HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

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SCH HNG DN HC TP

MNG MY TNH
Bin son : Ts. PHM TH QU

Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2006

M U
Ti liu ny phc v cho sinh vin h o i hc t xa hc tp v nghin cu v Mng my tnh. Ti liu gm cc ni dung chnh sau: Chng I: Gii thiu tng quan v mng my tnh. Khi nim c bn v kin trc v cc giao thc mng, cc loi mng my tnh v mc tiu ng dng ca n. Chng II: Nghin cu cc nguyn tc c bn thit k mt m hnh giao thc mng my tnh theo quan im chia cc tin trnh truyn thng thnh cu trc nhiu tng, c xp chng ln nhau thc hin mt tin trnh truyn thng hon chnh. Gii thiu m hnh OSI, c xem nh l mt m hnh chun, mt chin lc pht trin cc h thng m v mt khung khi nim v giao thc v dch v. Chng III: Gii thiu mt s b giao thc mng mang tnh c trng v c p dng ph bin. c bit trong chng ny tm hiu su hn b giao thc TCP/IP tr thnh chun chung cho mng my tnh ton cu, mng Internet. Chng IV: Chng ny gii thiu cc cng ngh mng cc b. Kin trc mng cc b Ethrnet, Virtual LAN, Local ATM , LAN ARCnet.. Chng V: Gii thiu v cng ngh v k thut mng din rng WAN. C th xem xt cng ngh cc mng tch hp s a dch v ISDN v bng rng B-ISDN, Frame Relay v X25, dch v SDMS v phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM. Chng VI: Gii thiu mt s cng ngh mi nh cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL, cc mng chuyn mch gi chuyn ti ting ni trn nn IP, ATM v Frame Raly. Cc cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc IP/MPLS, chuyn mch mm Softswitch s dng trong mng hi t v mng th h sau NGN. Chng VII: cp n mt s vn bo v thng tin trn mng. Chng ny gii thiu cch tip cn cc h mt m, cc giao thc bo mt, mng ring o VPN v cc gii php an ton mng, xc thc in t, cc gii php ch k in t, xc minh ch k v t chi ch k gi mo.. Ti liu khng ch cp n nhng vn c s l lun m cn trnh by mt s k nng, kinh nghim cn thit thit k v ci t cc mng my tnh. Hy vng s c ch cho cc bn hc sinh sinh vin v nhng ngi mun xy dng cc h thng tin hc ng dng phc v cho sn xut, qun l trong cc doanh nghip. C th cn nhiu thiu st trong trnh by v bin son do kh nng, trnh , nhng ngi bin son mnh dn gii thiu ti liu ny v mong nhn c s gp ca bn c.

TS Phm Th Qu

Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh

CHNG I: KHI NIM V MNG MY TNH

Ni dung ca chng s trnh by cc khi nim c bn ca mng my tnh, nh ngha mng my tnh, mc tiu v ng dng ca mng, cu trc v cc thnh phn c bn ca mt mng my tnh. Cc thc th trn mng c th tham gia truyn thng vi nhau cn tun theo tp cc phn mm iu khin hot ng ca mng, c gi l chun, hay cn gi l tp cc giao thc mng (Protocols). Ni dung ca chng bao gm cc phn sau: nh ngha mng my tnh Mc tiu mng my tnh. Cc dch v mng. Cu trc mng (Topology) Khi nim giao thc mng my tnh (Protocols) Mng LAN, MAN, WAN. Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit switched Networks) Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks). Cc m hnh x l d liu

1.1. nh ngha mng my tnh

Mng my tnh l tp hp cc my tnh n l c kt ni vi nhau bng cc phng tin truyn vt l (Transmission Medium) v theo mt kin trc mng xc nh (Network Architecture). Mng vin thng cng l mng my tnh. Cc node chuyn mch l h thng my tnh c kt ni vi nhau bng cc ng truyn dn v hot ng truyn thng tun theo cc chun m hnh tham chiu OSI. Hnh 1.2 m t khi qut cc thnh phn ca nh ngha.

Cc node mng Terminal

Printer Hnh 1.1 Mng my tnh

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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh Kin trc mng gm cu trc mng (Topology) v giao thc mng (Protocols). Topology l cu trc hnh hc ca cc thc th mng v giao thc mng l tp cc quy tc chun cc thc th hot ng truyn thng phi tun theo.

1.2. Mc tiu mng my tnh

1.2.1. Mc tiu kt ni mng my tnh - Cng chia s cc ti nguyn chung, bt k ngi s dng no cng c quyn khai thc, s dng ti nguyn ca mng m khng ph thuc vo v tr a l ca n. - Nng cao tin cy ca h thng nh kh nng thay th khi mt s thnh phn ca mng xy ra s c k thut th vn duy tr s hot ng bnh thng ca h thng. - To mi trng giao tip gia ngi vi ngi. Chinh phc c khong cch, con ngi c th trao i, tho lun vi nhau cch xa nhau hng nghn km. 1.2.2. Li ch kt ni mng - C th gim s lng my in, a cng v cc thit b khc. Kinh t trong vic u t xy dng cho mt h thng tin hc ca mt c quan, x nghip, doanh nghip... - Dng chung ti nguyn t tin nh my in, phn mm...Trnh d tha d liu, ti nguyn mng. C kh nng t chc v trin khai cc n ln thun li v d dng. - Bo m cc tiu chun thng nht v tnh bo mt, an ton d liu khi nhiu ngi s dng ti cc thit b u cui khc nhau cng lm vic trn cc h c s d liu. Tm li, mc tiu kt ni cc my tnh thnh mng l cung cp cc dch v mng a dng, chia s ti nguyn chung v gim bt cc chi ph v u t trang thit b.

1.3. Cc dch v mng

1.3.1. Cc xu hng pht trin dch v mng my tnh - Cung cp cc dch v truy nhp vo cc ngun thng tin xa khai thc v x l thng tin. Cung cp cc dch v mua bn, giao dch qua mng... - Pht trin cc dch v tng tc gia ngi vi ngi trn phm vi din rng. p ng nhu cu trao i thng tin a dch v, a phng tin. To cc kh nng lm vic theo nhm bng cc dch v th in t, video hi ngh, cha bnh t xa ... - Xu hng pht trin cc dch v gii tr trc tuyn (Online) hin i. Cc hnh thc dch v truyn hnh, nghe nhc, chi game trc tuyn qua mng...... 1.3.2. Cc dch v ph bin trn mng my tnh - Dch v tp (File services) cho php chia s ti nguyn thng tin chung, chuyn giao cc tp d liu t my ny sang my khc. Tm kim thng tin v iu khin truy nhp. Dch v th in t E_Mail (Electronic mail) cung cp cho ngi s dng phng tin trao i, tranh lun bng th in t. Dch v th in t gi thnh h, chuyn pht nhanh, an ton v ni dung c th tch hp cc loi d liu.
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh - Dch v in n: C th dng chung cc my in t tin trn mng. Cung cp kh nng a truy nhp n my in, phc v ng thi cho nhiu nhu cu in khc nhau. Cung cp cc dch v FAX v qun l c cc trang thit b in chuyn dng. - Cc dch v ng dng hng i tng: S dng cc dch v thng ip (Message) lm trung gian tc ng n cc i tng truyn thng. i tng ch bn giao d liu cho tc nhn (Agent) v tc nhn s bn giao d liu cho i tng ch. - Cc dch v ng dng qun tr lung cng vic trong nhm lm vic: nh tuyn cc ti liu in t gia nhng ngi trong nhm. Khi ch k in t c xc nhn trong cc phin giao dch th c th thay th c nhiu tin trnh mi hiu qu v nhanh chng hn. - Dch v c s d liu l dch v ph bin v cc dch v ng dng, l cc ng dng theo m hnh Client/Server. Dch v x l phn tn lu tr d liu phn tn trn mng, ngi dng trong sut v d s dng, p ng cc nhu cu truy nhp ca ngi s dng.

1.4. Cu trc mng (Topology)

Topology l cu trc hnh hc khng gian ca mng thc cht l cch b tr v tr vt l cc node v cch thc kt ni chng li vi nhau. C hai kiu cu trc mng: kiu im - im (Point to Point) v kiu qung b (Multi Point). 1.4.1. Kiu im - im (Point to Point) ng truyn ni tng cp node li vi nhau theo mt hnh hc xc nh. Mt knh truyn vt l s c thit lp gia 2 node c nhu cu trao i thng tin. Chc nng cc node trung gian: tip nhn, lu tr tm thi v gi tip thng tin sang node tip theo khi ng truyn ri. Cu trc im- im gi l mng lu v gi tip (Store - and - Forward). u im l t kh nng ng thng tin (Collision). Nhc im ca n l hiu sut s dng ng truyn thp. Chim dng nhiu ti nguyn, tr ln, tiu tn nhiu thi gian thit lp ng truyn v x l ti cc node. V vy tc trao i thng tin thp.

Mng hnh sao (Star)

Mng chu trnh (Loop)

Mng y (Complete)

Hnh 1.2 Cc mng c cu trc im - im

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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh 1.4.2. Kiu a im hay qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcasting) Tt c cc node cng truy nhp chung trn mt ng truyn vt l. Mt thng ip c truyn i t mt node no s c tt c cc node cn li tip nhn v kim tra a ch ch trong thng ip c phi ca n hay khng. Cn thit phi c c ch gii quyt vn ng thng tin (Collision) hay tc nghn thng tin trn ng truyn trong cc mng hnh BUS v hnh RING. Cc mng c cu trc qung b c phn chia thnh hai loi: qung b tnh v qung b ng ph thuc vo vic cp pht ng truyn cho cc node. Trong qung b ng c qung b ng tp trung v qung b ng phn tn. Qung b tnh: Chia thi gian thnh nhiu khong ri rc v dng c ch quay vng (Round Robin) cp pht ng truyn. Cc node c quyn c truy nhp khi n ca thi gian ca n. Qung b ng tp trung: Mt thit b trung gian c chc nng tip nhn yu cu lin lc v cp pht ng truyn cho cc node. Kiu cp pht ny gim c ti a thi gian cht ca ng truyn, hiu sut knh truyn cao, nhng thit k phc tp v kh khn. Qung b ng phn tn: Khng c b trung gian, cc node t quyt nh c nn hay khng nn truy nhp ng truyn, ph thuc vo trng thi ca mng.

Mng hnh BUS

Mng hnh vng RING Hnh 1.3 Cc mng c cu trc qung b

V tinh

1.5. Khi nim giao thc mng my tnh (Protocols)

1.5.1. Khi nim v giao thc Cc thc th ca mng mun trao i thng tin vi nhau phi bt tay, m phn v mt s th tc, quy tc... Cng phi ni chung mt ngn ng. Tp quy tc hi thoi c gi l giao thc mng (Protocols). Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt giao thc bao gm: - C php: nh dng d liu, phng thc m ho v cc mc tn hiu. - Ng ngha: thng tin iu khin, iu khin lu lng v x l li.. Trao i thng tin gia hai thc th c th l trc tip hoc gin tip. Trong hai h thng kt ni im - im, cc thc th c th trao i thng tin trc tip khng c s can thip ca cc thc th trung gian. Trong cu trc qung b, hai thc th trao i d liu vi nhau phi thng qua cc
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh thc th trung gian. Phc tp hn khi cc thc th khng chia s trn cng mt mng chuyn mch, kt ni gin tip phi qua nhiu mng con. 1.5.2. Chc nng giao thc ng gi: Trong qu trnh trao i thng tin, cc gi d liu c thm vo mt s thng tin iu khin, bao gm a ch ngun v a ch ch, m pht hin li, iu khin giao thc... Vic thm thng tin iu khin vo cc gi d liu c gi l qu trnh ng gi (Encapsulation). Bn thu s c thc hin ngc li, thng tin iu khin s c g b khi gi tin c chuyn t tng di ln tng trn. Phn on v hp li: Mng truyn thng ch chp nhn kch thc cc gi d liu c nh. Cc giao thc cc tng thp cn phi ct d liu thnh nhng gi c kch thc quy nh. Qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh phn on. Ngc vi qu trnh phn on bn pht l qu trnh hp li bn thu. D liu phn on cn phi c hp li thnh thng ip thch hp tng ng dng (Application). V vy vn m bo th t cc gi n ch l rt quan trng. Gi d liu trao i gia hai thc th qua giao thc gi l n v giao thc d liu PDU (Protocol Data Unit). iu khin lin kt: Trao i thng tin gia cc thc th c th thc hin theo hai phng thc: hng lin kt (Connection - Oriented) v khng lin kt (Connectionless). Truyn khng lin kt khng yu cu c tin cy cao, khng yu cu cht lng dch v v khng yu cu xc nhn. Ngc li, truyn theo phng thc hng lin kt, yu cu c tin cy cao, m bo cht lng dch v v c xc nhn. Trc khi hai thc th trao i thng tin vi nhau, gia chng mt kt ni c thit lp v sau khi trao i xong, kt ni ny s c gii phng. Gim st: Cc gi tin PDU c th lu chuyn c lp theo cc con ng khc nhau, khi n ch c th khng theo th t nh khi pht. Trong phng thc hng lin kt, cc gi tin phi c yu cu gim st. Mi mt PDU c mt m tp hp duy nht v c ng k theo tun t. Cc thc th nhn s khi phc th t cc gi tin nh th t bn pht. iu khin lu lng lin quan n kh nng tip nhn cc gi tin ca thc th bn thu v s lng hoc tc ca d liu c truyn bi thc th bn pht sao cho bn thu khng b trn ngp, m bo tc cao nht. Mt dng n gin ca ca iu khin lu lng l th tc dng v i (Stop-and Wait), trong mi PDU pht cn phi c xc nhn trc khi truyn gi tin tip theo. C tin cy cao khi truyn mt s lng nht nh d liu m khng cn xc nhn. K thut ca s trt l th d c ch ny. iu khin lu lng l mt chc nng quan trng cn phi c thc hin trong mt s giao thc. iu khin li l k thut cn thit nhm bo v d liu khng b mt hoc b hng trong qu trnh trao i thng tin. Pht hin v sa li bao gm vic pht hin li trn c s kim tra khung v truyn li cc PDU khi c li. Nu mt thc th nhn xc nhn PDU li, thng thng gi tin s phi c pht li. ng b ho: Cc thc th giao thc c cc tham s v cc bin trng thi v nh ngha trng thi, l cc tham s v kch thc ca s, tham s lin kt v gi tr thi gian. Hai thc th truyn thng trong giao thc cn phi ng thi trong cng mt trng thi xc nh. V d cng trng thi khi to, im kim tra v hu b, c gi l ng b ho. ng b ho s kh khn nu mt thc th ch xc nh c trng thi ca thc th khc khi nhn cc gi tin. Cc gi
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh tin khng n ngay m phi mt mt khong thi gian lu chuyn t ngun n ch v cc gi tin PDU cng c th b tht lc trong qu trnh truyn. a ch ho: Hai thc th c th truyn thng c vi nhau, cn phi nhn dng c nhau. Trong mng qung b, cc thc th phi nhn dng nh danh ca n trong gi tin. Trong cc mng chuyn mch, mng cn nhn bit thc th ch nh tuyn d liu trc khi thit lp kt ni.

1.6. Cp mng - phng tin truyn (Network Medium)

Phng tin truyn vt l l vt truyn ti cc tn hiu in t gia cc thnh phn mng vi nhau, bao gm cc loi cp v cc phng tin v tuyn. 1.6.1. c trng c bn ca ng truyn Bng thng (Bandwidth): Bng thng ca mt ng truyn l min tn s gii hn thp v tn s gii hn cao, tc l min tn s m ng truyn c th p ng c. V d bng thng ca cp thoi t 400 n 4000 Hz, c ngha l n c th truyn cc tn hiu vi tn s t 400 n 4000 chu k/giy. Bng thng ca cp ph thuc vo chiu di ca cp. Cp ngn bng thng cao v ngc li. V vy khi thit k lp t cp, chiu di cp sao cho khng vt qua gii hn cho php, v c th xy ra li trong qu trnh truyn. Thng lng (Throughput) Thng lng ca ng truyn l s lng cc bit (chui bit) c truyn i trong mt giy. Hay ni cch khc l tc ca ng truyn dn. K hiu l bit/s hoc bps. Tc ca ng truyn ph thuc vo bng thng v di ca n. Mt mng LAN Ethernet tc truyn 10 Mbps v c bng thng l 10 Mbps. Suy hao (Attenuation): L o s suy yu ca cc tn hiu trn ng truyn. Suy hao ph thuc vo di ca cp, cp cng di th suy hao cng cao. Khi thit k cp cng rt cn quan tm n gii hn chiu di cho php ca tng loi cp. 1.6.2. Cc loi cp mng Cp ng trc (Coaxial cable): L phng tin truyn cc tn hiu c ph rng v tc cao. Bng thng ca cp ng trc t 2,5 Mbps (ARCnet) n 10 Mbps (Ethernet). Thng s dng lp t mng hnh BUS (cc loi mng LAN cc b Thick Ethernet, Thin Ethernet) v mng hnh sao (mng ARCnet). Cp ng trc gm: mt dy dn trung tm, mt dy dn ngoi, to nn ng ng bao quanh trc, tng cch in gia 2 dy dn v cp v bc ngoi. Cc loi cp ng trc . - Cp RC-8 v RCA-11, 50 Ohm dng cho mng Thick Ethernet. - Cp RC-58 , 50 Ohm dng cho mng Thin Ethernet. - Cp RG-59 , 75 Ohm dng cho truyn hnh cp. - Cp RC-62, 93 Ohm dng cho mng ARCnet. Cp xon i (Twisted Pair cable): Cp xon i c s dng trong cc mng LAN cc b. Gi thnh r, d ci t, c v bc trnh nhit , m v c loi c kh nng chng nhiu
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh STP (Shield Twisted Pair). Cp c bn c 2 dy ng xon vo nhau, gim nhy ca cp vi EMI, gim bc x m nhiu tn s radio gy nhiu. Cc loi cp xon: - Cp c mng chn (STP): Loi cp STP thng c tc truyn vo khong 16 Mbps trong loi mng Token Ring. Vi chiu di 100 m tc t 155 Mbps (l thuyt l 500 Mbps). Suy hao cho php khong 100 m, c tnh EMI cao. Gi thnh cao hn cp Thin Ethernet, cp xon trn, nhng li r hn gi thnh loi cp Thick Ethernet hay cp si quang. Ci t i hi tay ngh v k nng cao. - Loi cp khng c v bc UTP (Unshield Twisted Pair): Cp trn khng c kh nng chng nhiu, tc truyn khong 100 Mbps. c tnh suy hao nh cp ng, gii hn di ti a 100m. Do thiu mng chn nn rt nhy cm vi EMI, khng ph hp vi mi trng cc nh my. c dng ph bin cho cc loi mng, gi thnh h, d lp t. Cp si quang (Fiber Optic Cable) rt l tng cho vic truyn d liu, bng thng c th t 2 Gbps, trnh nhiu tt, tc truyn 100 Mbps trn on cp di vi km. Cp si quang gm mt hoc nhiu si quang trung tm c bao bc bi mt lp v nha phn x cc tn hiu tr li, v vy hn ch s suy hao, mt mt tn hiu. Cp si quang ch truyn cc tn hiu quang. Cc tn hiu d liu c bin i thnh cc tn hiu quang trn ng truyn v khi nhn, cc tn hiu quang chuyn thnh cc tn hiu d liu. Cp si quang hot ng mt trong hai ch : ch n (Single Mode) v a ch (Multi Mode). Ci t cp si quang i hi phi c k nng cao, quy trnh kh v phc tp. 1.6.3. Cc phng tin v tuyn Radio: Quang ph ca in t nm trong khong 10 KHz n 1GHz. C nhiu gii tn: Sng ngn (Short Wave), VHF (VeryHightFrequency)-Tivi&Radio FM v UHF (Ultra Hight Frequency)-Tivi c tnh truyn: tn s n, cng sut thp khng h tr tc d liu cc mng cc b LAN yu cu. Tn s n, cng sut cao d ci t, bng thng cao t 1 - 10 Mbps, suy hao chm. Kh nng nhiu t thp, bo mt km. Gi thnh cao trung bnh. Radio quang ph tri (Spread spectrum) tin cy cao, bo mt d liu. Bng thng cao, tc truyn c th t theo yu cu ca cc mng cc b. Viba: Truyn thng viba c hai dng: Viba mt t v v tinh. Viba mt t s dng cc trm thu v pht. K thut truyn thng v tinh s dng cc trm thu mt t (cc a v tinh) v cc v tinh. Tn hiu n v tinh v t v tinh n trm thu mt lt i hoc v 23.000 dm. Thi gian truyn mt tn hiu c lp vi khong cch. Thi gian truyn tn hiu t v tinh n cc trm nm vng trn 1/3 chu vi qu t l nh nhau, gi l tr lan truyn (Propagation Delay). Thng thng l 0,5-5 giy. Tia hng ngoi (Infrared system): C 2 phng thc kt ni mng Point - to - Point v Multi Point. Point - to Point tip sng cc tn hiu hng ngoi t thit b ny sang thit b khc.Gii tn t 100 GHz n 1000 THz, tc truyn khong 100 Kbps-16 Mbps. Multi Point truyn ng thi cc tn hiu hng ngoi n cc thit b. Gii tn s t 100 GHz n 1000 THz, nhng tc truyn ch t ti a 1 Mbps.
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh

1.7. Phn loi mng

1.7.1. Theo khong cch a. Mng cc b LAN (Local Area Networks): Mng cc b LAN: kt ni cc my tnh n l thnh mng ni b, to kh nng trao i thng tin v chia s ti nguyn trong c quan, x nhip... C hai loi mng LAN khc nhau: LAN ni dy (s dng cc loi cp) v LAN khng dy (s dng sng cao tn hay tia hng ngoi). c trng c bn ca mng cc b: Quy m ca mng nh, phm vi hot ng vo khong vi km. Cc my trong mt ta nh, mt c quan hay x nghip.. ni li vi nhau. Qun tr v bo dng mng n gin. Cng ngh truyn dn s dng trong mng LAN thng l qung b (Broadcast), bao gm mt cp n ni tt c cc my. Tc truyn d liu cao, t 10100 Mbps n hng trm Gbps, thi gian tr nh (c 10s), tin cy cao, t s li bit t 10-8 n 10-11. Cu trc tp ca mng a dng. V d Mng hnh BUS, hnh vng (Ring), hnh sao (Star) v cc loi mng kt hp, lai ghp.....

