Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quyet Luan Van Final
Quyet Luan Van Final
L KHC QUYT
NGHIN CU MT S C IM SINH THI CA VOC MI HCH (RHINOPITHECUS AVUNCULUS DOLLMAN, 1912) KHU VC KHAU CA, TNH H GIANG
H NI 2006
L KHC QUYT
NGHIN CU MT S C IM SINH THI CA VOC MI HCH (RHINOPITHECUS AVUNCULUS DOLLMAN, 1912) KHU VC KHAU CA, TNH H GIANG
Chuyn ngnh: M s:
ng vt hc 01. 05. 02
H NI 2006
Voc mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus Dollman, 1912) khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang
nh: L Khc Quyt
LI CM N
Trong sut qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu, ti nhn c rt nhiu s ng vin v gip nhit tnh ca nhiu c nhn v t chc. Ti v cng bit n tt c! Ti xin by t lng knh trng v bit n su sc ti GS. TS. L V Khi (Khoa Sinh hc, Trng i hc KHTN-HQGHN), ngi hng dn khoa hc tn tnh v chu o trong sut qu trnh nghin cu v hon thnh lun vn ny. Ti xin by t lng bit n i vi: GS. TS. Herbert H. Covert (Trng i hc Colorado, Boulder, Hoa K) v TS. Barth W. Wright (Trng i hc thnh ph Kansas, Hoa K) v nhng gip v ng vin cng nh cc h tr v kinh ph v thit b nghin cu; CN. V Ngc Thnh (Khoa Sinh hc, Trng i hc KHTN HQGHN) lun gip v ng vin cho ti trong cuc sng v cng tc nghin cu. Xin gi li cm n trn trng n cc c quan: T chc Bo tn ng, Thc vt hoang d Quc t (FFI), Tp on Vin thng Vodafone (Vodafone Group Plc.), Qu Cc loi u tin (Flagship Species Fund) v T chc Bo tn Linh trng (Primate Conservation Inc.) ti tr kinh ph trong sut qu trnh nghin cu; UBND tnh H Giang v Chi cc Kim lm tnh H Giang to iu kin v cp giy php cho vic nghin cu thc a; v B mn ng vt C xng sng, Khoa Sinh hc, Trng i hc KHTN HQGHN gip v to iu kin cho ti trong qu trnh hc tp. Ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti GS. TSKH. Nguyn Ngha Thn (Khoa Sinh hc, Trng i hc KHTN HQGHN) tn tnh gip ti nh tn cc loi thc vt. Ti cng xin gi li cm n ti CN. Nguyn Anh c v CN. V Anh Ti (Khoa Sinh hc, Trng i hc KHTN HQGHN) gip qu bu v tham gia vi ti trong cng tc nghin cu khu h thc vt khu vc Khau Ca. Ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti cc c nhn: TS. Mark Infield, TS. William B. Bleisch, b Nguyn Bch H, b L Th Yn Anh v ng Paul Insua-Cao
ii
(FFI), ng Robert Primmer (T chc FRR) gip v to iu kin thun li cho ti nghin cu v hc tp; TS. Noel Rowe v TS. Marc Myers (PCI) ng vin v ti tr kinh ph; PGS. TS. H nh c (Khoa Sinh hc, Trng i hc KHTN HQGHN), TS. Ramesh Boonratana (Tng th k, Hip hi Linh trng ng Nam SEAPA), NCS. Hong Minh c (Vin Sinh hc Nhit i/i hc Queensland Australia) ng vin v gip qu bu v hc thut v ti liu tham kho; NCS. Cyril C. Grter (Anthropological Institute v Museum, Universitt Zrich), ThS. Carrie Stengel (Trng i hc Colorado, Boulder, Hoa K) cung cp nhiu ti liu tham kho; ng Hong Ngc Tng, ng Hong Vn Nnh v ng Hong Vn Tu (Chi cc Kim lm tnh H Giang) gip v to iu kin thun li cho ti trong qu trnh nghin cu ti H Giang; ThS. Nguyn i Trung (Vin nghin cu a cht v Khong sn) v b Nguyn Hnh Quyn (Vin a l) cung cp v gip x l s liu bn . Ti xin gi li cm n ti nhn dn x Tng B, huyn V Xuyn, tnh H Giang, c bit cc anh n Vn Khoan, n Vn Nhiu, Nng Vn Gii, Chng Vn Thnh, n Vn Khon, n Vn Truyn v ng n Vn Mai gip c bit cho ti trong sut qu trnh nghin cu thc a. Cui cng, ti xin by t lng bit n su sc i vi M, v v gia nh cng bn b, v s n cn, h tr ht lng v s cm thng i vi cng vic nghin cu thc a v hc tp ca ti. H Ni, ngy 05 thng 12 nm 2006 L Khc Quyt
iii
MC LC
LI CM N.................................................................................................................. ii MC LC ...................................................................................................................... iv DANH MC CC CH VIT TT............................................................................. vi DANH MC CC BNG.............................................................................................. vi DANH MC CC HNH .............................................................................................. vi M U.......................................................................................................................... 1 Chng 1 TNG QUAN TI LIU............................................................................ 3 1.1. S lc v lch s nghin cu Linh trng Vit Nam...................................... 3 1.1.1. Giai on trc nm 1954................................................................................ 3 1.1.2. Giai on t nm 1954 n nm 1975 .............................................................. 4 1.1.3. Giai on t sau nm 1975 n nay.................................................................. 4 1.2. Mt s vn v phn loi hc Linh trng Vit Nam ................................... 5 1.3. Mt vi c im ca ging Rhinopithecus.......................................................... 8 1.3.1. Phn loi hc ................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2. Hnh thi.......................................................................................................... 9 1.3.3. Mt s c im sinh hc, sinh thi ............................................................... 10 1.3.4. Phn b.......................................................................................................... 11 1.4. Vi nt v loi Voc mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus) ................................ 11 1.4.1. Tn gi .......................................................................................................... 11 1.4.2. Phn loi hc ................................................................................................. 12 1.4.2. Mt s c im hnh thi.............................................................................. 12 1.4.3. Mt s c im sinh hc, sinh thi ............................................................... 13 1.4.4. Phn b.......................................................................................................... 15 1.4.5. Cc mi e da .............................................................................................. 15 1.4.6. Tnh trng bo tn.......................................................................................... 17 Chng 2 A IM, THI GIAN V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU............ 19 2.1. a im nghin cu........................................................................................... 19 2.1.1. L do la chn khu vc nghin cu ............................................................... 19 2.1.2. iu kin t nhin ......................................................................................... 19 2.1.3. iu kin kinh t-x hi................................................................................. 27 2.2. Thi gian nghin cu.......................................................................................... 30 2.3. Phng php nghin cu ................................................................................... 31 2.3.1. Phng php iu tra theo tuyn .................................................................... 31 2.3.2. Phng php theo di i tng nghin cu .................................................. 31 2.3.3. Phng php xc nh cc nhm tui/gii tnh............................................... 31 2.3.4. Phng php iu tra thnh phn thc n....................................................... 31 2.3.5. Phng php nghin cu vng sng............................................................... 33 2.3.6. Phng php nghin cu v cc kiu vn ng v t th................................ 33 2.3.7. Phng php nghin cu cu trc rng .......................................................... 33 2.3.8. Phng php theo di vt hu ........................................................................ 34 2.3.9. Phng php phn tch s liu ....................................................................... 34 Chng 3 KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN......................................... 35 3.1. Qun th Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca ................................................... 35 3.1.1. S lng qun th .......................................................................................... 35
iv
3.1.2. Kch thc v cu trc n............................................................................. 36 3.1.3. T chc n ................................................................................................... 36 3.1.4. Mt s c im hnh thi theo cc nhm tui v gii tnh............................. 38 3.2. Mt s tp tnh ca Voc mi hch.................................................................... 39 3.2.1. Kim n (Feeding) ......................................................................................... 39 3.2.2. Tp tnh x hi (Social behaviour) ................................................................. 39 3.2.3. Ngh ngi (Resting) ....................................................................................... 41 3.2.4. Di chuyn (Traveling).................................................................................... 41 3.3. Mt s c im sinh thi dinh dng............................................................... 42 3.3.1. Thnh phn thc n........................................................................................ 42 3.3.2. Ngun thc n ............................................................................................... 47 3.4. Vng sng ........................................................................................................... 48 3.4.1. Ni sng ........................................................................................................ 48 3.4.2. Kch thc vng sng .................................................................................... 50 3.4.3. S dng vng sng ........................................................................................ 52 3.4.4. Ni ng.......................................................................................................... 53 3.5. Cc kiu t th v vn ng............................................................................... 54 3.5.1. Cc kiu t th............................................................................................... 54 3.5.2. Cc kiu vn ng ......................................................................................... 57 3.6. Mt s vn v bo tn Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca.......................... 60 3.6.1. Cc mi e da .............................................................................................. 60 3.6.2. Cc hot ng bo tn.................................................................................... 63 3.6.3. S tham gia ca cng ng a phng.......................................................... 64 3.6.4. Tm quan trng ca khu vc Khau Ca i vi bo tn Voc mi hch........... 64 KT LUN V KIN NGH....................................................................................... 66 Kt lun ..................................................................................................................... 66 Kin ngh ................................................................................................................... 68 Danh mc cc cng trnh ca tc gi lin quan n lun vn ..................................... 69 Ti liu tham kho ........................................................................................................ 70 Ph lc 1. Danh lc cc loi linh trng Vit Nam .......................................................... I Ph lc 2. Cc loi thuc ging Rhinopithecus ..................................................................II Ph lc 3. Cc mu phiu thu thp s liu ....................................................................... III Ph lc 4. Thi gian v s lng quan st Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca ................ IV Ph lc 5. Danh sch cc loi thc vt l thc n ca Voc mi hch.............................. VI Ph lc 6. S lng cc loi l thc n ca Voc mi hch theo cc tuyn thc vt......... XI Ph lc 7. Danh sch cc loi thc vt thuc cc tuyn iu tra thc vt......................... XII Ph lc 8. D n Bo tn Voc mi hch H Giang .................................................. XVI Ph lc 9. Mt s hnh nh ghi nhn c trong khi nghin cu.................................. XVII
DANH MC CC CH VIT TT
B KHCN&MT DBH HQGHN FFI IUCN KBTTN KHTN n r VQG Vin NC C-KS UBND WWF B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ng knh ngang ngc i hc Quc gia H Ni T chc Bo tn ng, Thc vt hoang d Quc t Hip hi Quc t v Bo tn Thin nhin Khu Bo tn Thin nhin Khoa hc T nhin S lng mu (o, m, bt gp, quan st, v.v..) Gi tr ca mu (n) Vn Quc gia Vin Nghin cu a cht v Khong sn y ban Nhn dn Qu Bo tn Thin nhin Th gii
DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 1. Mt s c im hnh thi ca cc loi thuc ging Rhinopithecus ....................... 9 Bng 2. Mt s c im sinh thi ca cc loi thuc ging Rhinopithecus ..................... 10 Bng 3. Kch thc v trng lng ca Voc mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus)......... 13 Bng 4. S liu sinh kh hu Trm kh tng H Giang ................................................ 22 Bng 5. Danh sch cc loi thc vt qu him ghi nhn khu vc Khau Ca.................... 26 Bng 6. Danh sch cc loi th qu him khu vc Khau Ca ......................................... 27 Bng 7. Hin trng dn s v dn c ca khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang ..................... 29 Bng 8. Bng xc nh cc phn ca cy b Voc mi hch n ........................................ 33 Bng 9. S lng qun th ca Voc mi hch cc khu vc phn b khc nhau ........... 35 Bng 10. Danh sch cc loi thc vt l thc n ca Voc mi hch Khau Ca .............. 43 Bng 11. S lng cc loi thuc cc tuyn iu tra thc vt l thc n ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang .......................................... 48
DANH MC CC HNH
Bn 1. Phn b ca Voc mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus) Vit Nam ............... 16 Bn 2. V tr khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang............................................................ 20 Bn 3. H thng tuyn iu tra v v tr cc tuyn iu tra thc vt ............................. 32 Bn 4. Cc im ghi nhn Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca................................... 51 Biu 1. Biu sinh kh hu H Giang (cch Khau Ca 15 km) ................................ 22 Biu 2. Thnh phn thc n ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca .......................... 42 Biu 3. S thay i thc n theo ma ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca............ 46 Biu 4. S thay i theo ma ca cc loi thc vt khu vc Khau Ca ...................... 46 Biu 5. S lng cc cy theo cc tuyn iu tra thc vt khu vc Khau Ca ............ 50 nh 1. Voc mi hch th hin s da nt khi nhn thy vt th l (con ngi) ............... 40 nh 2. Khu rng c Voc mi hch kim n................................................................... 49
vi
nh 3. Kiu ngi co gi ca Voc mi hch.................................................................... 54 nh 4. Kiu ngi dng chn ca Voc mi hch ............................................................. 54 nh 5. Kiu ngi vi chi trc u bm ca Voc mi hch............................................. 55 nh 6. Kiu m bm ca Voc mi hch ........................................................................ 55 nh 7. Kiu ng ca Voc mi hch ............................................................................. 56 nh 8. Kiu ci mnh ca Voc mi hch ....................................................................... 56 nh 9. Kiu ng bng hai chi sau ca Voc mi hch ................................................... 56 nh 10. Kiu u bm bng chi trc ca Voc mi hch ................................................ 57 nh 11. Kiu i bng bn chi ca Voc mi hch ........................................................... 57 nh 12. Kiu chy bng bn chn ca Voc mi hch .................................................... 57 nh 13. Kiu leo ln theo chiu thng ng ca Voc mi hch ..................................... 58 nh 14. Kiu Di chuyn bng chi trc ca Voc mi hch............................................ 58 nh 15. Kiu nhy lao xung ca Voc mi hch ........................................................... 59 nh 16. Kiu nhy dng ca Voc mi hch................................................................... 59 nh 17. Kiu nhy m thng ng ca Voc mi hch ................................................... 60 nh 18. Kiu bung mnh ca Voc mi hch ................................................................ 60 nh 19. Voc mi hch vng (R. roxellana)......................................................................II nh 20. Voc mi hch Vn Nam (R. bieti) ......................................................................II nh 21. Voc mi hch Qu Chu ....................................................................................II nh 22. Voc mi hch (R. avunculus) .............................................................................II
vii
M U
Voc mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus Dollman, 1912) l mt trong nhng loi linh trng nguy cp nht trn th gii [69, 89]. y l loi linh trng c hu cho vng ng Bc Vit Nam. Mc d, Voc mi hch c pht hin v nh tn t nm 1912 [32], nhng c rt t nhng quan st v loi ny trong mt thi gian di sau , do vy, Mettermeier v Cheney (1986) cho rng: Voc mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus) min Bc Vit Nam c th tuyt chng. Loi ny ch c bit n qua mt s mu vt bo tng c thu thp t u th k ny v gn y khng c bt k bo co no v chng ngoi t nhin [68]. Cho n nm 1990, Ratajszczak v cng s tin hnh mt cuc iu tra cho WWF khu vc xung quanh VQG Ba B v thu thp c nhng thng tin v loi Voc mi hch Ba B v c cc khu vc khc [87]. Tip sau , Ratajszczak v cng s (1992) thc hin mt cuc iu tra tng th u tin v loi Voc mi hch (R. avunculus) nhiu a phng [88]. Kt qu ca cuc iu tra ny ti pht hin v s tn ti ca loi ny trong t nhin, vi s lng qun th c on khong 190-250 c th khu vc Chim Ha v N Hang, tnh Tuyn Quang, v khong 100 c th cc khu vc thuc 2 tnh Bc Kn v Thi Nguyn [88]. Kt qu iu tra, nghin cu cho thy, Voc mi hch (R. avunculus) hin hnh thnh mt s qun th : Phn khu Tt K (khong 20 c th) v phn khu Bn Bung (khong 50 c th) ca KBTTN Na Hang thuc tnh Tuyn Quang, v khu vc Khau Ca (khong 60 c th) ca tnh H Giang [19, 26, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 73, 77]. Tuy vy, cho n nay, nhng hiu bit v c im sinh hc, sinh thi ca loi Voc mi hch ch qua kt qu ca mt s t nghin cu ban u ca Boonratana v L Xun Cnh (1994) v sinh thi v tp tnh ca Voc mi hch KBTTN Na Hang [19, 20]; ca Phm Nht (1993) v thc n v kt qu ca cc
cuc iu tra thc a v Voc mi hch mt s khu vc thuc vng ng Bc Vit Nam [7]; v ca mt s tc gi khc [2, 29, 54, 55, 66]. Ti khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang, mt qun th Voc mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus), vi khong 60 c th, c pht hin vo thng 01 nm 2002 [55]. K t , qun th Voc mi hch ny c xc nh l mt trong ba qun th ln nht v quan trng i vi cng tc nghin cu v bo tn loi linh trng qu him ny [26]. Nhm gp phn nghin cu v bo tn loi Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang, chng ti thc hin ti: Nghin cu mt s c im sinh thi ca Voc mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus Dollman, 1912) khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang, vi mc ch: 1. Nghin cu mt s c im sinh hc, sinh thi ca qun th Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang. 2. Nghin cu mt s tp tnh ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang. 3. Nghin cu mt s c im sinh thi dinh dng: thnh phn thc n, ngun thc n sn c, tr lng v s bin ng ngun thc n ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang. 4. Nghin cu v vng sng v s dng vng sng ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang. 5. M t cc kiu t th v vn ng ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang. Kt qu nghin cu ca ti s gp phn nng cao hiu bit v nhng c im sinh hc v sinh thi ca Voc mi hch (R. avunculus), to c s khoa hc cho cng tc bo tn loi linh trng qu him ny. y cng l nghin cu u tin v Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang.
