Group 07 IPv6

1.ET/06/6472 2.ET/06/6487 3.ET/06/6491 4.EE/06/6393 5.EE/06/6455 6.EE/06/6473

Group 07 IPv6 2

1970 s Arpanet / Internet Technology Invented 1980 s Research / Non-Commercial Internet Service 1990 s The Web and the Internet Everywhere Bill Gates decided he Invented it! 2000 s The Mobile and Wireless Internet

Group 07 IPv6

Imagine the number of people communicating in the world, the number of different languages they use, the number of different machines they use, the number of ways in which they transmit data and the different software they use. We would never be able to communicate worldwide if there were no standards governing the way we communicate and the way our machines treat data. These standards are sets of rules.

Group 07 IPv6

The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across

a packet-switched internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite, also referred to as TCP/IP.
IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite

and has the task of delivering distinguished protocol datagrams (packets) from the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses.

Group 07 IPv6

Group 07 IPv6

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth revision in the development of

the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely deployedIP is the primary protocol in the Internet
IPv4 uses 32-bit (four-byte) addresses, which limits the address space to

4,294,967,296 (232) possible unique addresses. However, some are reserved for special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) or multicast addresses (~270 million addresses).

Group 07 IPv6

This reduces the number of addresses that can potentially be allocated for

routing on the public Internet. As addresses are being incrementally delegated to end users, an IPv4 address shortage has been developing.

In computer networking, network address translation (NAT) is the process of

modifying network address information in datagram (IP) packet headers while in transit across a traffic routing device for the purpose of remapping one IP address space into another.

Group 07 IPv6

Each IPv4-based network must have the following:

A unique network number that is assigned by either an ISP, an IR, or, for older

networks, registered by the IANA. If you plan to use private addresses, the network numbers you devise must be unique within your organization.
Unique IPv4 addresses for the interfaces of every system on the network. A network mask.

Group 07 IPv6

The IPv4 address is a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a network interface on a system, as explained in How IP Addresses Apply to Network Interfaces. An IPv4 address is written in decimal digits, divided into four 8-bit fields that are separated by periods. Each 8-bit field represents a byte of the IPv4 address. This form of representing the bytes of an IPv4 address is often referred to as the dotted-decimal format.

Group 07 IPv6

10

Identification Time To Live Protocol

Flags

Fragment Offset Header Checksum

Source Address Destination address Options Data

32 Bits
Group 07 IPv6 11

Group 07 IPv6

12

IPv4

192.168.1.215 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 bits =32 bits

Ex For Full Address =10010110.11010111.00010001.00001001 IPv6 3FFF :f200 :0234 :AB00 :0123 :2567: 8901: ABCD =128 bits

Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E

0/1 - 126 128 - 191 192 - 223 224 - 239 240 - 254/255 D&E only for researches

Group 07 IPv6

13

SUBNET MASK= A subnet mask is a number that defines a range of IP addresses that can be used in a network Subnet masks are used to designate sub networks, or subnets, which are typically local networks LANs that are connected to the Internet. Systems within the same subnet can communicate directly with each other, while systems on different subnets must communicate through a router. Class A =10.0.0.0 Class B =160.120.0.0 Class C =192.168.1.0 10.255.255.255 160.120.255.255 192.168.1.255

No Change of Particular Classes(common for that)

192.168.1.215
Network ID (Can`t Change)
Group 07 IPv6

Host Part(Can Change)

14

Network ID
192.18.1.4

Host Part. Class C

172.100.1.1

Class B Class A

10.1.1.32

Write the Network part and Put the 0 to the Host part 192.168.1.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Network IP -192.168.1.0 Network ID +1 = 1st Valied IP 1st Valued IP =192.168.1.1

Group 07 IPv6 15

1) 10.10.10.92 N/W IP =10.0.0.0 1st Valued IP =10.0.0.1 2)172.16.8.50

10

.10.10.92

Class A

172.16

.8.50

Class B

N/W IP =172.16.0.0 1st Valued IP =172.16.0.1 3) 200.100.42.45

200.100.42 .42.45

Class C

N/W IP = 200.100.42.0 1st valued IP =200.100.42.1

Group 07 IPv6

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B/Cast IP-1 =Last Valued IP Ex- 192.168.1.

