l olrsm;u rdrw
d Ydk
a&mufzl;cJhonfh tBudrfa&tvkduf acgif;
avmif;xk;d Muonf/ odjYk zpf p&Dyg'awmif
xdyfokdY yxrqkH;wufcJhol wpfOD;taeESifh
awmifxdyfu acgif;avmif;ukd wpfBudrf
xk;d vku
d o
f nf/
v uFm w r ef r * Z if ; 121

tat;"mwfudk rcHEikd af wmh ajcawmf&mukd

awmh reufrzS ;l rnf[k qk;H jzwfcsucf svu
d k Mf u\/ &[ef;awmf
rsm;twGuf a*gyutzGUJ u tcef;pDpOfay;onf/ pma&;
olwYdk q,fyg;tkypf t
k wGuf tcef;us,fwpfc&k onf/
pma&;olwYdk jzwfavQmufc&hJ m tcef;wkid ;f ? taqmuf
ttHw
k idk ;f rSm wpfO;D ay:wpfO;D zdvrk wwf tdyaf eMuonfh
bk&m;zl;wkEYd iS hf jynfah e\/ tcsdKUqkv
d Qif acsmifwpfcrk mS
uG,Nf yD; xkid v
f Quf tdyMf u&onf/ xko
d w
l u
Ydk dk jrifawmh
uk,
d cf sif;pm oem;rdonf/ olwt
Ydk aMumif; MumMum
rpOf;pm;Edik af wmhbJ awmifwufvrf;rSm yifyef;cJo
h rQ
twkd;cstdyfpuftem;,lypfvkdufonf/

jrwfpmG bk&m;\ ajcawmf&m

eHeuf (5;45)rdepf tdyf&mxMu\/ awmif
atmufu o,fco
hJ nfrh ek u
Yf dk a&ESiahf rQmcsNyD; tkPf
qGr;f udpN yD;vku
d Mf uonf/ t&rf;at;vGe;f awmh tjyif
xGuzf Ydk wGeaYf eMuonf/ ajctdyt
f aEG;xnf? acgif;pGyf
wkjYd zifh wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk ywfum trsm;enf;wl ajcawmf&m
wnf&dS m &ifjyifawmfoYdk xGucf MhJ u\/ rk;d vm;? ESi;f vm;
ruGJjym;/ wzGJzGJusaeonf/ tvsm; (74)ay? teH
(24) ayomSo
d nfh awmifx#G af y:wGif bk&m;zl;c&D;wkEYd iS hf
jynfah e\/ taemufwidk ;f om; tcsdKUukv
d nf; awGU&
onf/
ajcawmf&mum; &ifjyifawmftv,fwnfw
h nfh
Sd ausmif;aqmifav;xJwiG f wnfo
dS nf/ ajcawmf&m
ukd zl;ajrmfzYdk wef;pDapmifMh u&onf/ &[ef;awmfwpfyg;
taeESihf wef;pDp&mrvkad omfvnf; rk;d at;at;xJrmS
uk,
d t
hf vSnahf &mufatmif apmifah eMuolwu
Ydk dk uk,
d cf si;f
pmNy;D aemufu wef;pDvu
dk \
f / a*gyutzGUJ u BuD;Muyf
ay;aeawmh MumMumzl;vkdYr&/ cPom vuftkyfcsD

122 v uFm w r ef r * Z if ;