noir Presbytis francoisi (Colobidae, Primates) au Vietnam et description dune forme nouvelle nghin cu v cc phn loi ca loi Voc en m trng (Presbytis francoisi) v m t mt phn loi voc mi Voc H Tnh (Presbytis francoisi hatinhensis) [104]. Nm 1973, L Hin Ho xut bn cun: Th kinh t min Bc Vit Nam, tp 1, cung cp nhng thng tin v phn b, c im sinh hc v gi tr kinh t ca 9 loi linh trng min Bc Vit Nam [4]. Kt qu ca cc cuc iu tra th min Bc Vit Nam c o Vn Tin (1985) tng kt trong cun: Kho st th min Bc Vit Nam [12].
trng cng pht trin v ln mnh khng ngng. Rt nhiu nghin cu khng ch b hp do cc cn b khoa hc Vit Nam tin hnh, m cn c s hp tc quc t su rng vi cc chuyn gia linh trng v cc t chc bo tn quc t. Trong giai on ny, c nhiu cng trnh tiu biu nghin cu v Linh trng Vit Nam ca nhiu tc gi trong v ngoi nc thc hin [3, 7, 10, 19, 20, 22, 37, 39, 53, 60, 61, 62, 64, 70, 71, 79, 88]. c bit, trong nhng nm gn y, cng tc iu tra, nghin cu, bo tn v pht trin cc loi linh trng qu him v ang c ch trng. Hng lot cc VQG v KBTTN c thnh lp trn khp c nc bo tn a dng sinh vt, trong c cc loi linh trng qu him. Mt s chng trnh nghin cu v sinh thi v tp tnh ca cc loi linh trng v ang c tin hnh. Kt qu ca cc iu tra, nghin cu v khu h linh trng ca cc a phng, cc vng min v cc cng trnh nghin cu v sinh hc, sinh thi ca cc loi linh trng Vit Nam c cng b trn cc tp ch khoa hc trong nc v quc t.
H Kh (Cercopithecidae), Vit Nam, c hai phn h: phn h Kh (Cercopithecinae) v phn h Voc (Colobinae), vi 4 ging: Macaca, Trachypithecus, Pygathrix v Rhinopithecus. y l h c s loi v phn loi phong ph nht, vi 17 loi v phn loi. Trong , phn h Kh (Cercopithecinae) ch c 1 ging (Macaca) gm 6 loi v phn loi, c bit phn loi Kh ui di Cn o (M. fascicularis condorensis) l phn loi c hu ca Vit Nam hin ch c phn b mt s o thuc VQG Cn o [21]. Phn h Voc (Colobinae) c 3 ging: Trachypithecus (7 loi v phn loi), Pygathrix (3 loi v phn loi) v Rhinopithecus (1 loi). y l phn h c nhiu kin tranh lun khc nhau v phn loi hc. V ging Trachypithecus, hin c kh nhiu kin khc nhau v phn loi hc ca mt s loi v phn loi ca ging ny. V d, nhng kin trc y cho rng loi Voc en m trng (Trachypithecus francoisi) Vit Nam c cc phn loi: Voc en m trng (T. f. francoisi), Voc mng trng (T. f. delacouri), Voc u trng (T. f. poliocephalus), Voc H Tnh (T. f. hatinhensis) v Voc en tuyn (T. f. ebenus) [5, 10, 12, 22, 25]. Tuy nhin, Groves (2001) nng cc phn loi ny thnh cc loi khc nhau [40]. Theo nhng nghin cu gn y ca Roos (2004) v Brandon-Jones v cng s (2004), phn loi Voc mng trng (T. f. delacouri) thnh loi Voc mng trng (T. delacouri); phn loi Voc u trng (T. f. poliocephalus) i thnh loi Voc Ct B (T. poliocephalus poliocephalus), cc phn loi cn li vn gi nguyn l Voc en m trng (T. f. francoisi), Voc H Tnh (T. f. hatinhensis) v Voc en tuyn (T. f. ebenus) [21, 90]. Voc bc trc y c bit vi tn khoa hc l T. cristatus [5, 6, 10, 12, 22, 25, 40]. Cn c theo cc kt qu phn tch v di truyn hc v phn b a l, hin nay, Voc bc Vit Nam c coi l mt phn loi Voc bc (Trachypithecus villosus margarita) [21, 74, 90]. Voc xm trc y c bit vi tn khoa hc l T. phayrei [5, 6, 10, 12, 22, 25, 40], sau c nh tn l T. crepusculus [73, 90]. Theo kt qu nghin cu v h thng phn loi gn y nht ca Brandon-Jones v cng s (2004) v
ng Tt Th (2005) Voc xm, Vit Nam, c xem l mt phn loi Voc xm (Trachypithecus barbei holotephreus) [11, 21]. Do nhng c im ging nhau ca cc loi thuc ging Rhinopithecus v ging Pygathrix, nn mt s nh nghin cu, trc y, xem hai ging ny ch l mt ging Pygathrix [25, 40, 82, 91]. Tuy nhin, nhiu nh nghin cu linh trng vn cho rng Rhinopithecus v Pygathrix l hai ging khc bit [5, 6, 10, 12, 21, 37, 40, 46, 64, 73, 90]. Vit Nam, ging Rhinopithecus ch c 01 loi Voc mi hch (R. avunculus) [6, 10, 21, 73]. Trc y, mt s nh nghin cu cho rng cc loi v phn loi vn ca Vit Nam thuc ging Hylobates [5, 12, 25]. Tuy nhin, qua nhng nghin cu gn y trn c s phn tch v m hc ca ting ht v di truyn hc, cc loi v phn loi vn ca Vit Nam c xp vo ging Nomascus [21, 39, 40, 90]. Hin nay, h Vn (Hylobatidae), Vit Nam, ch c 1 ging (Nomascus) vi 5 loi v phn loi [21, 39, 40, 90]. Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc phn vng a-ng vt ng Dng (Indo-Chinese subregion) giu v thnh phn loi linh trng. So vi chu (183 loi v phn loi), Vit Nam c 24 loi v phn loi (chim 13,11%) v ch ng sau Indonesia (36,07%), Thi Lan (19,13%), n (15,30%), Trung Hoa (14,75%) v Malaysia (14,21%) [7, 21, 37]. V quan h a l ng vt hc, khu h linh trng Vit Nam c quan h vi cc khu h ph cn, trong yu t ng Dng l tri hn c (vi 17 loi v phn loi, chim 70,83%), tip n l yu t Nam Trung Hoa (vi 9 loi v phn loi, chim 37,50%), n (chim 16,67%), M Lai (chim 8,33%) v t nht l yu t Himalaya (4,17%). Ngoi ra, khi h linh trng Vit Nam cng c t l cao v yu t c hu (chim 25,00%) [7, 21, 37] (Ph lc 1).
nhng con non ca loi Rhinopithecus avunculus dng nh c mu xm nht hn [19,20], v do , khc vi cc ging Pygathrix v Presbytis [73]. Phn ln cc nh phn loi hc v chuyn gia linh trng, hin nay, u cng nhn ging Rhinopithecus l mt ging ring bit v trn th gii c 4 loi: Voc mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus) c hu ca min Bc Vit Nam, 3 loi khc (R. roxellana, R. bieti v R. brelichi) c hu ca min Nam Trung Hoa [21, 40, 46] (Ph lc 2).
Ngun: Corbet v Hill (1992) [25]; 1 Kirkpatrick (1998) [51]; 2Phm Nht (1993) [8]
T chc x hi ca cc loi voc mi hch n nay vn cha c nghin cu v hiu bit cn k. Mt s tc gi [19, 20, 51, 92] cho rng nhiu n v gia nh (family unit) kt hp vi nhau to thnh n ln (group/band). Mi quan h gia cc thnh vin trong gia nh voc v trong n ln nh th no n nay vn cha c bit r rng [51]. Thc n ca cc loi voc mi hch cng thay i ln theo mi loi. Voc mi hch (R. avunculus) n cc loi thc n t thc vt nh cc loi sung v (Ficus spp.), cc loi Polyathia v cc loi thuc h Thu du (Euphorbiacae) [7, 85]. Voc mi hch vng (R. roxellana) n cc loi l, chi non, qu v ht thay i theo ma r rt, vo ma ng ch yu l a y (41%), v cy (23%) v chi (22%) v
10
cc thi gian khc l qu (38%), a y (21%) v chi (17%) [63, 92, 97]. Voc mi hch Qu Chu (R. brelichi) n cc loi l, cung l, qu, ht v chi; thay i theo cc ma trong nm, t thng 01-03, chng n ch yu l chi (90%); trong thng 04-06, ch yu l cc loi l (93%); t thng 07-09, n ch yu l (58%), qu v ht (35%); v thng 10-12, n ch yn l non (47%), hoa (28%) v l (16%) [16]. Cc loi voc mi hch sng trn cy, hot ng v ban ngy. Voc mi hch (R. avunculus) c rt t hot ng trn mt t [33]. Tuy nhin, Voc mi hch Vn Nam (R. bieti) li dnh ti 22% thi gian hot ng v kim n ca chng trn mt t [65]. Cc kiu vn ng chnh ca voc mi hch l i bng bn chi (quadrupedal), leo tro (climbing), qung mnh v di chuyn bng hai chi trc (brachiate) [19, 20, 50, 92]. Cho n nay, ch c t kt qu v cng trnh khoa hc nghin cu v vn ng ca cc loi Voc mi hch ca mt s tc gi [19, 20, 33, 50, 65, 92].
1.3.4. Phn b
Cc loi voc mi hch thuc ging Rhinopithecus c vng phn b hp. Loi R. roxellana (Voc mi hch vng) c vng phn b rng nht, xut hin trong mt lot cc khu rng bit lp xung quanh ngoi vi ca vng h T Xuyn (cc tnh T Xuyn, Cam Tc, H Bc v Sn Ty). Loi R. brelichi (Voc mi hch Qu Chu) phn b gii hn trong mt qun th n l trn nh Phm Cnh Sn (tnh Qu Chu). Loi R. bieti (Voc mi hch Vn Nam) phn b ti 5 ht ca tnh Vn Nam v Ty Tng. Cui cng l loi R. avunculus (Voc mi hch) ch thy trong nhng khu rng vng ng-Bc Vit Nam [58, 89].
11
12
v ngc c mu vng nht hoc trng. Mt mu xanh da tri, mi mu hng. Mi hch rt c trng. ui di mu trng. Con non c b lng mu trng hoc xm nht, khi ln chuyn thnh mu en [1, 10]. Mt s ch s v kch thc v trng lng ca Voc mi hch c trnh by Bng 3 di y.
Bng 3. Kch thc v trng lng ca Voc mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus)
Ch s Chiu di thn-u (L) (mm) Chiu di ui (T) (mm) Chiu di bn chn sau (HF) (mm) Chiu cao tai (A) (mm) Trng lng (W) (kg) Con c (n = 3) 658,33 (640 670) 823,00 (820 850) 217,67 (210 223) 44,00 (43 45) 14,9 (13,0 16,0) Con ci (n = 7) 520,00 (484 565) 685,71 (660 725) 173,29 (150 190) 28,00 (12 40) 7,9 (7,0 9,0) Trung bnh (n = 10) 561,50 (484 670) 726,90 (660 850) 186,60 (150 223 32,80 (12 45) 10,2 (7,0 16,0)
13
Boonratana v L Xun Cnh (1994) bng phng php ly mu lin tc (scan sampling) ca 34 lt quan st thnh phn thc n ca Voc mi hch t thng 9 nm 1993 n thng 2 nm 1994 KBTTN Na Hang (tnh Tuyn Quang) c tnh c khong 47% thc n hng ngy l qu xanh, 15% l ht qu chn, l non v cc phn ca l ch chim 38% [19]. Cn Phm Nht (1993) nhn xt khng c du vt no ca ng vt c tm thy trong cc d dy ca Voc mi hch [7]. Theo Boonratana v L Xun Cnh (1994), n v x hi c bn ca Voc mi hch l n v gia nh gm mt c th c trng thnh v cc c th ci trng thnh cng cc con ca chng hay cn gi l n v n c (One male unit OMU) vi trung bnh l 14,8 c th/nhm [19, 20]. Nhng c th c trng thnh v sp trng thnh khc to thnh nhng nhm cc c th c hay cn gi l n v ton c (all male unit AMU). Cha c cc quan st v nhng c th sng ring bit. Hai hoc nhiu n v x hi nh vy ca Voc mi hch thng di chuyn, kim n v ng cng nhau to thnh n ln [19, 20, 33]. Voc mi hch hot ng kh yn lng [88]. Chng thng pht ra nhng m thanh c trng ging nh ting nc hukkchukk cnh bo cho nhau, hoc thng tin cho nhau gia cc c th trong n hoc gia cc n vi nhau [19, 20]. Theo nhng ngi i sn a phng, khi mt con voc b bn, nhn chung c n khng b chy ngay m ngi bt ng v im lng. Tp tnh ny lm cho voc mi hch c bit d b nhng ngi i sn bn cht mt vi con trong vi ba pht [88]. Tp tnh sinh sn ca Voc mi hch cha c nghin cu. Theo Jablonski v Pan Ruliang (1995), s lng hnh gii tnh c bit v kch thc c th v cu to rng nanh nh l mt yu t nhng c th c cnh tranh bn tnh trong giao phi [47]. Trong s 4 loi voc mi hch, Voc mi hch (R. avunculus) t c s khc bit v lng hnh gii tnh nn c th t c s cnh tranh gia nhng c th c trong ma sinh sn [73].
14
Voc mi hch sinh sng trn cy, di chuyn bng bn chn, leo tro v Di chuyn bng chi trc; him khi di chuyn trn hai chn sau v di chuyn trn mt t [19, 20, 33].
1.4.4. Phn b
Voc mi hch (R. avunculus) l loi linh trng c hu ca vng ng Bc Vit Nam, phn b ti mt s khu rng thuc 05 tnh: H Giang, Tuyn Quang, Bc Kn, Thi Nguyn v Qung Ninh [73] (Bn 1). S lng qun th ca Voc mi hch, trn ton quc, hin c tnh khong 140-170 c th, tuy nhin, ch c 3 qun th c s lng hn 20 c th l: phn khu Tt K v phn khu Bn Bung ca Khu BTTN Na Hang (Tuyn Quang) v khu vc Khau Ca thuc tnh H Giang [56, 58, 61].
