S C CNG TRNH NGUYN NHN , GII PHP KHC PHC

Bi ca PGS. L Kiu B mn Cng Ngh v Qun L Xy dng Trng i hc Kin Trc H Ni 1. Khi nim v s c : S c cng trnh l cng trnh b h hng vt qu gii hn an ton c php, lm cho cng trnh c nguy c sp , sp mt phn hoc ton b cng trnh hoc cng trnh khng s dng c theo thit k. 2. Phn loi v cp ca s c 2.1 V s c: C th phn loi s c theo 4 loi : S c dn n sp : Cng trnh hay kt cu phi lm li. S c lm cng trnh bin dng: Nh nn, mng b ln, kt cu b nghing, vng, vn, xon, khng th s dng bnh thng c. S c sai lch v tr ca kt cu, ca trc, tm. C th do t nhm v tr kt cu hoc chi tit chn sn... S c v cng nng: Khng ph hp vi iu kin s dng, thm, dt, cch m, cch nhit km, mt m quan. Phi tin hnh b sung hoc ci to cng nng. 2.2 V cp : C 4 mc cp : Mc nh : Cng trnh hoc b phn cng trnh b h hng , c du hiu vt qu gii hn cho php nhng cha lm sp hoc c nguy c sp . Chi ph sa cha nh ( di 1 t ng ). Mc va : B phn kt cu, kt cu, b phn cng trnh b sp hoc b h hi e da s an ton ca con ngi hoc c nguy c gy nhim mi trng. Chi ph sa cha bt u ng k, ( t 1 t n 5 t ). S c c th gy thng vong cho ngi s dng hoc lin quan. Mc nghim trng : Cng trnh b sp hon ton hay b phn cng trnh b sp , gy h hi v ngi, v ti sn, e da nhim mi trng. S c loi ny c nguy hi v sinh mng v sc khe cho s ngi t 1 n 3 ngi. Chi ph khc phc hu qu trn 5 t ng. Mc c bit nghim trng: Sp ton b cng trnh hay nhiu b phn cng trnh gy thit hi v nhiu ngi, nhiu ca v gy nhim

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nghim trng cho mi trng. S ngi b thng vong trn 3 ngi v chi ph khc phc trn 50 t ng Vit Nam. 3. Phi coi s c cng trnh nm trong h thng trong hot ng xy dng 3.1 Chin lc c bn i ph vi s c theo tng c im ca cng trnh * Phi coi cht lng cng trnh l khu tng hp : - Cht lng cng trnh c ghi thuc trch nhim ca Ch u t trong Lut Xy dng - Cht lng cng trnh th hin quan im tn trng ti sn x hi - Cht lng cng trnh th hin o c ngh nghip ca ngi lm ngh xy dng - Cht lng xy dng th hin trnh vn minh ca ngi xy dng S c cng trnh xy ra do s thiu hiu bit mt cch tng th hoc chi tit ca bt k khu no trong qu trnh hot ng xy dng. * Mi loi cng trnh c nhng i hi v cht lng cng trnh khc nhau. Khng p ng c nhng i hi ny v cht lng cng trnh s gy s c. - Tiu ch u tin vi tt c cc loi cng trnh l cng trnh phi p ng c cc yu cu tnh nng s dng. S c lm cho tnh nng s dng cng trnh khng t yu cu, phi gim bt, phi thay i l loi s c lm cho cng trnh khng p ng c yu cu mc tiu. Phn xng c kh ca Nh my SuperPhotphat Lm thao l th d in hnh. Ton b phn xng c kh t tng hm mt ngi nh. Khi vn hnh khng ti, gn nh h dn in b r r, h dy dn i di mt nn b r r lm in git, rt nguy him cho cng nhn v my mc. Cui cng phi a ton b h dy dn i ni v sau ny phi di chuyn phn xng ny i a im khc v nc ngp nn nh khi ma to v ma lu. Nhiu cng trnh b thm, dt, dc nc chy khng theo mun, nc thm vo nh nhng v tr khng c php l dng s c hay gp. Tnh nng c bn ca mt cng trnh l s an ton cho s dng cng trnh. S bn vng, kh nng chu lc, khng b bin dng do cc tc ng ca ti trng cc dng, khng b bin hnh khi s dng l yu cu ti thiu ca cng trnh. Bo m cho cng trnh mc chu lc thuc trch nhim ca k s kt cu. S non km trnh , khng lng trc c bin dng , chuyn v cng nh d bo cc tc ng ca cc dng ti trng tc ng vo cng trnh trong sut cuc i ca cng trnh l li ca k s kt cu.

