Review 7

Gongjun Yan
 Homework
• Homework: uniqueness quantifier
• ! P(x) = “there exists a unique x such that P(x) is
true”
• P59 10.h
• x !y f(x,y)
• Page 37
• P59 12.L
• x y (x!=y^ c(x,y) ^c(y,x))
• P49 46
• P73 10.c
P73 10.e
 Variants of Quantified
Conditional Statements
• Statement: x  D, P(x)  Q(x)

• Contrapositive: x  D, ~Q(x)  ~P(x)

• Converse: x  D, Q(x)  P(x)
• Inverse: x  D, ~P(x)  ~Q(x)

• Same logical variants apply to existentially quantified

conditional statements

18 September 2008 Introduction & Propositional Logic 4

 Rules of Inference for
Quantified Statements
Universal Modus Universal Modus Tollens
Ponens x  D, P(x) Q(x)
x  D, P(x) Q(x) ~Q(a)
P(a) aD
aD  ~P(a)
 Q(a)
Universal Existential Generalization
Instantiation P(c)
x  D, P(x) cD
aD  x  D, P(x)
 P(a)
18 September 2008 Predicate Calculus 5
 Errors in Decution
• Existential Modus Ponens - Doesn't exist
• Existential Modus Tollens - Doesn't exist
Inverse Error
xD, P(x)  Q(x)
~P(a)
 ~Q(a)
• Converse Error:
xD, P(x)  Q(x)
Q(a)
P(a)
 Concept
• Variants of Quantified
Conditional Statements
• Rules of Inference for
Quantified Statements