IP Address 200.192.111.10 (Class C) 10.140.112.11 (Class A) 192.42.50.55 (Class C) 168.172.221.19 (Class B) 122.13.140.51 (Class A) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 N/W ID 200.100.111.0 10.0.0.0 192.42.52.0 168.172.0.0 122.0.0.0

=192.168.1.255
B/Cast IP Last Valued IP

1st Valued ID 200.100.111.1 10.0.0.1 192.42.52.1 168.172.0.1 122.0.0.1

Group 07 IPv6

200.100.111.255 200.100.111.254 10.255.255.255 192.42.50.255 10.255.255.254 192.42.50.254

168.172.255.255 168.172.255.254 122.255.255.255 122.255.255.254

17

200.100.100.40/24

Total Network bit in this IP 1) 200.100.100.0/25 200.100.100. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N/W =200.100.100.128 2)200.100.100.0/26 200.100.100.
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 128+64=192 128

N/W =200.100100.192
Group 07 IPv6 18

Group 07 IPv6

19

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is an Internet Protocol version which is designed to succeed IPv4, the first implementation which is still in dominant use currently. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packetswitched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol is the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 was defined in December 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the publication of an Internet standard specification, RFC 2460.

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The most important feature of IPv6 is a much larger address space than that of IPv4: addresses in IPv6 are 128 bits long, compared to 32-bit addresses in IPv4. The very large IPv6 address space supports a total of 2128 (about 3.41038) addressesor approximately 51028 (roughly 295) addresses for each of the roughly 6.8 billion (6.8109) people alive in 2010.

Group 07 IPv6

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IPv6 addresses are classified into three types:-

unicast addresses anycast addresses multicast addresses

Broadcast addresses are not used in IPv6. Each IPv6 address also has a 'scope', which specifies in which part of the network it is valid and unique.

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Uni cast

:- In computer networking, unicast transmission is the

sending of messages to a single network destination host on a packet switching network. Any cast :- Network addressing and routing scheme whereby data is routed to the topologically "nearest" or "best" node. Multicast :-Multicast addressing is a network technology for the delivery of information to a group of destinations simultaneously using the most efficient strategy to deliver the messages over each link of the network only once, creating copies only when the links to the multiple destinations split.

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23

Version

Traffic Class

Flow Label
Next Header Source Address

Pay Load Length

Hop Limit

40 Octets

Destination address Data

Variabl e Length

32 Bits

Group 07 IPv6

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Version Traffic Class

:- 4 bits.IPv6 version number.

:-8 bits. Internet traffic priority delivery value.

Flow Label :- 20 bits. Used for specifying special router handling from source to

destination(s) for a sequence of packets.

Payload Length :-16 bits unsigned. Specifies the length of the data in the packet.

When cleared to zero, the option is a hop-by-hop Jumbo payload

Next Header :-8 bits.Specifies the next encapsulated protocol. The values are

compatible with those specified for the IPv4 protocol field.

Hop Limit :-8 bits unsigned. For each router that forwards the packet, the hop

limit is decremented by 1. When the hop limit field reaches zero, the packet is discarded. This replaces the TTL field in the IPv4 header that was originally intended to be used as a time based hop limit.
Source address :-16 bytes. The IPv6 address of the sending node. Destination address :-16 bytes. The IPv6 address of the destination node.
Group 07 IPv6 25

Two most common techniques to transition from IPv4 to IPv6 are;  Dual Stack  IPv6 to IPv4 Tunnels A third method is to use an extensions of IP network Address Translation (NAT) to translate the IPv4 to an IPv6 address and IPv6 to IPv4.

Group 07 IPv6

26

Group 07 IPv6

27

Group 07 IPv6

28

Feature
Address Address Space Packet Header

IPv4
32 bits (4 octets) over 109; possible addresses variable size - timeconsuming to handle 65536 octets maximum compromise between overhead of smaller packets and line seizure by large ones

IPv6
128 bits (16 octets) over 1038; possible addresses fixed size (40 octets) more efficient normal packet up to 65536 octets "jumbogram" - up to 4 billion octets for highperformance computing LANs

Packet Size

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Feature Address Notation (numeric)

IPv4 dotted decimal notation

IPv6 hexadecimal with colons and shortcuts (abbreviations); IPv4 addresses a special case done at most once, by host (not router), after MTU discovery over the path, improving router performance flow labeling priority support for real-time data and multimedia distribution
30

Fragmentation

possible multiple step fragmentation, done by routers, impacting routing performance defined but not generally used consistently

Quality of Service

Group 07 IPv6

Feature

IPv4 limited; no authentication or encryption at IP level (dependence on higher-level protocols; vulnerable to denial-ofservice and address deception or "spoofing" attacks

IPv6 authentication (validation of packet origin) encryption (privacy of contents) requires administration of "security associations" to handle key distribution, etc.

Security

Group 07 IPv6

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Group 07 IPv6

32