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- Cng trnh pht sinh nhiu vt nt m nguyn nhn c th do ton b cng trnh chu ln khng u, chu ti tc ng khng nh d kin thit k lm cho v s an ton ca ngi s dng cng trnh b e da. Hin tng cng trnh b ln qu d kin l do ti liu kho st khng chun xc, phn on ca tc gi thit k nn mng khng ph hp, la chn gii php chng ln khng mc an ton. Ly mt cng trnh tm c ti H Ni. Ch u t tham vn nhiu chuyn gia v gii php mng. Trn na s chuyn gia khuyn nn chn phng n cc b tng ct thp c sn tit din ln v c chiu su kh ln. Mt s ngi khuyn nn chn cc nhi. Ch u t theo s ng. Khi xy dng xong phn th, cng trnh b ln tuyt i n 490 mm v ln tng i n 270 mm. Sau nhng gii php gia c c coi l t hiu qu v nu x l trit qu tn km nn ch u t quyt nh hng u, sa y. Cng may l ln tt hoc pht trin khng mc nguy him na v cng trnh s dng kh nhiu thp nn khng hnh thnh vt nt nguy him v t yu cu s dng. Trng hp ny, nu s dng cc nhi, hon ton yn tm. C kh nhiu cng trnh do s hn ch hiu bit ca k s kt cu nn chn s kt cu khng tng hp vi thc t chu lc. Thng thng chn phng c t nhp l phng chu lc chnh, c cng trnh do kin trc b tr phc tp nn chn phng c nhp nhiu li l phng chu lc nn khng kim tra khung ngang chu lc ln l khung chu lc chnh. y l nguyn nhn pht sinh hng trm vt nt ti kt cu ngay khi tho g vn khun. C ngi nh c s lng nhp theo hai phng xp x nhau, phi chn phng chu lc l khung c s nhp t hn tnh v phng vung gc phi cu to nh phng tnh ton th phng cu to li chn thp s si, khi chu lc khng thp chu lc. Nh tr Hoa Hng, ph B Triu H Ni c h dm giao thoa c tit din dm bng nhau theo hai phng nhng thiu nhng thp chu lc cho phng vung gc vi phng tnh ton nn hnh thnh hng ngn vt nt ngay khi tho vn khun. Khi kim tnh ton nh thc t s xy dng thy ti nhiu v tr thp thiu n 100% v c ni d trn 60%. Khi sa li khng cn c vo s c th m ni nt nhiu, xy tr pha di lm s chu lc hn loi, gy nt thm hng ngn vt nt khc. - Cng trnh b rung lc. bin dng do rung khch quan ( xe ti nng i thng xuyn trn ph, chn ng do ba ng nh chung quanh ) to nn s di chuyn cc b b phn cng trnh, gy nt n hoc c khi gy sp cc b hoc sp kt cu lm nguy him cho cng trnh. - Cng trnh b bin dng do mi trng t chung quanh b tc ng bi nhiu nguyn nhn nh s dch chuyn ca nc ngm, s rng hoc tri do

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cc gii php nn mng cng trnh ln cn lm cho cng trnh b bin dng do s dch chuyn mi trng ny. Khi thit k cn cp n nhng kh nng gy s c kh d nhm trnh trc v hn ch nhng ri ro gy s c cho cng trnh. Khi pht hin nguy c c th gy s c, cn ra k hoch i ph vi ri ro , t ra phi cp c khuyn co kh nng xy ra ri ro tin lng kh nng xu nht kh d khi xy ra s c. Khi tnh nng s dng khng t yu cu s dng li l k s kt cu chnh v kin trc s chnh hnh dung sai s kt cu. H cha nng lc thit k cng trnh c mc phc tp yu cu. 3.2 Cc c trng c bn ca cc yu t thnh phn ca tng cng tc xy dng * Phng thc i ph chung Mi cng tc xy dng c nhng yu cu ring . Thng thng nhng yu cu : Cc yu cu v cht lng vt liu Cc yu cu v iu kin ch to ( thi cng ) Cc yu cu v t hp Cc yu cu v bn cc b v bn tng th Cc khng ch v bin dng Cc yu cu v quy trnh thi cng Cc yu cu v kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng Cc yu cu v nghim thu, tip nhn Cc yu cu v bo qun, ct cha vt t. Cc yu cu v chnh xc lp t Cc yu cu v mc hon thin mt ngoi Cc yu cu v bo tr Ngi thit k cn gip ch u t trong vic nh ra cc yu cu v tnh nng k thut ny khi trao sn phm thit k cho ch u t. Khi khng t cc tnh nng k thut, cht lng cng trnh b nh hng, gim st. Nu nhiu yu t khng c p ng y , dn n s c cng trnh. Nhng tnh nng k thut hay cn c gi l cc yu cu k thut ca sn phm xy dng ny c a ra cho nh thu trong b h s mi thu nh l iu kin hp ng. Nh thu s cn c vo cc yu cu ny lp bin php thi cng cc sn phm xy dng trong gi thu. Nhng tnh nng k thut ny coi l cc yu cu ca ch u t vi cht lng sn phm xy dng s c bn giao, Khi thc hin d n, nh thu phi lm theo cc yu cu k thut