1.4.5. Cc mi e da
Sn bn tng din ra rt ph bin trn ton b vng phn b ca Voc mi hch. y cng l mi e da chnh v l nguyn nhn trc tip lm gim nghim trng s lng qun th ca loi ny. Kt qu ca nhng cuc iu tra c thc hin trong nm 1992 [88] v nm 1999 [29] cho thy t nht c 35 con voc mi hch b bn, trong giai on 1989 1999, nhng khu vc iu tra ti cc tnh Tuyn Quang, Bc Kn v Thi Nguyn. Kt qu iu tra ca ng Thanh Hi v cng s (2006) cho thy sn bt lm suy gim nghim trng s lng qun th Voc mi hch KBTTN Chm Chu (Tuyn Quang) [34]. Ngoi vic s dng tht Voc mi hch lm thc n, mt s b phn c th ca chng cn l nguyn liu ch nhng phng thuc cha bnh, nh: da c dng cha tr cc bnh ngoi da ca ngi [88]; bn chn, bn tay phi kh c dng nu sp iu tr suy nhc c th [29] hay dng nu cao [55, 56]. Suy gim sinh cnh do nn khai thc g din ra cc khu vc c tim nng cc loi g c gi tr cao, nh Nghin Excentrodendron tonkinense (Tiliaceae) khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang) v KBTTN Yn T (Qung Ninh) [56]. Hot ng khai thc g cng l nguy c tim tng tc ng ti s s dng sinh cnh ca
15
Bn 1. Phn b ca Voc mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus) Vit Nam (theo Nadler v cng s, 2003) [73] 16
Voc mi hch (R. avunculus). Mt khc, nhng ngi khai thc g c th sn bn cc c th Voc mi hch lm thc n trong sut thi gian khai thc g ca h. Vic khai thc g cng m ra cc li mn trong rng gip cho cc th sn c th d dng tip cn vi cc qun th Voc mi hch [29, 56, 58, 88]. Sinh cnh b tn ph do xy dng c s h tng v nh my thy in. Nh my Thy in Na Hang ang c xy dng khu vc lin k vi KBTTN Na Hang. Mc d, sinh cnh sng ca Voc mi hch khu bo tn ny hin cha b ph hy nhng nhng hot ng v sinh sng ca khong 5.000 cng nhn xy dng nh my (nm 2003 2004) tc ng n khu bo tn, d rng c khong 3.000 ngi dn a phng di di khi khu vc cng trnh [66]. Nn khai thc m cng l mt mi e da nghim trng i vi s ton vn sinh cnh sng ca loi Voc mi hch 2 tnh Tuyn Quang v Bc Kn. Hot ng ny rt ph bin trong nhng khu vc ni vi, ni m qun th Voc mi hch ln nht cn li xut hin. Nhng m thic v nhm c khai thc t nhiu thp k ti Bn Thi (huyn Ch n, tnh Bc Kn). Vic khai thc vng l mt hot ng khai thc ln trong khu vc Tt K ca KBTTN Na Hang (huyn N Hang, tnh Tuyn Quang). Mt khi qung c tm thy, do vic iu tra thm d mt din tch ln n 100 ha c th b pht quang. Hn na, cc hot ng khai thc cng lm gia tng s lng nhng ngi n cht g, ngi n ci v ngi i sn ti vng ny [29, 88].
17
(2000) xp mc Nguy cp E [1], v Danh lc IUCN 2006 xp cp Cc k nguy cp Critically Endangered (CR) [43]. Voc mi hch l loi c quan tm v u tin bo tn ca nhiu chng trnh nghin cu v bo tn v ang thc hin nh: D n Bo tn Voc mi hch (TCP) ti cc KBTTN Na Hang v Chm Chu (tnh Tuyn Quang); D n Bo tn Voc mi hch H Giang.
18
19
- Pha Nam thuc x Yn nh. - Pha ng thuc x Minh Sn. - Pha Ty thuc x Tng B v x Yn nh. Khu vc Khau Ca nm k bn KBTTN Du Gi (cch khong 5 km), tnh H Giang [14]. 2.1.2.2. a hnh Theo ti liu a cht, khu vc Khau Ca l khu vc ni vi in hnh. a hnh ca khu vc b chia ct mnh vi nhiu thung lng su v hp. nh ni cao nht ca khu vc l nh Cc mc, cao 1.341 m so vi mc nc bin cao gim dn theo hng Ty Ty bc v ng Bc, thp nht 466 m so vi mc nc bin (trung tm x Tng B). dc trung bnh l 30o [14].
20
2.1.2.3. a cht v Th nhng a cht Khu vc Khau Ca nm trong vng c kin to a cht thuc k Tam, di tc ng ca nhit , nc, sinh vt v p sut cng vi s vn ng ca v Tri t, cc sn phm phong ha chia thnh hai dng trm tch [14] sau: - Trm tch ha hc: phylit phn b ri rc, din tch nh. - Trm tch c hc: sa thch chim t l ln v din tch > 85%, t hnh thnh t sa thch giu dinh dng, ti xp v thot nc. Th nhng Khu vc Khau Ca v cc vng ph cn c 3 nhm t chnh [14] sau: - Nhm t mn trn ni (H): t tt ph hp vi cc loi cy n qu, cy cng nghip, t giu, t l mn cao (3 5%). - Nhm t Feralit (F): l nhm t chnh cu thnh nn dng lp a ca khu vc ny, t l mn 1,5 2%, t ph hp vi cy lm nghip. - Nhm t thung lng (D): t tt ph hp cho cy nng nghip, t l mn ca loi t ny l 2,5 3%. 2.1.2.4. Kh hu v Thy vn Khu vc Khau Ca nm trong vng kh hu nhit i pha Bc, kh hu nng m v c ma ng kh lnh. Khu vc ny nm trong vng kh hu nhit i gi ma, thi gian nng nht trong nm l thng 7 8. Nhit Nhit trung bnh hng nm: 23,3 oC; Nhit cao nht: 37,5 oC (thng 01 nm 2005); Nhit thp nht: 7,5 oC (thng 07 nm 2004) (theo s liu ca Trm Kh tng H Giang, t thng 01/2004 n thng 09/2005; xem thm cc s liu sinh kh hu Biu 1 v Bng 4). Lng ma Tng lng ma: 2.300 mm/nm. Tng s ngy ma: 170 ngy/nm. S ngy khng ma lin tc di nht: 16 ngy (thng 12 nm 2004).
21
Ma kh (vi lng ma < 100 mm/thng) ko di t thng 10 n thng 3 nm sau, v ma ma ko di t thng 4 n thng 9 (vi lng ma 100 mm/thng) (theo s liu ca Trm Kh tng H Giang, t thng 01/2004 n thng 09/2005; xem thm cc s liu sinh kh hu Biu 1 v Bng 4). m - m trung bnh: 83,9%. - m thp nht: 29% (thng 12 nm 2004). - S gi nng trong nm: 1.365 gi. Ton b khu vc nm trong khu vc thng ngun ca sng Gm (theo s liu ca Trm Kh tng H Giang, t thng 01/2004 n thng 09/2005; xem thm cc s liu sinh kh hu Biu 1 v Bng 4).
22
2.1.2.5. Khu h thc vt Thm thc vt Kt qu iu tra ca Nguyn Anh c v cng s (2006) v Nguyn Ngha Thn v cng s (2006) xc nh cc kiu thm thc vt khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang [78,81], l: - Rng thng xanh nguyn sinh ai ni thp trn ni vi: l kiu thm chnh trong vng vi din tch gn nh ton b tng s din tch rng ton khu h, phn b cao trn 700 m so vi mc nc bin. Rng gn nh gi c tnh nguyn sinh, gm hai phn kiu rng: + Phn kiu rng thng xanh hn giao cy l rng cy l kim nguyn sinh ai ni thp trn ni vi: phn b khu vc nh v gn nh ca cc ni vi. Tng cy g thp khong t 6 10 m duy nht v c u th bi cc loi: quyn Rhododendron spp. (Ericaceae), Hi Illicium spp. (Illiciaceae), Tru Vernicia spp. (Euphorbiaceae), Thch Acer spp. (Aceraceae), Chn chim Schefflera spp. (Araliaceae), Si Quecus sp (Fagaceae) v cc loi cy l kim cao hn 10m nh: Thng P c Pinus kwangtungensis (Pinaceae), Thng Taxus chinensis (Taxaceae), v.v.. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu loi c trng cho thc vt trn ging ni vi kh nng chu hn v gi tt l: cc loi ca h Thng tin Gesneriaceae, h Ci Cyperaceae, M h Mahonia nepalensis, h Anh tho Primulaceae v c bit l cc loi lan: Hi Vn Nam Paphiopedilum malipoense, Tin hi vng xanh Paphiopedilum hirsitissimu, Hi Henry Paphiopedilum henryanum (Orchidaceae). + Phn kiu rng thng xanh nguyn sinh cy l rng ai ni thp trn ni vi: phn b thung lng v chn ni, l kiu thm thc vt chnh trong khu vc, c trng bi cc cy g ln vi ng knh khong t 60 cm n hn 100 cm v chiu cao c th ln n 50 m nh: Nghin Excentrodendron tonkinense (Tiliaceae), Trai Garcinia spp. (Clusiaceae), Sng Pometia pinnata (Sapindaceae), v.v.. Tng tn cao t 20 n 35 m gm cc cy g
23
kh ln, tn rng v an gn nh kn to nn mn rng vi che ph ti trn 80%: cc loi Th Diospyros spp. (Ebenaceae), Sng Pometia pinnata (Sapindaceae), Han voi Dendrocnide urentissima (Urticaceae), m balansa Bridelia balansae (Euphorbiaceae), v.v.. Tng di tn gm cc cy c chiu cao xp x 10m: Cc loi Nhc Polyalthia spp.(Annonaceae), Lng mang Pterospermum spp. (Sterculiaceae) Tng cy bi ch yu l cy con ca c tng cy g ln, tha tht (khong 20%). Tng thm ti cng tha tht nhng cng c cc loi c trng: Bng nc Impatiens sp. (Balsaminaceae), Thu hi ng Begonia spp. (Begoniaceae), Sam rng Elatostema spp. (Urticaceae), X cn Ophiorrhiza spp.,v.v.. Thc vt ngoi tng gm: cc loi b sinh k sinh nh: T iu Asplenium nidus (Aspleniaceae), i cn nam Macrosolen cochinchinensis, Mc v Trung Hoa Taxillus chinensis (Loranhthaceae) v cc loi thuc h Phong Lan Orchidaceae...; cc loi dy leo kh n diu nh: Dy b khai Erythropalum scandens (Olacaceae), h Thin l Asclepiadaceae, h Bu b Cucurbitaceae, h Nho Vitaceae, H Tit d Menispermaceae, - Rng thng xanh th sinh l rng ai ni thp trn ni vi: l trng thi suy thoi ca cc kiu trn hoc trng thi ti sinh sau nng ry. Cc loi c trng gm: Bp bc Mallotus spp., Si Triadica rotundifolia. (h Thu du Euphorbiaceae); B mm Pouzolzia sp. (h Gai Urticaceae), Lng mang Pterospermum spp., Sng Sterculia spp. (Sterculiaceae), cc loi Sung Ficus spp. (Moraceae). trng thi tc ng nng n hn hoc mi ti sinh sau nng ry c cc loi c trng: Ry Allocasia macrorrhiza, Chui Mussa sp., Rum Trung b Cecrospermum annamensis (Cecropiadaceae), M Clerodendron sp. (Verbenaceae), t Thysanolaena maxima, Ngy Rubus spp., n chu chu Aralia sp. Cc loi dy leo cng rt phong ph gm: Mc thng Iodes cirrhosa (Icacinaceae), cc loi thuc h Thin l Asclepiadaceae, h Nho (Vitaceae), h Ry (Araceae) v cc loi b sinh nh T iu Asplenium nidus (Aspleniaceae), Li mo tai chut Pyrrhosia lingua (Polypodiaceae)
24
- Trng cy bi th sinh: Nm xen gia cc thung b tc ng do cc hot ng ca con ngi v cc chn ni vng tip gip gia vng m vi cc vng li. Cc loi c trng gm c: Mm xi Rubus alcaefolius, Ngy hng Rubus cochinchinensis v cc loi ngy khc thuc h hoa hng (Rosaceae); Mui thng Melastoma normale v mt s loi khc trong h Mua (Melastomataceae), cc loi C lo Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae), C chit Thysanolaema maxima (Poaceae), K Urena lobata (Malvaceae), Gut Pteridium aquilinum (Pteridaceae). i khi trn cc trng bi ny cn xut hin cc cy g mc nhanh nh Bc bc Mallotus sp., M rng Macaranga sp. (Euphorbiaceae), B mm Pouzolzia (Urticaceae), Bi li Litsea sp. (Lauraceae), v.v.. Lnh ngnh Cratoxylon formosum (Clusiaceae). Cc loi dy leo, bi trn c: Kh o Thladiantha siamensis, Qua lu ba v Trichosanthes baviensis (Cucurbitaceae); Khoai lang di Ipomoea sp., Bc thau Merremia sp. (Convolvulaceae), n chu chu Aralia armata (Araliaceae) - Trng c th sinh: chim mt din tch rt nh trong khu vc, cc loi c trng nh: C tranh Imperata cylindrical (Poaceae), C sa l nh Euphorbia thymifolia (Euphorbiaceae), cc loi thuc chi M Plantago spp. (Plantaginaceae), n but Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae), Cc chn voi Elephantopus scaber cng vi nhiu loi khc trong h Cc (Asteraceae) - Thm nhn tc: l din tch t b ngi dn canh tc hoa mu ch yu l Ng Zea mays (Poaceae), ngoi ra mt s ngi dn trong vng cn tn dng t trong cc loi cy rau n v ly qu nh cc loi rau b Cucurbita spp. (Cucurbitaceae), hoc h b ging mt s loi cc cy ly g nh Xoan Melia azeadarach.. Thnh phn loi Kt qu iu tra ca Nguyn Anh c v cng s (2006) v Nguyn Ngha Thn v cng s (2006) ghi nhn c 471 loi thuc 269 chi, 113 h ca 4 ngnh thc vt bc cao c mch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang [78,81]. Trong , ch c 01 loi c tn trong Danh lc IUCN 2006 (IUCN, 2006), 13 loi c
25
tn trong Sch Vit Nam (B KHCN&MT, 2000) v 15 loi c tn trong cc ph lc ca Ngh nh s 32/2006/N CP. Chi tit c trnh by trong Bng 4.
Bng 5. Danh sch cc loi thc vt qu him ghi nhn khu vc Khau Ca
STT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. H Berberidaceae Clusiaceae Flacourtiaceae Illiciaceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Meliaceae Menispermaceae Myrsinaceae Oleaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Pinaceae Podocarpaceae Podocarpaceae Rubiaceae Taccaceae Taxaceae Taxaceae Tiliaceae Loi Mahonia nepalensis Garcinia fagraeoides Bennettiodendron cordatum Illicium parviflorum Cinnamomum burmannii C. loureirii C. magnificum Chukrasia tabularis Stephania rotunda Ardisia silvestris Meliantha suavis Paphiopedilum henryanum P. hirsulissimum P. malipoense P. micranthum Pinus kwangtungensis Nageia fleuryi Podocarpus neriifolius Rubia cordifolia Tacca integrifolia Amentotaxus argotaenia Taxus chinensis Excentrodendron tonkinense Tnh trng bo tn IUCN SVN N 32 VU V R R K V K T V T T R R V x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Ngun: Nguyen Anh Duc v cng s, 2006) [78] Ghi ch: - IUCN Danh lc IUCN 2006 (IUCN, 2006): VU Sp nguy cp; SVN Sch Vit Nam (B KHCN&MT, 2000): V Sp nguy cp, R HIm, K B e da thp, T Thiu thng tin; N 32 Ngh inh s 32/2006/N-CP: x c tn trong danh lc.
2.1.2.6. Khu h ng vt Cho n nay, cc nghin cu v khu h ng vt khu vc Khau Ca c thc hin ch yu l v khu h chim v th. Cc kt qu nghin cu thng k c 26 loi th thuc12 h, 6 b [57]; 99 loi chim thuc 23 h, 12 b [59]. Danh sch cc loi th qu him khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang) c trnh by Bng 5.
26
27
cc dn tc khc nh Hmng, Kinh (chim 7,2%). Chi tit v tnh hnh dn s v dn c ca khu vc Khau Ca c trnh by trong Bng 6. S liu Bng 6 cng cho thy, i sng dn c sng xung quanh khu vc Khau Ca cn thp. Trong tng s 1,791 h, s h ngho cn chim 34,9%, s h trung bnh l 57,7 % v s h giu l 7,4% [7]. T l tng dn s t nhin trung bnh ca khu vc, trong nm 2004, l 3,01%. 2.1.3.2. V nng nghip Trng trt v chn nui l hot ng kinh t ch yu ca nhn dn sng quanh khu vc Khau Ca. Ton b khu vc c tng s 784 ha t nng nghip, trung bnh 0,43 ha/h (xem chi tit trong Bng 8). Ngi dn a phng thu nhp ch yu t cc hot ng nh: trng trt bao gm la, ng v cc loi hoa mu khc, v chn nui tru, b, d, ln, gia cm v cc loi vt nui khc. Hot ng sn xut nng nghip trong khu vc cn gp nhiu kh khn v ph thuc vo cc iu kin t nhin: a hnh i ni dc, thi tit kh hu khc nghit. K thut canh tc ca dn a phng cn thp. Cng tc phng chng dch bnh v dch hi vt nui, cy trng cn nhiu hn ch. 2.1.3.3. V lm nghip Sn xut lm nghip trong khu vc cn cha c ch . Cng tc giao t, giao rng c trin khai nhng hiu qu cha r rng, hin ch c 832,6 ha t lm nghip c giao khon cho cc h gia nh, trung bnh 2,8 ha/h gia nh, nhng phn b khng ng u ti cc thn bn [7]. Thu nhp t ngh rng ca ngi dn a phng ch bng khong 12% so vi tng thu nhp nng nghip. Hu nh thu nhp t rng l khng bn vng, bao gm c khai thc g bn, khai thc g ci v khai thc lm sn ngoi g [7].