Terminator

T-connector

Bus Terminator

Hnh 1.4 Cu trc mng hnh BUS - Mng hnh BUS hot ng theo kiu qung b (Broadcast). Tt c cc node truy nhp chung trn mt ng truyn vt l c u v cui (BUS). Chun IEEE 802.3 c gi l Ethernet, l mt mng hnh BUS qung b vi c ch iu khin qung b ng phn tn, trao i thng tin vi tc 10 Mbps hoc 100 Mbps. Phng thc truy nhp ng truyn c s dng trong mng hnh BUS hoc TOKEN BUS, hoc a truy nhp s dng sng mang vi vic pht hin xung t thng tin trn ng truyn CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection). - Mng hnh vng (RING) l mng qung b (Broadcast), tt c cc node cng truy nhp chung trn mt ng truyn vt l. Tn hiu c lu chuyn trn vng theo mt chiu duy nht, theo lin kt im - im. D liu c chuyn mt cch tun t tng bit quanh vng, qua cc b chuyn tip. B chuyn tip c ba chc nng: chn, nhn v hy b thng tin. Cc b chuyn tip s kim tra a ch ch trong cc gi d liu khi i qua n.
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh

Repeater

Chiu truyn d liu

Hnh 1.5 Cu trc mng hnh RING - Mng hnh sao (Star) cc trm kt ni vi mt thit b trung tm c chc nng iu khin ton b hot ng ca mng. D liu c truyn theo cc lin kt im - im. Thit b trung tm c th l mt b chuyn mch, mt b chn ng hoc n gin l mt HUB. - Mng LAN hng ngoi (Infrared) s dng sng hng ngoi truyn d liu. Phm vi hot ng ca mng b hn ch trong mt phng, v tn hiu hng ngoi khng i xuyn qua tng. C hai phng php kt ni im- im v kt ni qung b. Cc mng im - im hot ng bng cch chuyn tip cc tn hiu hng ngoi t mt thit b ti thit b k tip. Tc d liu t khong 100Kb/s n 16Mb/s. Cc mng qung b hng ngoi c tc truyn d liu thc t ch t di 1Mb/s. Thit b trung tm Hub, Switch or Repeater

Hnh 1.6 Cu trc mng hnh sao - Mng LAN tri ph (Spread spectrum) S dng k thut tri ph, thng dng trong cng nghip v y t. - Mng LAN vi ba bng hp: Hot ng vi tn s vi ba nhng khng tri ph. C hai dng truyn thng: vi ba mt t v v tinh. Cc h thng vi ba mt t thng hot ng bng tn 4-6 GHz v 21- 23 GHz, tc truyn d liu khong vi chc Mbps.
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh b. Mng th MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks) Mng th MAN hot ng theo kiu qung b, LAN to LAN. Mng cung cp cc dch v thoi v phi thoi v truyn hnh cp. Trong mt mng MAN, c th s dng mt hoc hai ng truyn vt l v khng cha thc th chuyn mch. Da trn tiu chun DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus - IEEE 802.6) quy nh 2 cp n kt ni tt c cc my tnh li vi nhau, cc my bn tri lin lc vi cc my bn phi thng tin vn chuyn trn ng BUS trn. Cc my bn tri lin lc vi cc my bn phi, thng tin i theo ng BUS di. Hng truyn d liu trn bus A Bus A ... Head-End Bus B Hng truyn d liu trn bus B Hnh 1.7: Cu trc mng th MAN c. Mng din rng WAN (Wide Area Networks) c trng c bn ca mt mng WAN: - Hot ng trn phm vi mt quc gia hoc trn ton cu. - Tc truyn d liu thp so vi mng cc b. - Li truyn cao. Router

Hnh 1.8: Cu trc mt mng din rng WAN Mt s mng din rng in hnh - Mng tch s hp a dch v ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
14

Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh - Mng X25 v chuyn mch khung Frame Relay - Phng thc truyn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) - Mng hi t- mng th h sau NGN (Next Generation Network) d. Kt ni lin mng (Internet Connectivity) Nhu cu trao i thng tin v chia s ti nguyn chung i hi cc hot ng truyn thng cn thit phi kt ni nhiu mng thnh mt mng ln, gi l lin mng. Lin mng (internet) l mng ca cc mng con, l mt tp cc mng LAN, WAN, MAN c lp c kt ni li vi nhau. Kt ni lin mng c mt s li ch sau: Gim lu thng trn mng: Cc gi tin thng c lu chuyn trn cc mng con v cc gi tin lu thng trn lin mng khi cc mng con lin lc vi nhau. Ti u ho hiu nng: Gim lu thng trn mng l ti u hiu nng ca mng, tuy nhin my ch (Server Load) s phi tng ti khi n c s dng nh mt Router. n gin ho vic qun tr mng: C th xc nh cc s c k thut v c lp d dng hn trong mt mng c quy m nh, thng l trong mt mng cc b chng hn. Hiu qu hn so vi mng WAN c phm vi hot ng ln, chi ph gim, hiu nng lin mng tng v phc tp ca vic qun l nh hn. Mt trong nhng chc nng ch yu ca cc thit b kt ni lin mng l chc nng nh tuyn (Routing). C 3 phng thc kt ni lin mng c bn: - Kt ni cc mng LAN thun nht ti tng vt l to ra lin mng c phm vi hot ng rng v tng s lng cc node trn mng, gim bt lu lng trn mi mng con, hn ch tc nghn v ng thng tin. Cc mng con hot ng hiu qu hn. - Kt ni cc mng LAN khng thun nht ti tng 2 (Data Link) to ra mt lin mng bao gm mt s mng LAN cc b kt ni vi nhau bng cc b chuyn mch n cc my ch c lp vi tc cao. - Kt ni cc mng LAN cc kiu khc nhau ti tng 3 (Network Layer) to ra mt mng WAN n. Cc node chuyn mch kt ni vi nhau theo mt cu trc li. Mi mt node chuyn mch cung cp dch v cho tp hp cc thit b u cui (DTE) ca n. 1.7.2. Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks) - Trc khi trao i thng tin, h thng s thit lp kt ni gia 2 thc th bng mt ng truyn vt l. Thc th ch nu bn, kt ni ny s b hu b. - Duy tr kt ni trong sut qu trnh 2 thc th trao i thng tin. - Gii phng kt ni: Sau khi truyn xong d liu, kt ni s c hu b, gii phng cc ti nguyn b chim dng sn sng phc v cho cc yu cu kt ni khc. Nhc im l cn nhiu thi gian thit lp knh truyn, v vy thi gian thit lp knh chm v xc sut kt ni khng thnh cng cao. Khi c hai khng cn thng tin truyn, knh b b khng trong khi cc thc th khc c nhu cu. 1.7.3. Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks)
15

Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh Nguyn l chuyn mch gi: Thng ip (Message) ca ngi s dng c chia thnh nhiu gi nh (Packet) c di quy nh. di gi tin cc i (Maximum Transfer Unit) MTU trong cc mng khc nhau l khc nhau. Cc gi tin ca mt thng ip c th truyn c lp trn nhiu tuyn hng ch v cc gi tin ca nhiu thng ip khc nhau c th cng truyn trn mt tuyn lin mng. Ti mi node, cc gi tin c tip nhn, lu tr, x l ti b nh, khng cn phi lu tr tm thi trn b nh ngoi (nh a cng) v c chuyn tip n node k tip. nh tuyn cc gi tin qua mng nhanh hn v hiu qu hn. K thut chuyn mch gi c nhiu u im hn so vi chuyn mch knh: - Cc gi tin lu chuyn hng ch c lp, trn mt ng c th chia s cho nhiu gi tin. V vy hiu sut ng truyn cao hn. - Cc gi tin c xp hng v truyn qua tuyn kt ni. - Hai thc th c tc d liu khc nhau c th trao i cc gi vi tc ph hp. - Trong mng chuyn mch knh, khi lu lng tng th mng t chi thm cc yu cu kt ni (do nghn) cho n khi gim xung. Trong mng chuyn mch gi, cc gi tin vn c chp nhn, nhng tr phn pht gi tin c th tng ln. Cc cng ngh chuyn mch gi: Nu mt thc th gi mt gi d liu qua mng c di ln hn kch thc gi cc i MTU, n s c chia thnh cc gi nh c di quy nh v gi ln mng. C hai k thut c s dng trong cc mng chuyn mch gi l k thut datagram trong mng khng lin kt (Connectionless) v k thut knh o cho mng hng lin kt (Connection- Oriented). - Phng thc datagram s dng trong mng khng lin kt: Mi mt gi tin c lu chuyn v x l c lp, khng cn tham chiu n cc gi tin gi trc. Mi mt gi tin c xem nh l mt datagram. u, nhc im ca phng thc datagram: Giai on thit lp v gii phng kt ni s c b qua. Ph hp vi yu cu truyn khi lng d liu khng ln trong thi gian ngn. Phng thc linh hot hn so vi phng thc knh o. Nu xy ra nghn thng tin, cc datagram c th c nh tuyn ra khi vng nghn. V nu c node b hng, cc gi tin t tm mt tuyn khc lu chuyn hng ch, vic phn pht cc gi tin tin cy hn. Phng thc knh o VC (Virtual Circuit) s dng trong mng hng lin kt: Trc khi trao i thng tin, hai thc th tham gia truyn thng m phn vi nhau v cc tham s truyn thng nh kch thc ti a ca gi tin, cc ca s, ng truyn.... Mt knh o c hnh thnh thng qua lin mng v tn ti cho n khi cc thc th ngng trao i vi nhau. Ti mt thi im, c th c nhiu knh o i v n t nhiu hng khc nhau. Cc gi tin vn c m ti mi node v c xp hng u ra trn mt ng truyn, cc gi tin ca cc thng ip khc trn knh o khc c th chia s s dng ng truyn ny. u, nhc im ca phng php knh o: Mng c th cung cp cc dch v knh o, bao gm vic iu khin li v th t cc gi tin. Tt c cc gi tin i trn cng mt tuyn s n theo th t ban u. iu khin li m bo khng ch cc gi n ch theo ng th t m cho tt c cc gi khng b li. Mt u im khc l cc gi tin lu chuyn trn mng s nhanh hn v khng cn phi nh tuyn ti cc node. Tuy nhin s kh khn hn vic thch ng vi nghn. Nu
16

Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh c node b hng th tt c cc knh o qua node s b mt, vic phn pht datagram cng kh khn hn, tin cy khng cao.

1.8. Cc m hnh x l d liu

1.8.1. M hnh Client-Server M hnh Client/Server m t cc dch v mng v cc ng dng c s dng truy nhp cc dch v. L m hnh phn chia cc thao tc thnh hai phn: pha Client cung cp cho ngi s dng mt giao din yu cu dch v t mng v pha Server tip nhn cc yu cu t pha Client v cung cp cc dch v mt cch thng sut cho ngi s dng. Chng trnh Server c khi ng trn mt my ch v trng thi sn sng nhn cc yu cu t pha Client. Chng trnh Client cng c khi ng mt cch c lp vi chng trnh Server. Yu cu dch v c chng trnh Client gi n my ch cung cp dch v v chng trnh Server trn my ch s p ng cc yu cu ca Client. Sau khi thc hin cc yu cu t pha Client, Server s tr v trng thi ch cc yu cu khc. Host A (Web Server) My khch yu cu Host B (Web Client) http://www.hostA.com My ch p ng (Trang Web t hotsA.com)

http://

Hnh 1.9: M hnh ch /khch (Client / Server) Trong m hnh Client/Server nhiu lp, qu trnh x l c phn tn trn 3 lp khc nhau vi cc chc nng ring bit. M hnh ny thch hp cho vic t chc h thng thng tin trn mng Internet/ Intranet. Pht trin m hnh 3 lp s khc phc c mt s hn ch ca m hnh 2 lp. Cc h c s d liu c ci t trn cc my ch Web Server v c th c truy nhp khng hn ch cc ng dng v s lng ngi dng. Lp khch (Clients) cung cp dch v trnh by (Presentation Services), giao tip ngi s dng vi lp giao dch thng qua trnh duyt Browser hay trnh ng dng thao tc v x l d liu. Giao din ngi s dng l trnh duyt Internet Explorer hay Netscape.

Network Data base

Tow er System

Main Frame Computer Hnh 1.10 V d m hnh Client-Server 2 lp 1. Trnh duyt Browser gi yu cu cho Web Server. 2. Web Server tr kt qu v cho trnh duyt
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh Lp giao dch (Business) cung cp cc dch v qun tr, t chc v khai thc c s d liu. Cc componenet trc y c ci t trn lp khch, nay c ci t trn lp giao dch. V d, mt ngi s dng trn my khch t mua hng, lp giao dch kim tra m mt hng quyt nh tip tc bn hay khng bn. Thnh phn ca lp giao dch trong m hnh Internet l Web Server v COM+/MTS. Cng ngh ca Microsoft vi Web Server l IIS (Internet Information Services) s dng ASP kt ni Client vi COM. Web Server giao tip vi COM+/MTS component qua COM. COM+/MTS component iu khin tt c giao tip vi lp d liu ngun thng qua ODBC hoc OLE - DB. Lp ngun d liu (Data Source) cung cp cc dch v t chc v lu tr cc h c s d liu quan h. Sn sng cung cp d liu cho lp giao dch. c trng ca lp ny l ngn ng tm kim, truy vn d liu SQL. 1.8.2. M hnh ngang hng (Peer-to-Peer) Trong m hnh ngang hng tt c cc my u l my ch ng thi cng l my khch. Cc my trn mng chia s ti nguyn khng ph thuc vo nhau. Mng ngang hng thng c t chc thnh cc nhm lm vic Workgroup. M hnh ny khng c qu trnh ng nhp tp trung, nu ng nhp vo mng c th s dng tt c ti nguyn trn mng. Truy cp vo cc ti nguyn ph thuc vo ngi chia s cc ti nguyn , v vy c th phi bit mt khu c th truy nhp c ti cc ti nguyn c chia s. M hnh lai (Hybrid): S kt hp gia Client-Server v Peer-to-Peer. Phn ln cc mng my tnh trn thc t thuc m hnh ny.

Database
Tow er System

Application Server

Network
Tow er System

Network
Tow er System

Middleware Server

Database Server

Tow er System

Application Server

Hnh 1.11 M hnh Client-Server nhiu lp

18

Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh

Cu hi trc nghim:
1. Hy chn cu ng nht v nh ngha mng my tnh: A. Tp cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau bng ng truyn vt l. B. Tp cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau v hot ng tun theo tp giao thc. C. Tp cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau bng cc ng truyn vt l v hot ng theo mt kin trc mng xc nh 2. Mc tiu kt ni mng my tnh: A. Chia s ti nguyn mng, nng cao tin cy, chinh phc khong cch. B. Chia s phn cng, phn mm, nng cao tin cy, chinh phc khong cch. C. Chia s thng tin, nng cao tin cy, chinh phc khong cch. D. Cung cp cc dch v mng a dng, chia s ti nguyn, nng cao tin cy, chinh phc khong cch v gim bt cc chi ph v u t . 3. Cc xu hng pht trin dch v mng my tnh: A. Cung cp cc dch v truy nhp vo cc ngun thng tin xa B. Pht trin cc dch v tng tc gia ngi vi ngi trn phm vi din rng. C. Xu hng pht trin cc dch v gii tr trc tuyn (Online) hin i. D. C 3 cu trn. 4. Mng c cu trc im- im (Point to Point) l: A. Mng lu v gi tip (Store - and - Forward). B. Ni tng cp node li vi nhau theo mt hnh hc xc nh. C. Cc node trung gian: tip nhn, lu tr tm thi v gi tip thng tin 5. Nhc im ca mng c cu trc im- im (Point to Point) l: A. Kh nng ng thng tin (Collision) thp. B. Hiu sut s dng ng truyn thp. Chim dng nhiu ti nguyn C. tr ln, tn nhiu thi gian thit lp ng truyn v x l ti cc node. D. Tc trao i thng tin thp. 6. c trng ca mng qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcasting) A. Tt c cc node cng truy nhp chung trn mt ng truyn vt l. B. Ni tng cp node li vi nhau theo mt hnh hc xc nh. C. Cc node trung gian: tip nhn, lu tr tm thi v gi tip thng tin 7. Chc nng giao thc: A. ng gi, phn on v hp li B. iu khin lin kt v gim st. C. iu khin lu lng v iu khin li. D. ng b ho v a ch ho.
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh E. Tt c cc khng nh trn. 8. c trng c bn ca ng truyn A. Bng thng (Bandwidth). B. Thng lng (Throughput) C. Suy hao (Attenuation) D. Tc truyn dn. 9. Mng cc b LAN (Local Area Networks): A. Quy m ca mng nh, phm vi khong vi km. B. Cng ngh truyn dn s dng thng l qung b (Broadcast) C. Tc truyn d liu cao, t 10100 Mbps n hng trm Gbps, D. Thi gian tr c 10s , tin cy cao, t s li bit t 10-8 n 10-11. E. Cu trc tp ca mng a dng. F. Tt c cc khng nh trn. 10. c trng c bn ca mt mng WAN: A. Hot ng trn phm vi mt quc gia hoc trn ton cu. B. Tc truyn d liu thp so vi mng cc b. C. Li truyn cao. D. Tt c cc khng nh trn. 11. Li ch khi kt ni lin mng: A. Gim lu thng trn mng B. Ti u ho hiu nng C. n gin ho vic qun tr mng D. Hiu qu hn so vi mng WAN c phm vi hot ng ln. 12. Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks) A. Thit lp kt ni vt l gia 2 thc th, duy tr kt ni trong qu trnh trao i thng tin v gii phng kt ni khi truyn xong d liu. B. Thit lp kt ni logic gia 2 thc th , duy tr kt ni trong qu trnh trao i thng tin v gii phng kt ni khi truyn xong d liu. C. Truyn d liu gia 2 thc th. 13. Khng nh ng nht trong mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks): A. Gi tin lu chuyn trn cc kt ni logic. B. Gi tin lu chuyn trn cc kt ni vt l. C. Gi tin lu chuyn c lp hng ch. D. Cc gi tin lu chuyn hng ch c lp v trn mt ng c th chia s cho nhiu gi tin.
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Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh 14. di gi tin cc i MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) A. Trong cc mng khc nhau l khc nhau. B. Trong cc mng khc nhau l nh nhau. C. Trong cc mng khng quan tm n di gi tin 15. Hy chn nhng khng nh ng sau: A. K thut datagram s dng trong cc mng khng lin kt (Connectionless) B. K thut datagram s dng trong cc mng hng lin kt (Connection- Oriented). K thut datagram s dng trong cc mng chuyn mch knh. C. K thut datagram s dng trong cc mng chuyn gi X25. 16. Hy chn nhng khng nh ng sau: A. K thut knh o VC (Virtual Circuit) s dng trong cc mng khng lin kt B. K thut knh o VC s dng trong cc mng hng lin kt C. K thut knh o VC s dng trong cc mng chuyn mch knh. D. K thut knh o VC s dng trong cc mng chuyn gi X25.

Cu hi
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Hy trnh by mc tiu v ng dng mng my tnh. Hy pht biu cc li ch khi ni my tnh thnh mng. Hy trnh by tng qut v xu hng pht trin cc dch v mng. Hiu th no l mng my tnh. Hy trnh by tm tt chc nng cc thnh phn ch yu ca mt mng my tnh ?. Hy trnh by khi qut v cc c trng c bn ca ng truyn: Bng thng (bandwidth), thng lng (throughput) v suy hao (attenuation). Khi qut cc c trng c bn ca cc phng tin truyn: Cp ng trc (Coaxial cable), cp xon i (Twisted pair cable), cp si quang (Fiber optic cable). Hy trnh by cu trc kiu im - im (Point to Point). Trong k thut chuyn mch knh, vai tr a ch nh th no ?. Hy trnh by kiu qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcast). Trnh by u, nhc im cc phng thc qung b tnh v ng, Qung b ng tp trung v phn tn ?. Nhng khc bit c bn gia kiu im - im v qung b ?. Hiu th no l giao thc, vai tr ca giao thc trong truyn thng ?. Trnh by cc chc nng ca giao thc. Mng cc b LAN (Local Area Networks) v cc c trng c bn ca n Hy trnh by cu trc mng hnh BUS, RING v STAR. S khc nhau c bn gia mng hnh BUS v mng hnh RING ?.
21

Chng 1: Khi nim v mng my tnh 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Hy trnh by nhng c trng c bn ca cc mng LAN khng dy ?. Mng th MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks) v c trng c bn ca n. Mng din rngWAN v nhng c trng ca mng din rng. Hiu th no l lin mng (Internetworking). Mng WAN l mt lin mng ?. Chc nng ca cc thit b kt ni lin mng. HUB l thit b kt ni lin mng ?. Chc nng ca b nh tuyn ROUTER. C th thay th HUB trong kt ni lin mng. V d minh ha ?. Hiu th no l dch v hng lin kt (Connection - Oriented) v khng lin kt (Connectioless). Hy cho th d minh ha. Nguyn tc hot ng ca mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks). Trnh by u, nhc im ca k thut chuyn mch knh. Trnh by nguyn tc hot ng ca mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks). V sao ni k thut chuyn mch gi c hiu sut knh truyn cao, v sao ?. u nhc im ca k thut chuyn nch gi ?. Ni mng chuyn mch gi l mng X25 ?. K thut chuyn mch gi nhiu u im hn k thut chuyn mch knh, v sao ?. Trnh by phng thc Datagram. Trnh by phng thc knh o VC (Virtual circuit) So snh u, nhc ca phng php knh o v Datagram. Phng thc knh o v chuyn mch knh khc nhau, ging nhau ?. V sao mng chuyn mch gi c tc trao i thng tin nhanh hn tc trao i thng tin trong mch chuyn mch tin bo. Hiu th no l cu trc mng Client/Server, Peer to Peer ?