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ny, k s t vn gim st cn c vo cc yu cu k thut ny kim tra cht lng sn phm xy dng , nghim thu. K s nh gi cn c vo cc yu cu k thut ny, thanh ton khi lng cho nh thu. * Vt liu Vt liu s dng vo cng trnh cn c ch u t, thng qua k s t vn gim st nghin cu trc, duyt. Nhng vt t , vt liu, chi tit, bn thnh phm khng t yu cu k thut, nht thit khng c dng trong cng trnh v phi a khi cng trng. Vt liu xy dng l khu ng b, phi c bo qun cn thn, theo ng quy trnh v yu cu, c ch bin, gia cng ng quy cch v c a vo v tr trong cng trnh theo ng cng ngh, theo ng cc thao tc, quy trnh thi cng. * Thit k - Cht lng thit k l khu tng hp, t thit k kin trc, s dng vt liu, thit b, thiu k kt cu, cu to kin trc v cu to kt cu v cui cng l khu thit k m quan, hon thin. Tng khu phi c nhng ngi c kinh nghim, nng lc quyt nh. B tr v t hp kin trc p ng cc yu cu s dng, p ng s trang nh, tin nghi cng trnh. Cu to kin trc phn nh tnh thc tin, trnh v kinh nghim ca ngi thit k. Khu no thiu st s sinh ra s c phi nn chnh hoc sa cha. - S kt cu l khu quyt nh n bn vng ca cng trnh. S kt cu phi phn nh c gi thit chu lc v cc ti trng thc t. S kt cu bo m s chu lc v bin dng khi c nhiu dng ti trng tc ng ring bit v t hp. S kt cu sai s dn n s c. - Cu to kt cu tt lm cho cng trnh khng c nhng vt nt nh do ng sut cc b. Nhiu n v t vn thit k sai st v khu cu to kt cu. Kinh nghim thit k c tch ly y s hn ch c cc khuyt tt v thiu nhng chi tit cu to kt cu. * Quy trnh thi cng Quy trnh thi cng c ghi trong cc tiu chun k thut. Ngi thi cng khng chu hc hi, kinh nghim ch nghi, thiu hiu bit v khoa hc cng ngh cng tc xy dng tin hnh khng ng quy trnh thi cng chun mc d sinh s c. Quy trnh thi cng rt a dng, mi cng tc c quy trnh thi cng ca cng tc y. Phi nm c tiu chun, quy chun thi cng ng quy trnh thi cng chun mc. Nhiu s c cng trnh pht sinh t khu thi cng khng ng qui trnh. * Tiu chun, quy chun s dng