OD;csNy;D jyefqif;Mu&onf/ pma&;oltvSnahf &mufawmh

vuftyk cf sD zl;ajrmfzx
Ydk ufajcawmf&mukd pl;prf;zkaYd vmufyJ
pdwfxufoefae\/ pma&;ol\ tvkdqErjynfhcJh/
ajcawmf&mukd t0wfjzLjzifhtkyfxm;onf/ ajcawmf
&mukd tb,fokdYSdrnf rSef;qMunfhkHom/ ,ckjrif
awGU&aom ajcawmf&mrSm p&Dyg'awmif xdyt
f v,f
acgifdS ausmufjym;wpfcak y:wGif wnfo
dS nf/ rlv
ajcawmf&mtppfrmS xkad usmufjym;atmufwiG f wnfNdS y;D
aS;acwfo&D v
d uFmrif;wku
Yd ajcawmf&mukd umuG,&f ef
tjyma&mif eDvmxJwGif jrKyfESHxm;cJhMuonf[k qkd
ygonf/
(14)&mpku p&Dyg'awmifwufco
hJ nfh armfdk
ukd tm&yfc&D;onf bmwlw (Ibn Batuta) (13041377) uawmh awmifxyd v
f [mjyifdS jrifjh rwfaom
teufa&mif ausmufw;Hk ay:wGif ajcawmf&mukd jrifEikd f
ygonf[k rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/ ,ckawmh t&m&m
wkdif; ajymif;vJukefNyD/ olajymcJhaom teufa&mif
ausmufwkH;BuD;ay:rSm ajcawmf&m*Euk#DESifh awmif
apmifeh wfrif;oref;\ ewfueG ;f wku
Yd u
dk yfvQuf aqmuf
xm;onf/ awmifapmifh ewfrif;BuD;oref;\ ewfueG ;f
av;rSmvnf; ylaZmfo?l uav;ukd ewfjyolwEYdk iS hf jynfh
aeonf/

0ef;usiftvSEiS hf p&Dyg'
pma&;olwYdk q,fyg;tzGUJ vnf; p&Dyg'awmif
xdy&f ifjyifawmfay:rSm trSww
f &pkaygif; "mwfyHk ku
d f
Muonf/ ajcmufem&Dq,fred pfavmufrmS awmh bk&m;zl;
c&D;onf trsm;pku aerif;BuD;xGuaf y:vmrnfh taSU
bufukd rSef;arQmfMunfhae MuavNyD/ ykHrSeftm;jzifh
ajcmufem&DccJG efY aexGuo
f nf[k qkyd gonf/ p&Dyg'