22

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI

CHNG II: KIN TRC MNG V M HNH KT NI CC H THNG M OSI

Ni dung ca chng ny s trnh by cc khi nim v kin trc phn tng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection) vi mc tiu kt ni cc sn phm ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau. M hnh OSI l gii php cho cc vn truyn thng gia cc my tnh v c thit k theo quan im c cu trc a tng. Mi mt tng thc hin mt s chc nng truyn thng, cc tng c xp chng ln nhau, gi l chng giao thc, thc hin cc tin trnh truyn thng hon chnh. Gia cc tng k nhau c xc nh bi giao din bng cc hm dch v nguyn thu. Ni dung gm cc phn nh sau: Cc t chc chun ha mng M hnh kin trc a tng v cc quy tc phn tng. M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI . Nhng vn c bn thit k m hnh kin trc. nh gi tin cy ca mng. Mt s m hnh kin trc chun khc.

2.1. Cc t chc tiu chun ha mng my tnh

2.1.1. C s xut hin kin trc a tng S khc bit v kin trc mng gy tr ngi cho ngi s dng khi kt ni lin mng, nh hng n sc sn xut v tiu th cc sn phm v mng. Cn xy dng m hnh chun lm c s cho cc nh nghin cu v thit k mng to ra cc sn phm m v mng v to iu kin cho vic pht trin v s dng mng. V vy cc t chc tiu chun quc t ra i. Cc nh sn xut c ting ni chung cho cc sn phm ca h, l cc chun, cc khuyn ngh quy nh thit k v sn xut cc sn phm mng. 2.1.2. Cc t chc tiu chun ISO (International Standards Organization): T chc tiu chun quc t hot ng di s bo tr ca Lin Hip Quc. Chia thnh nhiu ban k thut- Technical Commitee- k hiu l TC, trong ban TC97 m nhn vic nghin cu chun ho x l thng tin. Cc sn phm ca n gi l cc chun- Standard - M hnh OSI - Open Systems Interconnection l sn phm in hnh ca t chc ny. CCITT (International Telegraphand Telephone Consultative Commintte): U ban t vn in tn & in thoi quc t nay l Hip hi Vin thng quc t ITU (International Telecommunication Union). L t chc bao gm cc c quan Bu chnh Vin thng ca cc nc. Cc sn phm c gi l cc khuyn ngh (Recommendation):
23

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI - Khuyn ngh loi V: Tp cc tiu chun v truyn d liu bng Modem: V21 tc 300 bps, V32 tc 9600 - 14.400 bps, V90, V92 cho tc 56 Kbps. - Khuyn ngh loi X: Tp cc tiu chun lin quan n mng truyn s liu. Quy nh cc th tc giao din ngi s dng v giao din mng: X21, X25,... - Khuyn ngh loi I: Cc tiu chun lin quan n mng ISDN - IEEE (Institute of Electronical And Electronic Engineers): Vin cc k s in v in t. Tp cc th tc tng vt l.

2.2. M hnh kin trc a tng

Cc mng my tnh c thit k v ci t theo quan im c cu trc a tng. Mi mt thnh phn ca mng c xem nh mt h thng gm nhiu tng v mi mt tng bao gm mt s chc nng truyn thng. Cc tng c chng ln nhau, s lng v chc nng ca cc tng ph thuc vo cc nh sn xut v thit k. Tuy nhin quan im chung l trong mi tng c nhiu thc th (cc tin trnh) thc hin mt s chc nng nhm cung cp mt s dch v, th tc cho cc thc th tng trn hot ng. 2.2.1. Cc quy tc phn tng T chc tiu chun quc t ISO quy nh cc quy tc phn tng nh sau: - Khng nh ngha qu nhiu tng, s lng tng, vai tr v chc nng ca cc tng trong mi h thng ca mng l nh nhau, khng qu phc tp khi xc nh v ghp ni cc tng. Chc nng cc tng c lp vi nhau v c tnh m. - Trong mi h thng, cn xc nh r mi quan h gia cc tng k nhau, mi quan h ny gi l giao din tng (Interface). Mi quan h ny quy nh nhng thao tc v dch v c bn m tng k di cung cp cho tng k trn v s cc tng tc qua li gia hai tng k nhau l nh nht. - Xc nh mi quan h gia cc ng tng thng nht v cc phng thc hot ng trong qu trnh truyn thng, mi quan h l tp cc quy tc v cc tho thun trong hi thoi gia cc h thng, gi l giao thc tng. - D liu khng c truyn trc tip t tng th i ca h thng pht sang tng th i ca h thng nhn (tr tng thp nht- tng vt l) m c chuyn t tng cao xung tng thp nht bn h thng pht v qua ng truyn vt l, d liu l chui bit khng cu trc c truyn sang tng thp nht ca h thng nhn v t d liu c chuyn ngc ln cc tng trn. Gia cc ng tng xc nh lin kt logic, gia cc tng vt l c lin kt vt l. Nh vy mi mt tng c hai quan h: quan h theo chiu ngang v quan h theo chiu dc. S lng cc tng v cc giao thc tng c gi l kin trc mng (Network Architecture). Quan h theo chiu ngang phn nh s hot ng ca cc ng tng. Cc ng tng trc khi trao i thng tin vi nhau phi bt tay, hi thoi v tha thun vi nhau bng cc tham s ca cc giao thc (hay l th tc), c gi l giao thc tng. Quan h theo chiu dc l quan h gia cc tng k nhau trong cng mt h thng. Gia chng tn ti giao din xc nh cc thao tc nguyn thy v cc dch v tng di cung cp cho tng trn. c gi l giao din tng.
24

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI Trong mi mt tng c mt hoc nhiu thc th (Entity) hot ng. Cc thc th c th l mt tin trnh (Process) trong mt h a x l, hoc c th l mt chng trnh con....Chng thc hin cc chc nng ca tng N v giao thc truyn thng vi cc thc th ng tng trong cc h thng khc. K hiu N_Entity l thc th tng N. Cc thc th truyn thng vi cc thc th tng trn n v cc thc th tng di n thng qua cc im truy nhp dch v trn cc giao din SAP (Service Access Point). Cc thc th phi bit n cung cp nhng dch v g cho cc hot ng tng trn k n v cc hot ng truyn thng ca n c s dng nhng dch v g do tng k di n cung cp thng qua cc li gi hm qua cc im truy nhp SAP trn giao din cc tng. Khi m t hot ng ca bt k giao thc no trong m hnh OSI, cn phi phn bit c cc dch v cung cp bi tng k di, hot ng bn trong ca tng v cc dch v m n khai thc. S tch bit gia cc tng gip cho vic b sung, sa i chc nng ca giao thc tng m khng nh hng n hot ng ca cc tng khc. H thng A Giao thc tng N Giao din tng N/N-1 Tng N Tng N-1 Giao thc tng N -1 Tng N Tng N-1

H thng B

Giao din tng 2/1

Tng 2 Tng 1

Giao thc tng 2 Giao thc tng 1 ng truyn vt l Hinh 2.1 M hnh kin trc phn tng

Tng 2 Tng 1

2.2.2. Lu chuyn thng tin trong kin trc a tng Hnh 2.2 l mt v d minh ho cho s lu chuyn thng tin trong mng my tnh kt ni gia 2 h thng A v B gm N=5 tng.

25

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI H thng A (5) Giao thc tng 5 M Giao thc tng 4 (4) H4 M Giao thc tng 3 (3 H3 H4 M1 H3 H4 M2 Giao thc tng 2 (2) (1) ng truyn vt l Hinh 2.2 V d v lu chuyn thng tin 2.2.3. Nguyn tc truyn thng ng tng truyn thng ng tng, gi tin khi chuyn xung qua cc tng s c b sung thm vo phn u bng thng tin iu khin ca tng. Vic thm Header vo u cc gi tin khi i qua mi tng trong qu trnh truyn d liu c gi l qu trnh Encapsulation. Qu trnh bn nhn s din ra theo chiu ngc li, khi i qua cc tng, gi tin s tch thng tin iu khin thuc n trc khi chuyn d liu ln tng trn. n v d liu c s dng trong cc tng bao gm - Thng tin iu khin giao thc PCI (Protocol Control Information): Thng tin c thm vo u cc gi tin trong qu trnh hot ng truyn thng ca cc thc th. K hiu N_PCI l thng tin iu khin tng N. - n v d liu dch v SDU (Service Data Unit): L n v d liu truyn thng gia cc tng k nhau. K hiu N_SDU l n v d liu truyn t tng (N+1) xung tng N cha thm thng tin iu khin. - n v d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit) : n v d liu giao thc tng. K hiu PDU = PCI + SDU, ngha l n v d liu giao thc bao gm thng tin iu khin PCI c thm vo u n v d liu dch v SDU. 2.2.4. Giao din tng, quan h cc tng k nhau v dch v Chc nng ca cc tng l cung cp dch v cho tng trn k n. Trong mi tng c mt hay nhiu thc th. Thc th tng N thc hin cc dch v m tng N+1 yu cu s dng, Cc thc th trao i dch v vi nhau qua cc im truy cp dch v SAP (Service Access Points). Cc thc th tng N cung cp dch v cho tng N+1 qua cc SAP trn giao din N+1/N. Mi mt SAP c mt nhn dng duy nht.
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H thng B M

H4 M

H3 H4 M1

H3 H4 M2

H2 H3 H4 M1 T2

H2 H3 H4 M2 T2

H2 H3 H4 M1 T2

H2 H3 H4 M2 T2

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI

Tng N N - PCI

SAP N - SDU N - PCI

SAP N- SDU

N - PDU SAP (N-1) SDU (N-1)PCI

N - PDU SAP (N-1) SDU

Tng N-1 (N-1) PCI

(N-1) PDU Giao thc tng (N-1)

(N - 1) PDU

Hnh 2.3 Khi nim giao din v dch v trong mi trng cc h thng m Hai tng trao i thng tin vi nhau phi c nhng tho thun v thit lp cc quy tc giao din. Thc th ca tng N+1 chuyn mt PDU ti thc th tng N qua SAP. PDU bao gm mt n v d liu dch v SDU v thng tin iu khin PCI. SDU l thng tin gi qua mng ti thc th ng tng v sau a ln tng N+1. Nu di ca SDU ln hn di quy nh, cc thc th tng N chia SDU ra nhiu gi nh c di quy nh v thm Header PCI vo mi gi tin. Header ca PDU c cc thc th ng tng nhn dng PDU no cha d liu v PDU no cha thng tin iu khin..... Hnh 2.3 minh ho giao din v dch v trong cc tng k nhau. Nh bit, thc th tng N t h thng A khng th truyn d liu trc tip sang tng N ca h thng B m phi chuyn tun t xung cc tng di n, cho ti tng thp nht, tng vt l. Bng phng tin truyn vt l, d liu l nhng chui bit 0 v 1 c truyn sang tng vt l ca h thng B. T y d liu c chuyn ln cc tng trn. 2.2.5 Dch v v cht lng dch v Tng N s phi bit s dng dch v no ca tng N-1 v cung cp nhng dch v g cho tng N+1. Qu trnh cung cp dch v thng qua cc im truy nhp SAP trn cc giao din tng N/N+1. C hai loi dch v khc nhau: dch v hng lin kt (Connection Oriented) v dch v khng lin kt (Connectionless). a. Dch v hng lin kt (Connection Oriented): Cc dch v v giao thc trong cc m hnh h thng m thc hin truyn thng 3 giai on theo th t thi gian nh sau:
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Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI Thit lp lin kt: Mt knh logic c thit lp gia cc thc th ng tng ca hai h thng khc nhau. Chng s m phn, thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s v s dng cc tham s ny nh th no trong qu trnh truyn s liu. Truyn d liu: D liu c truyn gia hai tng ng tng theo c ch kim sot v qun l qu trnh truyn d liu, thc hin vic ghp knh, ct hp d liu... bo m c th t truyn, pht hin li, kim sot lung d liu, pht hin tc nghn thng tin...nhm tng cng tin cy cao v hiu sut truyn. Gii phng lin kt: Sau khi kt thc qu trnh truyn d liu, cc ti nguyn ca h thng c cp pht cho qu trnh thit lp lin kt v truyn d liu s c gii phng, sn sng cp pht cho lin kt tip theo. Hnh 2.4 minh ha phng thc truyn hng lin kt trong cc dch v thoi.

Giai on Thit lp lin kt Giai on Truyn d liu Giai on Gii phng lin kt

Chung reo (yu cu kt ni )

m thoi (truyn d liu )

Kt thc cuc gi (ngt lin lc)

Hnh 2.4 V d hot ng kt ni lin kt b. Dch v khng lin kt (Connectionless): Dch v khng lin kt khng cn tiu tn thi gian thit lp lin kt v gii phng lin kt gia cc thc th ng tng. Khng yu cu kim sot lung d liu, d liu c truyn vi tc cao nhng tin cy thp. Khng truyn li trong trng hp xy ra li ng truyn. Cc dch v khng lin kt ph hp vi cc yu cu truyn dung lng khng ln, cc cuc trao i thng tin ri rc v c lp. Mi dch v c c trng bi cht lng dch v. Mt s dch v yu cu c tin cy cao, bng cch yu cu thc th ch gi xc nhn phn hi sau khi nhn gi tin. V vy my thu lun bo m gi tin n ng v khng mt d liu. X l xc nhn phn hi i hi phi chn thm vo gi tin mt s thng tin iu khin v lm tng thi gian tr. Mt loi dch v hng lin kt tin cy l dch v truyn file vi yu cu mi bit gi n u chnh xc v ng th t nh khi gi i. Mt s loi dch v chp nhn c mt s li nhng yu cu yu cu tr nh nh thoi s, video. Vi dch v loi ny th khng cn xc nhn c bo nhn, nhm gim thi gian tr ti cc nt. Ngoi dch v hng lin kt v khng lin kt, cn c kiu dch v hi-p. My gi s gi cc thng tin cha yu cu xc nhn trong cc gi tin v yu cu my nhn tr li. Khi my nhn nhn c gi tin, s gi cc tr li n my gi. Dch v hi-p c s dng truyn
28

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI thng trong m hnh khch-ch (Client-Server). My khch (Client) gi cc yu cu cho my ch (Server) v my ch tr li kt qu cho my khch. Dch v Hng Truyn/nhn cc gi tin, yu cu c xc nhn. lin kt Truyn/nhn dng byte, yu cu c xc nhn. Kt ni khng yu cu c xc nhn. Datagram khng xc nhn Datagram c xc nhn Hi-p V d Gi cc trang sch theo ng th t. Truy nhp v khai thc t xa. Cc dch v thoi s Th in t, nhn tin Th c ng k, th khn Cu truy vn trong c s d liu

Khng lin kt

Hnh 2.5 Cc loi dch v khc nhau hng lin kt v khng lin kt 2.2.6. Cc hm dch v nguyn thu (Primitive) Vic cung cp v nhn cc dch v gia cc thc th trong cc tng k nhau thng qua vic gi cc hm dch v nguyn thy. Mt dch v c c t hnh thc bng nhiu hm dch v nguyn thy. Cc hm dch v nguyn thy s dng nh ngha s tng tc gia cc tng k nhau, ch r chc nng cn thc hin v s dng chuyn d liu v thng tin iu khin. C th hn, cc hm dch v nguyn thy l c t cc thao tc cn thc hin mt yu cu hay tr li mt yu cu ca cc thc th ng tng. C bn kiu hm dch v nguyn thy c bn: 1. Request (Yu cu): c mt thc th s dng gi mt chc nng, yu cu cc phng tin cung cp dch v mng. 2. Indication (Ch bo): c mt thc th ch bo yu cu cung cp dch v. Ch bo yu cu bng cch: - Gi mt chc nng no . - Ch bo mt chc nng c gi ti mt im SAP. 3. Response (Tr li): c thc th yu cu s dng hon tt mt chc nng c gi bi hm Indication ti im truy nhp dch v. 4. Confirm (Xc nhn): c thc th cung cp dch v s dng xc nhn hon tt cc th tc c yu cu t trc bi hm dch v nguyn thy Request. Hnh 2.6 minh ha nguyn l hot ng ca cc hm dch v nguyn thu. Trong h thng A: - Tng (N+1) gi hm Request xung tng N qua SAP trn giao din (N+1)/N. - Ti tng N, kin to mt n v d liu gi yu cu sang tng N ca h thng B qua giao thc tng N.
29

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI Trong h thng B: - Tng N nhn c yu cu, ch bo- ln tng (N+1) bng hm Indication qua SAP trn giao din (N+1)/N . - Tng (N+1) tr li tng N bng hm Response qua SAP ca giao din 2 tng. - Tng N, kin to mt n v d liu gi tr li sang tng N ca h thng A qua giao thc tng N. Nhn tr li, tng N ca h thng A gi xc nhn ln tng (N+1) bng hm Confirm qua SAP trn giao din. Kt thc giao tc gia 2 h thng. Qu trnh yu cu thit lp lin kt gia cc thc th ng tng c th c xc nhn (Confirmed) hoc khng c xc nhn (Unconfirmed). System A (N+1) - Layer S A P Request System B (N+1) - Layer S A P

Response

Indication

Confirm Giao thc tng N

N - Layer

N - Layer

Hnh 2.6 S nguyn l hot ng ca cc hm nguyn thu

2.2.7. Quan h gia dch v v giao thc Mi mt lp giao thc c hai c trng: c trng dch v v c trng giao thc. c trng dch v l cc tham s dch v trong cc hm nguyn thy. Thng qua cc tham s dch v m cc tng trn c th giao tip vi ng tng trong h thng khc. c trng giao thc bao gm: Khun dng PDU, cc tham s dch v s dng cho mi mt loi PDU v phng thc hot ca thc th giao thc. Dch v v giao thc l nhng khi nim khc nhau. Mt dch v l mt tp cc cc thao tc ca cc thc th (th tc..) ca tng cung cp dch v cho cc hot ng cc thc th ca tng trn k n. Dch v tng c nh ngha trong sut i vi i tng s dng dch v. Ngc li, mt giao thc l mt tp cc quy tc, quy c v kt ni, ng ngha, nh dng, ngha ca khung, gi hoc bn tin c cc thc th ng tng m phn, thng lng vi nhau. Cc thc th s dng giao thc thc hin s xc nh cc dch v.

30

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI Tng N+1 Request Cornfirmed (c xc nhn) N N N+1

Thi gian

Indication

Respone Cornfirm Uncornfirmed (khng xc nhn) Request Thi gian Indication Application Protocol Presentation Protocol Session Protocol Transport Protocol Network Protocol Data Link Protocol Physiccal Protocol

Hnh 2.7 Biu din thi gian cc hm dch v nguyn thy

2.3 M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection)

M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI l m hnh cn bn v cc tin trnh truyn thng, thit lp cc tiu chun kin trc mng mc Quc t, l c s chung cc h thng khc nhau c th lin kt v truyn thng c vi nhau. M hnh OSI t chc cc giao thc truyn thng thnh 7 tng, mi mt tng gii quyt mt phn hp ca tin trnh truyn thng, chia tin trnh truyn thng thnh nhiu tng v trong mi tng c th c nhiu giao thc khc nhau thc hin cc nhu cu truyn thng c th. 2.3.1 Nguyn tc nh ngha cc tng h thng m 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical

Tng ng dng Tng Trnh by Tng Phin Tng Vn chuyn Tng Mng Tng Lin kt Tng Vt l

ng truyn vt l

Hnh 2.8 M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI

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Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI M hnh OSI tun theo cc nguyn tc phn tng nh sau: - M hnh gm N =7 tng. OSI l h thng m, phi c kh nng kt ni vi cc h thng khc nhau, tng thch vi cc chun OSI. - Qu trnh x l cc ng dng c thc hin trong cc h thng m, trong khi vn duy tr c cc hot ng kt ni gia cc h thng. - Thit lp knh logic nhm thc hin vic trao i thng tin gia cc thc th. 2.3.2. Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI Trong m hnh OSI c hai loi giao thc c s dng: giao thc hng lin kt (Connection - Oriented) v giao thc khng lin kt (Connectionless). Giao thc hng lin kt: Trc khi truyn d liu, cc thc th ng tng trong hai h thng cn phi thit lp mt lin kt logic. Chng thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s s s dng trong giai on truyn d liu. D liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu, ct/hp d liu, nhm nng cao tin cy v hiu qu ca qu trnh truyn d liu. Sau khi trao i d liu, lin kt s c hy b. Thit lp lin kt logic s nng cao tin cy v an ton trong qu trnh trao i d liu. Giao thc khng lin kt: D liu c truyn c lp trn cc tuyn khc nhau. Vi cc giao thc khng lin kt ch c giai on duy nht truyn d liu. 2.3.3 Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI
Data HA Data HP HAData HS HP HAData HT HS HP HAData HNHT HS HP HAData 110011101010101 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Data HA Data HP HAData HS HP HAData HT HS HP HAData HNHT HS HP HAData 110011101010101

100111010101011110100110

Tng Application Presentation Session Transport Network Header Data Link Physical

Header HA HP HS HT HN HD

Application Header Presentation Header Session Header Transport Header Network Header Data Link Header Physical

Tn d liu Message & Packet Packet Packet Datagram,Segment & Packet Datagram & Packet Frame & Packet Bit