28
X Tng B Hng Minh Phc H Nm Ra Hng Tin Khun Lng Tng II. X Minh Sn 1 N Sng 2 khui La 3 Phia eng 4 Khui Kn 5 Lng Vy Tng III. X Yn nh 1 N X 2 Bn B 3 N Yn 4 Bc Bu 5 T M 6 bn Loan Tng TNG S
29
2.1.3.4. C s h tng Tt c cc thn bn u c ng dn sinh n c trung tm thn. Mt s thn bn c h thng ng lin thn c b tng ha, to iu kin thun li cho vic i li trong khu vc (nh ti cc thn bn ca x Tng B). Tuy nhin, ti hai thn Khui La v Phia eng, x Minh Sn, do nm khu vc c a hnh cao v dc nn ng giao thng n hai bn ny cn ht sc kh khn. Hin ch c x Minh Sn c 1 ch nh v c hp theo phin (05 ngy/phin). Tuy nhin, ti cc thn bn ny vn c cc hot ng bun bn nh, l do t thng v mt s h gia nh thc hin. H thng in li quc gia tip cn c ti hu ht cc thn bn. Hin ch cn hai thn Khui La v Phia eng, thuc x Minh Sn, do nm khu vc ring bit v a hnh kh khn nn cha c s dng in li. Thng tin, lin lc ca khu vc cn rt hn ch. Ti mi x, ch c 01 trm bu in-vn ha x. y l trung tm lin lc thng tin v vn ha chnh ca dn c trong vng. Mi x u c 1 trm y t t ti khu vc trung tm x. C s h tng (nh, trm), trang thit bi v thuc men c u t nhiu nhng vn cn thiu thn so vi nhu cu khm cha bnh ca ngi dn a phng. Cc x u c trng trung hc c s v tiu hc, mi thn cng c cc lp hc tiu hc v mm non. i a s dn a phng c xa m ch, tr em c i hc y .
30
31
Bn 3. H thng tuyn iu tra v v tr cc tuyn iu tra thc vt khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang 32
33
Chng ti cng tin hnh thu mu, o c, nh s v gn nhn tt c cc cy c DBH 10 cm thuc phm vi ca 4 tuyn (s liu c ghi theo Mu 3 ca Ph lc 3); cc mu c Nguyn Anh c v V Anh Ti nh tn ti Bo tng Thc vt, Khoa Sinh hc, Trng i hc KHTN HQGHN .
34
3.
Phn khu Bn Bung, KBTTN Na Hang (Tuyn Quang) KBTTN Chm Chu (Tuyn Quang)
4.
Ngun: 1 theo ng Thanh Hi v Boonratanaa, 2006; 2 theo Boonratana v L Xun Cnh, 1994; 3 theo Boonratana, 1999; 4 theo Wolter, 2004; 5 theo Nguyen Xuan Dang v Nguyen Truong Son, 1999; 6 theo Long v L Khc Quyt, 2001; 7 theo ng Thanh Hi v cng s, 2006
35
3.1.3. T chc n
Chng ti xc nh c ba (03) n Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang), t chc n theo 02 hnh thi sau: - Vi hai (02) n c kch thc nh (7 13 c th/n), t chc n thng gm 1 c trng thnh, 2 3 ci trng thnh, 2 3 cha trng thnh v 1 2 con non. y l hnh thi t chc n gm mt c th c trng thnh v cc c th ci trng thnh cng cc con ca chng hay cn gi l n v n c (One male unit OMU).
36
- Vi n c kch thc ln ( 20 c th), t chc n thng gm 3 4 c trng thnh, 5 10 ci trng thnh, 3 5 cha trng thnh loi 2, 3 5 cha trng thnh loi 1, 2 4 con non loi 2, 1 5 con non loi 1. y l hnh thi t chc n c hnh thnh t nhiu n v n c (OMU) to thnh n ln (band). Cc c th trong n ln ny di chuyn, kim n v ng cng nhau. Tuy nhin, cc nhm nh (c th l mt gia nh) thng hot ng c lp vi nhau. Hin tng ny thng thy khi chng ngh ngi vo thi gian gia tra. - Trong sut thi gian nghin cu khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang), cha ghi nhn c cc n v ton c (all male unit AMU). S liu nghin cu nu trn cho thy t l gii tnh c:ci ca cc n Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca l khng cn i, t l ny l 1 c:2 ci 1 c:4 ci. Theo Fleagle (1999), cu trc n ca mt loi linh trng, trc ht l cc loi voc, c trng bi: kch thc v thnh phn ca cc n m cc c th linh trng thc hin cc hot ng hng ngy; t chc n ca mt s loi linh trng c nhiu mc (multilevel social organization); nhiu n nh cng di chuyn v hot ng to thnh n ln (band) [36]. Trong nhiu nghin cu v cc loi voc chu , Kirkpatrick (2007) cho rng kiu hnh ca cc nhm a gii tnh (mixed-sex groups) ca cc loi voc chu (Asian colobines) l n v n c (OMU) v mt s loi, cc n v n c (OMU) thng c vng sng chng ln nn thng to ra n ln (band) y l mc t chc x hi th cp (second level of social organization) [52]. T chc n Voc mi hch khu vc Na Hang (Tuyn Quang) cng c hnh thi nh vy [19, 20] v ging vi t chc n ca cc loi voc mi hch Trung Hoa (R. roxellana, R. brelichi v R. bieti) [16, 49, 50, 89, 92]. Nh vy, kt qu nghin cu t chc n Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang) ca chng ti ph hp vi nhn nh ca Boonratana v L Xun Cnh (1994,1998) [19,20], Fleagle (1999) [36] v Kirkpatrick (2007) [52] nh ni trn.
37
38
39
- Chi lng cho nhau (Affiliative grooming): thng din ra tng cp: c th c trng thnh v c th ci trng thnh, c th m chi lng cho con non, c th ci trng thnh chi lng cho c th cha trng thnh v ngc li, cc c th cha trng thnh chi lng cho nhau. Phn ln, vic chi lng cho nhau thng din ra trong cc khong thi gian ngh ngi ca chng. - Chi a (Playing): thng din ra gia cc con non vi nhau hoc gia con non vi con cha trng thnh loi 1. Nh vy, chi a ch din ra gia cc c th non. C c th ny thng chi a vi nhau theo kiu ui bt hoc gi nh nhau. Cha c ghi nhn v s chi a gia cc c th trng thnh, gia c th trng thnh v c th cha trng thnh, gia c th trng thnh v con non, v gia cc c th cha trng thnh vi nhau. - Cnh gii (Safeguarding): Cha c ghi nhn v nhng c th lm nhim v cnh gii chuyn trch trong mt n Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang. Dng nh hu ht cc c th trong n, tr cc con non, u lm nhim v cnh gii. Do b sn bn trong sut thi gian di trc y, Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca rt nhy cm vi s hin din ca con ngi. Khi mt c th trong n pht hin ra ngi, n tm dng hot ng ring ca bn thn (nh hi, lm hoc ngng n, v.v.), ngi im v theo di hot ng ca con ngi, ng thi pht ra nhng ting ku bo ng cho c n. Nu khong cch cn xa (khong hn 30 m) th chng thng pht ra nhng ting ku nh ting nc kh hudkk chockk; nu khong cch gn (khong 10-30m), nhng ting nc hudkk chockk ny to v r hn. Trong mt s trng hp Voc mi hch thy ngi quan st khng di ng,
nh 1. Voc mi hch th hin s da nt khi nhn thy vt th l (con ngi)
40
ng yn ti ch th con c trng thnh v mt s con khc c th tin li gn v cng pht ra nhng ting nc ny, h rng ming v nhn ngi. Hin tng ny dng nh l mt biu hin e da i vi i tng m chng ang theo di (nh 1).
41
Biu 2. Thnh phn thc n ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang (n = 38)
42
Bng 10. Danh sch cc loi thc vt l thc n ca Voc mi hch Khau Ca
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Tn Vit Nam H Thch Thch Bc b H Trc o Giom Tourner Trc o (?) H Ng gia b u rng u rng (?) Chn chim my Chn chim l nh H Thin l Thin l (?) H Nc nc R t H Ba Trai l Trai thng Trai H Th My rc H Thu du Chi mi m lm Si ta H D Sa H Long no Bi li Ba V Bi li Tn khoa hc Aceraceae Acer tonkinensis Apocynaceae Melodinus tourneri Apocynaceae sp. Araliaceae Brassaiopsis stellata Brassaioopsis sp. Schefflera aff. velunosa Schefflera palmiformis Asclepiadaceae Goniostemma punctatum Bignoniaceae Rhadermachera sp. Clusiaceae Garcinia bracteata Garcinia fagraeoides Garcinia sp. Ebenaceae Diospyros sp. Euphorbiaceae Antidesma sp. Bridelia retusa Sapium rotundifolium Fabaceae Dalbergia tonkinensis Lauraceae Litsea baviensis Litsea sp. Dng sng GoTB LeoGo Leo GoNho GoNho LeoGo LeoGo Leo GoLon GoLon GoLon GoLon GoLon GoLon GoLon GoLon GoTB GoNho GoNho B phn b n CL QX CL QC QC LC CL CL H CL, QC CL, QC CL, QC LN, LN QC Ht QC Qx QX QX QX LN Q Ht Q CL CL CL CL CL CL CL CL CL H CL CL H CL CL CL H, LN H CL CL CL LN CL CL CL CL CL CL CL CL CL CL CL CL CL, Q CL, Q CL, Q CL, Q CL, Q CL, Q CL CL CL 1 CL 2 CL 3 CL 4 5 6 Thng 7 8 9 10 11 CL 12 CL QX CL Q Q LC LC CL Q CL CL CL CL Q
43
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL, Q Ht
CL Ht
CL
CL
CL
CL
CL
Ghi ch: - GoLon Cy g ln, GoTB Cy g trung bnh, GoNho cy g nh, Leo Dy leo, LeoGo Dy leo thn g, BiSi Cy b sinh - CL Cung l, L L trng thnh, LN L non, H Hoa, Q Qu chn, QX Qu xanh, Ht Ht, LC Li cnh
44
Biu 2 cho thy cung l l thc n ch yu (chim 26,32%) ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang). Tuy nhin, vo thi gian t thng 06 n thng 10, voc t n cung l v khi Khau Ca qu ca nhiu cy l thc n ca voc gi v chn. Theo L Hin Ho (1973), thc n ca Voc mi hch rt a dng, thng gp nht l cc loi Sung Ficus spp., cc loi Ba Garcinia spp. v c mng ca cc loi tre na (Poaceae) [4]. Kt qu nghin cu ca Boonratana v L Xun Cnh (1994,1998) cho thy Voc mi hch n cc loi l non (38%), qu xanh (47%), ht v qu chn (15%), c bit xc nh Voc mi hch n ht t qu chn ca loi S Vidan Beilschmiedia aff. vidalli Kost. (Lauraceae) [19, 20]. Tuy nhin, cc tc gi ny khng a ra danh lc thc n ca Voc mi hch. Phm Nht (1993, 1994) thng k cc b phn cy ca 52 loi thuc 18 h thc vt l thc n ca Voc mi hch [7, 85]. Tuy nhin, do tc gi c s dng phng php phng vn dn a phng v thc n nui nht trong thi gian ngn, nn nhiu loi trong s ny khng c phn b khu vc sng ca Voc mi hch. ng Thanh Hi cng ghi nhn c 14 loi thuc 11 h thc vt l thc n ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang) ( dn trong ti liu [61]). T nhng kt qu nghin cu ca cc tc gi nu trn cng vi kt qu nghin cu khu vc Khau Ca, chng ti xc nh c 54 loi thc vt c th l thc n ca Voc mi hch (Ph lc 5). So snh gia s thay i thc n ca Voc mi hch theo cc thng vi s thay i v vt hu hc (phonological monitoring) ca tt c 1.103 cy c trn 4 tuyn iu tra thc vt khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang) cho thy thc n ca Voc mi hch cng thay i cng vi nhng s thay i ca cy rng. T thng 03 n thng 05, Voc mi hch n cc loi l non v hoa nhiu hn do cng thi gian ny cy rng cng c nhiu l non v hoa. Tng t, t thng 08 n thng 10, Voc mi hch n nhiu qu chn hn do thi gian ny nhiu cy rng c qu chn (Biu 3).
45
T l (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1 2 3
Cung l
4
L non
7
Qu chn
8
Qu xanh
9
Hoa Ht
10
Li cnh
11
L trng thnh
12 Thng
Biu 3. S thay i thc n theo ma ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang
S cy
1200
1092 1,076 1,072 1,093 1,054 992 1,046 1,095 1,099 1,090 1,089
1000
800
692 620
600
401
411 349
400
301 222
323
200
183
54 6 12 1 30 7 19 28 4 9 23 4 12 25 2 6
58
56 56
0 12 2005
L trng thnh L non Hoa
5 2006
10
Thng
Qu chn Qu xanh
N hoa
Biu 4. S thay i theo ma ca cc loi thc vt khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang (n = 1.103)
46
Kt qu theo di vt hu ca 1.103 cy trn 4 tuyn iu tra thc vt, t thng 12 nm 2005 n thng 10 nm 2006, cho thy s cy c l trng thnh lun c t l cao nht (89,89 99,27% tng s cy) trong sut thi gian theo di; iu chng t khu rng Khau Ca l rng thng xanh. S cy c l non c t l kh cao (13,06 62,69%), t thng 3 n thng 6; t l s cy c l non cao nht (62,69%) trng vi thng 05. S cy c hoa (0,45 5,21%) v n hoa (0,14 6,71%) xut hin vi t l thp. S cy c qu chn (0,09 1,54%) v qu xanh (0,27 9,25%) cng c t l thp v xut hin trong sut thi gian theo di (Biu 4). Tuy nhin, y mi ch l nhng ghi nhn ban u v thc n ca Voc mi hch trong t nhin khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang. Cn c thm cc nghin cu chuyn su hn c th hiu r v thnh phn thc n v s thay i theo thi gian (trong ngy v ma) ca Voc mi hch khu vc ny.
47
Bng 11. S lng cc loi thuc cc tuyn iu tra thc vt l thc n ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 H Aceraceae Araliaceae Bignoniaceae Clusiaceae Clusiaceae Clusiaceae Ebenaceae Euphorbiaceae Icacinaceae Lauraceae Mimosaceae Moraceae Oleaceae Sapindaceae Sapotaceae Tiliaceae Loi S cy % Tng s Tit din %Tit din Acer tonkinensis 15 1,36% 9.191,17 0,80% Brasaiopsis sp. 1 0,09% 107,46 0,01% Radermachera sp. 9 0,82% 10.273,64 0,90% Garcinia bracteata 22 1,99% 8.618,37 0,75% Garcinia paucinervis 7 0,63% 9.345,62 0,81% Garcinia sp. 30 2,72% 6.059,57 0,53% Diospyros spp. 69 6,26% 83.428,72 7,28% Antidesma sp. 10 0,91% 2.593,53 0,23% Gomphandra tetrandra 15 1,36% 5.535,44 0,48% Litsea spp. 51 4,62% 48.666,36 4,24% Archidendron sp. 3 0,27% 2.642,95 0,23% Ficus sp. 4 0,36% 7.341,53 0,64% Olea sp. 78 7,07% 23.414,23 2,04% Pometia pinnata 12 1,09% 28.594,29 2,49% Sinosideroxylon wightianum 10 0,91% 4.597,89 0,40% Excentrodendron tonkinese 49 4,44% 256.673,04 22,38% Tng s 385 34,90% 507.083,81 44,22%
48
Tng di tn gm cc cy c chiu cao xp x 10m vi cc loi cy g nh: Han xanh Laportea grandis (Urticaceae), Cc loi Nhc Polyalthia spp. (Annonaceae), Lng mang Pterospermum spp. (Sterculiaceae), c bit s c mt v u th ca hai loi Ho r Phlogacanthus sp. (Acanthaceae), v Nng Saurauia fasciculate (Actinidiaceae). Thc vt ngoi tng c s tham gia ca cc loi dy leo v cc loi thc vt b sinh vi thnh phn loi khng phong ph lm nhng c s lng c th kh nhiu, c trng cho mt kiu rng nguyn sinh nhit i. Thnh phn cc loi thc vt b sinh k sinh gm cc loi thuc Ngnh dng x nh T iu Asplenium nidus (Aspleniaceae) v cc loi i cn nam Macrosolen cochinchinensis, Mc v Trung Hoa Taxillus chinensis (Loranhthaceae) v cc loi thuc h Lan Orchidaceae, v.v. Cc loi dy leo kh n diu v thnh phn loi nhng kh phong ph v s lng gm: T qu Senguin Iodes seguini (Icacinaceae), Dy b khai Erythropalum scandens (Olacaceae), cc loi thuc cc h Thin l Asclepiadaceae, h Bu b Cucurbitaceae, h Nho Vitaceae, H Tit d Menispermaceae, v.v..
nh 2. Khu rng c Voc mi hch kim n khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang
49
Trn 4 tuyn iu tra thc vt c 1.103 cy g c DBH 10 cm thuc 149 loi, 48 h (Ph lc 6 v Ph lc 7). Qua , cho thy mt cy g l 690 cy/ha. Cc cy g trn cc tuyn iu tra thc vt c DBH thay i t 10 cm n 180 cm, trong , s cy c DBH 20 cm l 736 cy (chim 66,73% tng s cy trn 04 tuyn). S cy c DBH 80 cm l 47 cy (chim 4,26%), chng ch yu l Excentrodendron tonkinense (Tiliaceae) v Sng Pometia pinnata (Sapindaceae); thm ch c mt s cy c DBH 150 cm (10 cy, chim 0,91%) (Biu 5). Tng tit din ca cc cy c DBH 10 cm l 114,67 m2, tng tit din trung bnh ca cy g trn mi ha l 71,67 m2/ha. Kt qu nghin cu ny cho thy rng khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang) ang trng thi tt, tnh n nh cao v m bo l mi trng sng tt cho Voc mi hch v cc loi ng vt khc ang tr ng .