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Tiu chun l quy nh v c tnh k thut v yu cu qun l dng lm chun phn loi, nh gi sn phm, hng ho, dch v, qu trnh, mi trng v cc i tng khc trong hot ng kinh t - x hi nhm nng cao cht lng v hiu qu ca cc i tng ny. Quy chun k thut l quy nh v mc gii hn ca c tnh k thut v yu cu qun l m sn phm, hng ho, dch v, qu trnh, mi trng v cc i tng khc trong hot ng kinh t - x hi phi tun th bo m an ton, v sinh, sc kho con ngi; bo v ng vt, thc vt, mi trng; bo v li ch v an ninh quc gia, quyn li ca ngi tiu dng v cc yu cu thit yu khc. Tiu chun, quy chun thc cht l tng kt kinh nghim sn xut v mt dng cng tc xy dng no , lp thnh qui nh, hng dn ngi p dng thc hnh nhm t cc yu cu v cht lng. S tun theo tiu chun, qui chun nhm trnh cc sai st kh d. S t nguyn p dng tiu chun ni ln mc yu cu khc nhau trong cc tiu ch v k thut. Tun theo tiu chun trnh c cc sai hng dn n s c. Tun theo qui chun l iu bt buc nhm bo m an ton cho con ngi, k c ngi s dng cng trnh n nhng ngi lin quan. Tun th quy chun mang n s an ton v v sinh mi trng. * Theo di . kim tra qu trnh thi cng Qu trnh tin hnh cc cng tc xy dng, phi la chn cng nhn p ng c yu cu cht lng cng tc. Cht lng nhn lc quyt nh khu cht lng cng trnh. Cng nhn lm cng tc no phi qua o to v ngh nghip ca cng tc y. Bc ngh tng ng vi yu cu cht lng ca cng tc l iu tt yu nng cao cht lng sn phm. Hin nay, s cng nhn cha qua o to trn cc cng trng qu nhiu. Nng nhn hay th tay ngang l mt thc t rt ng bun cho khu cht lng cng trnh. Bn cnh cht lng ngh nghip, ngi th cn phi c o to v o c ngh nghip. Lng tm ngh nghip, o c ngh nghip l c s ca cnh tranh lnh mnh trong nn kinh t th trng hon chnh. Nc ta cha c nn kinh t th trng thc th, vic gio dc o c ngh nghip l cng vic ca cc cng ty xy dng. Qu trnh thi cng phi c kim tra cn thn mi khu: kim tra tng ng tc ca cng nhn ( do t trng cng nhn lm), kim tra qu trnh to sn phm ca nhiu cng nhn ( cp i kim tra), kim tra ton b s tin hnh cng tc xy dng ( k s ca nh thu kim tra). Kim tra tng th ca k s t vn gim st l khu chun b cho nghim thu cng tc, cho giai on, cho hng mc v cho cng trnh. Kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng nhm trnh sai hng ngay t khu c kh nng pht sinh ra s c. * Kim nh
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Mt s cng tc xy dng c yu cu c bit hoc c tm quan trng cn phi kim nh khng nh cht lng t yu cu. Cng vic no cn kim nh cht lng, k s t vn thng nht vi i din ca cng ty t vn thit k xc nh ngay t khi k kt hp ng thi cng trong ph lc hp ng. Qu trnh thi cng v nghim thu, khi c nghi ng v cht lng ch u t c th yu cu nh thu thu n v c t cch php nhn lm kim nh cht lng cng tc xy dng. Khi hai bn ch u t v nh thu khng nht tr v tnh trng cht lng, ch u t c quyn yu cu nh thu p ng kim nh cht lng xy dng theo s ch nh n v kim nh ca ch u t v phng php kim nh. thc hin cng tc kim nh, ch u t phi nu ra cc mc tiu ca kim nh, cc yu cu ca kim nh, cn c cng tin hnh kim nh. Nhng ngi tham gia trong cng tc kim nh cn c o to v cng tc kim nh v phi c chng ch v c php thc hin cng tc kim nh. My mc, thit b kim nh cng phi l cng c tt, c php hot ng v cn thi hn c hot ng. Thit b dng kim tra phi c c quan Tiu chun-o lng v Cht lng kim chun v nhng trang b ny cn thi hn hot ng hp php. * Nghim thu Hon cng Nghim thu, hon cng l khu kim tra cui cng i chiu vi cc yu cu v cht lng ca thit k, ca ch u t. Nu mi ch tiu t yu cu cht lng, s c nghim thu. Nu cn khuyt im hay nhc im m khng nguy hi n vic s dng phi lp k hoch b cu, chnh sa. Khi chnh sa xong, cng tc s c nghim thu li. Nghim thu cn thn theo ng qui trnh l iu kin hn ch cc s c. 3.3 Cc c trng c bn ca tng loi cng tc xy dng * Kho st v cc nguyn nhn s c t kho st Ngh nh 12/2009/N-CP V qun l d n u t xy dng cng trnh, c cc iu 45 v 46 quy nh v nng lc ca ch nhim kho st xy dng v iu kin nng lc ca t chc t vn khi kho st xy dng. Ngh nh 209/2004/ N-CP V qun l cht lng cng trnh xy dng c chng III , cp n vn qun l cht lng kho st xy dng. Cng tc kho st phi p ng c nhim v trin khai thc hin d n: cng kho st phi nu c y cc yu cu ca cng tc kho st, nhm gip cho ch u t v ngi thit k hiu r rng, k mi chi tit yu cu thit k v thi cng an ton.