Hnh 2.9: B sung phn u thng ip & tn d liu s dng

32

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI 2.3.4. Vai tr v chc nng ch yu cc tng Vai tr & chc nng tng ng dng (Application Layer) Xc nh giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI. Bao gm nhiu giao thc ng dng cung cp cc phng tin cho ngi s dng truy cp vo mi trng mng v cung cp cc dch v phn tn. Khi cc thc th ng dng AE (Application Entity) c thit lp, n s gi n cc phn t dch v ng dng ASE (Application Service Element). Mi thc th ng dng c th gm mt hoc nhiu cc phn t dch v ng dng. Cc phn t dch v ng dng c phi hp trong mi trng ca thc th ng dng thng qua cc lin kt gi l i tng lin kt n SAO (Single Association Object). SAO iu khin vic truyn thng v cho php tun t ha cc s kin truyn thng. Vai tr & chc nng tng trnh by (Presentation Layer): Tng trnh by gii quyt cc vn lin quan n c php v ng ngha ca thng tin c truyn. Biu din thng tin ngi s dng ph hp vi thng tin lm vic ca mng v ngc li. Thng thng biu din thng tin cc ng dng ngun v ng dng ch c th khc nhau bi cc ng dng c chy trn cc h thng c th khc nhau. Tng trnh by phi chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu gi i trn mng t mt loi biu din ny sang mt loi khc. t c iu n cung cp mt dng biu din truyn thng chung cho php chuyn i t dng biu din cc b sang biu din chung v ngc li. Vai tr & chc nng tng phin (Session Layer): Tng phin cho php ngi s dng trn cc my khc nhau thit lp, duy tr, hu b v ng b phin truyn thng gia h vi nhau. Ni cch khc tng phin thit lp "cc giao dch" gia cc thc th u cui. Dch v phin cung cp mt lin kt gia 2 u cui s dng dch v phin sao cho trao i d liu mt cch ng b v khi kt thc th gii phng lin kt. S dng th bi (Token) thc hin truyn d liu, ng b ha v hy b lin kt trong cc phng thc truyn ng thi hay lun phin. Thit lp cc im ng b ha trong hi thoi. Khi xy ra s c c th khi phc hi thoi bt u t mt im ng b ha tha thun. Vai tr & chc nng tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer): L tng cao nht c lin quan n cc giao thc trao i d liu gia cc h thng m, kim sot vic truyn d liu t mt ti mt (End- to -End). Th tc trong 3 tng di (vt l, lin kt d liu v mng) ch phc v vic truyn d liu gia cc tng k nhau trong tng h thng. Cc thc th ng tng hi thoi, thng lng vi nhau trong qu trnh truyn d liu. Tng vn chuyn thc hin vic chia cc gi tin ln thnh cc gi tin nh hn trc khi gi i v nh s cc gi tin v m bo chng chuyn theo ng th t. L tng cui cng chu trch nhim v mc an ton trong truyn d liu nn giao thc tng vn chuyn ph thuc nhiu vo bn cht ca tng mng. Tng vn chuyn c th thc hin vic ghp knh (multiplex) mt vi lin kt vo cng mt lin kt ni gim gi thnh. Vai tr & chc nng tng mng (Network Layer): Thc hin cc chc nng chn ng (Routing i cho cc gi tin t ngun ti ch c th trong cng mt mng hoc khc mng nhau. ng c th c c nh, cng c th c nh ngha khi bt u hi thoi v c th ng i l ng (Dynamic) c th thay i vi tng gi tin tu theo trng thi ti tc thi ca mng. Trong mng kiu qung b (Broadcast) routing rt n gin.
33

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca tng mng l chc nng iu khin tc nghn (Congestion Control). Nu c qu nhiu gi tin cng lu chuyn trn cng mt ng th c th xy ra tnh trng tc nghn. Thc hin chc nng giao tip gia cc mng khi cc gi tin i t mng ny sang mng khc ti ch. Vai tr & chc nng tng lin kt d liu (Data link Layer): Chc nng ch yu ca tng lin kt d liu l thc hin thit lp cc lin kt, duy tr v hu b cc lin kt d liu. Kim sot li v kim sot lu lng. Chia thng tin thnh cc khung thng tin (Frame), truyn cc khung tun t v x l cc thng ip xc nhn (Acknowledgement Frame) t bn my thu gi v. Tho g cc khung thnh chui bt khng cu trc chuyn xung tng vt l. Tng 2 bn thu, ti to chui bt thnh cc khung thng tin. ng truyn vt l c th gy li, nn tng lin kt d liu phi gii quyt vn kim sot li, kim sot lng, kim sot lu lng, ngn khng nt ngun gy ngp lt d liu cho bn thu c tc thp hn. Trong cc mng qung b, tng con MAC (Medium Acces Sublayer) iu khin vic truy nhp ng truyn. Vai tr & chc nng tng Vt l (Physical layer): Tng vt l l tng thp nht trong m hnh 7 lp OSI. Cc thc th tng giao tip vi nhau qua mt ng truyn vt l. Tng vt l xc nh cc chc nng, th tc v in, c, quang kch hot, duy tr v gii phng cc kt ni vt l gia cc h thng mng. Cung cp cc c ch v in, c hm, th tc ...nhm thc hin vic kt ni cc phn t ca mng thnh mt h thng bng cc phng php vt l. m bo cho cc yu cu v chuyn mch hot ng nhm to ra cc ng truyn thc cho cc chui bit thng tin. Cc chun trong tng vt l l cc chun xc nh giao din ngi s dng v mi trng mng. Cc giao thc tng vt l c hai loi truyn d b (Asynchronous) v truyn ng b (Synchronous). Tm tt chc nng cc tng nh sau: Tng 7- Application 6-Presentation 5-Sesion Chc nng ch yu Giao tip ngi v mi trng mng Chuyn i c php d liu p ng yu cu truyn thng ca cc ng dng. Qun l cc cuc lin lc gia cc thc th bng cch thit lp, duy tr, ng b ho v hu b cc phin truyn thng gia cc ng dng Vn chuyn thng tin gia cc my ch (End to End). Kim sot li v lung d liu. Thc hin chn ng v m bo trao i thng tin trong lin mng vi cng ngh chuyn mch thch hp. To/g b khung thng tin (Frames), kim sot lung v kim sot li. m bo cc yu cu truyn/nhn cc chui bt qua cc phng tin vt l. Giao thc ng dng Giao thc Bin i m Giao thc phin Giao thc Vn chuyn Giao thc Mng Th tc kim sot Giao din DTE - DCE

4-Transport 3-Network 2-Data Link 1-Physical

34

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI

2.4. Mt s kin trc khc

2.4.1. Systems Nework Architecture (SNA) Kin trc mng SNA c cng ty IBM thit k, c t kin trc mng x l d liu phn tn. Giao thc nh ngha cc quy tc, cc tin trnh cho s tng tc gia cc thnh phn trong mng nh my tnh, terminal v phn mm. - Mng SNA s dng kin trc 6 tng: tng1- Physical Control (X21,RS-232), tng 2-Data Link Control (SDLC) , tng 3- Path Control (chn ng v kim sot d liu), tng 4 Transmission Control (kim sot truyn), tng 5- Data Flow Control (kim sot lung) v tng 6 Function Management (qun tr). - Chc nng ca cc node trong mng: Node loi 5- kim sot ti nguyn mng v cc dch v mng, gi l node Host. Node loi 4 nh tuyn v iu khin lung d liu. Node loi 2.0 v 2.1 l cc loi node ngoi vi c ni vi node loi 4 hoc loi 5. y l node iu khin cm v l b x l phn tn. 2.4.2. Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) Giao thc IPX/SPX c cng ty Novell thit k s dng cho cc sn phm mng ca chnh hng. SPX hot ng trn tng Transport ca OSI, c chc nng bo m tin cy ca lin kt truyn thng t mt n mt. N m bo chuyn giao cc gi tin ng trnh t, ng ch nhng khng c vai tr trong nh tuyn. IPX tun theo chun OSI, hot ng tng mng, chu trch nhim thit lp a ch cho cc thit b mng. N l giao thc nh tuyn, kt hp vi cc giao thc Routing Information Protocol (RIP) v Netware Link Services Protocol (NLSP) trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc b nh tuyn ln cn. 2.4.3. AppleTalk

L kin trc mng do hng Apple Computer pht trin cho h cc my tnh c nhn Macintosh. Giao thc AppleTalk cng c pht trin trn tng vt l ca Ethernet v Token Ring.
- Cc vng ti a trn mt phn mng: Phase 1 l 1; Phase 2 l 255 . - Cc node ti a trn mi mng: Phase 1: 254; Phase 2: khong 16 triu. - a ch ng da trn cc giao thc truy nhp : Phase 1: Node ID; Phase 2: Network Node ID; Phase 1&2: LocalTalk , Phase 1: Ethernet; Phase 2: IEEE 802.2, IEEE 802.5. - nh tuyn Split-horizon: Phase 1: khng; Phase 2: c. 2.4.4. Digital Network Architectur (DNA) Kin trc mng DNA l sn phm ca hng Digital Equipment Corporation. c bit Digital kt hp vi cc hng Intel v Xerox pht trin cc phin bn Ethernet, trong c Ethernet Version 2. 2.4.5. H IEEE 802 (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer) L chun cho kin trc cc mng LAN, WAN v MAN:
35
+

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI - Chun IEEE 802.2 nh ngha mt tng con LLC c giao thc tng di s dng. Giao thc tng mng c th thit k c lp vi tng vt l. - Giao thc tng di: 802.3 (1Base5, 10Base5, 10Base2, 10Basef, 10Broad36, 10BaseT, 10BaseX), 802.4 (TokenBus), 802.5 (Token Ring) , 802.6 , 802.9, 802.11, 802.12. 2.4.6. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) L h cc giao thc cng lm vic vi nhau cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin mng. V lch s ca TCP/IP gn lin vi B quc phng M, nn vic phn lp giao thc TCP/IP c gi l m hnh DOD ( Department of Defense ). y l h cc giao thc c s dng ph bin trn mng Internet, mang tnh m nht , ph dng nht v c h tr ca nhiu hng kinh doanh. TCP/IP c ci t sn trong phn thc thi UNIX BSD (Berkely Standard Distribution). M hnh DOD gm 4 tng: - Network Access Layer (truy nhp mng) tng ng Physical Layer & Data Link Layer trong OSI. - Internetwork Layer: nh tuyn gi d liu gia cc my ch. - Host to Host Layer: Kt ni cc thnh phn mng. - Application Layer: H tr cc ng dng .

Cu hi trc nghim
1. Cc pht biu no v nguyn tc phn tng l ng A. Chc nng cc tng c lp vi nhau v c tnh m. B. Xc nh mi quan h gia cc tng k nhau C. Xc nh mi quan h gia cc ng tng D. D liu khng truyn trc tip gia cc tng ng h thng (tr tng vt l). E. C 4 pht biu u ng. 2. Kin trc mng (Network Architecture) l: A. Giao din Interface gia 2 tng k nhau. B. Giao thc tng- quan h ng tng C. S lng tng. D. Dch v tng. E. Tp cc giao din, s lng tng v giao thc tng- quan h ng tng 3. im truy nhp dch v SAP (Service Access Point) l g ? A. Ni trao cung cp dch v cc tng k nhau. B. Ni hot ng ca cc dch v. C. Ni cung cp dch v ca tng di cho cc hot ng tng trn. 4.
36

Nhng pht biu no ng:

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI A. Cung cp v nhn cc dch v gia cc thc th trong cc tng k nhau thng qua vic gi cc hm dch v nguyn thy. B. Cc dch v nguyn thu l cc th tc trao i thng tin. C. Cc hm dch v nguyn thy tng tc gia cc tng k nhau. D. Cc hm dch v nguyn thy c t cc thao tc thc hin yu cu hay tr li mt yu cu ca cc thc th ng tng. 5. Tng no xc nh giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI. A. Tng ng dng B. Tng trnh by C. Tng phin D. Tng vn chuyn 6. Tng no cung cp mt dng biu din truyn thng chung cho php chuyn i t dng biu din cc b sang biu din chung v ngc li. A. Tng mng B. Tng trnh by C. Tng phin D. Tng vt l 7. Tng no thit lp, duy tr, hu b cc giao dch" gia cc thc th u cui. A. Tng mng B. Tng lin kt d liu C. Tng phin D. Tng vt l 8. Tng no c lin quan n cc giao thc trao i d liu A. Tng mng B. Tng vn chuyn C. Tng lin kt d liu D. Tng vt l 9. Nhng thut ng no dng m t cc n v d liu s dng trong tng lin kt d liu: A. Datagram. B. Packet.(*) C. Message D. Frame (*) 10. Tng no thay i, duy tr tuyn kt ni gia cc thit b truyn thng. A. Tng vt l. B. Tng con MAC. C. Tng con LLC(*)
37

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI D. Tng mng. 11. Phng php chuyn mch no s dng mch o ?. A. Message. B. Packet(*). C. Bit D. Circuit Switching 12. Tng no thc hin m ho d liu? A. Tng mng B. Tng vn chuyn. C. Tng lin kt d liu. D. Tng phin. E. Tng ng dng F. Tng trnh by.(*) 13. Tng no thc hin bn giao cc thng ip gia cc tin trnh trn cc thit b? A. Tng mng. B. Tng vn chuyn.(*). C. Tng lin kt d liu.. D. Tng phin. E. Tng ng dng. 14. Tng no thc hin vic phn gii a ch/tn? A. Tng mng. B. Tng vn chuyn.(*). C. Tng lin kt d liu.. D. Tng ng dng 15. Khng nh no ng: A. Bng thng mng hiu sut cao khi s dng k thut chn ng DIJKTRA. B. Bng thng mng hiu sut cao khi s dng k thut chn ng BellMan Ford (*). C. C hai kt hp. 16. Hot ng no c lin quan n ID giao kt A. Chuyn mch gi. B. nh tuyn. C. Pht trin phn on.(*) D. iu khin lung 17. Khng nh no ng: A. Tng lin kt d liu x l lu thng gia cc thit b.(*). B. Tng mng x l lu thng gia cc tin trnh ca tng trn..
38

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI C. Tng lvn chuyn x l lu thng gia cc thit b u cui.(*) D. Tt c u ng. 18. iu khin cuc lin lc l chc nng ca tng: A. Vt l. B. Tng mng. C. Tng phin.(*) D. Tng trnh by. 19. Chc nng iu khin phin lm vic ca mt cuc lin lc l: A. Thit lp tuyn lin kt.(*). B. Pht hin li bng CheckSum. C. Chuyn giao d liu.(*) D. Gii phng cc lin kt.(*) 20. Chc nng ca vic thit lp lin kt: A. Bt u khi phin truyn thng b gin on. B. Xc minh tn ng nhp v mt khu.(*) C. Xc nh cc dch v cn thit.(*). D. Pht tn hiu bo nhn d liu. 21. Chc nng ca tng trnh by: A. M ho d liu.(*). B. Trnh by d liu trn cc thit b hin th. C. Phin dch d liu.(*) D. Chuyn i dng thc hin th. 22. Chc nng ca tng ng dng A. Dch v in mng.(*). B. Cc ng dng ca ngi s dng u cui. C. H khch truy nhp cc dch v mng.(*) D. Qung co cc dch v.(*). 23. ng hay sai khng nh sau: Trong mng LAN hnh BUS, mi mt my trn BUS u c a ch ring, nhiu my c th ng thi gi d liu ln mng m vn m bo c d liu s n ch? 24. M hnh tham kho OSI chia hot ng truyn thng thnh..... tng. 25. Mc ch ca mi mt tng l cung cp cc dch v cho tng ..... v bo v cho tng ...... khi nhng chi tit v cch thc dch v c thc hin. Trong mi tng, cc gi d liu c b sung thm thng tin iu khin, l cc thng tin v..... 26. Mi mt tng hot ng giao tip vi ........tng.... .. 27. Tng ..... quyt nh ng i ca d liu t node ngun n node ch.
39

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI 28. Tng Data Link chu trch nhim gi...... t tng Network xung tng Physical. 29. Thng tin ...... trong khung d liu (Frame) c s dng ch r loi khung, ng i v thng tin v phn on. 30. Tng con ...... giao tip trc tip vi Card mng v chu trch nhim chuyn giao d liu khng li gia hai my tnh trn mng. 31. D liu c phn chia thnh nhiu .... nh ..... x l d dng. 32. Nhiu giao thc phi hp cng thc hin hot ng truyn thng, gi l..... 33. S lin kt ..... s cho bit ...... ca tng no ang hot ng. 34. C ba kiu giao thc ng vi m hnh OSI, l cc loi giao thc.... 35. Giao thc ng dng hot ng trn tng cao nht v cung cp trao i d liu gia cc chng trnh ng dng. ? 36. Khi gi d liu c truyn gia cc b nh tuyn vi nhau, a ch ngun v ch ca tng Data Link b loi b v _________ A. Sau c to li. B. tip tc c gi ring ri s c ti to ti node ch. C. Cc gi tin c chuyn tip da trn di tnh bng Byte D. Gi tin c truyn tip da trn mc u tin. 37. Chuyn tip gi d liu da trn a ch tng con MAC (Media Access Control________ A. B chuyn tip B. Cng giao tip C. SONET. D. SMDS E. Cu ni (Bridge) 38. Tp hp cc giao thc mng chuyn mch gi________ A. B chuyn tip B. Cng giao tip C. SONET. D. X25 39. Lin kt nhiu mng s dng cc giao thc khc nhau________ A. B chuyn tip B. Cng giao tip C. SONET. D. B nh tuyn.

Cu hi v bi tp
1. Hy cho bit ngha ca khuyn ngh loi V, khuyn ngh loi X v loi I. 2. Tng qut v khi nim kin trc a tng v cc quy tc phn tng
40

Chng 2: Kin trc mng v m hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI 3. Hiu th no l quan h ngang v quan h dc trong kin trc N tng. 4. Trnh by cc nguyn tc truyn thng ng tng 5. Giao din tng, quan h cc tng k nhau v dch v 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Dch v v cht lng dch v Trnh by khi nim dch v v dch v lin kt, dch v khng lin kt Trnh by cc kiu hm dch v nguyn thy c bn. Trnh by tm tt tt qu trnh yu cu thit lp lin kt ca cc thc th ng Quan h gia dch v v giao thc

11. Cc tham s dch v v tng tc gia cc tng 12. Trng thi hot ng cc hm dch v trong m hnh OSI 13. Vai tr v chc nng ch yu cc tng phin (Session Layer) 14. Vai tr & chc nng tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer) 15. 16. 17. 18. Vai tr & chc nng tng mng (Network Layer) Vai tr & chc nng tng lin kt d liu (Data link Layer) Hiu th no l thc th tng vt l v dch v tng vt l. Giao thc tng vt l khc vi giao thc cc tng khc nh th no ?

19. Khi nim DTE v DCE, v d?

41

Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4

CHNG 3: MNG INTERNET V GIAO THC TCP/IPv4

Ni dung ca chng s gii thiu tng qut v mng Internet v kin trc m hnh TCP/IP. B giao thc TCP/IP tr thnh chun chung cho mng my tnh ton cu. Tm hiu v chng giao thc TCP/IP s cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v cc thnh phn giao thc khc nhau cn thit cho cc ng dng TCP/IP trn nn cc h iu hnh mng. Phn cui ca chng s trnh by nhng hn ch ca IPv4 v s cn thit ra i giao thc IPv6. Ni dung ca chng bao gm: Gii thiu m hnh kin trc TCP/IP. Mt s giao thc c bn ca b giao thc TCP/IP Mt s hn ch ca giao thc IPv4 v nguyn nhn ra i IPv6 Cc lp a ch IPv6

3.1. M hnh TCP/IP

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) l chng giao thc cng hot ng nhm cung cp cc phng tin truyn thng lin mng. Nm 1981, TCP/IP phin bn 4 (IPv4) c hon thnh v s dng ph bin trn my tnh s dng h iu hnh UNIX, tr thnh mt trong nhng giao thc c bn ca h iu hnh Windows 9x. Nm 1994, mt phin bn mi IPv6 c hnh thnh trn c s ci tin nhng hn ch ca IPv4. 3.1.1. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP M hnh TCP/IP M hnh OSI ng dng ng dng Trnh by Phin Vn chuyn Mng Truy nhp mng Vn chuyn Mng Lin kt d Vt l Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Process Application Layer Host -To-Host Internet Layer Network Access Layer

Hnh 3.1 Tng quan M hnh OSI v m hnh TCP/IP

42

Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4 3.1.2. Vai tr v chc nng cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP Tng ng dng (Process/Application Layer): ng vi cc tng Session, Presentation v Aplication trong m hnh OSI. Tng mg dng h tr cc ng dng cho cc giao thc tng Host to Host. Cung cp giao din cho ngi s dng m hnh TCP/IP. Cc giao thc ng dng gm TELNET(truy nhp t xa), FTP (truyn File), SMTP (th in t),....... Tng vn chuyn Host to Host: ng vi tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer) trong m hnh OSI, tng Host to Host thc hin nhng kt ni gia hai my ch trn mng bng 2 giao thc: giao thc iu khin trao i d liu TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v giao thc d liu ngi s dng UDP (User Datagram Protocol).Giao thc TCP l giao thc kt ni hng lin kt (Connection - Oriented) chu trch nhim m bo tnh chnh xc v tin cy cao trong vic trao i d liu gia cc thnh phn ca mng, tnh ng thi v kt ni song cng (Full Duplex). Khi nim tin cy cao ngha l TCP kim sot li bng cch truyn li cc gi tin b li. Giao thc TCP cng h tr nhng kt ni ng thi. Nhiu kt ni TCP c th c thit lp ti mt my ch v d liu c th c truyn i mt cch ng thi v c lp vi nhau trn cc kt ni khc nhau. TCP cung cp kt ni song cng (Full Duplex), d liu c th c trao i trn mt kt ni n theo 2 chiu. Giao thc UDP c s dng cho nhng ng dng khng i hi tin cy cao. Tng mng (Internet Layer):ng vi tng mng (Network Layer) trong m hnh OSI, tng mng cung cp mt a ch logic cho giao din vt l mng. Giao thc thc hin ca tng mng trong m hnh DOD l giao thc IP kt ni khng lin kt (Connectionless), l ht nhn hot ng ca Internet. Cng vi cc giao thc nh tuyn RIP, OSPF, BGP, tng tng mng IP cho php kt ni mt cch mm do v linh hot cc loi mng "vt l" khc nhau nh: Ethernet, Token Ring, X.25... Ngoi ra tng ny cn h tr cc nh x gia a ch vt l (MAC) do tng Network Access Layer cung cp vi a ch logic bng cc giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) v phn gii a ch o RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol). Cc vn c lin quan n chun on li v cc tnh hung bt thng lin quan n IP c giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) thng k v bo co. Tng trn s dng cc dch v do tng Lin mng cung cp.