S cy
400
367 S cy
350
311
300
250
200
167
150
100
91 63
50
36 21 9 10 9 4 3 2 0 5 2 1 2
150
160
170
180
Biu 5. S lng cc cy theo cc tuyn iu tra thc vt khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang (n = 1.103)
50
cc kt qu quan st cho thy Voc mi hch thng kim n khu vc trung tm (din tch khong 7 km2) t khi ra khu vc gip gn ng rang gii ca khu vc Khau Ca (Bn 4). L Hin Ho (1973) cho rng khu vc sng ca Voc mi hch c ng knh khong 1,5 2 km v din tch tng ng 1,7 3,14 km2 v hu nh khng thay i theo ma [4]. Phm Nht (1993) xc nh vng sng ca Voc mi hch c kch thc trung bnh l 4,55 km2 (r = 3,8 5,6 km2) v vng sng ca chng khng ph thuc vo s c th trong n m ch ph thuc vo ngun thc n [7]. Boonratana v L Xun Cnh (1994,1998) c tnh vng sng ca Voc mi hch phn khu Tt K, KBTTN Na Hang (Tuyn Quang) c kch thc khong 10 km2 [19,20]. Nhng nhn xt nu trn cho thy, hin rt kh a ra kt lun chnh xc v kch thc vng sng ca mt n Voc mi hch do sinh snh sng ca chng b tc ng v suy gim nghim trng. Cc khu vc ang nui dng nhng qun th cui cng l nhng khu vc b c lp, chia ct v c kch thc nh nh phn khu Tt K (KBTTN Na Hang) khong 200 km2, KBTTN Chm Chu khong 240 km2 v khu vc Khau Ca (tnh H Giang) khong 10 km2. iu ny cng t ra cho cng tc bo tn loi l khng ch ch trng n bo v nguyn vn cc qun th Voc mi hch hin c m cn cn phi bo v, duy tr v pht trin sinh cnh ca loi ny.
52
(Icacinaceae). Thm vo , y cng l khu vc c nhiu cy g to, tn dy v khp kn, c nhiu dy leo cao v rm rp, thun li cho vic di chuyn ca voc. Kt qu nghin cu theo cc tuyn iu tra thc vt cho thy cc loi thc vt l thc n ca Voc mi hch phn b kh ng u khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang). Tuy nhin, khu vc trung tm (ni c tuyn A v D) ca khu vc Khau Ca, ngun thc n ca Voc mi hch dng nh a dng v phong ph hn (Ph lc 6 v Ph lc 7). Cha c ghi nhn v s chuyn khu vc kim n ca tng n voc khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang.
3.4.4. Ni ng
khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang), Voc mi hch ng nhng khu vc nm cc khe ni ni c nhiu cy to v cao. Vo chiu ti ngy 06 thng 03 nm 2005, chng ti quan st v ghi nhn c ni ng ca 1 n Voc mi hch khu vc gn im A500 (ta : UTM 48Q 512313; 2526777). Ti im nay, Voc mi hch ng trn cc cnh thp ca cc cy Nghin to v cao hn 20 m. Cc nhm trong n chia nhau ng ti cc cnh v cy khc nhau. Ngoi ra, chng ti cng ghi nhn c nhng du vt ca chng (du phn) cho thy Voc mi hch khng ng mt ni c nh khu vc Khau Ca. Theo L Hin Ho (1973), Voc mi hch thng ngh ngi v tr n trn cc cnh cy cao c tn l kn rm [4]. i khi, cng c th gp Voc mi hch ng m trn cc nh cc khm na vu. Phm Nht (1993) cng c ghi nhn v ni ng ca Voc mi hch khu vc rng tre na. Boonratana v L Xun Cnh (1994,1998) ghi nhn Voc mi hch ng trn cc cnh thp ca cc cy v thng ng cc v tr sn dc trnh gi mnh v gi ma ng lnh [19,20]. Tuy vy, cho n nay, cha c cc nghin cu chi tit v ni ng v tp tnh ng ca Voc mi hch. Rt cn c nhng nghin cu di hn v chi tit hiu thm v tp tnh ng v ngh ngi ca Voc mi hch.
53
54
- Ngi vi chi trc u bm (Sit/forelimb suspend): Kiu ngi ny mt hay c hai chi trc ca Voc mi hch u bm vo cnh cy pha trc, mng t ngi trn cnh cy, trng lng c th ca Voc mi hch c nng bi cnh cy ny, bn chn sau t/bm ln trn cnh cy pha trc di; mt hoc c hai chi trc tm ly cnh cy pha trn gi thng bng v du bm nng mt phn trng lng c th (nh 5). Kiu ngi ny thng thy khi Voc mi hch tm kim v ly thc n hay quan st xung quanh trn nhng cnh hay thn cy nh, khng vng chc. 3.5.1.2. m bm (Cling) Voc mi hch dng c bn chi m bm ly thn/cnh cy thng ng hoc gn thng ng, trng lng c th khng c nng bi thn/cnh cy m c nu gi bi bn chi; khuu tay, u gi v khp hng co gp (nh 6). Kiu t th ny thng quan st c khi Voc mi hch leo ln hoc tt xung theo cc thn/cnh cy thng ng.
nh 6. Kiu m bm ca Voc mi hch nh 5. Kiu ngi vi chi trc u bm ca Voc mi hch
55
3.5.1.3. ng (Stand) Voc mi hch c cc kiu ng sau: - ng bng bn chi (Quadrupedal stand): Voc mi hch ng bng c bn chi trn cc cnh ln hoc thn cy nm ngang; vi kiu ng ny khuu tay v u gi dui thng (tng i), thn mnh nm ngang thng hoc hi vo mt cht (nh 7). Kiu ng ny thng thy khi Voc mi hch tm kim thc n, quan st hoc di chuyn. - Cng ng trn bn chi, nhng hai khuu tay v/hoc c hai u gi co gp, thn mnh nm ngang hoc u chi xung. T th ny c gi l ci mnh (crouch) thng thy khi Voc mi hch quan st cc vt l nh ngi chng hn (nh 8).
nh 8. Kiu ci mnh ca Voc mi hch nh 7. Kiu ng bng bn chi ca Voc mi hch
- ng bng hai chi sau (Bipedal stand): Voc mi hch c th ng thng trn hai chi sau, cn mt hoc c khi c hai chi trc bm vo cnh cy khc, thn mnh voc thng hi gp li to thnh gc khong 45o; bn chn sau dui thng bm vo cnh cy pha trc nng thn voc, khuu tay v u gi co gp (nh 9). T th ny thng thy khi Voc mi hch dng li trong khi di chuyn tm kim thc n hoc quan st xung quanh.
nh 9. Kiu ng bng hai chi sau ca Voc mi hch
56
- Cng vi cch hai chi sau nng c th, nhng mt hoc c hai chi trc nm gi cnh cy, nh treo thn, voc c th vn ngi ra pha trc hoc ra bn cnh; thn c th co gp mt gc 45o; u gi v khp hng c th co gp hoc khng (nh 10). T th ny c gi l u bm bng chi trc (forelimb suspend). Vi t th ny, Voc mi hch c th ly thc n xa.
nh 10. Kiu u bm bng chi trc ca Voc mi hch
3.5.2. Cc kiu vn ng
Voc mi hch l loi linh trng thch nghi vi i sng leo tro trn cy, rt him khi xung mt t. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca c 3 kiu vn ng chnh sau y:
3.5.2.1. i bng bn chi (Quadrupedal walk) kiu vn ng ny, c 4 chi ca Voc mi hch bm trn cnh hoc thn cy, thn mnh to vi phng nm ngang mt gc nh hn 45o (nh 11). Kiu vn ng bng 4 chi ny ca Voc mi hch gn ging nh cch cc con th i trn mt t, nhng khc ch 4 chi ca voc khng nm trn hai mt phng thng ng, ty vo v tr m mi chi nm
nh 12. Kiu chy bng bn chn ca Voc mi hch
57
trn mt mt phng nghing ring so vi trc c th. - Vi tc chm, Voc mi hch i bng 4 chn trn cy nh con vt ang b. Nhng vi tc nhanh, cch di chuyn ny c dng chy bng bn chi (Quadruppedal run) (nh 12). Kiu vn ng ny thng thy khi Voc mi hch di chuyn nhanh hoc chy trn - Khi leo ln theo chiu thng ng (Vertical climb), 4 chi ca Voc mi hch bm vo gi th (thn/cnh cy, dy leo)
nh 13. Kiu leo ln theo chiu thng ng ca Voc mi hch
thng ng; 4 chi co li ko ton b trng lng c th ln cao (nh 13). Kiu vn ng ny thng thy khi Voc mi hch leo ln hay tt xung theo cc cnh cy hoc thn ln hn 45o. - Khi tt xung (Rump first descent), Voc mi hch cng dng c 4 chi bm vo thn/cnh cy, dy leo v tt xung t t, mng t xung trc. Kiu vn ng ny thng thy khi Voc mi hch tt xung theo thn cy hoc dy leo kim n di thp. 3.5.2.2. Di chuyn bng chi trc (Brachiate) i khi Voc mi hch dng hai chi trc qung mnh v nm ly cc cnh cy, chuyn t cnh ny sang cnh khc; ton b trng lng c th c nu gi bi hai chi trc (ging nh cch chuyn cnh ca vn); hai chi sau khng bm vo cnh cy no c. Kiu vn ng ny
nh 14. Kiu Di chuyn bng chi trc ca Voc mi hch
58
c gi l Di chuyn bng chi trc (Brachiate) v thng thy khi Voc mi hch di chuyn hoc chy trn vi tc nhanh (nh 14). 3.5.2.3. Nhy (Leap) Vn ng nhy thng thy khi Voc mi hch dng hai chi sau to lc y v hai chi trc lm nhim v tr gip v bm vo cnh cy trc mt. Thi gian v khong cch nhy thng di hn so vi kiu nhy vt ln (bound). Voc mi hch c 3 cch nhy chnh sau y: - Nhy lao xung (Pronograde leap): Khi nhy, Voc mi hch nhn 2 chn sau bt ton thn vo khng trung. Khi , 4 chi giang rng, 2 chi trc vn v pha trc bt ly cnh cy pha trc, 2 chi sau hi co li; ton thn hi nghing v pha trc to vi ng thng ng mt gc hn 45o; ui dng ng (nh 15). Vi cch nhy ny, Voc mi hch c th
nh 15. Kiu nhy lao xung ca Voc mi hch
di chuyn khong cch t 2 m n 7 m. y cng l mt kiu vn ng c trng ca cc loi linh trng chnh thc (anthropoid) sng trn cy [41]. Nhy dng (Pumping leap): Cng tng t nh kiu nhy lao xung. Tuy
nhin, khong cch ca nhy dng nh hn, cn thn mnh bt ln cao (nh 16 A,B,C).
59
Voc mi hch nhy dng trnh cc chng ngi vt, cnh cy hoc thn cy to, nm ngang chn li di chuyn ca chng. - Nhy m thng ng
(Vertical clinging leap): Khi Voc mi hch ang m cy/cnh/dy leo thng ng (torso orthograde
nh 17. Kiu nhy m thng ng ca Voc mi hch
clinging) v ton b thn con vt c bt ln cao bi sc bt ch yu ca hai chi sau (nh 17). y l kiu vn ng c trng ca cc loi bn hu (Prosimian) v mt s loi linh trng chnh thc (anthrpoid) sng trn cy [41]. - Bung mnh (Drop): Mt dng di chuyn c trng khc ca Voc mi hch l bung mnh (drop). Khi con vt ang u bm cnh cy nh ly thc n, bung khi cnh, ton b thn mnh con vt ri t do xung cnh cy pha di (khng phi bi lc do cc c to ra). Kiu vn ng ny hn theo chiu thng ng (nh 18).
nh 18. Kiu bung mnh ca Voc mi hch
thng thy khi Voc mi hch thay i v di chuyn t v tr cao xung v tr thp
60
Voc mi hch b sn bt. K t sau khi pht hin c qun th Voc mi hch vo thng 1/2002, T chc Bo tn ng, Thc vt hoang d Quc t (FFI) Chng trnh Vit Nam phi hp vi UBND tnh H Giang v Chi cc Kim lm tnh H Giang xy dng v tin hnh cc hot ng tun tra, gim st nhm bo tn qun th v sinh cnh sng ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca. Thng 11 nm 2005, ti tnh H Giang, thc hin chng trnh thu gi sng trn ton b cc khu vc xung quanh khu vc Khau Ca. Do vy, cc hot ng sn bn th rng trong khu vc gim hn.Tuy nhin, theo L Hng Mnh v Nguyn Hong Linh (2006), n nay, xung quanh khu vc Khau Ca, mi thn bn vn cn khong 2 3 khu sng. Nh vy, vn cn t nht 25 khu sng sn trong 16 thn. y l mt nguy c tim tng i vi s tn ti ca Voc mi hch a phng ny. Cc hot ng by bt ng vt hoang d hin vn din ra, mc d khng ph bin v cng khai nh trc. Theo iu tra ca L Hng Mnh v Nguyn Hong Linh (2006), ngi dn a phng cc thn Bn B, N Yn, Bn Loan (x Yn nh), Lng Vy, Khui Kn, Khui La, Phia eng (x Minh Sn) vn ngang nhin dng by bt cc ng vt hoang d; c tnh c khong 49 h c by to, v 76 h c by nh. Nh vy, tnh trng sn bt ng vt hoang d ang l mt mi e da i vi khu h th ni chung v Voc mi hch ni ring khu vc Khau Ca. Cc con vt sn bt c thng c s dng vo hai mc ch: bun bn hoc s dng lm thc n. Cc con mi c gi tr thng mi thng l: cc loi n tht (Cy hng, Vi hng, Mo rng, v.v.), th mng guc (Sn dng, Nai, Hu, Ln rng...), linh trng, on, Nhm... Cc con vt c dng lm thc n ch l cc con th nh khng c gi tr thng mi nh: cc loi sc, chut, v.v.. 3.6.1.2. Bun bn v s dng Mc d vic bun bn v s dng cc sn phm c ngun gc t ng vt hoang khng cn cng khai v din ra mnh m nh trc y, nhng hot ng ny vn din ra mt cch tinh vi v b mt trn a bn xung quanh khu vc Khau
61
Ca. Ngi ta vn c th bun bn v vn chuyn chng kh d dng. Cc loi hng ho l ng vt hoang d thng b bun bn l: con th sn c cn nguyn con (c th cn sng hoc cht), tht hoc cc sn phm khc (xng, mt...). c bit sn phm ca cc loi qu him lun c cc con bun tm kim, v d Gu, xng cc loi linh trng... vi gi cao. iu ny kch thch khng t th sn hm li v nh hng gin tip n vic bo v ng vt hoang d trong khu vc. Ngoi cc sn phm c ngun gc t ng vt hoang d, mt s loi lm sn phi g cng l hng ho b bun bn v vn chuyn, c bit vic bun bn kch thch hot ng khai thc cc loi lm sn phi g khu vc Khau Ca. Hin nay, vic kim sot hot ng bun bn cc loi sn phm t rng ny ht sc kh khn i vi cc lc lng qun l v bo v a phng, do thiu nhn lc v phng tin kim tra. 3.6.1.3. Sinh cnh b tc ng Mi loi sinh vt u khng th tn ti nu tch ra khi sinh cnh, thm ch vi mt s loi ng vt nhy cm th d ch tc ng nh n sinh cnh sng cng c nh hng ln n i sng ca chng. khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang), hu nh tt c cc khu rng nh u c du tch tc ng ca con ngi, l: - Hot ng khai thc g tri php cc khu vc ba rng. Hin nay, cc hot ng ny khng cn din ra trong khu vc Khau Ca, nhng do khu vc ny ang cn lu gi mt khi lng g rt ln i vi nhu cu s dng ca cc cng ng a phng. Nn lun lun c p lc tim tng i vi khu vc. - Khai thc lm sn phi g, c bit l cc loi tho dc, hin ang l p lc rt ln i vi khu vc. Trong thi gian iu tra, on nghin cu c ghi nhn mt s ngi dn a phng vo khu vc Khau Ca thu hi cc loi lm sn ngoi g. Mc d khng nh hng trc tip n s tn ti ca cc loi ng vt hoang d v Voc mi hch, nhng nhng hot ng ny ang quy nhiu n i sng ca chng.
