Introduction to Seismic

Migration
- One way traveltime
= / V 1 m s
Homogeneous dipping planar
reflector
- One way traveltime
= / V 1 m s
Homogeneous dipping planar
reflector
- One way traveltime
= / V 1 m s
Homogeneous dipping planar
reflector
Homogeneous dipping planar
reflector
- One way traveltime
= / V 1 m s
= Stacked position reflection position
= Migrated position true their subsurface location
Dipping reflections
More complex structure
Definition

Process which moves dipping

reflections to their true subsurface
position and collapes diffractions

Process which reconstructs seismic

image from stack section so that
reflections and difractions are plotted
at their true location

Stacked section
Migrated section
Migration
Operation
Velocit
y
Objectives
Moves dipping reflections to their
true dip (up dip) and subsurface
location
Collapes diffraction
Un-tie bow-tie

Seismic
Velocity
Seismic Velocity
Instantaneous
Represents actual velocity
Similar to the well log velocity

Interval
Instantaneous velocity over a defined interval

Root mean square (RMS)

Used during NMO and diffraction modeling

Average
Total distance with a total traveltime
dt
dz
V
ins

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

2
1
2
1
2
2 , 1
2 , 1
2
2 , 1
2 , 1
1
1
T
T
ins ins
T
T
ins ins
dt t V
T
T V
dt t V
T
T V
( ) ( )

T t
t
ins rms
dt t V
T
t V
0
2 2
1

T t
t
ins ave
dt t V
T
T V
0
) (
1
) (
RMS and Average Velocity

n
i
i
n
i
i
n rms
t
t V
V
1
1
2
int
2
,

n
i
i
n
i
i
n ave
t
t V
V
1
1
int
,
R M S velocity Average velocity
How to derive velocity

Pre-stack seismic gather

stacking velocity
Velocity
analysis
RMS
velocity
) cos(dip V V
stack rms

Interval
velocity
Dix
equation
Dix Equation
(Dix,1955)

Assumption
Horizontal planar reflectors
Small offset
2 / 1
1
1
2 2
int
) 1 ( ) (
) (

,
`

.
|

n n
n rms n rms
t t
t n V t n V
n V
Vint
( - ) Vrms n 1
( ) Vrms n
TWT
- tn 1
tn
CDP
Exercise-1
Compute RMS and average velocities at reflector
, ! B C and D
= Z 1000 m
= Z 2000 m
B
= / Vab 2000 m s
= / Vcd 6000 m s
= / Vbc 4000 m s
C
D
A
= Z 3000 m
Solution-1
Depth Vint DTi V_ave V_rms
1000 2000 . 0 5 . 2000 0 . 2000 0
2000 4000 . 0 25 . 2666 7 . 2828 4
3000 6000 . 0 167 . 3272 7 . 3618 1
V_ave
V_rms
V_int
[ / ] Velocity m s

[
]
T
W
T
s
Exercise-2
Semicircle superposition
Impulse response migration
Diffraction summation

Kirchhoff Migration
Huygenss secondary source
Huygens traveltime curve
Kirchhoff Summation

]
]
]
]

x
in
RMS
out
P t
r V
x
P * ) (
cos
2

O bliquity

Sphericalspreading
W avelet shaping factor
) / , 0 , ( v r t z x P
in

) 0 , 2 / , (
0
t v z x P
out

( )
2
2
0
z x x r +
Kirchhoff time and depth
Kirchhoff migration
parameters
Velocity
Aperture
Maximum dip
Migration velocities
Overmigrated Undermigrated
ZO
Desired migration
/ 2500 m s
% 5
% 10
% 20
Test for velocity
Test for velocity
Migration velocities
Tests for maximum dip to
migrate
. a Z O section
. b D esired m igration
. c / 4 m s trace
. d / 24 m s trace
Tests for maximum dip
Undermigration
Migration strategy (Yilmaz)

2D versus 3D migration

Post- versus post- migration

Time versus depth migration

Case Migration Case Migration
dipping event time migration strong lateral
velocity
variations
associated with
complex
overburden
structure
depth
migration
conflicting
dips with
different
stacking
velocities
prestack
migration
3D behavior of
fault planes
and salt
flanks
3D migration complex
nonhyperbolic
moveout
prestack
migration
3D structure 3D migration
ZO versus stack /CMP
stack section
. 1 Complex
structure
nonhyperbolic
moveout
. 2 Conflicting
dips
- Pre stack migration
Migration algorithm
Integral solution to the scalar wave
equation
Finite-difference solution
Frequency-wavenumber
implementation: Stolt, phase-
shift/Gazdag
. 1 Handle steep dips with sufficient
accuracy
. 2 Handle lateral and vertical velocity
variations
. 3 , Be implemented efficiently
Kirchhoff depth migration