OSI Model
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical
Telnet

TCP/IP Architectual Model

FTP SMTP DNS SNMP
RIP ICMP

Transmision Control Protocol (TCP) ARP

UserDatagram Protocol (UDP)

Internet Protocol (IP) Tokenbus IEEE802.4 Token Ring EEE802.5 FDDI ANSI X3 T95

Ethernet IEEE802.3

Hnh 3.2 M hnh OSI v m hnh kin trc ca TCP/IP

43

Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4 Tng tng truy nhp mng (Network Access Layer): Tng ng vi tng Vt l v Lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI, tng truy nhp mng cung cp cc phng tin kt ni vt l cp, b chuyn i (Transceiver), Card mng, giao thc kt ni, giao thc truy nhp ng truyn nh CSMA/CD, Tolen Ring, Token Bus..). Cung cp cc dch v cho tng Internet phn on d liu thnh cc khung. 3.1.3. Qu trnh ng gi d liu Encapsulation Cng nh m hnh OSI, trong m hnh kin trc TCP/IP mi tng c mt cu trc d liu ring, c lp vi cu trc d liu c dng tng trn hay tng di k n. Khi d liu c truyn t tng ng dng cho n tng vt l, qua mi tng c thm phn thng tin iu khin (Header) t trc phn d liu c truyn, m bo cho vic truyn d liu chnh xc. Vic thm Header vo u cc gi tin khi i qua mi tng trong qu trnh truyn d liu c gi l Encapsulation. Qu trnh nhn d liu s din ra theo chiu ngc li, khi qua mi tng, cc gi tin s tch thng tin iu khin thuc n trc khi chuyn d liu ln tng trn. User Data Header User Data Applicatio Header TCP/UDP Appliction

Application Dataa

TCP

Segment/Datagram IP Header Header TCP/UDP Packet IP Ethernet Header 14 IP Header 20 Header TCP/UDP 20 Ethernet Frame 46 -- 1500 byte Application Dataa Ethernet Trailer 4 Ethernet iu khin Ethernet Application Dataa IP

Hnh 3.3 ng gi d liu khi chuyn xung tng k di - Process/Application Layer: Message (Thng ip ) - Host - To- Host Layer: Segment/ Datagram (on/B d liu) - Internet Layer: Packet (Gi d liu) - Network Layer: Frame (Khung d liu).
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Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4 3.1.4. Qu trnh phn mnh d liu Fragment D liu c th c truyn qua nhiu mng khc nhau, kch thc cho php cng khc nhau. Kch thc ln nht ca gi d liu trong mng gi l n v truyn cc i MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit). Trong qu trnh ng gi Encapsulation, nu kch thc ca mt gi ln hn kch thc cho php, t ng chia thnh nhiu gi nh v thm thng tin iu khin vo mi gi. Nu mt mng nhn d liu t mt mng khc, kch thc gi d liu ln hn MTU ca n, d liu s c phn mnh ra thnh gi nh hn chuyn tip. Qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh phn mnh d liu Fragment. Qu trnh phn mnh lm tng thi gian x l, lm gim tnh nng ca mng v nh hng n tc trao i d liu trong mng. Hu qu ca n l cc gi b phn mnh s n ch chm hn so vi cc gi khng b phn mnh. Mt khc, v IP l mt giao thc khng lin kt, tin cy khng cao, khi mt gi d liu b phn mnh b mt th tt c cc mnh s phi truyn li. V vy phn ln cc ng dng trnh khng s dng k thut phn mnh v gi cc gi d liu ln nht m khng b phn mnh, gi tr ny l Path MTU.

3.2. Mt s giao thc c bn ca b giao thc TCP/IP

3.2.1. Giao thc gi tin ngi s dng UDP (User Datagram Protocol) UDP l giao thc khng lin kt (Connectionless). UDP s dng cho cc tin trnh khng yu cu v tin cy cao, khng c c ch xc nhn ACK, khng m bo chuyn giao cc gi d liu n ch v theo ng th t v khng thc hin loi b cc gi tin trng lp. N cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt Client ca mng v thc hin vic ghp knh. UDP thng s dng kt hp vi cc giao thc khc, ph hp cho cc ng dng yu cu x l nhanh nh cc giao thc SNMP v VoIP. - Giao thc SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) l giao thc qun l mng ph bin, kh nng tng thch cao. SNMP cung cp thng tin qun tr MIB (Management Information Base) v h tr qun l v gim st Agent. - VoIP ng dng UDP: K thut VoIP (Voice over IP) c tha k k thut giao vn IP. Cc mng IP s dng hai loi giao thc nh tuyn: nh tuyn vect khong cch v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt. H thng m bo tnh nng thi gian thc, tc truyn cao, cc gi thoi khng c tr qu mc v tin cy cao. 3.2.2. Giao thc iu khin truyn TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) TCP l mt giao thc hng lin kt (Connection Oriented), tc l trc khi truyn d liu, thc th TCP pht v thc th TCP thu thng lng thit lp mt kt ni logic tm thi, tn ti trong qu trnh truyn s liu. TCP nhn thng tin t tng trn, chia d liu thnh nhiu gi theo di quy nh v chuyn giao cc gi tin xung cho cc giao thc tng mng (Tng IP) nh tuyn. B x l TCP xc nhn tng gi, nu khng c xc nhn gi d liu s c truyn li. Thc th TCP bn nhn s khi phc li thng tin ban u da trn th t gi v chuyn d liu ln tng trn. TCP cung cp kh nng truyn d liu mt cch an ton gia cc thnh trong lin mng. Cung cp cc chc nng kim tra tnh chnh xc ca d liu khi n ch v truyn li d liu khi c li xy ra. TCP cung cp cc chc nng chnh sau:
45

Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4 - Thit lp, duy tr, gii phng lin kt gia hai thc th TCP. - Phn pht gi tin mt cch tin cy. - To s th t (Sequencing) cc gi d liu. - iu khin li. - Cung cp kh nng a kt ni cho cc qu trnh khc nhau gia thc th ngun v thc th ch thng qua vic s dng s hiu cng. - Truyn d liu theo ch song cng (Full-Duplex). TCP c nhng c im sau: - Hai thc th lin kt vi nhau phi trao i, m phn vi nhau v cc thng tin lin kt. Hi thoi, m phn nhm ngn chn s trn lt v mt d liu khi truyn. - H thng nhn phi gi xc nhn cho h thng pht bit rng n nhn gi d liu. - Cc Datagram IP c th n ch khng ng theo th t , TCP nhn sp xp li. - H thng ch pht li gi tin b li, khng loi b ton b dng d liu. Cu trc gi tin TCP: n v d liu s dng trong giao thc TCP c gi l Segment. Khun dng v ni dung ca gi tin TCP c biu din nh sau 0 15 16 31

Source port Sequence number Acknowledgment number Offset Reserved U A P R S F Checksum Options TCP data

Destination port

Window Urgent pointer Padding

Hnh 3.4 Cu trc gi tin TCP (TCP Segment) - Cng ngun (Source Port): 16 bt, s hiu cng ngun. - Cng ch (Destination Port): di 16 bt, cha s hiu cng ch. - Sequence Number: 32 bits, s th t ca gi s liu khi pht. - Acknowlegment Number (32 bits), Bn thu xc nhn thu c d liu ng. - Offset (4 bts): di Header gi tin TCP. - Reserved (6 bt) lu li: Lp y bng 0 dnh cho tng lai. - Control bits: Cc bits iu khin URG : Vng con tr khn c hiu lc. ACK : Vng bo nhn (ACK number) c hiu lc . PSH: Chc nng PUSH.
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Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4 RST: Khi ng li (reset) lin kt. SYN : ng b cc s liu tun t (sequence number). FIN : Khng cn d liu t trm ngun . - Window (16bits): S lng cc Byte d liu trong vng ca s bn pht. - Checksum (16bits): M kim sot li (theo phng php CRC). - Urgent Pointer (16 bits): S th t ca Byte d liu khn, khi URG c thit lp . - Option ( di thay i): Khai bo di ti a ca TCP Data trong mt Segment . - Padding ( di thay i): Phn chn thm vo Header. Vic kt hp a ch IP ca mt my trm v s cng c s dng to thnh mt Socket. Cc my gi v nhn u c Socket ring. S Socket l duy nht trn mng. iu khin lu lng v iu khin tc nghn C ch ca s ng l mt trong cc phng php iu khin thng tin trong mng my tnh. ln ca ca s bng s lng cc gi d liu c gi lin tc m khng cn ch thng bo tr li v kt qu nhn tng gi d liu . ln ca s quyt nh hiu sut trao i d liu trong mng. Nu chn ln ca s cao th c th gi c nhiu d liu trong cng mt n v thi gian. Nu truyn b li, d liu phi gi li ln th hiu qu s dng ng truyn thp. Giao thc TCP cho php thay i ln ca s mt cch ng, ph thuc vo ln b m thu ca thc th TCP nhn. C ch pht li thch nghi: m bo kim tra v khc phc li trong vic trao i d liu qua lin mng, TCP phi c c ch ng h kim tra pht (Time Out) v c ch pht li (Retransmission) mm do, ph thuc vo thi gian tr thc ca mi trng truyn dn c th. Thi gian tr ton phn RTT (Round Trip Time) c xc nh bt u t thi im pht gi d liu cho n khi nhn c xc nhn ca thc th i tc, l yu t quyt nh gi tr ca ng h kim tra pht Tout. Nh vy Tout phi ln hn hoc bng RTT. C ch iu khin tc nghn: Hin tng tc nghn d liu th hin vic gia tng thi gian tr ca d liu khi chuyn qua mng. hn ch kh nng dn n tc nghn d liu trong mng, iu khin lu lng da trn vic thay i ln ca s pht. Thit lp v hu b lin kt: TCP l mt giao thc hng lin kt, tc l cn phi thit lp mt lin kt gia mt cp thc TCP trc khi truyn d liu. Sau khi lin kt c thit lp, nhng gi tr cng (Port) hot ng nh mt nhn dng logic c s dng nhn dng mch o (Virtual Circuit).Trn knh o d liu c truyn song cng (Full Duplex). Lin kt TCP c duy tr trong thi gian truyn d liu. Kt thc truyn, lin kt TCP c gii phng, cc ti nguyn nh b nh, cc bng trng thi.. cng c gii phng.

Thit lp lin kt TCP: c thc hin trn c s phng thc bt tay ba bc (Tree Way Handsake): Bc 1: Nh hnh 3.7 yu cu lin kt lun c trm ngun khi to tin trnh bng cch gi mt gi TCP vi c SYN=1 v cha gi tr khi to s tun t ISN ca Client. Gi tr ISN ny l mt s 4 byte khng du v c tng mi khi lin kt c yu cu (gi tr ny quay v 0 khi n ti gi tr 232). Trong thng ip SYN ny cn cha s hiu cng TCP ca phn mm dch v m tin trnh trm mun lin kt.
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Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4

Mi thc th lin kt TCP u c mt gi tr ISN mi, s ny c tng theo thi gian. V mt lin kt TCP c cng s hiu cng v cng a ch IP c dng li nhiu ln, do vic thay i gi tr ISN ngn khng cho cc lin kt dng li cc d liu c (Stale) vn cn c truyn t mt lin kt c v c cng mt a ch lin kt . Bc 2: Khi thc th TCP ca phn mm dch v nhn c thng ip SYN, n gi li gi SYN cng gi tr ISN ca n v t c ACK=1 trong trng hp sn sng nhn lin kt . Thng ip ny cn cha gi tr ISN ca tin trnh trm trong trng hp s tun t nhn bo rng thc th dch v nhn c gi tr ISN ca tin trnh trm. Bc 3: Tin trnh trm tr li li gi SYN ca thc th dch v bng mt thng bo tr li ACK. Bng cch ny, cc thc th TCP trao i mt cch tin cy cc gi tr ISN ca nhau v c th bt u trao i d liu. Khng c thng ip no trong ba bc trn cha bt k d liu g , tt c thng tin trao i u nm trong phn Header ca thng ip TCP.
TCP_A TCP_B Syn, Seq=x Syn, Seq=y Ack (x+1) Ack (y+1) TCP_A Ack (x+1) Fin, Seq=y Ack (x+1) Ack (y+1) a) Thit lp lin kt b) Kt thc lin kt TCP_B Fin,Seq=x

Hnh 3.5 Qu trnh thit lp v kt thuc lin kt TCP 3 bc Kt thc lin kt: Khi c nhu cu kt thc lin kt TCP, v d A gi yu cu kt thc lin kt vi FIN=1. V lin kt TCP l song cng (Full-Duplex) nn mc d nhn c yu cu kt thc lin kt ca A, thc th B vn c th tip tc truyn cho n khi B khng cn s liu gi v thng bo cho A bng yu cu kt thc lin kt vi FIN=1. Khi thc th TCP nhn c thng ip FIN v sau khi gi thng ip FIN ca mnh, lin kt TCP thc s kt thc. Nh vy c hai trm phi ng gii phng lin kt TCP bng cch gi c FIN=1 trc khi chm dt lin kt xy ra, vic ny bo m d liu khng b tht lc do n phng t ngt chm dt lin lc. Truyn v nhn d liu Sau khi lin kt c thit lp gia mt cp thc th TCP, cc thc th truyn d liu. Lin kt TCP d liu c th c truyn theo hai hng. Khi nhn mt khi d liu cn chuyn i t ngi s dng, TCP s lu tr ti b m. Nu c PUST c xc lp th ton b d liu trong b m s c gi i di dng TCP Segment. Nu PUST khng c xc lp th d liu trong b m vn ch gi i khi c c hi thch hp.
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Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4 Bn nhn, d liu s c gi vo b m. Nu d liu trong m c nh du bi c PUST th ton b d liu trong b m s c gi ln cho ngi s dng. Ngc li, d liu vn c lu trong b m. Nu d liu khn cn phi chuyn gp th c URGENT c xc lp v nh du d liu bng bit URG bo d liu khn cn c chuyn gp. 3.2.3. Giao thc mng IP (Internet Protocol) Cc chc nng chnh ca IP: IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc khng lin kt. Chc nng ch yu ca IP l cung cp cc dch v Datagram v cc kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin mng truyn d liu vi phng thc chuyn mch gi IP Datagram, thc hin tin trnh nh a ch v chn ng. IP Header c thm vo u cc gi tin v c giao thc tng thp truyn theo dng khung d liu (Frame). IP nh tuyn cc gi tin thng qua lin mng bng cch s dng cc bng nh tuyn ng tham chiu ti mi bc nhy. Xc nh tuyn c tin hnh bng cch tham kho thng tin thit b mng vt l v logic nh ARP giao thc phn gii a ch. IP thc hin vic tho ri v khi phc cc gi tin theo yu cu kch thc c nh ngha cho cc tng vt l v lin kt d liu thc hin. IP kim tra li thng tin iu khin, phn u IP bng gi tr tng CheckSum. a ch IP : Mi mt trm (Host) c gn mt a ch duy nht gi l a ch IP. Mi a ch IP c di 32 bit c tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1 byte), c th c biu din di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hoc nh phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l di dng thp phn c du chm tch gia cc vng. a ch IP c chia thnh 5 lp k hiu l A, B, C, D, E vi cu trc mi lp c xc nh. Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0-lp A, 10 - lp B, 110 - lp C, 1110 - lp D, 11110 - lp E). - Lp A cho php nh danh ti a 126 mng (byte u tin), vi ti a 16 triu Host (3 byte cn li) cho mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln.
0 78 15 16 31

Netid

Subnetid

Hostid

- Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng con, vi ti a 65535 Host trn mi mng. Dng a ch ca lp B: (Network number. Network number.Host.Host).
0 78 15 16 31

Netid

Subnetid

Hostid

- Lp C cho php nh danh ti 2.097.150 mng v ti a 254 Host cho mi mng.

0 23 24 26 27 31

Netid

Subnetid

Hostid

- Lp D dng gi IP Datagram ti mt nhm cc Host trn mt mng. Tt c cc s ln hn 233 trong trng u l thuc lp D.
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Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4 - Lp E d phng dng trong tng lai. Lp A B C D E Bit c trng 0 10 110 1110 11110 S lng Mng 127 16.383 2.097.151 S lng Host 16.777.214 65.534 234 Biu din bng s Thp phn 0.1.0.0 126.255.255.255 128.1.0.0 191.255.255.255 192.1.0.0 223.255.255.255 223.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 247.255.255.255 Hnh 3.6: Cu trc cc lp a ch IP Cu trc gi d liu IP: Cc gi d liu IP c gi l cc Datagram. Mi Datagram c phn tiu (Header) cha cc thng tin iu khin. Nu a ch IP ch cng mng vi trm ngun th cc gi d liu s c chuyn thng ti ch, nu a ch IP ch khng cng mng IP vi my ngun th cc gi d liu s c gi n mt my trung chuyn IP Gateway chuyn tip. IP Gateway l mt thit b mng IP m nhn vic lu chuyn cc gi d liu IP gia hai mng IP khc nhau. Hnh 3.3 m t cu trc gi IP. - VER (4 bits): Version hin hnh ca IP c ci t. - IHL(4 bits): Internet Header Length ca Datagram, tnh theo n v word (32 bits). - Type of service(8 bits): Thng tin v loi dch v v mc u tin ca gi IP: - Total Length (16 bits): Ch di Datagram, - Identification (16bits): nh danh cho mt Datagram trong thi gian sng ca n. - Flags(3 bits): Lin quan n s phn on (Fragment) cc Datagram: - Fragment Offset (13 bits): Ch v tr ca Fragment trong Datagram. - Time To Live (TTL-8 bits): Thi gian sng ca mt gi d liu. - Protocol (8 bits): Ch giao thc s dng TCP hay UDP. - Header Checksum (16 bits): M kim sot li CRC(Cycle Redundancy Check). - Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca trm ngun. - Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca trm ch. - Option (c di thay i): S dng trong trng hp bo mt, nh tuyn c bit. - Padding ( di thay i): Vng m cho phn Header lun kt thc 32 bits - Data ( di thay i): di d liu ti a l 65.535 bytes, ti thiu l 8 bytes.

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Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4 VERS IHL Identification Time to live Protocol Source IP address Destination IP address IP options(may be none) IP Datagram data(up to 65535 bytes) Hnh 3.7 Cu trc gi d liu IP Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP: Cc gi IP c nhng trong khung d liu tng lin kt d liu tng ng trc khi chuyn tip trong mng. Mt gi d liu IP c di ti a 65.536 byte, trong khi hu ht cc lp lin kt d liu ch h tr cc khung d liu nh hn ln ti a ca gi d liu IP nhiu ln (v d di ln nht ca mt khung d liu Ethernet l 1500 byte). V vy cn thit phi c c ch phn mnh khi pht v hp nht khi nhn i vi cc gi d liu IP. di ti a ca mt gi lin kt d liu l MTU (Maximum Transmit Unit). Khi cn chuyn mt gi d liu IP c di ln hn MTU ca mt mng c th, cn phi chia gi s liu IP thnh nhng gi IP nh hn di ca n nh hn hoc bng MTU gi l mnh (Fragment). Trong phn tiu ca gi d liu IP c thng tin v phn mnh v xc nh cc mnh c quan h ph thuc hp thnh sau ny. Qu trnh hp nht din ra ngc li vi qu trnh phn mnh. Khi IP nhn c mt gi phn mnh, n gi phn mnh trong vng m, cho n khi nhn c ht cc gi IP trong chui phn mnh c cng trng nh danh. Khi phn mnh u tin c nhn, IP khi ng mt b m thi gian (gi tr ngm nh l 15s). IP phi nhn ht cc phn mnh k tip trc khi ng h tt. Nu khng IP phi hu tt c cc phn mnh trong hng i hin thi c cng trng nh danh. Khi IP nhn c ht cc phn mnh, n thc hin hp nht cc gi phn mnh thnh cc gi IP gc v sau x l n nh mt gi IP bnh thng. IP thng ch thc hin hp nht cc gi ti h thng ch ca gi. 3.2.4. Giao thc thng bo iu khin mng ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol) Giao thc IP khng c c ch kim sot li v kim sot lung d liu. Cc nt mng cn bit tnh trng cc nt khc, cc gi d liu pht i c ti ch hay khng Cc chc nng chnh: ICMP l giao thc iu khin ca tng IP, s dng trao i cc thng tin iu khin dng d liu, thng bo li v cc thng tin trng thi khc ca b giao thc TCP/IP. - iu khin lu lng (Flow Control): Khi cc gi d liu n qu nhanh, thit b ch hoc thit b nh tuyn gia s gi mt thng ip ICMP tr li thit b gi, yu cu thit b gi tm thi ngng vic gi d liu. - Thng bo li: Trong trng hp khng ti c a ch ch th h thng s gi mt thng bo li "Destination Unreachable".
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Service type Flags

Toltal length Fragment offset Header checksum

Padding

Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4 - nh hng li cc tuyn (Redirect Router): Mt Router gi mt thng ip ICMP cho mt trm thng bo nn s dng Router khc. Thng ip ny c th ch c dng khi trm ngun trn cng mt mng vi hai thit b nh tuyn. - Kim tra cc trm xa: Mt trm c th gi mt thng ip ICMP "Echo" kim tra trm c hot ng hay khng.

Nhm
Thng ip truy vn (ICMP Queries)

Loi bn tin
Hi v phc p Echo (Echo Request v Echo Reply) Hi v phc p nhn thi gian (Timestamp Request v Timestamp Reply) Yu cu v phc p mt n a ch (Address mask Request v Address mask Reply) Yu cu v qung b b nh tuyn (Router soliciation v Router advertisement)

Type
8/0 13/14 17/18 10/9 3 4 5 11

Thng ip thng bo li (ICMP Error Reports)

Khng th t ti ch (Destination Unreachable) Yu cu ngng hoc gim tc pht (Source Quench) nh hng li (Redirection) Vt ngng thi gian (Time Exceeded) Hnh 3.8 Cc loi thng ip ICMP.