62
- Chn th gia sc ang to ra ngun thu nhp cho nhiu h gia nh trong khu vc Khau Ca. Hin c khong 9 h gia nh (thn Nm Ra, Phc H, v Hng Minh), v 7 h (thn N Yn x Yn nh, thn Khui La, Phia eng x Minh Sn) c chn th gia sc. c tnh c khong 170 con tru v b, 200 con d ca cc h dn a phng ang chn th quanh khu vc Khau Ca (L Hng Mnh v Nguyn Hong Linh, 2006). a phng cha c bin php qun l cht ch vic chn th t do cng nh cc khu vc chn th gia sc. Do vy, cc loi gia sc c chn th t do s nh hng n cc loi ng vt hoang d trong mi khu vc : cch tranh v thc n, ni sng v c vic ly lan cc bnh truyn nhim v.v.
3.6.2. Cc hot ng bo tn
Cc hot ng bo tn nhm bo v qun th Voc mi hch v sinh cnh sng ca chng khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang, c tin hnh k t ngay sau khi pht hin qun th Voc mi hch khu vc, T chc FFI phi hp vi UBND tnh H Giang v Chi cc Kim lm tnh H Giang tin hnh ngay cc bin php bo v qun th v sinh cnh ca loi voc qu him ny khu vc Khau Ca. Cc hot ng bo tn ch yu ang c thc hin trong khun kh ca D n Bo tn Voc mi hch H Giang (Ph lc 8). Cng tc bo tn qun th Voc mi hch v sinh cnh sng ca chng khu vc Khau Ca cn c s quan tm v ch o thc hin ca cc cp chnh quyn v ban ngnh ca tnh H Giang, c bit l UBND tnh H Giang v Chi cc Kim lm tnh H Giang. Cho n nay, nhng n lc bo tn phn no thnh cng trong vic bo v n nh qun th Voc mi hch v sinh cnh ca chng khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang. Trong ba nm qua (2003 2006), khng c bt k ghi nhn no (k c thng tin t phng vn) v vic sn bn Voc mi hch din ra trong khu vc Khau Ca.
63
64
Cc kt qu iu tra ca T chc FFI v chng ti t 2004 2006 ti khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang) u ghi nhn c v s xut hin ca 5 con non mi sinh ra vo 2004 2005; v 3 c th sinh ra vo nm 2006. y l mt bng chng chng t qun th Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca ang n nh v pht trin [57]. Tuy nhin, khu vc Khau Ca hin vn cn l mt khu rng cha c qun l, bo v nh l mt khu bo tn chnh thc. iu ny l mt hn ch v mt th ch cho cng tc bo tn Voc mi hch ca khu vc. Theo Bn quy nh v Tiu ch phn loi Rng c dng, km theo Quyt nh s 62/2005/Q BNN ngy 12 thng 10 nm 2005 ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang, c cc tiu ch ca mt khu bo tn thin nhin hoc khu bo tn loi sinh cnh, bi v: - Khu vc l sinh cnh sng quan trng, c ngha i vi s tn ti v pht trin ca loi sinh vt c tm quan trng quc gia v quc t Voc mi hch l loi mt trong 25 loi linh trng nguy cp nht trn th gii [78] v c tn trong Danh lc IUCN 2006 [74]. - C t nht 1 loi sinh vt c hu v/hoc trn 3 loi c ghi trong Sch Vit Nam Voc mi hch l linh trng c hu ca Vit Nam, ngoi ra cn c nhiu loi ng vt v thc vt qu him khc c tn Sch Vit Nam (Bng 5 v Bng 6). - Din tch tu thuc vo yu cu v sinh cnh ca loi sinh vt cn bo v, nhng t nht l 1.000 ha, trong cc h sinh thi t nhin chim hn 70% tng din tch Khu bo tn Khu vc Khau Ca c din tch vng li gn 1.000 ha. - T l din tch t nng nghip v t th c so vi din tch Khu bo tn phi nh hn 10%. Chnh v nhng l do nu trn, UBND tnh H Giang v Chi cc Kim lm tnh H Giang, vi s h tr k thut ca T chc FFI, ang xc tin cc nghin cu tin kh thi cho d n thnh lp mt khu bo tn loi/sinh cnh cho loi Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca (H Giang).
65
Kt lun
T nhng kt qu nghin cu v mt s c im sinh hc, sinh thi ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang, chng ti rt ra mt s kt lun sau y: 1. V qun th - khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang, xc nh c 53 60 c th Voc mi hch, sng theo 3 n, mi n c 13 37 c th, trung bnh 16,2 c th/n, trung bnh 16,2 c th/n. - T chc n theo 2 hnh thi: n nh (7-13 c th/n) l mt n v n c; n ln ( 20 c th/n), c 3 4 c th c trng thnh, gm nhiu n v n c. - xc nh c nhng c im hnh thi, mu sc c trng cho cc c th thuc cc nhm tui v gii tnh khc nhau (c trng thnh, ci trng thnh; cha thnh loi 2 v loi 1, con non loi 2 v loi 1). 2. V mt s tp tnh - xc nh c mt s tp tnh x hi (social behaviour) ca Voc mi hch thng qua cc tp tnh: chi lng cho nhau ca cc nhm tui, chi a ca cc c th non, cnh gii ca cc c th trng thnh v cha trng thnh. Voc mi hch ngh tra v khong 10h30 n 14h30 theo tng c th ring l hay theo nhm. 3. V sinh thi dinh dng - Xc nh c 32 loi thc vt thuc 21 h khu vc Khau Ca l thc n ca Voc mi hch. Nhng loi cy ny ph bin, cung cp ngun thc n quanh nm cho Voc mi hch a phng.
66
- Voc mi hch thng n cc b phn ca cy nh cung l, qu chn, qu xanh, l non, hoa, n hoa, li cnh non v l trng thnh; nhng Voc mi hch thch n cung l, qu chn v qu xanh hn cc b phn khc. Mc a thch cc b phn cy thay i theo ma, c bit, voc thch n qu ca cc loi u rng, Nghin, T qu Senguin v cc loi Trai. 4. V vng sng - Voc mi hch thng kim n khu vc trung tm ca khu vc Khau Ca (khong 7 km2). Cha ghi nhn c quy lut s dng lnh th ca n Voc mi hch. Voc ng trn cnh cy to, cao khong 20 m, khu vc khe ni hoc thung lng. 5. Cc kiu t th v vn ng - xc nh c cc kiu t th ca Voc mi hch: Cc kiu ngi (Sit) gm c: Ngi co gi (Sit in), Ngi dui chn (Sit out) v Ngi vi chi trc u bm (Sit/forelimb suspend); m bng bn chi (Bimanual cling = vertical cling); Cc kiu ng (Stand) gm c: ng bng bn chi (Quadrupedal stand), Ci mnh (Crouch), ng bng hai chi sau (Bipedal stand) v u bm bng chi trc/ng (Forelimb suspend/stand). - xc nh cc kiu vn ng ca Voc mi hch: i bng bn chi (Quadrupedal walk) gm c: Chy bng bn chi (Quadrupedal run), Leo ln theo chiu thng ng (Vertical climb) v Tt xung (Rump first descent); Di chuyn bng chi trc (Brachiate); cc kiu nhy (Leap) gm c: Nhy lao xung (Pronograde leap), Nhy dng (Pumping leap), Nhy m thng ng (Vertical clinging leap) v Bung mnh (Drop). 6. Mt s vn bo tn Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca - Cc mi e da i vi cc loi ng vt hoang d ni chung v Voc mi hch ni ring khu vc Khau Ca l: sn bt, bun bn v sinh cnh b tc ng.
67
- Hin nay, qun th Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang, l qun th ln nht ca loi, do , khu vc ny c tm quan trng quc gia v quc t trong cng tc bo tn loi Voc mi hch (R. avunculus).
Kin ngh
1. Thnh lp Khu Bo tn Loi sinh cnh khu vc Khau Ca: tin hnh cc nghin cu kh thi v xy dng d n u t cho Khu Bo tn Loi sinh cnh khu vc Khau Ca nhm bo tn qun th Voc mi hch khu vc ny; xc nh c ch qun l, mc h tr v s tham gia ca cc cng ng a phng i vi khu bo tn. 2. Nng cao hiu qu cng tc qun l, bo v Voc mi hch v sinh cnh sng ca chng: y mnh cng tc tun tra, gim st v ngn chn cc hot ng ca con ngi tc ng n khu vc Khau Ca; duy tr v nng cao hiu qu ca cc T tun rng; h tr k thut v nng cao nghip v cho lc lng Kim lm vin v cc thnh vin ca cc T tun rng v qun l, bo v rng ni chung v Voc mi hch ni ring khu vc Khau Ca; tuyn truyn v nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng v bo v v pht trin rng v cc loi ng, thc vt qu him, c bit ch trng i vi loi Voc mi hch v sinh cnh sng ca chng. 3. Tin hnh iu tra, nghin cu khoa hc: tip tc thc hin cc nghin cu sinh thi v tp tnh ca Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca nhm lm c s khoa hc cho cng tc bo tn loi trong tng lai; tin hnh cc iu tra thc a cc khu vc xung quanh hay gn vi khu vc Khau Ca nhm xc nh v s tn ti ca Voc mi hch nhng khu vc ny. 4. H tr cng ng: xy dng v pht trin cc chng trnh, d n to thm thu nhp v nng cao iu kin sng cho cng ng a phng; h tr cc cp chnh quyn v cng ng a phng trong cng tc lp k hoch cho vic s dng hp l cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin; ku gi cc c quan ca chnh ph, t chc, c nhn v cc nh ti tr quc t cng hp tc trong cng tc bo tn Voc mi hch H Giang.
68
69
70
1780), Kh cc (Macaca arctoides Geoffroy, 1831), Ch v (Pygathrix nemaeus nemaeus Linnaeus, 1771) v Voc mi hch (Rhinopithecus avunculus Dollman, 1912) Vit Nam, Lun n Tin s Sinh hc, Vin Sinh thi v Ti nguyn Sinh vt/B Gio dc v o to, H Ni, 198 trang. 10. Phm Nht (2002), Th Linh trng ca Vit Nam, Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni, 111 trang. 11. ng Tt Th (2005), Phn loi Voc (Colobinae) Vit Nam trn c s tin ha phn t, Lun n Tin s Sinh hc, Vin Sinh thi v Ti nguyn Sinh vt/B Gio dc v o to, H Ni, 133 trang v 3 ph lc. 12. o Vn Tin (1985), Kho st th min Bc Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 329 trang. 13. Nguyn Khnh Vn (ch bin), Nguyn Th Hin, Phan K Lc, Nguyn Tin Hip (2000), Cc biu sinh kh hu Vit Nam, Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni, H Ni, 271 trang. 14. y ban Nhn dn tnh H Giang (1994), D n u t xy dng Khu bo tn thin nhin Du Gi tnh H Giang, S Nng Lm Thy li, UBND tnh H Giang, H Giang, 38 trang.
Ting Anh 15. Barnett, A. (1995), Expedition Field Techniques: Primates. Expedition Advisory Centre, Royal Geographical Society, London, U.K. 16. Bleisch, W., Xie, J. H. (1998), Ecology and behavior of Guizhou golden monkeys, Rhinopithecus brelichi, pp. 217 240 in N. Jablonski (ed.), The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub Nosed Langurs. Science Press; Singapore. 17. Boonratana R. (1993), The Ecology and Behaviour of the Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in the Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Ph. D. Dissertation, Mahidol University, Malaysia, xxviii + 275 pages.
71
18. Boonratana, R. 1999, Na Hang Rainforest Conservation Project, FFI Indochina Programme, Hanoi. 19. Boonratana, R., Le Xuan Canh (1994), A Report on the Ecology, Status and Conservation of the Tonkin Snub nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) in Northern Vietnam, WCS, New York and IEBR, Hanoi. 20. Boonratana, R., Le Xuan Canh, (1998). Preliminary Observations of the Ecology and Behaviour of the Tonkin Snub nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus [Presbytiscus] avunculus) in Northern Vietnam. Pp. 207 215 in Jablonski, N. G. (ed.) The natural history of the doucs and snub nosed monkeys. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. 21. Brandon Jones D., Eudey A. A., Geissmann T., Groves C. P., Melnick D. J., Morales J. C., Shekelle M., Stewart C. B. (2004), Asian Primate Classification, International Journal of Primatology, Vol. 25, No. 1, February 2004: pp. 97 164. 22. Brandon Jones, D. (1995), A revision of the Asian pied leaf monkeys (Mammalia: Cercopithecidae: superspecies Semnopithecus auratus), with a description of a new sub species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 43(1): 3 43. 23. Caton, J. M. (1998), The morphology of gastrointestinal tract of Pygathrix nemaeus (Linneaus, 1771), pp 129 152 in Jablonski, N. G. (ed.) The natural history of the doucs and snub nosed monkeys. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. 24. Chaplin, G., Jablonski, N. G. (1998), The Integument of the "Odd nosed" Colobines, pp: 79 104 in Jablonski, N. G. (ed.) The natural history of the doucs and snub nosed monkeys. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. 25. Corbet, G. B., Hill, J. E. (1992), The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region: A Systematic Review, Natural History Museum Publications. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 488 pages.