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Cng tc kho st gip tin lng nhng tnh hung bt ng, ri ro kh d c th xy ra nh hng n cht lng cng trnh, c khi gy ra s c nguy him hoc gim cht lng cng trnh. Nhim v kho st xy dng c c quan t vn thit k yu cu, ch nhim kho st b sung v ch u t ph duyt; Cng tc kho st phi tun th cc tiu chun v kho st xy dng c p dng. Ni dung quan trng ca bo co kho st l phn tch s liu kho st Phn tch s liu, nh gi kt qu kho st v bn kho st phi xut gii php k thut phc v cho cng tc thit k ng thi tin liu s c kh d xy ra khi thi cng. Mc du Nghi nh 209/2005/N-CP v qun l cht lng xy dng yu cu nh thu kho st xy dng phi chu trch nhim trc ch u t v php lut v tnh trung thc v tnh chnh xc ca kt qu kho st; bi thng thit hi khi thc hin khng ng nhim v kho st, pht sinh khi lng do kho st sai; s dng cc thng tin, ti liu, quy chun, tiu chun v kho st xy dng khng ph hp v cc hnh vi vi phm khc gy ra thit hi, nhng khu kho st s xut iu g cung cp d liu khng hon ton chnh xc c th gy s c cng trnh. V l trong khu kho st d xy ra s thiu chnh xc trong khu d liu nn trong Ngh nh 209/2006/N-CP yu cu ch u t phi t chc gim st cng tc kho st xy dng. C th v trch nhim gim st cng tc kho st xy dng yu cu nh sau: a) Nh thu kho st xy dng phi c b phn chuyn trch t gim st cng tc kho st xy dng; b) Ch u t thc hin gim st cng tc kho st xy dng thng xuyn, c h thng t khi bt u kho st n khi hon thnh cng vic. Trng hp khng c iu kin nng lc th ch u t phi thu t vn gim st cng tc kho st xy dng. Cng tc gim st kho st xy dng ca nh thu kho st xy dng phi tun th: * Theo di, kim tra vic thc hin theo phng n k thut kho st xy dng c ch u t ph duyt; * Ghi chp kt qu theo di, kim tra vo nht k kho st xy dng. Ch u t phi tun theo ni dung gim st cng tc kho st xy dng nh sau : + Kim tra iu kin nng lc hot ng xy dng ca cc nh thu kho st xy dng so vi h s d thu v nhn lc, thit b my mc phc v kho st, phng th nghim c nh thu kho st xy dng s dng; + Theo di, kim tra v tr kho st, khi lng kho st v vic thc hin quy trnh kho st theo phng n k thut c ph duyt. Kt qu theo di, kim tra phi c ghi chp vo nht k kho st xy dng; +) Theo di v yu cu nh thu kho st xy dng thc hin bo v mi trng v cc cng trnh xy dng trong khu vc kho st theo quy nh.

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Khi nghim thu cng tc kho st phi tin hnh cc cng vic nhm trnh sai st : a) nh gi cht lng cng tc kho st so vi nhim v kho st xy dng v tiu chun kho st xy dng c p dng; b) Kim tra hnh thc v s lng ca bo co kt qu kho st xy dng; c) Nghim thu khi lng cng vic kho st xy dng theo hp ng kho st xy dng k kt. Trng hp kt qu kho st xy dng thc hin ng hp ng kho st v tiu chun xy dng p dng nhng khng p ng c mc tiu u t ra ca ch u t th ch u t vn phi thanh ton phn nghim thu theo hp ng. D liu kho st khng chun xc l u mi gy s c cng trnh di dng chn gii php thit k sai, bin php thit k khng chun xc, bin php thi cng khng ph hp vi thc t v cn c vo d liu sai. Mi th dn n s c cng trnh. * Thit k v cc nguyn nhn s c t khu thit k Nhng li hay gp trong khu thit k dn n s c cng trnh l : + Chn gii php mng khng ph hp vi t nn. Chn gii php mng khng ph hp vi tnh trng t nn dn n mng b ln nhiu hn d kin, mng bin dng khi ti. Thiu ch n gii php chng thm cho tng hm hoc chn chiu su ca tng barrette khng ph hp gy nn hin tng y mng b y tri, chiu dy ca mng khng ph hp, hoc lng ph , hoc khng p ng nhim v ca mng. + Chn s kt cu sai dn n tnh trng gia s tnh khc vi s ti thc nhiu, dn n thiu thp hoc tha thp, lm cho cng trnh khng p ng v mt chu lc. Li do ngi ch tr thit k khng nng lc thc hin nhim v c giao. Li ngi v t chc thm nh khng nng lc pht hin khuyt im ca phng n kt cu. S kt cu sai chc chn dn n tnh trng nt cng trnh. Nu s kt cu khc hn vi tnh trng tc ng thc t, s c c th gy ra cng trnh khng p ng yu cu s dng. + Tnh ton v cu to khng chn khng tho mn yu cu chu lc ca cng trnh. Sau khi c tiu chun thit k cng trnh chu tc ng ca ng t ( TCXDVN 375-2006 ) , kh nhiu c quan t vn thit k cha nm c cch tnh khng chn v cu to khng chn, trong khi tiu chun yu cu nhng a danh c mc gia tc nn > 0,04g phi kim tra v s dng cc bin php khng chn gim nh hoc trn 0,08g th cng trnh bt buc phi tnh ton khng chn . Tnh trng ny dn n cng trnh khng c kh nng chng li rung ng khi c ng t. + Mt nhc im ca cc n v t vn thit k l khu cu to kin trc v kt cu cn yu. Qua nhiu nm cng tc vi cc c quan t vn thit k nc ngoi, s yu km v cu to kin trc v kt cu ca pha t vn thit k ca
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cc n v t vn thit k nc ta cha c ci thin ng k. S cu to yu lm cho cng trnh b thm, nc vo qua khe k cng trnh kh nhiu. Nhiu vt nt do cha p ng c s chng ng sut cc b ca cc kt cu sn, tng b tng c l hng xuyn qua kt cu xy ra kh ph bin. * c trng c bn cho tng cng tc xy dng Mi cng tc xy dng u c nhng yu cu v c trng k thut m ngi thi cng cn nm vng thc hin ng. Mt trong nhng nhc im c bn l ngi thit k hin nay khng xut c cc yu cu k thut cho tng cng tc xy dng, cho tng chi tit kin trc, kt cu nn cng kh xc nh rng ngi thi cng thi cng c t yu cu hay khng. c khu nh kh qui m, khi nhng tng va trn ri xung th ngi ph trch k thut thi cng coi nh bnh thng hoc coi nh hin tng d nhin nh th v c php. Rt n gin l ngi th khng tun th tiu chun k thut c v cc qui nh v trnh t thi cng. C th kt lun rng y l nh thu khng nng lc thi cng loi cng trnh ny, mc du cc yu cu k thut ny khng cao lm. hn ch s c v nng cao cht lng cng trnh, trc ht ch u t phi vit k cc yu cu k thut ca tng cng tc xy dng, coi nh y l yu cu cho iu kin hp ng thi cng. Ngi t vn thit k, khi trao bn v cho ch u t phi c b yu cu k thut cho tng cng tc xy dng c thit k trn cc bn v kin trc v kt cu. Nhng yu cu c th v cc cng tc xy dng phi c phn nh chi tit trong b h s mi thu, coi nh l iu kin hp ng c th nhn mnh vo cc khu: - Cng tc to mt bng cng trng v cng tc t - Cng tc o t - Cng tc p t - Cng tc san t - Cng tc lm h mng + H nng + H su - Cng tc to tng , vch chn, chng thnh. vch - Cng tc t to cng trnh t lu di - Cng tc thi cng kt cu mng o Cc nhi o Ct v tng barette o Top-down o Bo v mng chng nc, chng y ni o Phn b tng ca kt cu mng -Cng tc b tng v b tng ct thp * Cp pha * Ct thp
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gia - Cng tc kt cu thp v kim loi - Cng tc xy - Cng tc kt cu g - Cng tc lp t thit b - Cng tc hon thin v trang tr.