Cc loi thng ip ICMP: Cc thng ip ICMP c chia thnh hai nhm: cc thng ip truy vn v cc thng ip thng bo li. Cc thng ip truy vn gip cho ngi qun tr mng nhn cc thng tin xc nh t mt node mng khc. Cc thng ip thng bo li lin quan n cc vn m b nh tuyn hay trm pht hin ra khi x l gi IP. ICMP s dng a ch IP ngun gi thng ip thng bo li cho node ngun ca gi IP. 3.2.5. Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) Giao thc TCP/IP s dng ARP tm a ch vt l ca trm ch. V d khi cn gi mt gi d liu IP cho mt h thng khc trn cng mt mng vt l Ethernet, h thng gi cn bit a ch Ethernet ca h thng ch tng lin kt d liu xy dng khung gi d liu. Thng thng, mi h thng lu gi v cp nht bng thch ng a ch IP-MAC ti ch (cn c gi l bng ARP Cache). Bng thch ng a ch c cp nht bi ngi qun tr h thng hoc t ng bi giao thc ARP sau mi ln nh x c mt a ch tng ng mi. Trc khi trao i thng tin vi nhau, node ngun cn phi xc nh a ch vt l MAC ca node ch bng cch tm kim trong bng a ch IP. Nu khng tm thy, node ngun gi qung b(Broadcast) mt gi yu cu ARP(ARP Request) c cha a ch IP ngun, a ch IP ch cho tt cc cc my trn mng. Cc my nhn, c, phn tch v so snh a ch IP ca n vi
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Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4 a ch IP ca gi. Nu cng a ch IP, ngha l node ch tm trong bng thch ng a ch IPMAC ca n v tr li bng mt gi ARP Rely c cha a ch MAC cho node ngun. Nu khng cng a ch IP, n chuyn tip gi yu cu nhn c di dng qung b cho tt c cc trm trn mng. Tm li tin trnh ca ARP c m t nh sau: - IP yu cu a ch MAC. - Tm kim trong bng ARP. - Nu tm thy s tr li a ch MAC. - Nu khng tm thy, to gi ARP yu cu v gi ti tt c cc trm. - Tu theo gi tin tr li, ARP cp nht vo bng ARP v gi a ch MAC cho IP. 3.2.6. Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) RARP l giao thc phn gii a ch ngc. Qu trnh ny ngc li vi qu trnh ARP trn, ngha l cho trc a ch mc lin kt, tm a ch IP tng ng. Nh vy RARP c s dng pht hin a ch IP, khi bit a ch vt l MAC. V cng c s dng trong trng hp trm lm vic khng c a Khun dng gi tin RARP tng t nh khun dng gi ARP trnh by, ch khc l trng Opcode c gi tr 00003 cho m lnh yu cu(RARP Request) v c gi tr 00004 cho m lnh tr li(RARP Reply). Nguyn tc hot ng ca RARP ngc vi ARP, ngha l my bit trc a ch vt l MAC tm a ch IP tng ng ca n. Hnh 3.12 minh ha hot ng ca giao thc RARP. My A cn bit a IP ca n, n gi gi tin RARP Request cha a ch MAC cho tt c cc my trong mng LAN. Mi my trong mng u c th nhn gi tin ny nhng ch c Server mi tr li RARP Reply cha a ch IP ca n. ARP Request - Broadcast to all hosts What is the hardware address for IP address

ARP Reply

Node B IP Address: 128.0.10.4 MAC Address: 08:00:20:02:15:45

Hnh 3.9 Minh ho qu trnh tm a ch MAC bng ARP

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Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4 Host A RARP Request - Broadcast to all hosts My Ethernet address is 22:BC:66:17:01:75 Does anyone know my IP address?

RARP Reply

RARP Server Your IP Address is 128.213.1.17 Hnh 3.10 Minh ha qu trnh tm a ch IP bng giao thc RARP.

3.3. Giao thc IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version Number 6)

Giao thc IPng (Next General Internet Protocol) l phin bn mi ca giao thc IP c IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) xng v nm 1994, IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) ph chun vi tn chnh thc l IPv6. IPv6 l phin bn k tha pht trin t IPv4. 3.3.1. Nguyn nhn ra i ca IPv6 - Internet pht trin mnh, nhu cu s dng a ch IP tng dn n khng gian a ch ngy cng b thu hp v tnh trng thiu ht a ch tt yu s xy ra trong vi nm ti. - Vic pht trin qu nhanh ca mng Internet dn n kch thc cc bng nh tuyn trn mng ngy cng ln. - Ci t IPv4 bng th cng hoc bng giao thc cu hnh a ch trng thi DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), khi m nhiu my tnh v cc thit b kt ni vo mng th cn thit phi c mt phng thc cu hnh a ch t ng v n gin hn. - Trong qu trnh hot ng IPv4 pht sinh mt s vn v bo mt v QoS. Khi kt ni thnh mng Intranet cn nhiu a ch khc nhau v truyn thng qua mi trng cng cng. V vy i hi phi c cc dch v bo mt bo v d liu mc IP. - Mc d c cc chun m bo cht lng dch v QoS trong IPv4 trng IPv4 TOS (Type of Service), nhng hn ch v mt chc nng, cn thit h tr tt hn cho cc ng dng thi gian thc. V vy vic cn thit phi thay th giao thc IPv4 l tt yu. Thit k IPv6 nhm mc ch ti thiu ha nh hng qua li gia cc giao thc lp trn v lp di bng cch trnh vic b sung mt cch ngu nhin cc chc nng mi.
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Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4 3.3.2. Cc c trng ca IPv6

IPv6 c chn thay th cho giao thc IPv4 khng ch do IPv4 khng cn ph hp vi yu cu pht trin hin ti ca mng Internet m cn v nhng u im ca giao thc IPv6:
- n gin ho Header: Mt s trng trong Header ca IPv4 b b hoc chuyn thnh cc trng tu chn. Gim thi gian x l v tng thi gian truyn. - Khng gian a ch ln: di a ch IPv6 l 128 bit, gp 4 ln di a ch IPv4. gian a ch IPv6 khng b thiu ht trong tng lai. - Kh nng a ch ho v chn ng linh hot: IPv6 cho php nhiu lp a ch vi s lng cc node. Cho php cc mng a mc v phn chia a ch thnh cc mng con ring l. C kh nng t ng trong vic nh a ch. M rng kh nng chn ng bng cch thm trng Scop vo a ch qung b (Multicast). - T ng cu hnh a ch: Kh nng t cu hnh ca IPv6 c gi l kh nng cm v chy (Plug and Play). Tnh nng ny cho php t cu hnh a ch cho giao din m khng cn s dng cc giao thc DHCP. - Kh nng bo mt: IPsec bo v v xc nhn cc gi tin IP: + M ha d liu: Pha gi s tin hnh m ha gi tin trc khi gi. + Ton vn d liu: Pha nhn c th xc nhn gi tin nhn c m bo rng d liu khng b thay i trong qu trnh truyn. + Xc nhn ngun gc d liu: Pha nhn c th bit c pha gi gi tin. Dch v ny ph thuc vo dch v ton vn d liu. + Antireplay: Pha nhn c th pht hin v t chi gi tin gi li. - Cht lng dch v QoS (Quanlity Of Service): Cht lng dch v QoS trong IPv4 khng cao.Trong Header IPv4 cha a ch ngun v a ch ch, truyn c tin cy khng cao. IPv6 Header c thm mt s trng mi x l v xc nh lu lng trn mng. Do c ch xc nhn gi tin ngay trong Header nn vic h tr QoS c th thc hin c ngay c khi gi tin c m ha qua IPsec. - Giao thc pht hin ln cn NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) ca IPv6 l mt dy cc thng bo ICMPv6 cho php qun l tng tc gia cc node ln cn, thay th ARP trong IPv4. Cc thng bo ICMPv4 Router Discovery v ICMPv4 Redirect c thay bi cc thng bo Multicast, Unicast Neighbor Discovery. - Kh nng m rng: Thm vo trng Header m rng tip ngay sau Header, IPv6 c th c m rng thm cc tnh nng mi mt cch d dng. - Tnh di ng: IPv4 khng h tr cho tnh di ng, IPv6 cho php nhiu thit b di ng kt ni vo Internet theo chun ca PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) qua mng cng cng nh sng v tuyn.

55

Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4 3.3.3. So snh IPv4 v IPv6 IPv4 di a ch l 32 bit (4 byte) IPsec ch l ty chn IPv6 di a ch l 128 bit (16 byte) IPsec c gn lin vi IPv6.

Header ca a ch IPv4 khng c trng Trng Flow Label cho php xc nh lung gi xc nh lung d liu ca gi tin cho cc tin cc Router c th m bo cht lng dch Router x l QoS. v QoS Vic phn on c thc hin bi c Vic phn on ch c thc hin bi my ch Router v my ch gi gi tin pha gi m khng c s tham gia ca Router Header c cha trng Checksum Header c cha nhiu ty chn Khng c trng Checksum trong IPv6 Header Tt c cc ty chn c trong Header m rng

Giao thc ARP s dng ARP Request Khung ARP Request c thay th bi cc thng qung b xc nh a ch vt l. bo Multicast Neighbor Solicitation. S dng giao thc IGMP qun l thnh Giao thc IGMP c thay th bi cc thng bo vin cc nhm mng con cc b MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery) S dng ICMP Router Discovery xc S dng thng bo qung co Router (Router nh a ch cng Gateway mc nh ph Advertisement) v ICMP Router Solicitation thay hp nht, l ty chn. cho ICMP Router Discovery, l bt buc. a ch qung b truyn thng tin n tt Trong IPv6 khng tn ti a ch qung b, thay c cc node trong mt mng con vo l a ch Multicast Thit lp cu hnh bng th cng hoc s Cho php cu hnh t ng, khng s dng nhn dng DHCP cng hay cu hnh qua DHCP a ch my ch c lu trong DNS vi a ch my ch c lu trong DNS vi mc mc ch nh x sang a ch IPv4 ch nh x sang a ch IPv6 Con tr a ch c lu trong IN Con tr a ch c lu trong Ipv6 INT DNS ADDR ARPA DNS nh x a ch nh x a ch t IPv4 sang tn my ch IPv4 sang tn my ch H tr gi tin kch thc 576 bytes (c H tr gi tin kch thc 1280 bytes (khng cn th phn on) phn on) Hnh 3.11 So snh IPv4 v IPv6

56

Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4

3.4. Cc lp a ch IPv6
3.4.1. Phng php biu din a ch IPv6 a ch IPv6 c biu din bng chui s Hexa c chia thnh cc nhm 16 bit tng ng vi bn ch s Hexa, ngn cch nhau bi du :. V d mt a ch IPv6 : 4021 : 0000 : 240E : 0000 : 0000 : 0AC0 : 3428 : 121C.Cc th thu gn bng cch thay cc nhm 0 lin tip bng k hiu ::. V d 12AB : 0000 : 0000 : CD30 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 /60 c th vit l 12AB : 0 : 0 : CD30 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 /60 hoc 12AB :: CD30 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 /60 hoc 12AB : 0 : 0 : CD30 :: /60 . Khng c vit 12AB :: CD30 /60 hay 12AB :: CD30 :: /60 3.4.2. Phn loi a ch IPv6 - a ch Unicast: L a ch ca mt giao din. Mt gi tin c chuyn n a ch Unicast s ch c nh tuyn n giao din gn vi a ch - a ch Anycast: L a ch ca mt tp giao din thuc ca nhiu node khc nhau. Mi gi tin ti a ch Anycast c chuyn ti ch mt trong tp giao din gn vi a ch (l giao din gn node gi nht v c Metrics nh nht). - a ch Multicast: a ch ca tp cc giao din thuc v nhiu node khc nhau. Mt gi tin gi ti a ch Multicast s c gi tt c cc giao din trong nhm. 3.4.3. So snh a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6 a ch IPv6 v IPv4 c mt s im chung nh cng s dng mt s loi a ch vi mt s chc nng tng t, nhng trong IPv6 c mt s thay i th hin trong bng sau: Bng So snh a ch IPv4 v IPv6 IPv4 Address Phn lp a ch (Lp A, B, C v D) Lp D l Multicast (224.0.0.0/4) S dng a ch Broadcast a ch unspecified l 0.0.0.0 a ch Loopback 127.0.0.1 S dng a ch Public IPv6 Address Khng phn lp a ch. Cp pht theo tin t a ch multicast c tin t FF00::/8 Khng c Broadcast, thay bng Anycast a ch Unspecified l :: a ch Loopback l ::1 Tng ng l a ch Unicast ton cu

a ch IP ring (10.0.0.0/8, a ch Site-lLcal (FEC0::/48) 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16) a ch t cu hnh (169.254.0.0/16) a ch Link-Local (FE80::/64) Dng biu din: chui s thp phn Dng biu din: chui s Hexa cch nhau bi du hai cch nhau bi du chm chm; c th nhm chui s 0 lin nhau vo mt k t S dng mt n mng con Ch s dng k hiu tin t ch mng Phn gii tn min DNS: bn ghi ti Phn gii tn min DNS: bn ghi ti nguyn a ch nguyn a ch my ch IPv4 (A) my ch IPv6 (AAAA) Tn min ngc: IN-ADDR.ARPA Tn min ngc: IP6.INT domain
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Chng 3: Mng Internet v giao thc TCP/IPv4

Cu hi v bi tp
1. Hy trnh by tng qut m hnh kin trc TCP/IP 2. Vai tr v chc nng cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP 3. Tng ng dng (Process/Application Layer) v cc giao thc ng dng. 4. Tng vn chuyn Host to Host v cc giao thc. 5. Tng mng (Internet Layer) v cc giao thc tng mng. 6. Trnh by khI qut cc giao thc nh tuyn RIP, OSPF, BGP. 7. Qu trnh ng gi d liu Encapsulation 8. Qu trnh phn mnh cc gi d liu Fragment 9. Khi nim n v truyn cc i MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit). 10. Qu trnh phn mnh lm tng thi gian x l, lm gim tnh nng ca mng. 11. Vai tr v chc nng, cu trc gi tin ca UPP (User Datagram Protocol) 12. Vai tr v chc nng ca TCP : 13. Trnh by cc c im ca TCP 14. iu khin lu lng v iu khin tc nghn 15. Trnh by cc c ch ca s ng, pht li thch nghi, iu khin tc nghn. 16. Thit lp v hu b lin kt: 17. tin cy v iu khin lung ca TCP: 18. Cc chc nng chnh ca IP: 19. a ch IP, cu trc gi d liu IP. 20. Phn mnh v hp nht cc gi IP: 21. Trnh by chc nng giao thc thng bo iu khin mng ICMP. 22. Tin trnh ca Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) 23. Nguyn tc hot ng, khun dng gi tin ca giao thc RARP 24. Cc c trng ca IPv6 25. Cht lng dch v v bo mt trong IPv6 26. Cu trc khun dng Datagram Ipv6 27. Header m rng 28. So snh IPv4 header v IPv6 header 29. Lp a ch IPv6, biu din, cc loi a ch IPv6 30. So snh a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6 31. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP v so snh vi m hnh OSI.

58

Chng 4: K thut mng cc b

CHNG 4: K THUT MNG CC B

Ni dung ca chng ny s trnh by cc khi nim c bn v k thut mng cc b LAN, cc phng php truy nhp ngu nhin v c iu khin c s dng trong cc mng qung b. Ni dung ca chng gm cc phn sau: Cc phng thc truy nhp ng truyn. Mng Ethernet v h chun IEEE 802. Mng cc b Token Ring. Giao din s liu phn b s dng cp si quang. Gii thiu mng LAN ATM.

4.1. Cc phng thc truy nhp ng truyn

4.1.1. Phng thc a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) y l phng php truy nhp ngu nhin s dng cho mng c cu trc dng hnh Bus. Tt c cc node truy nhp ngu nhin vo Bus chung. V vy cn c c ch trnh xung t v nghn thng tin. CSMA/CD l phng php ci tin ca phng php CSMA (Nghe trc khi ni Listen before talk). Nguyn tc hot ng: Khi mt trm truyn d liu, trc ht n s phi nghe xem ng truyn bn hay ri. Nu ri n s truyn d liu i (theo khun dng chun), nu ng truyn ang bn th n s thc hin 1 trong 3 gii thut sau: 1. Trm tm rt lui ch i trong mt thi gian ngu nhin, sau li bt u nghe ng truyn (Non persistent) 2. Trm tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri th truyn d liu i vi xc sut bng 1 (persistent). 3. Trm tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri th truyn d liu i vi xc sut bng 0<p<1 xc nh trc (p-persistent). u, nhc im ca tng gii thut trn: Gii thut 1 c hiu qu trong vic trnh xung t. Tuy nhin, c th c thi gian cht ca ng truyn v c hai cng i. Gii thut 2 ngc li, c gng gim c thi gian cht ca ng truyn nhng nu c hn mt trm cng truyn th kh nng xy ra xung t s cao v gii thut 3 vi gi tr p chn mt cch hp l c th ti thiu ho c kh nng xung t cng nh gim c thi gian cht ca ng truyn. Tuy nhin, xung t xy ra thng do tr truyn dn. CSMA thc cht l cc trm ch Nghe trc khi ni m khng nghe trong khi ni, nn thc t c xung t nhng cc trm vn
59

Chng 4: K thut mng cc b khng th bit v tip tc truyn d liu dn n tc nghn, xung t thng tin trn ng truyn. Gii php CSMA/CD (hay cn gi l LWT - Listen while talk) c th pht hin xung t nh sau: - Khi mt trm ang truyn, vn tip tc nghe ng truyn. Nu pht hin thy xung t, n ngng ngay vic truyn nhng vn tip tc gi sng mang i thm mt thi gian m bo rng cc trm trn mng u c th nghe c xung t . - Sau , trm ch i trong mt thi on ngu nhin, n tip tc th truyn li theo nguyn tc cc gii thut ca CSMA. Vi CSMA/CD, thi gian chim dng v ch ng truyn gim xung ng bng thi gian dng pht hin mt xung t. CSMA/CD cng s dng 3 gii thut kin nhn ca CSMA, trong gii thut (2) (1-persistent) l c dng hn c. 4.1.2. Token Bus cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn cho mt trm cn truyn d liu, mt th bi c lu chuyn trn mt vng logic c thit lp bi cc trm c nhu cu. Khi mt trm nhn c th bi n c quyn truy nhp ng truyn trong mt thi gian xc nh v c th truyn mt hoc nhiu n v d liu. Khi ht d liu hoc ht thi gian cho php, n chuyn th bi cho trm tip theo trn vng logic. Th bi (Token) l mt n v d liu c bit, c kch thc v ni dung gm cc thng tin iu khin c quy nh ring cho mi phng php. Token A Tr=B S=F
E Tr=F S=C

C Tr=E S=B

B Tr=C S=A

F Tr=A S=C

Hnh 4.1 Token BUS Thit lp vng logic: Vng logic gia cc trm c nhu cu truyn, c xc nh theo mt chui c th t m trm cui cng lin k vi trm u tin ca vng. Mi trm c bit a ch ca trm lin k trc v sau n. Th t ca cc trm trn vng logic c lp vi th t vt l. Cc trm khng hoc cha c nhu cu truyn d liu th khng a vo vng logic v chng ch c th tip nhn d liu. Duy tr trng thi thc t ca mng - B sung nh k cc trm nm ngoi vng logic nu c nhu cu truyn d liu. - Loi b mt trm khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu ra khi vng logic. - Qun l li: Li: c th t vng hoc trng a ch.
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b - Khi to vng logic: Khi ci t mng hoc t vng cn phi khi to li vng. Vic khi to vng logic c thc hin khi mt hoc nhiu trm pht hin Bus hot ng vt qua gi tr ngng thi gian (Time-out) hoc th bi b mt. C nhiu nguyn nhn, chng hn mng mt ngun hoc trm gi th bi hng. Lc , trm pht hin s gi thng bo yu cu th bi ti mt trm c ch nh trc c trch nhim sinh th bi mi v chuyn i theo vng logic. 4.1.3. Token ring Nguyn tc ca phng php: Dng th bi lu chuyn trn ng vt l cp pht truy nhp ng truyn. Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c mt th bi ri. Khi trm s i bit trng thi ca th bi sang trng thi bn v truyn mt n v d liu cng vi th bi i theo chiu ca vng. Cc trm khc mun truyn d liu phi i. D liu n trm ch phi c sao li, sau cng vi th bi i tip cho n khi quay v trm ngun. Trm ngun s xo b d liu v i bit th bi thnh ri v cho lu chuyn tip trn vng cc trm khc c th nhn c quyn truyn d liu. A D B A D A D

C A c nhu cu truyn d liu n C. i Free Token,chuyn sang trng thi Busy, gi km Packet d liu

C Node B c, phn tch v so snh a ch ch vi a ch MAC. Node C sao chp d liu Hnh 4.2 Token Ring

C Khi Packet d liu quay v, Node A chuyn trng thi Token thnh Free.

S quay v li trm ngun ca d liu v th bi nhm to ra c ch bo nhn t nhin: trm ch c th gi vo n v d liu (phn header) cc thng tin v kt qu tip nhn d liu ca mnh. Chng hn, cc thng tin c th l: (1) trm ch khng tn ti hoc khng hot ng; (2) trm ch tn ti nhng d liu khng c sao chp ; (3) d liu c tip nhn; (4) c li. Cc vn lin quan: Cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v h thng. Mt l mt th bi. Hai l mt th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng. C th c nhiu gii php khc nhau khc phc vn ny, sau y l mt gii php c khuyn ngh: i vi vn mt th bi: C th quy nh trc mt trm iu khin ch ng (Active Monitor), pht hin mt th bi bng cch dng c ch ngng thi gian Time-out. Sau khong thi gian , nu khng nhn li c th bi, trm s pht hin tnh trng phc hi bng cch pht li th bi mi. i vi vn th bi bnlu chuyn trn vng khng dng: trm Monitor s dng mt bit trn th bi nh du (M=1) khi gp mt th bi bn i qua n. Nu n gp li mt th bi bn
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b vi bit nh du th c ngha l trm ngun khng nhn li c n v d liu ca mnh v th bi bn c quay vng mi. Lc , trm Monitor s i bit trng thi ca th bi thnh ri v chuyn tip trn vng. Tuy nhin, cn chn mt gii thut chn trm thay th cho trm monitor khi b hng. 4.1.4. So snh CSMA/CD vi cc phng php dng th bi phc tp ca phng php dng th bi ln hn nhiu so vi phng php truy nhp ngu nhin CSMA/CD, x l n gin hn.Trong iu kin ti nh phng php th bi khng cao do mt trm c th i kh lu mi n lt (c th bi). Ngc li,: trong iu kin ti nng, phng php dng th bi hiu qu hn so vi CSMA/CD. u im ln nht ca phng php dng th bi l kh nng iu ho lu thng trong mng bng cch cho php cc trm truyn s lng n v d liu khc nhau khi nhn c th bi hoc bng cch lp ch u tin cp pht cho cc trm cho trc.