awmifywfywfvnf jrifrh m;vSonfh awmifpOfawmif

wef;rsm;om So
d nf/ vlot
l a&muftaygufrS/d pdr;f pkd
aeaom opfawmBuD;wkjYd zifh ndKUrIid ;f aeonf/ rk;d wdrw
f u
Ydk
uk,
d ahf tmufrmS wGcJ adk e\/ ywf0ef;usit
f vSudk aemufcH
xm;NyD; oli,fcsif;awG wpfvn
S phf D "mwfyHk u
dk Mf uonf/
ajcmufem&DcNJG yD jzpfaomfvnf; aerif;BuD;u xGuaf y:
rvm/ yxrtacgufu aexGufonfukd rjrifcJh&
pma&;olwkdYtzGJUESifh aemufwpfacgufvkdufvmonfh
oli,fcsif;ESpyf g;uvnf; jiD;onf/ uifr&m wjyifjyif
vkyaf eonfh taemufwidk ;f om;awGvnf; vuf avQmh
avNyD/ ckEpS ef m&Davmufxd apmifo
h nf/ okaYd omf ,aeY
aexGufonfukd jrifzkdY rvG,fawmh/ aerxGufawmh
rkid af jcmufq,f? ckEpS f q,ftxd a&mufonfqadk om
p&Dyg'awmif\ t&dyBf uD;ukv
d nf; rMunf&h awmh/
eHeuf (7) em&DrmS awmh oli,fcsif; rsm;tm;
vk;H p&Dyg'awmifxyd rf S qif;&efq;Hk jzwfcsuf csvku
d Mf u
onf/ tqif;rSmawmh oufomygonf/ aemufveS rf us
atmifEiS hf racsmfatmif *kwpku
d x
f rd ;f &onf/ vrf;wpf
avQmuf qkid af wGuvnf; olwq
Ydk idk rf mS eHeufpmpm;zkYd
tNydKifzw
d af c:aeMuonf/ tqif;jzpfaomfvnf; Mum
vmawmh armonf/ txl;ojzifh aygifwiG ;f aMumawG
awmifw
h if;vmonf/ aygifuvnf; ausmufcv
J dk rm
vmonf/ okEYd iS hf oli,fcsif;wpfpk qkid w
f pfqidk 0f ifNyD;
aumfzED iS hf yJyvmwmpm;&if; tem;,lMuonf/ twuf
wke;f u nykid ;f jzpfywf0ef;usiftvSudk aumif;aumif;
rjrifcJh/ ,ckawmh vrf;wpfavQmuf nutoHom
Mum;cJ&h onfh vSyaom a&wHceG Bf uD;rsm;ESihf ysH0aJ eonfh
a&mifpkHvdyfjymtkyfrsm;ukd MunfhIcHpm;EkdifNyD/ ukdf,fESifh
odyrf a0;vSonfh awmifab;rSm wGcJ adk eaom wdrw
f u
dk f
BuD;ukd aemufcjH yKum trSww
f & "mwfyHk u
dk Ef ikd o
f nf/
ywf0ef;usiftvSukd cHpm;&if;? em;&if;jzifh
at;at;aq;aq; qif ; cJ h M uonf / awmif a jcu
aps;wef;a&mufawmh ukd;em&Dxkd;aeNyD/
at;at;aq;aq; qif;cJhonfh oli,fcsif;
tcsdKUum; q,fem&Dx;dk cgeD;rS a&mufvmonf/ tm;vk;H
a&;rk;d csdK;tem;,lNyD; aeYqrG ;f ukd xrif;qkid rf mS pm;Mu
onf/ qGr;f pm;tNyD; (11) em&DccJG efY p&Dyg'rS jyefvnf
xGucf mG cJMh uygonf/ uDvrdk w
D m (150) oma0;onfh
t0dpa 0vvrf; (Avissawella)rS jyefcMhJ ujcif;jzpfonf/
ausmif;a&mufNyD; av;ig;&uftxd aygifwiG ;f aMumawG
wif;aeonf/ txkid t
f xvkyo
f nft
h cg? vrf;avQmuf
onft
h cg emonf/ a0'emawGaysmufomG ;awmh p&Dyg'
c&D;rSm ku
d u
f ;l cJo
h nfh "mwfyw
Hk u
Ydk Mdk unfNh yD; xkcd &D;pOfudk

vGr;f onf/ p&Dyg'awmifay: aemufwpfBudrf wuf

csifonfh pdwfawGaygufvmjyefonf/ pma&;olukd
tl;[kqcdk sifqadk pawmh/ tcgtcGio
hf ifv
h Qif p&Dyg'
awmifudk aemufwpfBudrf wufcsifygao;onf/
p&Dyg'awmifwufc&D;rSm yifyef;onf/
Murf;wrf;onf/ okaYd omf pdwMf unfE;l p&m? aysmfp&m
aumif;ygonf/ pdwfxm;wwfvQif ukokdvf&rnf/
usef;rmoefpGrf;olrsm;? a'oE&A[kokw SmrSD;vkd
olrsm;taeESihf wpfBudrrf u oGm;oifah om c&D;jzpf
onf/ txl;ojzifh c&D;pOftwGif; oD&dvuFm
EdkifiHom;wkdY\ ,Ofaus;rI? "avhxkH;pH? ukd;uG,f
,kMH unfrEI iS hf olw\
Ydk tm;rmefudk xif;xif;vif;vif;
jrifEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ c&D;pOftwGif; p&Dyg'
awmifxyd rf mS So
d nfh teufa&mifausmuf wk;H BuD;ay:
u ajcawmf&mrSm jrwfpmG bk&m;\ ajcawmf&mppf?
rppfrajymEdik af omfvnf; oD&v
d uFmjynfow
l \
Ydk &ifxJ
toJxJrSmawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfawG?
oifMum;csufawG ude;f atmif;aeNyD; p&Dyg'awmif
xdyu
f teufa&mif ausmufw;Hk BuD;ay:rS ajcawmf&m
uJhokdY rnfolrQ zsufr&atmif pGJxifaeaMumif;
odvmcJh&ygonf/
t&S i f a vmuygv
v uFm w r ef r * Z if ; 123