* B tng * Khi s dng ph gia v nhng yu cu ca b tng khi c ph

3.4 Khu kim tra cho tng cng tc xy dng nhm hn ch s c cng trnh Kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh tun th nghim tc qui trnh nghim thu kt cu, b phn cng trnh, giai on thi cng, hng mc cng trnh v tng th cng trnh l khu kh quan trng trong khu trnh s c. 3.5 Thit k 2 bc, ba bc v thit k bn v thi cng D cng trnh c thit k theo my bc th qui trnh cng vn phi tun theo l : * B bn v phi c thm nh * Ch u t nghin cu s thm nh v chp nhn hay yu cu bn thm nh gii trnh kt qu thm nh v phi duyt ton b bn v gc, duyt phn thm nh v thit k sa cha sau thm nh. Ch u t phi ghi trn bn v l chp nhn bn v a ra thi cng. Nh vy, trn mt bn v a ra thi cng s c 3 bn k nhn : bn t vn lp bn v, bn thm nh bn v, bn ch u t chp nhn a bn v ra thi cng. Nu cng trnh thit k 3 bc m l cng trnh nc ngoi th khu thit k bn v thi cng ( shop drawings ) do nh thu lp. Khi ny, ta coi nh thu l n v thit k, vn phi thm nh v phi qua xt duyt ca ch u t. Vi nhng cng vic c yu cu k thut phc tp v cn c thi cng ng trnh t qui nh th nh thu phi trnh cho ch u t thit k bin php thi cng ( method statement drawing) v ch u t phi ph duyt thit k bin php thi cng ny. Khi bin php thi cng phc tp, ch u t cn thu thm nh trc khi chp nhn. Tun th th tc nh trn s hn ch c kh nhiu s c. 4. V tiu ch bn vng ca cng trnh + Cng trnh phi bo m cc tiu ch v bn vng. Tiu ch bn vng c t ra t khi thit k cc kt cu cng trnh. Tiu ch bn vng th hin qua h s tin cy ca vt liu s dng, ca b phn cng trnh, ca hng mc
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cng trnh v ca ton cng trnh. H s tin cy c phn nh qua tng vt liu c la chn, qua gii php kt cu c chn, qua tiu chun k thut gip cho s la chn hp l nht. + Bn vng c th hin qua qu trnh thi cng, qua thc tun th cc yu cu k thut ca ch u t v qua h thng tiu chun c chp nhn dng cho cng trnh. + Bn vng th hin qua khu t nguyn thi cng, lng tm ngh nghip cng nh tay ngh ca cn b, cng nhn xy dng. + Bn vng c cng c vi khu kim tra, kim sot thi cng ngt ngho, ng quy trnh theo lut nh. + Bn vng c thm nh ln cui qua khu nghim thu, bn giao. Mi khu gn kt hu c vi nhau, th hin nng lc v trnh qun l cht lng cng trnh. 5. V tiu ch cng nng 5.1 Cng nng p ng cc yu cu s dng cng trnh * Khu thit k c s * Khu thit k kin trc * Khu thit k kt cu * Khu ra cc yu cu v cng nng phi tun th 5.2 Cng nng phi th hin r qua thit k v thuyt minh thit k c s 5.3 Cng nng phi th hin qua quy hoch mt bng kin trc, mt ct kin trc, chi tit kin trc 5.4 Cng nng th hin qua mi khu thi cng, c bit l phn hon thin 6. H thng kim sot cht lng xy dng K s ca cc bn tham gia trong hot ng xy dng lin quan n cht lng cng trnh * Vai tr ca k s ca nh thu * Vai tr ca k s t vn Vai tr ca cc c quan kim nh cht lng Vai tr ca qun l Nh Nc v cht lng cng trnh v h thng vn bn Ch kim sot cht lng khi thi cng v khi hon thnh, qu trnh khai thc. T vn xc nh cht lng khi xc nh nguyn nhn v gii php khc phc s c. Tiu chun ISO 9000