4.2. Ethernet v chun IEEE 802

4.2.1. Gii thiu chung v Ethernet Ethernet l cng ngh ca mng LAN cho php truyn tn hiu gia cc my tnh vi tc 10Mb/s n 10 Gigabit/s. Trong cc kiu Ethernet th kiu s dng cp xon i l hay thng dng nht. Hin nay c khong 85% mng LAN s dng cng ngh Ethernet. Nm 1980, Xerox, tp on Intel v tp on Digital Equipment a ra tiu chun Ethernet 10 Mbps (Tiu chun DIX). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc- Vin cng ngh in v in t) a ra tiu chun v Ethernet u tin vo nm 1985 vi tn gi "IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications" Gn y, vi cc phng tin truyn dn v cng ngh mi, cng ngh Ethernet ngy cng pht trin v t c tc trao i s liu n 10 Gigabit trn giy. Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Medium LLC MAC Physical Medium LLC MAC Physical Scope of IEEE 802 Standard Upper Layer Protocols Upper Layer Protocols

LSAP

Hnh 4.3 Quan h ca cc chun IEEE 802 vi m hnh tham chiu OSI.
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b Thnh phn mng Ethernet bao gm: - Data terminal Equipment (DTE): Cc thit b truyn v nhn d liu DTEs thng l PC, Workstation, File Server, Print Server ... - Data Communication Equipment (DCE): L cc thit b kt ni mng cho php nhn v chuyn khung trn mng. DCE c th l cc thit b c lp nh Repeter, Switch, Router hoc cc khi giao tip thng tin nh Card mng, Modem .. - Interconnecting Media: Cp xon i, cp ng (mng/dy), cp quang. Nhng c im c bn ca Ethernet - Cu hnh truyn thng: Bus ng thng/ Star - Cu hnh khc Star bus - K thut truyn: Base band - Phng php truy nhp: CSMA/CD. - Quy cch k thut: IEEE 802.3. - Vn tc truyn 10Mbps, 100Mbps ... 10Gbps - Loi cp: Cp ng trc mnh, cp ng trc dy, cp xon i, cp quang ... 4.2.2. Chc nng cc tng trong IEEE 802 Chun IEEE 802 bao gm chc nng tng vt l (Physical) v lin kt d liu (Data Link) trong m hnh OSI. iu ny c ngha l U ban 802 ca IEEE nhn mnh ti vic tiu chun ho cc cng ngh phn cng s dng ti tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu. Chun IEEE chia tng lin kt d liu thnh hai tng con, tng iu khin truy nhp MAC (Media Access Control) v iu khin lin kt logic LLC (Logical Link Control). Tng LLC (Logical Link Control ):Tt c mng LAN theo chun IEEE c cng lp LLC c nh ngha bi 802.2. Dng chung tng con LLC, c ch cc tng trn nh nhau bt k loi phn cng no c s dng. Giao din gia tng k trn vi LLC c nh ngha bi cc im LSAP (Link Service Access Points ). LSAP l cc a ch lin kt logic. a ch Ethernet c nhiu a ch LSAP, nhng a ch ny cho php lin kt gia cc thc th trn mng. a ch MAC l duy nht. - Nu thit b l DTE, n quy nh giao din gia gia tng MAC v tng mng. LLC qun l lin kt d liu v nh ngha cc im truy nhp dch v (Service Access Point - SAP). LLC Sublayer c tiu chun ho trong IEEE 802.2 - Nu thit b DCE l Bridge. Brige cung cp giao din LAN-to-LAN s dng chung Protocol (Ethenet to Ethenet) hoc gia cc LAN s dng khc Protocol (nh Ethernet to Token Ring). Bridge c tiu chun ho trong IEEE 802.1 - LLC Header: DSAP (1) SSAP (1) Cont (1) Data (43 )

+ DSAP (Destination Service Access Point): Con tr thng bo cho NIC v tr b m lu tr thng tin nhn.
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b + SSAP (Source Service Access Point) V tr b m lu tr thng tin i. + DSAP and SSAP cho php nhiu giao thc cng s dng chung NIC Card. + Cont (Control). Kiu ca LLC. + Data: D liu c a xung t lp Network, c chiu di ti a l 1497 bytes. Tng con LLC cung cp cc dch v sau: - Type 1: Dch v Datagram khng lin kt v khng c c ch bo nhn bit (Unacknowledgement). Cung cp kt ni Point to Point, Multipoint v Broadcast. - Type 2: Dch v mch o, kiu lin kt (Connection -Oriented ). Cung cp cc dch v tun t, kim sot lung, khng li gia cc LSAP. - Type 3: Dch v Datagram kiu khng lin kt v c c ch bo nhn bit (Acknowledgement). Tng Ethernet Mac Sublayer: Lin quan n cc phng php truy nhp v kim sot truy nhp n ng truyn chung. Token RING v Ethernet thc hin trong tng MAC bng cc phng php khc nhau cng chia s ng truyn. - To Frame: Thm cc trng PRE, SFD, DE, SA, Length/Type, PAD, FCS v d liu t LLC a xung to thnh khung d liu cung cp cho tng Vt l. - Nhn khung d liu t tng Vt l, kim tra li v gi d liu cho tng LLC. - iu khin truy nhp phng tin truyn dn. Tng Vt l: Xc nh tc truyn, phng php m ho v phng tin truyn dn v cch thc kt ni vt l. Tng vt l ca IEEE 802.3 c phn chia l 2 phn: - Phn c lp vi ng truyn c t giao din gia tng MAC v tng vt l. - Phn ph thuc ng truyn v c t giao din vi ng truyn ca LAN v cc tn hiu trao i vi ng truyn. C nhiu tu chn khc nhau v kiu ng truyn, phng thc truyn tn hiu v tc truyn, cch thc m ho. 4.2.3. Cu trc khung Ethernet:

Th t truyn dn: tri qua phi, theo chui bit Vng pht hin li FCS Vng tnh FCS PRE 7 SFD 1 DA 6 SA Length/Type 6 4 Data PAD FCS 4

46-1500

Hnh 4.4 Token Ring

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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b - PRE (7bytes): nh du im u khung, ng b. - SFD (1byte): 10101011 - DA/SA (6 bytes): a ch ch, a ch ngun. - Length/Type (2 bytes): Chiu di d liu nu nh hn 1500. - Data: D liu gi t LLC a xung, gm n byte (n<1501). - PAD: C th c hay khng. Nu n<46 th thm 1 s byte (ton 0) vo PAD chiu di tng cng ca Data+Pad l 46 byte - FCS (4 bytes) kim tra li ca cc trng DA, SA, Length /Type v Data v PAD. 4.2.4. H IEEE 802 Bridge c tiu chun ho trong IEEE 802.1, kin trc mng, cung cp giao din LAN-toLAN s dng chung Protocol LAN (v d: Ethenet to Ethenet) hoc gia cc LAN s dng khc Protocol (nh Ethernet to Token Ring). Logical Link Control (LLC) c tiu chun ho trong IEEE 802.2, c t chun giao din (Interface) gia MAC v tng mng LLC qun l lin kt d liu v nh ngha cc im truy nhp dch v (Service Access Point SAP). IEEE 802.2 cung cp 3 kiu giao thc LLC:Type1, Type2, Type3. Cc giao thc ny theo phng thc cn bng (Balanced Mode) ca giao thc HDLC v c cc khun dng d liu v chc nng tng t. EEE 802.3 c t mt mng cc b da trn mng Ethernet do Digital, Intel v Xerox hp tc php trin t nm 1980. IEEE 802.3 tng t nh DIX Ethernet, bao gm c tng vt l v tng con MAC vi cc c t sau:

- c t dch v MAC (MAC ServicesSecification) - Giao thc MAC (MAC Protocol). - c t vt l (Medium-Independent Physical Specification) c lp vi ng truyn - c t vt l ph thuc ng truyn (Medium - Dependent Physical Specification) - c t dch v MAC nh ngha cc dch v IEEE 802.3 cung cp cho tng LLC hoc ngi s dng tng cao hn. Tng MAC vi giao thc truy nhp ng truyn CSMA/CD, lm gim tnh trng xung t v nghn thng tin bng cch mi thit b trc khi truyn phi lng nghe ng truyn v trong khi truyn vn tip tc nghe x l khi c hin tng va chm. Tng vt l ca IEEE 802.3 c chia lm hai phn. Phn c lp vi ng truyn, c t giao din gia MAC v tng vt l. Phn ph thuc ng truyn l bt buc phi c v c t giao din vi ng truyn ca LAN v cc tn hiu trao i vi ng truyn. C cc dng sau cho tng vt l ca IEEE 802.3: - Tc truyn tn hiu (1 Mb /s hoc 10Mb /s hoc 100 Mb /s) - BASE (nu l Baseband) hoc BROAD (nu l Broadband) - Ch nh c trng ng truyn. 10BASE -F: Dng cp quang, tc 10 Mb/s, phm vi cp 4km Chun ny c phn thnh 3 dng con: 10BASE-FL, 10BASE-FB v 10BASE-FP.
65

Chng 4: K thut mng cc b

10BASE-T: S dng nt di tn rng h tr cho cc tc tn hiu 10Mb/s. Dng cp UTP, tr khng 75 Ohm, vi mng hnh sao. 100 BASE-X: Gi l Fast Ethernet, mng hnh sao tng t 10BASE-, tc 100Mb/s. Chun ny gm 100 BASE-TX dng cho cp UTP hoc STP 2 I, 100 BASE-FX dng cho cp quang, 100 BASE-T4 dng cho cp UTP 4 i (Four Twisted Pairs). 10BROAD36: Dng Broadband, tc 10Mb/s, cp ng trc 75 Ohm, phm vi cp 1800 m (ln ti 3600m trong cu hnh cp i), s dng topo dng BUS. IEEE 802.4: M t mt mng cc b vi cu trc dng hnh BUS v c ch iu khin truy nhp ng truyn th bi Token BUS. Mng dng cp ng trc 75 ohm vi c hai dng Baseband v Broadband. IEEE 802.4 bao gm tng vt l v tng MAC. IEEE 802.4 s dng cp ng 75-ohm (tc 1 Mbps, 5 Mbps v 10 Mbps) hoc cp quang (tc 5 Mbps, 10 Mbps v 20 Mpbs). N c thit k ng dng trong cc vn phng v trong cc mi trng cng nghip v qun s. Chun IEEE 802.5: L chun c t mng cc b vi mng dng vng (RING) s dng th bi Token RING iu khin truy nhp ng truyn. IEEE 802.5 bao gm c tng vt l v tng con MAC. IEEE 802.6: M t mt mng tc cao kt ni nhiu LAN thuc cc khu vc khc nhau ca mt th (cn c gi l MAN - Metropolitan Area Network). Mng s dng cp quang vi mng dng Bus kp (Dual - BUS), v th cn c gi l DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus). Lu thng trn mi Bus l mt chiu v khi c cp Bus cng hot ng s to thnh mt cu hnh b qua c cc li (Fault - Tolerant). Phng php iu khin truy nhp da trn mt gii thut xp hng phn tn c tn l QPDS (Queued - Packet, Distrubuted -Switch). DQDB l Bus qung b a truy nhp, tng t nh CSMA/CD, nhng phi dng mt phng php truy nhp theo "khe (Slotted Access) khc phc cc hn ch v truy nhp ca CSMA/CD. qung b d liu cn phi ci t Bus di dng cp Bus mt chiu tng t nh mt dng vng (Ring). V hai Bus chuyn d liu ngc chiu nhau nn vic qung b d liu i hi phi truyn c trn hai Bus.
Bus A Slot generator Bus B Hnh 4.5: S ni bus ca DQDB n v d liu c dng trong cc mng DQDB c thit k tng thch vi th h mi ca cc mng din rng cng cng gi l B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Networks). Cc mng ny s dng k thut chuyn mch gi nhanh (Fast Packet Switching) vi cng ngh ha hn nht l ATM. V th n v d liu dng trong cc mng DQDB cng c gi l "t bo (Cell) vi khun dng tng qut gm 53 bytes, trong c bytes ca phn Header c nh v 48 bytes d liu.
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Slot generator

Chng 4: K thut mng cc b Cc mng IEEE 802.6 cho php truyn d liu vi tc cao t vi chc n hng trm Mb/s. p ng cc yu cu truyn d liu a phng din. - IEEE 802.9: c t mt mng tch hp d liu v ting ni bao gm 1 knh d b 10 Mb/s cng vi 96 knh 64 Kb/s (tng cng 6Mb/s). Gii thng tng cng l 16 Mb/s. Chun ny cn c gi l Isochronous Ethernet (IsoEnet) v n c thit k cho cc mi trng c lng lu thng ln v cp bch. - IEEE 802.10: Chun c t v an ton v m ho thng tin trong cc mng cc b. - IEEE802.11: lchun c t mng cc b khng dy (Wireless LAN), hin ang tip tc pht trin vi phng php truy nhp CSMA/CD. - IEEE 802.12 l chun c t mng cc b bi AT&T, IBM v HP, gi l 100 VG AnyLAN hay 100BASE-VG. Mng s dng dng hnh sao xp tng (Cascaded Star Topology) v phng php truy nhp ng truyn c iu khin tranh chp. Khi c nhu cu truyn d liu, mt trm s gi yu cu n HUB v trm ch c th truyn d liu khi HUB cho php. Chun cung cp mt mng tc trn 100 Mb/s, c th hot ng trong cc mi trng hn hp Ethernet v Token Ring. V th n chp nhn c hai dng Frame. - IEEE 802.14: Chun cui cng hin nay l 802.14. Chun ny dng cho truyn d liu qua ng cp TV, nhm nng cao tc truy nhp Internet ti gia nh. 4.2.5. Ethernet 100 Mbps Mng Ethernet 100 Mbps c gm 2 chun : * Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u): 100Base-TX, 100Base-T4 v 100Base-FX. Cc loi cp s dng - 100BASE-T4 s dng bn i dy cn bng cp UTP Cat-3 hoc Cat-5. - 100BASE-TX s dng hai i UTP Cat-5 hoc i dy STP. - 100BASE-FX s dng i dy cp quang a mode. M ha: - 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX s dng k thut m ha 4B/5B. - 100Base-T4 s dng k thut m ha 8B/6T. Phng thc iu khin truy nhp CSMA/CD - 100Base-T4 s dng phng thc hot ng bn song cng. - 100Base-TX s dng phng thc hot ng song cng. - 100Base-FX s dng c phng thc hot ng song cng v bn song cng. * 100VG-AnyLAN l cng ngh cnh tranh vi Fast Ethernet, t c s dng. 4.2.6. Gigabit Ethernet. S ra i ca Gigabit Ethernet m ra mt k nguyn mi Ethernet tc cao. Gigabit Ethernet c thit lp da trn cc nguyn l c bn ca 10BASE-T, Fast Ethernet v chuyn mch Ethernet. C 2 chun Gigabit Ethernet:
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b * IEEE 802.3z: Mng Gigabit Ethernet trn cp quang chun ha nm 1998. Phng tin truyn dn c bn l si quang n mode (SMF) vi ng knh li l 10 m, hay si quang a mode vi ng knh li l 50 m hoc 62.5 m. Tn hiu c truyn dn ch yu trn hai bc sng l 850nm (bc sng ngn) v 1310 nm (bc sng di). Nu s dng cp ng th l loi cp bn i Cat-5 UTP, vi khong cch c th ln ti 100m. Ti tng vt l: IEEE 802.3z : 1000Base-SX : chun cho cp quang bc sng ngn. - Vi cp quang a mode 62.5 m, khong cch ti a 220-275 m - Vi cp quang a mode 50 m, khong cch ti a 500-550 m 1000Base-LX : chun cho cp quang bc sng di - Vi cp quang a mode 62.5/50 m, khong cch ti a 550 m - Vi cp quang n mode 9 m, khong cch ti a 5000 m 1000Base-CX : chun cho cp ng tuyn ngn. - Vi cp ng trc, khong cch ti a l 25 m Ti tng lin kt d liu: - Hot ng ch song cng v chuyn mch. - iu khin truy nhp: CSSMA/CD trong phng thc song cng. - Trong phng thc bn song cng s dng CSMA/CD ci tin. Gigabit Ehernet trn cp ng: Chun IEEE 802.3ab c trng bi 1000Base-T. S dng c 4 i dy cp UTP Cat 5 (hoc Cat-6, Cat- 7) vi khong cch ti a 100m. Tn hiu truyn dn song cng trc tip 2 chiu trn c 4 i vi tc 250 Mbps/ 1 i dy. 4.2.7. Gigabit Ethernet qua cp si quang 10 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) c trnh by trong d tho tiu chun IEEE 802.3ae. Tc Ethernet tng t 1 Gbps ln 10 Gbps, cho php Ethernet c th tch hp vi nhng cng ngh tc cao trn mng ng trc WAN vi tc xp x 9,5 Gbps. Ngoi ra, 10 GbE c th tng thch vi cc h thng SONET/SDH, c th h tr cho tt c cc dch v ti cc tng 2 v 3. Nguyn tc c bn khi xy dng cc mng chuyn mch tc cao l kt hp nhiu on mng tc thp li vi nhau. Khi mt v s lng cc on c tc 100 Mbps trong mng tng ln th 1000BASE-X v 1000BASE-T tr thnh cng ngh truyn dn mc cao hn c s dng trn cc li mng.

4.3. Mng cc b Token Ring

Cu trc mng hnh vng (Ring) l mt chui kt ni im - im cc node li vi nhau to thnh vng trn. V vy Ring LAN khng phi l mng qung b nh Ethernet, chng c xem nh mng truyn tun t, im im. Cng ngh Ring LAN l s ho, khng ging nh cng ngh mng Ethernet trong c ch cm nhn sng mang l tn hiu tng t (Analog). Ring LAN thng s dng l IEEE 802.5
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b 4.3.1. Hot ng ca Token Ring Mi trm hot ng nh l mt b chuyn tip h tr cho s khuych i tn hiu suy hao. C th s dng cc loi cp ng trc, cp si quang, cp xon i. S dng phng thc truy nhp ng truyn Token RING, gm 24 bit. Nu tc trn vng l 4 Mbps th vng phi c thi gian tr hon l 24/2 Mbps = 6 Micro giy. Cc trm ca mng cc b Token Ring hot ng theo 4 ch sau: Ch truyn, ch lng nghe, ch b qua. v ch nhn. Hnh 4.6 minh ho 4 trm hot ng: Gi s A truyn d liu n D. Trm A nhn Token, kim tra bit T. Nu gi tr bng 0, Token bn, ngha l c trm trn mng ang trong ch truyn. Nu gi tr bit T bng 1, ng truyn ri, trm chuyn gi tr 1 bng 0 sang trng thi bn v A bc vo ch truyn (Transmit Mode). V A truyn n D, nn a ch ch s l D, a ch ngun l A. V a ch ch khng phi l ca B, n bc vo ch lng nghe (Listen Mode). Trm C v khng cung cp in (gi s b mt in chng hn), do n ch b qua (Delay bypassesMode). Trm ch D pht hin ra rng a ch ch chnh l ca n, n bc vo ch nhn (Receive Mode). Khung d liu c sao chp vo b nh ca trm. C: Relay Bypasses Mode

B: Listen Mode D: Receive Mode A: Transmit Mode

Hnh 4.6 Cc ch lm vic ca cc trm Token Ring Trong Frame c mt s c kim sot qu trnh truyn v nhn d liu. C Frame Status Flags nhn bit da vo phn cng. C Frame Status gm cc c nhn bit a ch A (Address Recognized), c sao chp khung C (Frame Copied) v c li E (Error). 4.3.2. Chun Token Ring L chun c t mng cc b vi Topo dng vng (Ring) s dng th bi iu khin truy nhp ng truyn tun th chun IEEE 802.5. Chun IEEE 802.5 hot ng trong tng vt l v tng con MAC . Giao thc MAC l phn ct li ca IEEE 802.5, s dng phng php Token Ring iu khin truy nhp ng truyn. Khun dng ca Frame dng trong giao thc MAC ca IEEE 802.5 c trnh by trong hnh 4.8
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b

SD

AC

FC

DA

SA

INFO

FCS

ED

ES

SFS

Phm vi ph ca FCS

EFS

Hnh 4.7 Khun dng tng qut ca IEEE 802.5 Frame - SFS = Start Frame Sequence . - SD = Starting Delimiter (1 byte): SD ch bt u ca mt Frame hoc Token. - AC = Access Control (1 byte): iu khin truy nhp. - FC=Frame Conrtol (1byte): iu khin Frame cha LLC data hay l mt MAC Control Frame. - DA = Destination Address (2/6 byte): a ch ch ca Frame. - SA = Source Address (2/6 byte): a ch ngun ca Frame. - INFO = Information (0 hoc nhiu bytes). - FCS = Frame Check Sequence (4 bytes): FCS: m kim sot li CRC 32 bit cho cc vng FC, DA, SA, v INFO. - EFS = End - of - Frame Sequence - ED = Ending Delimiter (1 byte): Cc k hiu kt thc Frame. - FS = Frame Status (1 byte): Tnh trng Frame.