72
26. Covert, H. H., Le Khac Quyet, Wright, B. W. (in press), On the Brink of Extinction: research for the conservation of the Tonkin snub nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) In: Fleagle, J.G. (ed.): Papers in Honor of Elwyn Simons. New York, NY, Kluwer Press. 27. Cowlinshaw G., Dunbar R. (2000), Primate Conservation Biology, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 498 pages. 28. Dang Huy Huynh (2004), The Endangerd primate rescue center at Cuc Phuong National Park a refuge for confiscated primates, pp 149 153 in Nadler T, Streicher U, Ha Thang Long (eds.): Conservation of Primates in Vietnam. Hanoi, Frankfurt Zoological Society. 29. Dang Ngoc Can, Nguyen Truong Son (1999), Field Report of Survey on Tonkin Snub nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) in Bac Can, Thai Nguyen and Tuyen Quang Provinces (October and November 1999). Unpublished report to FFI Indochina Programme, Hanoi. 30. Davies A. G. (1984), An Ecological Study of the Red Leaf Monkey (Presbytis rubicunda) in the Dipterocarp Forest of Northern Borneo, Ph. D. Dissertation, Sidney Sussex College, University of Cambridge, UK, 265 pages. 31. Davies, G. A., Oates, J. F., editors (1994) Colobine Monkeys: Their Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 32. Dollman, G. (1912), A new snub nosed monkey. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1912 Abstr. 106, p.18; Proc., pp. 503 504. 33. Dong Thanh Hai, Boonratna, R. (2006), Further information on Ecology and Behaviour of Tonkin Snub nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) in Vietnam, Oral presentation at the XXIth Congress of the International Primatological Society, June 25th 30th, Entebbe, Uganda. 34. Dong Thanh Hai, Do Quang Huy, Luu Quang Vinh, Nguyen Duc Manh, Nguyen Hai Ha, Ngo Duy Bach, Vu Duc Kham (2006), A survey of distribution and population status of Tonkin Snub nosed Monkey
73
(Rhinopithecus avunculus) in Cham Chu Nature Reserve, Forestry University of Vietnam, Xuan Mai, Ha Tay. 35. Ellerman, J. T., Morrison Scott, T. C. S. (1951), Checklist of Palearctic and Indian mammals, 1758 1946. Trustees of the British Museum, London. 36. Fleagle, J.G. (1999), Primate Adaptation and Evolution, 2nd ed, Academic Press, San Diego. 37. Fooden, J. (1996), Zoogeography of Vietnamese Primates. International Journal of Primatology 17(5): 845 899. 38. Ganzhorn, J. U. (2003), Habitat description and phenology, pp 40 56 in: Setchell, J. M., Curtis, D. J. (edited), Fieldand laboratory methods in Primatology, Cambridge University Press, UK. 39. Geissmann, T., Nguyen Xuan Dang, Lorme, N., Momberg, F. (2000), Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2000, Part 1: Gibbons. Fauna v Flora International Indochina Programme, Hanoi. 40. Groves C. P. (2001), Primate Taxonomy, Smitsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, 350 pages. 41. Hunt, K. D., Cant, J. G., Gebo, D. L., Rose, M. D., Walker, S. E., Youlatos, D. (1996) Standardized Descriptions of Primate Locomotor and Postural Modes, Primates, 37(4): 363 387, October 1996 42. Husch, B., Miller, C. I., Beers T. W. (1993), Forest Mensuration, Krieger Publishing Company, Malarbar, Florida, USA, 402 pages. 43. Isler, K., Grter C. C. (2006), Arboreal locomotion in wild Black and white snub nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti), Folia Primatologica, 77:195211. 44. IUCN (2006), The 2006 IUCN Red list of threatened species, ULR: http://www.redlist.org/ 45. Jablonski, N. G. (1995), The Phyletic Position and Systematics of the Douc Langurs of Southeast Asia, American Journal of Primatology 35: 185 205.
74
46. Jablonski, N. G. (1998), The evolution of the Doucs and Snub nosed Monkeys and the Question of the Phyletic Unity of the Odd nosed Colobines, Pp: 13 52 in Jablonsky, N. G. (ed.) The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub nosed Monkeys. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. 47. Jablonski, N. G. and Pan Ruliang. 1995. Sexual Dimorphism in the Snub Nosed Langurs (Colobinae: Rhinopithecus). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 96: 251 272. 48. Jablonski, N. G., Peng Yanzhang (1993), The Phylogenetic Relationships and Classification of the Doucs and Snub Nosed Langurs of China and Vietnam. Folia Primatologica 60: 36 55. 49. Kirkpatrick R.C., Gu H.J., Zhou X.P. (1999), A Preliminary Report on
Sichuan Snub Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) at Baihe Nature Reserve, Folia Primatologica70:117120 50. Kirkpatrick, R. C. (1996), Ecology and behavior of the Yunnans snub nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti, Colobinae), Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Davis, USA, 294 pages. 51. Kirkpatrick, R. C. (1998), Ecology and Behaviour in Snub nosed and Douc langurs, Pp. 155 190 in Jablonski, N. G. (ed.) The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub nosed Monkeys, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. 52. Kirkpatrick, R. C. (2007), The Asian colobines: diversity among leaf eating monkeys, pp. 186 200 in Campbell, C.J., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K.C., Panger, M., and Bearder, S.K. (eds.) Primates in Perspective, Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK. 53. La Quang Trung v Trinh Dinh Hoang (2002). Report on survey Eastern Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus) in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province, January, 2002. Unpublised report, Fauna and Flora International Indochina Programme, Hanoi.
75
54. La Quang Trung, Trinh Dinh Hoang (2001), Report on Primate Survey in Bac Me District and Du Gia Nature Reserve, Ha Giang Province, Unpublished report, Fauna v Flora International Indochina Programme, Hanoi. 55. Le Khac Quyet (2002), Distribution and conservation of Tonkin snub nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) in Du Gia Nature Reserve, Ha Giang Province, Northeast Vietnam, Technical report, Fauna and Flora International Indochina Programme, Hanoi. 56. Le Khac Quyet (2004), Distribution and conservation of Tonkin snub nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) in Du Gia Nature Reserve, Ha Giang Province, Northeast Vietnam, pp 58 62, in Nadler T, Streicher U, Ha Thang Long (eds.): Conservation of Primates in Vietnam. Hanoi, Frankfurt Zoological Society. 57. Le Khac Quyet, Luu Tuong Bach (2006), An Assessment of Fauna in Khau Ca Area, Ha Giang Province, Northeast Vietnam, Unpublished report, Fauna v Flora International Vietnam Conservation Support Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam. 58. Le Khac Quyet, Vu Ngoc Thanh (2006), Status and distribution of Tonkin snub nosed monkey (Rhinopitheus avunculus) in Vietnam, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Journal of Science, Natural Science and Technology, T. XXII, No. 3C, AP, 2006, pp 106 110. 59. Le Manh Hung (2006) A Rapid Avifauna Survey at Khau Ca Area of Tung Ba Commune, (Vi Xuyen District), Minh Son and Yen Dinh Communes (Bac Me District), Ha Giang Province, Unpublished report, Fauna v Flora International Vietnam Conservation Support Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam. 60. Le Xuan Canh (1993), Evidence for the existence of Trachypithecus francoisi hatinhensis. Asian Primates 2(3 4): 2.
76
61. Le Xuan Canh, Boonratana, R. (2006), A conservation action plan for the Tonkin snub nosed monkey in Viet Nam, Hanoi/New York: IEBR/PCI. 62. Le Xuan Canh, Campbell, B. (1994), Population status of Golden headed Langur (Trachypithecus francoisi poliocephalus) in Cat Ba National Park, Asian Primates 3(3 4): 16 20. 63. Li Baoguo, Zhang Peng, Watanabe, K., Tan, C. L., Fukuda, F., Wada, K. (2003), A dietary shift in Sichuan snub nosed monkeys. Acta Therologica Sinica (23), 358 360. 64. Lippold, L. K., Vu Ngoc Thanh (1995), Douc langur variety in the central highlands of Vietnam, Asian Primates 5(1 2): 6 8. 65. Long Yongcheng, Kirkpatrick C. R., Xiao Lin, Zhong Tai (1998), Time budgets of the Yunnan snub nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus [Rhinopithecus] bieti), pp 279 289, in Jablonski, N. G. (ed.) The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub nosed Monkeys, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. 66. Long, B., Le Khac Quyet (2001), An initial assessment of conservation requirements for Cham Chu area, Tuyen Quang Province, including mammal and bird diversity surveys, Technical report, Fauna and Flora International Indochina Programme, Hanoi 67. Martin, B. (2004), Conservation of the Tonkin snub nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) and its habitat at Na Hang Nature Reserve during dam construction, pp103 106 in Nadler T, Streicher U, Ha Thang Long (eds.): Conservation of Primates in Vietnam. Hanoi, Frankfurt Zoological Society. 68. Mittermeier, R. A., Cheney, D. L. (1986), Conservation of primates and their habitats, pp 477 490, in Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W., Strusaker, T. T. (eds.): Primate Societies. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, .
77
69. Mittermeier, R. A., Valladares Pdua, C., Rylands, A. B., Eudey, A. A., Butynski, T. M., Ganzhorn, J. U., Kormos, R., Aguiar, J. M., Walker, S. (2005), Primates in Peril, The Worlds 25 most endangered primates 2004 2006,. Washington DC, Conservation International. 70. Nadler T., Streicher U. Ha Thanh Long (2004), Conservation of Primates in Vietnam. Frankfurt Zoological Society Endangered Primate Rescue Center/Cuc Phuong National Park, Haki Publishing, Hanoi, Vietnam, 174 pages. 71. Nadler, T. (1997), A new sub species of Douc langur, Pygathrix nemacus cinereus ssp. nov., Zoologische Garten (N.F.) 67(4): 165 176. 72. Nadler, T. (1998), Black langur rediscovered. Asian Primates 6(3 4): 10 12. 73. Nadler, T., Momberg, F., Nguyen Xuan Dang, Lorme, N. (2003), Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2002, Part 2: Leaf Monkeys, Hanoi, FFI Vietnam Program and Frankfurt Zoological Society. 74. Nadler, T., Walter, L., Roos, C., (2006), Systematics and distribution of the species within the Silvered langurs species group (Trachypithecus cristatus), Abstract No. 95, Program for the XXIth Congress of the International Primatological Society, International Journal of
Primatology, Vol. 27, Suppl. 1, February, 2006. 75. Napier, P. (1985), Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and elsewhere in the British Isles. Part III. Family Cercopithecidae, Subfamily Colobinae, British Museum (Natural History), London. 76. National Research Council (U.S.) (1981), Techniques for the study of primate population ecology, National Academy Press, Washington DC, xi + 233 pp., figures, tables, references, appendixes 77. Nga, N., (2000), A survey of Tonkin snub nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus avunculus) in Northern Vietnam, Folia Primatologica 71:157160.
78
78. Nguyen Anh Duc, Vu Anh Tai, Le Khac Quyet (2006), Plant diversity in Khau Ca forest, Ha Giang province, northeast Vietnam, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Journal of Science, Natural Science and Technology, T. XXII, No. 3C, AP, 2006, pp 91 95. 79. Nguyen Khanh Van (chief editor), Nguyen Thi Hien, Phan Ke Loc, Nguyen Tien Hiep (2000), Bioclimatic Diagrams of Vietnam. Vietnam National University, Hanoi. 271 trang. 80. Nguyen Manh Ha (2001), Tonkin snub nosed monkey in northern Vietnam, Center for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies (CRES), Vietnam National University at Hanoi BP Conservation Programme, Hanoi, 34 pages. 81. Nguyen Nghia Thin, Nguyen Anh Duc, Vu Anh Tai, Vu Van Can (2006), Vegetation and flora survey of Khau Ca area, Ha Giang Province, Unpublished report, Fauna v Flora International Vietnam National University. 82. Oates, J. F., Davies, A. G., and Delson, E. 1994. The diversity of living colobines. Pp. 1 5 in Davies, G. A., and Oates, J.F. (eds.) Colobine Monkeys: their ecology, behaviour and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 83. Peng Yanzhang, Ye Zhizhang, Zhang Yaping, Pan Ruliang (1989), The classification and phylogeny of snub nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus spp.) based on gross morphological characters, Zoological Research 9: 239 248. 84. Pham Nhat, Do Tuoc, Tran Quoc Bao, Pham Mong Giao, Vu Ngoc Thanh, Le Xuan Canh. (1998). Distribution and status of Vietnamese primates, Proceedings Workshop on a Conservation Action Plan for the Primates of Vietnam, Hanoi; November 1998. 85. Pham Nhat. (1994). Some data on the food of the Tonkin Snub nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus), Asian Primates 4 (1): 9 11.
79
86. Pocock, R. I. (1924), The monkeys of the genera Pithecus (or Presbytis) and Pygathrix found to the east of the Bay of Bengal. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1924: 895 961. 87. Ratajszczak, R., Cox, R., Ha Dinh Duc (1990), A preliminary survey of primates in north Viet Nam, Unpublished Report, WWF Project 3869. 88. Ratajszczak, R., Ngoc Can, Pham Nhat (1992), A Survey for Tonkin Snub nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) in the North Vietnam, March, 1992. FFI Preservation Society, London, WWF International, Gland, Switzerland, British Airways, London. 89. Ren Renmei, Kirkpatrick, R. C., Jablonski, N. G., Bleisch, W. V., Le Xuan Canh (1998), Conservation Status and Prospects of the Snub nosed Langurs (Colobinae: Rhinopithecus), pp. 301 314 in Jablonsky, N. G. (ed.) The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub nosed Monkeys, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. 90. Roos, C. (2004), Molecular evolution and systematics of Vietnam primates, pp 23 28 in Nadler T, Streicher U, Ha Thang Long (eds.): Conservation of Primates in Vietnam. Hanoi, Frankfurt Zoological Society. 91. Rowe, N. (1996), The pictorial guide to the living primates, Pogonias Press, East Hampton, New York. 92. Su Yanjie, Ren Renmei, Yan Kanghui, Li Jinjun, Zhou Yin, Zhu Zhaoquan, Hu Zhenlin, Hu Yunfeng (1998), Preliminary survey of the home range and ranging behavior of Gonden monkeys (Rhinopithecus [Rhinopithecus] roxellana) in Shennongjia National Natural Reserve, Hubei, China, pp 255 268, in Jablonski, N. G. (ed.) The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub nosed Monkeys, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. 93. Sun Dun Yuan, Gong Yazhen, Lei Xiaoping, Qui Yang, Sale, J., Kirkpatrick C., Ballou, J., Seal U. (1999), Guizhou Snub nosed Monkey
Conservation and PHVA Workshop Report, CBSG, Apple Valley, MN, USA.
80
94. Thomas, O. 1928. The Delacour exploration of French Indo China. Mammals, II. On mammals collected during the winter of 1926 1927. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 1928(1): 139 150. 95. Van Peenen, P. F. D., Ryan, P. F., Light, R. H. (1969), Preliminary Identification Manual for Mammals of South Vietnam, United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 310 pages. 96. Wang, W., Su ,B., Lan, H., Zhang, Y.P., Lin, S. Y., Liu, R. Q., Liu, A. H., Hu, H. G., Xie, Y. X., Wu, D. H. (1995), rDNA difference and phylogenetic relationship of two species of golden monkeys and three species of leaf monkeys. In: Xia Wuping and Zhang Yongzu (eds.). Primate Research and Conservation. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. 97. Wei Ding, Qi Kun Zhao (2004), Rhinopithecus bieti at Tacheng, Yunnan: Diet and Daytime activity. International Journal of Primatology (25), 583 598. 98. Weitzel, V., Yang, C. M. and Groves, C. P. (1988). A catalogue of primates in the Singapore Zoological Reference Collection. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 36: 1 166. 99. West, P. W. (2004), Tree and Forest Measurement, with 17 figures and 9 tables, Spinger Publishing House, Berlin, Germany. 100. Wolters, S. (2004), Technical Report (1) Reassignment and Restructuring. Tonkin Snub nosed Monkey Conservation Project. Na Hang: WGA. 101. Zhang Yaping, Ryder, O. A. (1998), Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene sequences of Langurs: Evolutionary Inference and Conservation Relevance, pp 65 76 in: Jablonski (ed.) The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub nosed Monkeys. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. 102. Zhang Yongzu, Quan Guoqiang, Zhao Tigong, Southwick, C. H. (1992), Distribution of primates (except Macaca) in China. Acta Theriologica Sinica 12: 81 95.
81
Ting Php 103. Dao Van Tien (1960), Sur une Nouvelle Espece de Nycticebus au Vietnam, Zoologischer Anzeiger 164, 240 243. 104. Dao Van Tien (1970), Sur les formes de semnopithque noir Presbytis francoisi (Colobidae, Primates) au Vietnam et description dune forme nouvelle. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 46, 1: 53 60.