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Vic thc hin tiu chun ISO 9000 gip cho vic m bo cht lng sn phm xy dng v d nhin l qua hn ch c cc s c trong cc cng tc xy dng. 6. Nng lc ca cc bn tham gia trong hot ng xy dng 6.1 Kin thc hn ch s c, cn b , k s ca cc c quan tham gia trong cc hot ng xy dng phi thng xuyn nng cao cht lng ca tng v tr cng tc. Trong mi c quan qun l xy dng, doanh nghip xy dng cn c chin lc o to, nng cao cht lng cn b mt cch thng xuyn. Ch ng m internet v c hng dn s dng internet c hiu qu l mt cch nng cao nghip v n gin. Phi c ch thng xuyn giao lu, hc hi ln nhau v t o to. Ch i ng theo s tng trng kin trhc v kinh nghim l bin php hn ch s c. 6.2 Kinh nghim Kinh nghim l s tch lu v rt kinh nghim t nhng sai hng. Phi trao i kinh nghim, t chc tho lun, trong n v v giao lu vi cc ng nghip thu thp kinh nghim. 6.3 Thng k Thng k l khu ghi chp cc s c v din bin cng tc lin quan n cht lng cn thit. S ghi chp, thng k y l np vo b nh ngoi nhng kinh nghim cn thit. Lu nay chng ta coi nh khu thng k. Cn lm tt khu thng k. 7. H thng h s theo di cht lng xy dng H thng h s theo di cht lng tng cng tc xy dng nhm mc ch nghim thu cht lng cng tc xy dng. Mu biu c ghi y trong TCXDVN 371-2006, Nghim thu cht lng cng tc xy dng. H s theo di cht lng cng tc xy dng c lu gi nh l kinh nghim thi cng ca n v ch u t cng nh nh thu. Cho nn, phi lp h s theo di cht lng cc cng tc xy dng ngay t khi bt u tin hnh mt cng tc xy dng. H s theo di cht lng cng tc xy dng phi c ghi y , khch quan theo ng biu mu ca TCXDVN 371-2006. H s phi lp cp nht. Hng tun, k s trng cng trnh, trng phng k thut cng trng phi kim tra, n c cho y , ng, khch quan. v ch k theo yu cu ca tiu chun TCXDVN 371-2006.

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Theo di cht lng y , ghi chp y , khi c s c cng trnh, truy tm nguyn nhn nhanh chng v chnh xc, bin php khc phc cng s c hiu qu tt. 8. Xy ra s c cng trnh : Khi xy ra s c cng trnh phi tun theo quyt nh s 17 / 2000/Q -BXD ngy 02 thng 8 nm 2000 ca B trng B Xy dng :
S c cng trnh xy dng

iu 23. Trnh t gii quyt s c cng trnh xy dng 1- Tt c cc cng trnh xy dng thuc mi ngun vn u t, hnh thc s hu, ang thi cng, xy dng xong hoc ang s dng khi s ra s c phi c gii quyt theo trnh t sau: a) Khn cp cu ngi b nn ( nu c ); b) C bin php ngn chn kp thi trnh nguy him c th tip tc xy ra; c) Bo v hin trng xy ra s c; d) Thng bo ngay cho cc c quan c thm quyn gii quyt. 2- Trong thi hn 24 gi sau khi xy ra s c, nh thu xy lp, ngi s dng hoc ch u t ( tu thuc tnh hnh thi cng hoc s dng cng trnh ) phi bo co c quan chc nng ql Nh nc v cht lng cng trnh xy dng ( theo phn cp ti iu 24 ca Quy nh ny ) v cc c quan, t chc, c nhn c trch nhim khc iu tra v x l s c ( mu bo co theo ph lc 14 ca Quy nh ny ). 3- Lp h s s c: - Bin bn kim tra hin trng khi s c xy ra; - Kt qu o, v ( k c quay phim, chp nh ) hin trng s c, trong cn lu cc b phn, chi tit kt cu chu l quan trng, cc vt nt, gy, cc hin tng ln, st v cc chi tit khc cn thit cho vic nghin cu; kt qu th nghim cc vt mu xc nh cht lng vt liu, kt cu ca cng trnh b s c phn tch xc nh nguyn nhn s c; - Cc ti liu khc v cng trnh nh: Nhng thy i, b sung thit k; nhng sai lch trong thi cng so vi thit k c duyt; cc hin tng cht ti hoc s dng cng trnh khng ng thit k; cc vi phm quy trnh vn hnh, s dng; khng thc hin bo tr cng trnh theo quy nh; - M t din bin s c v phn tch xc nh nguyn nhn s c. c) Thu dn hin trng s c:

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- Sau khi c y h s p ng cho vic nghin cu, phn tch v xc nh nguyn nhn gy nn s c cng trnh xy dng, c quan ch qun gii quyt s c cho php nh thu xy lp, ngi s dng hoc ch u t tin hnh thu dn hin trng s c. - Trng hp phi cu ngi b nn, ng cu , p, cu cng, thng cu, thng ng hoc ngn nga s c tip theo i hi phi nhanh chng tho d hoc thu dn hin trng xy ra s c th trc khi tho d hoc thu dn, nh thu xy lp, ngi s dng hoc ch u t phi tin hnh chp nh, quay phim v thu thp, ghi chp n mc ti a cc yu cu quy nh ti iu nay. d) Khc phc s c. - Vic sa cha hoc xy dng li cng trnh b s c phi m bo khc phc trit cc nguyn nhn gy ra s c xc nh ti bin bn gii quyt s c. - Trng hp s c gy ra hu qu nghim trng ( gy tai nn cht ngi hoc gy thit hi ln v ti sn Nh nc ), ngi c li c th b truy cu trch nhim hnh s theo quy nh ca php lut. iu 24. Phn cp gii quyt s c cng trnh xy dng 1- i vi cng trnh xy dng thuc d n nhm A: B Xy dng ch tr gii quyt, c s tham gia ca S Xy dng hoc S c xy dng chuyn ngnh ( nu l cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh ) ca a phong ni t cng trnh, B c d n hoc B c xy dng chuyn ngnh ( nu l cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh ) v cc c quan chc nng qun l nh nc khc c lin quan. 2- i vi cng trnh xy dng thuc d n u t nhm B, C: S Xy dng ch tr gii quyt, c s tham gia ca S c d n hoc S c xy dng chuyn ngnh ( nu l cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh ) v cc c quan chc nng qun l Nh nc khc c lin quan ti a phng. 3- i vi cng trnh nh ca h gia nh v c nhn: C quan chc nng qun l xy dng ( phng xy dng ) cuar U ban nhn dn cp huyn ch tr gii quyt. Trng hp cn thit, c quan ch tr gii quyt c th mi i din S Xy dng v cc chuyn gia t vn. C quan ch tr nu ti khon 2, 3 ca iu ny c trch nhim bo co kt qu gii quyt s c v B Xy dng. 9. Bo tr cng trnh : Ch bo tr nhm trnh s c trong qu trnh s dng. V bo tr cng trnh, B Xy dng c Thng t s 08-2006 /TT-BXD ngy 24 thng 11 nm 2006, Hng dn cng tc bo tr cng trnh xy dng, nhm duy tr cng nng, bn chu lc cng nh s thun li cho s dng cng trnh ht tui
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th. Thng t ny gp phn hn ch s c cho cng trnh trong qu trnh s dng cng trnh. 10. Kt lun: Phng chng s c cng trnh l khu tng hp, t nng lc nh thu, t qui trnh kim tra, kim sot ln nhau qua qu trnh xy dng, qu trnh qun l, s dng, bo tr cng trnh. Mi n v phi c chin lc khc phc s c, gim nh thit hi do km cht lng, nng cao cht lng cng trnh. Mi yu cu ca ch u t hay ca tiu chun k thut ch l nhng yu cu ti thiu nhm trnh s c cho cng trnh. o c ngh nghip, lng tm con ngi l cha kho trnh s c gy h hng, thit hi cho cng trnh./.

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