82
Ngun: Danh sch cc loi Linh trng theo Brandon Jones v cng s (2004) [21]; Cc yu t a l ng vt theo o Vn Tin (1985) [12], Phm Nht (1993 [7] v Fooden (1996) [37]
II
STT
III
Ph lc 4. Thi gian v s lng quan st Voc mi hch khu vc Khau Ca, tnh H Giang, 11/2004 05/2006
Ngy 24 11 2004 25 11 2004 04 12 2004 31 12 2004 01 01 2005 03 01 2005 10 03 2005 11 03 2005 06 04 2005 09 05 2005 10 05 2005 11 05 2005 21 05 2005 23 05 2005 23 05 2005 24 05 2005 26 05 2005 27 05 2005 20 06 2005 20 06 2005 22 06 2005 23 06 2005 26 06 2005 28 06 2005 07 08 2005 09 08 2005 13 09 2005 18 10 2005 29 10 2005 04 11 2005 15 11 2005 22 12 2005 23 12 2005 05 01 2006 16 01 2006 17 01 2006 18 01 2006 23 02 2006 28 02 2006 21 03 2006 24 03 2006 20 04 2006 AM AF Tui/Gii tnh J2 J1 IF2 13 6 IF1 1 1 5 1 KX 6 4 24 14 2 3 5 S lng Xc nh c tnh 8 15 20 30 30 40 33 35 37 40 25 30 18 25 31 35 20 30 15 20 13 20 12 20 32 40 7 10 19 30 14 25 23 30 13 30 6 10 13 13 28 30 5 10 4 10 5 10 9 15 13 20 5 10 7 20 29 35 17 20 27 30 17 25 4 25 22 25 18 20 18 25 3 10 29 35 15 30 18 18 18 18 10 20
4 4 3 1 3 3 4 1 3 2 4 2 1 2 1 1 1 8 1 1
1 10 2 2 2 4 6 3 2 4 2 3 3 4 1 4 10 2 1 1
12 5
5 7 3 7 4 8 7 7 7 5
6 4 9 4 3 3 12 6 8 2
4 4 6 2 2 5 2 3 1 4 2 3 2 1 3 3 3 2 1 2
1 3
6 7
1 1 5
6 2
1 2 3 1 3 2 12 2 3 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 5 1 9 1 3 3 2 3 2 5 8 4 4 4 1 3 6 1 2 2 1 1 6
9 12 5
15 27 15 16 12
1 3 3
11
10
IV
Ph lc 4 (tip theo)
Ngy 02 05 2006 06 05 2006 21 05 2006 22 05 2006 26 05 2006 27 05 2006 27 05 2006 27 05 2006 MAX = MIN = Trung bnh n= AM 4 1 3 1 1 1 AF 5 1 3 5 1 1 J2 8 3 4 8 J1 6 Tui/Gii tnh IF2 IF1 4 1 1 1 1 KX S lng Xc nh c tnh 28 30 5 15 11 20 16 20 11 20 8 20 6 37 3 16,2 20 40 10 23,1
1 8 6 6 27 2 9,9
8 1 2,3 50
10 1 3,1
12 2 5,8
13 1 5,1
6 1 2,5
5 1 1,8
Ghi ch:
AM c trng thnh; AF Ci trng thnh; J2 Cha trng thnh loi 2 J1 Cha trng thnh loi 1; IF2 Con non loi 2; IF1 Con non loi 1 KX cha xc nh c tui/gii tnh
0 0 0 0 0 + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 +
VI
Ph lc 5 (tip theo)
STT 8. 23 24 25 9. 26 10. 27 28 29 30 31 32 11. 33 12. 34 35 36 13. 37 14. 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Tn Vit Nam H Trm Trm chim Trm trng Trm en H Nc nc R t H Ba Ba Trai l Tai chua Trai Dc Trai H S Lng bng H Th My rc Th Th Bc b H Cm Ci ti rng H Thu du Chi mi (?) Chi mi Nhi m lng m lm Vng Me rng Tn khoa hc Burseraceae Canarium tonkinensis Canarium album Canarium nigrum Bignoniaceae Rhadermachera sp. Clusiaceae Garcinia oblongifolia Garcinia bracteata Garcinia cowa Garcinia fragraeoides Garcinia mutiflora Garcinia sp. Dilleniaceae Dillenia heterosepala Ebenaceae Diospyros sp. Diospyros choboensis Diospyros tonkinensis Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus petiolatus Euphorbiaceae Antidesma montanum Antidesma sp. Bischofia trifoliata Bridelia monoica Bridelia retusa . Endospermum chinensis Phyllanthus emblica Nhi ghi nhn LKQ PN DTH Q Q Q H L,Q CL,Q CL,Q CL,Q Q Ln,H L Q L L Ln L,Q L Q Q L,Q L,Q L,Q L,Q L Phn b ti Khau Ca Na Hang 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 0 + + 0 0 0 Thc n ca VMHH
0 Ln,H L
0 0 + + 0 0 0 + +
L L Ln
Q Q L,Q
VII
Ph lc 5 (tip theo)
STT 45 46 15. 47 16. 48 49 50 51 17. 52 53 54 18. 55 19. 56 20. 57 21. 58 22. 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Tn Vit Nam Du da Si ta H D Sa H D D Trng Khnh D Yn Th D D cau H Long no Bi li Ba V Bi li Kho H Th o T qu Sengui H Xoan Gi np H Trinh n Ct nga H Hong tinh Dong H Du tm a qu xanh a qu vng Ngi Sanh Sung tr Sung Tn khoa hc Bacaurea sapida Sapium rotundifolium Fabaceae Dalbergia tonkinensis Fagaceae Castanea mollisma Castanea boissi Lithocarpus ducampii Quercus platycalyx Lauraceae Litsea baviensis Litsea sp. Lauraceae sp. Icacinaceae Iodes seguini Meliaceae Amoora gigantea Mimosaceae Archidendron sp. Marantaceae Phrynium parvifolium Moraceae Ficus vasculosa Ficus chrysocarpa Ficus hispida Ficus retusa Ficus variegata Ficus glommerata Ficus religiosa Nhi ghi nhn LKQ PN DTH Q Hat Q Q Q Q Q Qx Qx Qx CL,Q L,Q Hat Ch L,Q L,Q L L,Q L,Q L,Q L Phn b ti Khau Ca Na Hang 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? ? ? 0 0 ? 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 0 L,Q L L,Q Ht Qx Qx Qx CL,Q Thc n ca VMHH Ht Q
VIII
Ph lc 5 (tip theo)
STT 66 67 68 69 23. 70 24 71 72 25. 73 26. 76 27. 77 28. 78 79 29. 80 30. 81 82 83 31. 84 85 86 87 Tn Vit Nam Teo nng Dng Rui Sung H Chui Chui rng H Sim Trm trng Trm v H Nhi Nhi (?) H Lan Cu dip gn H Chua me t Kh chua H Cam qut Bi hoa Hng b H Mt x Mt x Ford H B hn Sng B hn Chm chm H Hng xim Sn mt Cng sa Nhc t Sn t Trung Hoa Tn khoa hc Teonongia tonkinensis Broussonetia papyrifera Strebus asper Ficus sp. Musaceae Musa coccinea Myrtaceae Syzygium wightianum Syzygium zeylanicum Oleaceae Olea sp. Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum affine Oxalidaceae Averrhoa carrambola Rutaceae Acronychia pedunculata Clausena lancium Sabiaceae Meliosma fordii Sapindaceae Pometia pinnata Sapinus mukorossii Nephelium bassacense Sapotaceae Madhuca pasquieri Eberhardtia tonkinensis Sarcosperma laurina Sinosideroxylon wrightianum Nhi ghi nhn LKQ PN DTH L,Q L,Q Q Ln Ch,Q L L Qx L L,H,Q Q L,Q CL Q Q Q Q Q Q CL L Phn b ti Khau Ca Na Hang 0 0 + + 0 + + ? 0 + 0 + Qx 0 + 0 0 CL + 0 Q L Thc n ca VMHH L,Q Q Ln
+ + + + 0 0 + + 0 0 0 0 +
+ + 0 0
Q Q CL
IX
Ph lc 5 (tip theo)
STT 32. 88 33. 89 90 34. 91 92 35. 93 36. 94 37. 95 Tn Vit Nam H Ch Sm lng H ay Nghin C ke H Nho T th dng O liu Khau tp H Ngt Su H Gai Ch pan H Tch Cch hoa vng Tn khoa hc Theaceae Eurya ciliata Tiliaceae Excentrodendron tonkinense Grewia paniculata Vitaceae Tetrastigma oliviforme Tetrastigma sp. Ulmaceae Celtis sinensis Urticaceae Debregeasia squamata f. etuberculata Verbenaceae Premna aff. chevalieri Tng Ghi ch: LKQ L Khc Quyt, PN Phm Nht (1993), DTH ng Thanh Hi (2006) CL Cung l, L L, Ln L non, H Hoa, Ht Ht, Q Qu/Qu chn, Qx Qu xanh, LC Li cnh. + c phn b, 0 khng c phn b Nhi ghi nhn LKQ PN DTH L H,Qx Q Q Phn b ti Khau Ca Na Hang 0 + 0 + + Q Ln L 14 + + 0 0 + 0 0 Thc n ca VMHH L H,Qx
Qx Qx
Qx Qx
0 0 0 Ln L 54
32
52
XI
XII
Ph lc 7 (tip theo)
STT 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. H Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpaceae Ericaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Fagaceae Fagaceae Fagaceae Fagaceae Flacourtiaceae Icacinaceae Illiciaceae Illiciaceae Illiciaceae Illiciaceae Iteaceae Juglandaceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Magnoliaceae Loi Diospyros sp1. Diospyros sp2. Diospyros sp3. Diospyros sp4. Elaeocarpus sp1. Elaeocarpus sp2. Sloanea sinensis Rhododendron sp. Antidesma sp. Aporosa sp. Bridelia balansae Euphorbiaceae sp. Mallotus barbatus Sapium sebiferum Vernicia fordii Vernicia montana Vernicia sp. Castanopsis sp1. Castanopsis sp2. Lithocarpus sp. Quersus sp. Hydnocarpus sp. Gomphandra tetrandra Illicium griffithi Illicium micranthum Illicium sp1. Illicium sp2. Itea sp. Platycarya strobilifera Bielschemedia sp. Cinnamomum lourerii Cinnamomum sp. Lindera sp1. Lindera sp2. Lindera sp3. Litsea brevipes Litsea sp1. Litsea sp2. Machilus sp1. Machilus sp2. Neocinamum sp. Phoebe kunstleri Phoebe sp. Magnolia sp. S cy 28 26 12 3 8 1 1 2 11 1 2 2 2 7 15 3 1 9 27 13 1 3 13 1 1 11 3 1 10 2 1 2 6 14 5 32 1 18 1 7 1 1 9 1 % Tng s 2,54 2,36 1,09 0,27 0,73 0,09 0,09 0,18 1,00 0,09 0,18 0,18 0,18 0,63 1,36 0,27 0,09 0,82 2,45 1,18 0,09 0,27 1,18 0,09 0,09 1,00 0,27 0,09 0,91 0,18 0,09 0,18 0,54 1,27 0,45 2,90 0,09 1,63 0,09 0,63 0,09 0,09 0,82 0,09 DBH 891,8 886,4 373,6 125,6 164,3 12,7 12,9 161,4 194,1 33,7 88,3 59,3 29,7 244,8 218,7 39,2 13,0 195,4 750,0 494,4 10,9 94,0 211,3 9,8 14,7 158,7 109,9 24,2 258,7 25,0 9,5 183,7 153,2 368,1 111,2 1.055,5 48,0 546,4 60,3 356,1 23,7 113,3 325,8 18,5 Tit din (cm2) 32.595,30 34.211,40 11.228,60 5.393,40 3.881,70 126,61 130,63 17.335,60 3.095,99 891,52 4.672,99 1.745,30 383,20 7.220,00 2.692,70 429,60 132,67 4.480,59 29.452,35 20.589,30 93,27 3.626,00 3.007,40 75,39 169,63 2.196,80 4.018,50 459,73 6.158,40 245,71 70,85 14.086,58 4.003,10 9.953,50 2.421,60 36.164,30 1.808,64 20.954,30 2.854,30 18.238,10 440,93 10.076,96 11.665,80 268,67 % Tng tit din 2,84 2,98 0,98 0,47 0,34 0,01 0,01 1,51 0,27 0,08 0,41 0,15 0,03 0,63 0,23 0,04 0,01 0,39 2,57 1,80 0,01 0,32 0,26 0,01 0,01 0,19 0,35 0,04 0,54 0,02 0,01 1,23 0,35 0,87 0,21 3,15 0,16 1,83 0,25 1,59 0,04 0,88 1,02 0,02
XIII
Ph lc 7 (tip theo)
STT 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. H Magnoliaceae Magnoliaceae Magnoliaceae Melastomataceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Mimosaceae Moraceae Myrsinaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Oleaceae Opiliaceae Pinaceae Podocarpaceae Podocarpaceae Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Loi Mangifera sp1. Michelia foveolata Michelia sp. Meliosma sp. Aglaia sp. Aphanamixis sp. Dysoxylum sp. Meliaceae sp. Archidendron sp. Ficus sp. Rapanea sp. Cleistocalyx sp. Decaspermum sp. Syzygium jambos Syzygium jeylanica Syzygium sp1. Syzygium sp2. Olea sp. Meliantha suavis Tsuga chinensis Nageia wallichiana Podocarpus nerrifolius Rhamnus sp. Zyziphus sp. Aidia cochinchinensis Aidia oxydonta Aidia sp. Cathium umbellata Meyna sp. Mycetia sp. Nauclea sp. Pavette sp. Rubiaceae sp. Clausena indica Clausena sp. Euodia sp. Glycosmis sp. Skimma sp. Dimocarpus sp. Nephelium sp. Paranephelium sp. Pometia pinnata Pometia sp. Sapindus sp. S cy 2 1 6 9 19 12 15 1 3 4 2 3 8 1 5 6 2 81 2 3 3 2 1 24 3 5 1 1 4 7 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 10 3 3 12 1 29 % Tng s 0,18 0,09 0,54 0,82 1,72 1,09 1,36 0,09 0,27 0,36 0,18 0,27 0,73 0,09 0,45 0,54 0,18 7,34 0,18 0,27 0,27 0,18 0,09 2,18 0,27 0,45 0,09 0,09 0,36 0,63 0,18 0,09 0,18 0,09 0,18 0,09 0,27 0,09 0,91 0,27 0,27 1,09 0,09 2,63 DBH 57,4 14,3 98,8 179,2 620,4 410,8 446,7 15,1 91,5 173,9 46,6 97,3 185,9 10,5 60,9 98,0 76,7 1,601,0 27,6 68,7 94,2 46,9 17,9 590,0 42,8 68,0 31,5 28,4 92,4 133,6 38,9 14,3 28,8 12,3 38,1 21,6 61,9 11,4 241,2 111,9 68,5 551,1 54,5 951,3 Tit din (cm2) 1.779,50 160,52 1.651,40 3.220,60 25.681,93 15.640,95 12.878,30 178,99 2.642,95 7.341,50 854,60 2.866,36 4.046,30 86,55 621,10 1.415,30 3.509,30 29.403,40 308,80 1.413,20 2.362,40 1.058,50 251,52 14.910,70 526,95 735,51 778,92 633,15 1.901,50 2.079,10 640,60 160,52 334,60 118,76 695,52 366,25 1.059,30 102,02 5.383,50 3.520,80 1.283,40 28.594,30 2.331,65 32.850,40 % Tng tit din 0,16 0,01 0,14 0,28 2,24 1,36 1,12 0,02 0,23 0,64 0,07 0,25 0,35 0,01 0,05 0,12 0,31 2,56 0,03 0,12 0,21 0,09 0,02 1,30 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,06 0,17 0,18 0,06 0,01 0,03 0,01 0,06 0,03 0,09 0,01 0,47 0,31 0,11 2,49 0,20 2,86
XIV
Ph lc 7 (tip theo)
STT 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. H Loi S cy 1 10 1 1 3 4 9 6 2 1 6 49 16 3 8 2 5 7 1.103 Sapotaceae Madhuca sp. Sapotaceae Sinosideroxylon wightianum Sterculiaceae Sterculia lanceolata Sterculiaceae Sterculia nobilis Sterculiaceae Sterculia sp. Styracaceae Styra tonkinensis Styracaceae Styrax sp1. Styracaceae Styrax sp2. Styracaceae Styrax sp3. Styracaceae Styrax sp4. Taxaceae Taxus chinensis Tiliaceae Excentrodendron tonkinense Ulmaceae Celtis sp. Urticaceae Dendrocinde sp. Urticaceae Dendrocinde urentissima Urticaceae Pouzolzia sp. Urticaceae Villebrunea sp. Verbenaceae Premna sp. TNG S % Tng s 0,09 0,91 0,09 0,09 0,27 0,36 0,82 0,54 0,18 0,09 0,54 4,44 1,45 0,27 0,73 0,18 0,45 0,63 100,00 DBH 43,7 169,8 34,1 34,6 55,9 53,0 163,4 123,1 27,9 10,9 229,5 3.463,7 411,7 53,1 198,3 21,0 57,2 172,6 Tit din (cm2) 1.499,11 2.550,10 912,81 939,77 915,70 565,20 2.434,70 2.298,00 322,10 93,27 9.156,10 302.408,60 10.350,94 742,30 4.691,50 173,30 519,10 4.373,90 % Tng tit din 0,13 0,22 0,08 0,08 0,08 0,05 0,21 0,20 0,03 0,01 0,80 26,37 0,90 0,06 0,41 0,02 0,05 0,38 100,00
XV
XVI
Tc nghip ti thc a
T tri sang phi: V Anh Ti, Hnh, Nguyn Anh c, Tip, Truyn v Thng, 05/2005
XVII
Trn ng v
Kh mt (Macaca arctoides)
Kh mc (Macaca assamensis)
XVIII
i (Tupaia glis)
ma tt m (Eumeces tamdaoensis)
Oligodon sp.
ch cy sn (Theloderma vietnamensis)
XIX