4.4. Giao din s liu phn b s dng quang FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
4.4.1. Gii thiu FDDI FDDI l mt tp cc giao thc ANSI truyn d liu qua cp quang. Cc mng FDDI s dng phng thc truy nhp Token Passing, tc c th t n 100 Mbps. FDDI c s dng lm Backbone cho cc mng din rng MAN,WAN. Cu hnh Ring cp quang, c th kt ni trc tip cc trm u cui v cc my ch trong mt nhm lm vic hay lin kt cc mng trong phm vi mt ta nh, trong mt khu vc hay trong mt thnh ph. Mt trong cc ng dng l kt ni cc my ch tc cao. Khi ng vai tr l mt mng xng sng (Backbone), FDDI lin kt cc thit b mng khc nhau nh Router, Switch, Brigde, cc b tp trung... to thnh mt mng ln hn t cc mng con. Tuy nhin FDDI khng c dng cho cc mng din rng (WAN) c bn knh ln hn 100 km. Mc d b thay th bi cc cng ngh LAN khc, FDDI vn c nhng u im nht nh. FDDI c th c cu hnh nh l hai mng Ring ngc nhau c lp. iu ny lm tng tnh n nh h thng cao hn. Nu cu hnh (Topo) ca mng c thit k hai ng quang ca c hai mng khc nhau v mt vt l th s m bo cho hai mng khng b ph hy trong cng mt thi gian khi xy ra cc s c lin quan n h thng cp.
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b FDDI c c tnh t hi phc bng k thut Autowraping. Li pht sinh Ring s cp (Ring ang hot ng) s c khc phc bng cch ni vng vi Ring th cp (Ring d phng), to thnh mt Ring n v cho php mng FDDI hot ng tc cao nht. Phn cng mng c kh nng pht hin ra s c ca cp gia cc im kt ni, do c hai ng cp nn trm pht hin ra li s t ng ni vng hai Ring vi nhau thnh mt Ring n. Khung tin ca FDDI c di ti 4500 Byte, iu ny lm tng hiu xut mng, gim cc thng tin Header giao thc.FDDI m ha d liu khc bit vi cc cng ngh khc tng hiu qu truyn dn. FDDI-2 l cng ngh m rng ca FDDI, h tr truyn dn cc tn hiu ting ni, hnh nh v d liu. Mt bin th khc ca FDDI l FFDT (FDDI Full Duplex Technology) s dng h tng mng nh FDDI nhng c th tc truyn s liu ln n 200 Mbps. FDDI s dng cu trc vng kp vi lu lng truyn trn mi vng Ring theo hng ngc nhau. Vng Ring kp bao gm mt Ring th cp v mt Ring s cp. Trong qu trnh hot ng, Ring th cp s dng truyn s liu cn Ring s cp trng thi ri. Mc ch ca vic s dng vng Ring kp l m bo tnh bn vng v n nh hn. 4.4.2. So snh nhng gia FDDI v IEEE 802.5 FDDI - Dng cp quang . - Tc 100Mb/s - Phng php m ho NRZI -4B/ 5B - c t tin cy tng minh - ng b phn tn - Quay vng th bi theo thi gian. - Sinh th bi mi sau khi truyn - Chim th bi bng cch thu li - Khun dng Frame FDDI - Kch thc Frame ti a 4500 Bytes - Cc a ch 16 v / hoc48 bits - Chc nng phc hi phn tn cho cc trm IEEE 802.5 - Dng cp i xon - Tc 1,4 v 16 Mb/s - Phng php m ho Manchester v sai - ct tin cy khng tng minh - ng b tp trung - S dng cc bit priority v reservation - Sinh th bi mi sau khi nhn - Chim th bi bng cch i bit trng thi - Khun dng Frame IEEE 802.5 - Khng qui nh kch thc Frame ti a - Cc a ch 16 hoc 48 bits - Trm iu khin (Active Monitor) m nhim chc nng phc hi.

Bng 4.8 Nhng im khc nhau gia FDDI v IEEE 802.5 4.4.3. Cc kiu kt ni u cui FDDI Mt trong nhng c im c trng ca FDDI l vic h tr nhiu cch kt ni khc nhau gia cc thit b trn mng FDDI. FDDI a ra bn kiu kt ni - Trm kt ni n SAS (Single Attachment Station) - c kt ni vo duy nht mt Ring qua mt b tp trung.
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b - Trm kt ni kp DAS (Dual Attachment Station). Mi DAS c hai port v c kt ni vo c hai Ring. - B tp trung kt ni n SAC (Single Attachment Concentrator) - B tp trung kt ni kp DAC (Dual Attachment Concentrator 4.4.4. Kh nng chu li ca FDDI FDDI l mt cng ngh mng c c tnh chu li cao v mng c cu trc Ring kp, s dng cc chuyn mch vng quang, h tr k thut Dual Homing. Ring kp: Ring kp c kh nng chu li cao. Nu mt trm trn Ring b li hoc mt ng cp b t th cc thit b phn cn li s t ng khp li thnh mt Ring n. Cc hot ng ca mng vn tip tc c duy tr trn cc trm cn li ca Ring.Tuy nhin FDDI nu hai hay nhiu li xy ra, Ring FDDI s b phn mnh thnh hai hoc nhiu Ring con c lp v cc thit b trn mi Ring vn c kh nng trao i thng tin vi nhau. Chuyn mch vng quang (Optical Bypass Switch): Chuyn mch vng quang m bo s hot ng ca Ring kp mt cch lin tc nu mt thit b no trn Ring b li. N c s dng ngn chn vic phn mnh Ring cng nh loi b cc trm c li ra khi Ring. Chuyn mch vng quang bng cch s dng cc gng quang hc truyn trc tip cc tia sng t Ring ti cc thit b truy nhp kp DAS. Nu mt li no xy ra trn thit b DAS, th chuyn mch quang ny s chuyn tia sng qua chnh n bng cc gng ni ti, v vy vn duy tr c hot ng ca Ring . Li ch mang li t kh nng ny l Ring s khng phi chuyn sang trng thi Ring n khi thit b c li. Hnh 8 m t chc nng ca mt chuyn mch vng quang trong mt mng FDDI. Cc thit b quan trng (Router,Mainframe) c th s dng cng ngh Dual-homing cc kt ni d phng, nhm m bo cho thit b hot ng mt cch lin tc. Theo m hnh Dualhoming, cc thit b quan trng c gn vo Ring qua hai b tp trung. FDDI l mt cng ngh mng LAN/MAN s dng cp quang, tc 100 Mbps c thit k theo dng Ring, c thit k p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng mng cn tc truyn dn ln hn so vi cc mng Ethernet/802.3 v token Ring hin thi. Cng ngh ny c thc hin trc khi c s pht trin ca Fast Ethernet v Gigabit Ethernet. Hin nay, mng FDDI khng c dng ph bin v chi ph thc hin ln, phc tp (thit b quang t) v b cnh tranh bi cc mng Ethernet/802.3 c gi thnh r, d thc hin, . Tuy nhin, vn cn c nhng nghin cu vi mc ch ci tin tn dng kh nng cung cp bng thng rt ln cng kh nng chng li ca n.

4.5. Mng LAN ATM

Mng LAN c xy dng a trn k thut ATM gi l Local LAN (LATM). B iu khin mng t trong tng i ATM, tng i nh l trnh cc thng bo v kim sot truy nhp trong trng hp nghn mch. Ngc vi k thut LAN truyn thng, vic iu khin c ci t trong cc b giao tip mng.
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b 4.5.1. c trng ca ATM LAN - H tr nhiu lp dch v tin cy, v d dch v video trc tuyn c th yu cu mt cu ni tin cy c tc 2Mbps cht lng dch v c th chp nhn c. - Thng lng rng, c kh nng m rng dung lng trn tng Host ( cho php cc ng dng cn lng d liu xut nhp ln trn mt host) v c trn dung lng phi hp ( cho php ci t v m rng t vi host n vi trm host tc cao). - L phng tin lin kt mng gia k thut LAN v WAN. - ATM c th p ng cc yu cu nh cc ng dn o v cc knh o, rt d tch hp cc lp a dch v. Theo kiu kt ni c nh hay chuyn mch, ATM rt d m rng bng cch thm nhiu node chuyn mch tc cao (hay thp) cho cc thit b ni vo. - Cc gi tin l t bo c di c nh, v vy vic dng ATM trong mt mng u cui cho php xo dn ranh gii gia LAN v WAN. 4.5.2. Cc loi ATM LAN - Getway to ATM LAN: L mt chuyn mch ATM ng vai tr nh mt Router v b tp trung ti lin kt mt mng u cui phc tp vo ATM WAN. - Backbone ATM Switch: L chuyn mch ATM hay mt chuyn mch ATM cc b lin kt cc LAN khc nhau. - Workgroup ATM: L cc my trm a phng tin cht lng cao v cc h thng u cui c kt ni trc tip vo mt chuyn mch ATM . Trn y l 3 cu hnh thun nht. Trong thc t mt hn hp ca 2 hoc 3 loi cng c th c s dng to ra mt mng ATM LAN theo yu cu ca doanh nghip. Hnh 4.9 minh ho mt v d mng LAN ATM s dng b nh tuyn chuyn mch ATM v cc giao tip ATM ti cc trm lm vic. Mng ATM cng cng 155 Kbps 100 Kbps 622 Mbps Chuyn mch ATM 155 Mbps 10 Mbps Ethernet 10 Mbps Ethernet

FDDI

Hnh 4.9 Mng LAN ATM

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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b 4.5.3. K thut chuyn mch ATM LAN Phi c kh nng chuyn i tc t b chuyn mch ATM n mng LAN phi ph hp vi tc d liu ca LAN. ng thi ATM c nhim v chuyn i giao thc t MAC (iu khin truy nhp a phng tin) s dng cho LAN thnh dng cc t bo ATM dng trong mng ATM. V vy cn phi s dng thm cu ni (Bridge) v nh tuyn. Vi chuyn mch ATM Backbone, c th thm cc b chuyn mch ATM, ngha l tng thm dung lng ca trc sng sng, tc d liu ca cc trung k gia cc chuyn mch v LAN lc ny cng tng. Tuy nhin s lng chuyn mch thm vo c hn v trc chnh ATM n gin khng th p ng mi nhu cu ca LAN. H thng u cui b hn ch tc d liu, v vy cn s dng cng ngh ATM vi HUB. Mt HUB thng c nhiu cng ni vi nhiu thit b u cui v cc cng hot ng vi tc d liu v giao thc khc nhau, gi l ATM - LAN thun tu. Quy c s dng mt tp cc giao thc tng vt l trong cc mng LAN truyn thng khc vi quy c tp cc giao thc trong tng vt l mng WAN. V vy khi lin kt cc mng LAN li thnh mt mng din rng cn thit phi s dng cc thit b nh Gateway, Router.. chuyn i cc giao thc LAN, tc d liu v cc tn hiu giao thc s dng cho WAN. Hnh 4.54 minh ho mt mng LAN/WAN c xy dng a trn cc b nh tuyn ATM, nh cc mng LAN/WAN truyn thng. Trong k thut ATM, giao thc ATM c th dng cho c mng LAN v WAN. iu ny cho php xy dng mt mng LAN hoc mng WAN ch cn s dng cc tng i ATM. kt ni mt mng Local ATM vo mng WAN, ch cn s dng mt cng duy nht trong tng i ATM kt ni n mng ca tng i TM.

Cu hi trc nghim
1. Pht biu no ng: A. Dng th bi lun chuyn trn vng logic B. Trc khi truyn xc nh ng truyn bn hay ri, nu bn th thc hin 1 trong 3 gii thut Non persistent, Persistent v P-persistent. C. Trong khi truyn pht hin thy xung t, n ngng ngay truyn nhng v thng bo cho cc node khc bit. Sau ch i vi thi on ngu nhin, thc hin gii thut ca CSMA. 2. Chc nng ca Token Bus A. B sung nh k cc trm nm ngoi vng logic nu c nhu cu truyn d liu. B. Loi b mt trm khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu ra khi vng logic. C. Qun l li. D. Khi to vng logic E. Khi phc d liu b mt do gy vng logic 3. Trong phng php Token ring cn gii quyt vn ph v h thng: A. Mt l mt th bi. B. Th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng.
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b C. Khi to vng logic D. Khi phc d liu b mt do gy vng logic 4. Phng php no c c ch xc nhn ACK A. CSMA/CD B. TOKEN BUS C. TOKEN RING D. C 3 phng php. 5. Phng php no c phc tp hn cc phng php cn li A. CSMA/CD B. TOKEN BUS C. TOKEN RING D. C 3 phng php. 6. Phng php no x l hiu qu hn trong trng hp ti nh A. CSMA/CD B. TOKEN BUS C. TOKEN RING D. C 3 phng php. 7. Nhng c im k thut c bn ca Ethernet A. Cu hnh Bus / Star hoc lai ghp Bus -Star B. Quy cch k thut: IEEE 802.3.Phng php truy nhp: CSMA/CD. C. Vn tc truyn E. Tt c u sai. 10Mbps, 100Mbps ... 10Gbps D. Loi cp: Cp ng trc mnh, cp ng trc dy, cp xon i, cp quang ...

Cu hi v bi tp
1. Phng thc a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD 2. u, nhc im ca tng gii thut trong CSMA/CD 3. Token Bus: Thit lp vng logi, duy tr trng thi thc t ca mng v khi to vng logic khi ci t mng hoc t vng. 4. Token ring, nguyn tc ca phng php. Cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v h thng. 5. So snh CSMA/CD vi cc phng php dng th bi 6. Token ring th h th hai: Switched Token Ring, Token ring chuyn dng (Dedicated Token ring), Full-duplex Token ring (Token ring song cng (hai chiu), 100 Mbps Token ring (HSTR- high speed token ring). 7. Ethernet v chun IEEE 802
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Chng 4: K thut mng cc b 8. Gii thiu chung v Ethernet. Thnh phn mng Ethernet, nhng c im c bn ca mng Ethernet 9. Vai tr, chc nng cc tng trong IEEE 802 10. LLC Header: 11. Cc dch v tng con LLC 12. Tng Ethernet Mac sublayer: 13. nh dng khung Ethernet: 14. H IEEE 802 15. Chun IEEE 802.5: 16. IEEE 802.6 v cc mng IEEE 802.6 17. IEEE 802.9: 18. IEEE 802.10 19. IEEE802.11: 20. IEEE 802.12 21. IEEE 802.14: 22. Ethernet 100 Mbps. 23. Gigabit Ethernet. 24. Mng cc b Token Ring 25. Chun Token Ring 26. Giao din s liu phn b s dng quang FDDI 27. S tng quan ga FDDI v m hnh OSI 28. So snh FDDI v IEEE 802.5 29. Cc kiu kt ni u cui FDDI 30. Kh nng chu li ca FDDI 31. Khun dng tng qut ca FDDI Frame 32. Mng LAN ATM, c trng v cc loi ATM LAN 33. K thut chuyn mch ATM LAN 34. Kin trc giao thc ATM LAN 35. Tng no thay i, duy tr tuyn kt ni gia cc thit b truyn thng.

76

Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN

CHNG 5: K THUT MNG DIN RNG WAN

Ni dung ca chng ny s trnh by tng qut v mng din rng WAN v cc loi mng din rng: mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN, B_ISDN, mng chuyn mch gi X25, chuyn mch khung Frame Relay v cc u nhc im ca n v phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM. Lin kt lin mng. Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN Bng rng B_ISDN Mng chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch khung Frame Relay. Dch v chuyn mch d liu megabit Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM

5.1. Khi nim v lin mng (Internetworking)

Lin mng (internetworking) l mt tp cc mng ring l c ni vi nhau bi cc thit b mng trung gian, c chc nng nh l mt mng n. Cc mng thnh phn to nn lin mng c gi l mng con (Subnetworks), Cc thit b c ni n cc mng con c gi l h thng u cui (End nodes) v nhng thit b ni cc mng con li vi nhau c gi l cc thit b lin kt lin mng (Intermediate nodes) Thut ng internetworking thng c s dng di dng rt gn l internet. Mt cch chung nht, internet l mt tp hp cc mng c ni vi nhau. Khi s dng I hoa trc, th thut ng Internet l cp n mng internetwork ton cu, bao gm hng triu mng trn th gii lin kt vi nhau v hot ng theo chun TCP/IP. Lin mng c th c lin kt bi LAN to LAN, LAN to WAN v WAN to WAN. C ba phng php lin kt lin mng ph bin tng ng vi 3 tng cui ca m hnh OSI. Phng php lin kt ti tng vt l, cng cu trc v phng thc trao i thng tin. B lp Repeater hot ng ti tng vt l, l thit b c s dng m rng chiu di ca mt mng LAN. Phng php lin kt ti tng lin kt d liu (Datalink), c cu trc khc nhau v phng thc trao i thng tin khc nhau. Cu (Bridge) v cc b chuyn mch (Switched) tng 2 hot ng ti tng lin kt d liu. Nhng thit b ny h tr cho cc giao thc tng vt l khc nhau v c th lin kt gia cc mng LAN c cu trc khc nhau. Phng php lin kt s dng tng mng (Network Layer) hay tng Internet (Inernet Layer) cho cc mng khc nhau v phn cng, khc nhau v phn mn, khc nhau v giao thc v thng cung cp nhng chc nng v ng dng khc nhau. Thit b lin kt lin mng tr gip cho cc giao thc mng nh IP, IPX, Apple Talk. Vic ni kt c thc hin bi vic nh dng gi tin t mt mng n mt mng khc bi thng tin iu khin tng mng nh a ch ngun, a ch ch. Thc hin chuyn i giao thc mng (Network Protocol Translation). Mt thit b cung cp cc lin kt ti tng mng c gi l mt b nh tuyn (Router). Chc nng ch yu ca mt Router l lin kt cc mng khc nhau v vt
77

Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN l v chuyn i cc gi tin t mt mng ny sang mt mng khc, quyt nh ng i ca cc gi tin n node ch.

5.2. Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)

5.2.1. ISDN l g Khi nim v mng tch hp a dch v s c CCITT nh ngha l: Mt mng vin thng, da trn k thut chuyn knh v chuyn mch gi, cung cp cc ng truyn s, c kh nng phc v nhiu loi dch v khc nhau, bao gm dch v thoi v phi thoi. Cc thu bao lin kt mng phi tun theo cc chun Mng ISDN c nhng c im sau: - L mt mng a dch v, thay th nhiu mng vin thng khc nhau ang cng tn ti bng mt mng duy nht c kh nng cung cp tt c cc dch v hin ti v cc dch v tng lai vi mt giao tip thu bao duy nht. - ISDN c h thng bo hiu s 7 v cc node chuyn mch thng minh. - Kin trc ISDN tng thch vi m hnh OSI. Cc giao thc c pht trin c lin quan ti cc ng dng ca m hnh OSI c th s dng c trong ISDN. Cc giao thc c th pht trin s dng mt cch c lp cho cc tng khc nhau, cho cc chc nng ring ca tng tng m khng nh hng n cc tng k nhau. Mc tiu chnh ca mng l chun ho tt c cc thit b u cui, cho php cc phng tin nh m thanhi, hnh nh, vn bn...c tch hp chung vo mt mng duy nht. Nhm s dng c hiu qu cc ti nguyn ca mng. Nguyn l chung ca ISDN l lin kt cc thit b u cui khc nhau ln cng mt ng dy thu bao v c th ng thi truyn thng s gia thu bao v mng. Cc ph c tnh theo dung lng thng tin truyn i, khng tnh ring cho mi loi dch v s dng. Cc dch v khc nhau c h tr bi h thng bo hiu s 7 gia mng v bo hiu DSS1 thu bao. NT2 TE1 Device (Computers) S T NT1 U ISDN Switched ISDN Switched Switched Network

NT2 S TE1 Device (ISDN Telephone) NT2 S TE1 Device (Standard Telephone)
78

NT1 T U

Packet Network

NT1 T U

Private Line Network

Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN 5.2.2. Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN - TE1 (Termination Equipment 1) l cc thit b u cui c cc thuc tnh ISDN nh: in thoi s ISDN, cc u cui thoi, s liu, digital fax, - TE2 (Termination Equipment 2) l cc thit b u cui khng c tnh nng ISDN, c th lin kt vi ISDN phi c thm cc b phi ghp u cui TA (Terminal Adapter). - NT1 (Network Termination 1):Thc hin cc chc nng thuc tng vt l ca m hnh OSI, tc l cc tnh nng v in, v giao tip gia ISDN v ngi s dng, cc chc nng kim sot cht lng ng truyn, u vng, - NT2 (Network Termination 2) l mt thit b thng minh c kh nng p ng cc chc nng n tng mng ca m hnh OSI. NT2 c th l tng i ring PBAX, b iu khin u cui hoc l mng cc b LAN. R, S, T, U : Cc im chun phn cch (R: rate, S: system, T: terminal, U: user) 5.2.3. Cc loi knh trong mng ISDN Knh l ng truyn thng tin gia ngi s dng v mng, c gi l knh thu bao. Trong ISDN knh thu bao ch truyn cc tn hiu s v c chia thnh 3 loi knh c bn: knh D, knh B v knh H, c phn bit vi nhau v chc nng v tc : * Knh D: Dng truyn bo hiu gia ngi s dng v mng. V c th khng s dng ht bng tn ca knh, nn c th dng knh D truyn d liu ngi s dng. Knh D hot ng vi tc 16 Kbps hoc 64 Kbps, ph thuc vo giao din ngi s dng. * Knh B: Dng truyn tn hiu ting ni, m thanh (Audio), s liu v hnh nh (Video) ca ngi s dng. Knh B lun hot ng tc 64 Kbps. Ba loi lin kt c th thit lp qua knh B : - Chuyn mch knh (Circuit-switched): Qu trnh thit lp lin kt khng thc hin trn knh B m s dng h thng bo hiu knh chung. - Chuyn mch gi (Packet-switched): Thu bao c ni ti mt node chuyn mch gi v s liu s c chuyn i nh chun X25. - Lin kt bn c nh (Semipermanent): loi lin kt ny khng i hi th tc thit lp lin kt, tng t nh thu bao knh ring (Leased line). * Knh H cung cp cc dch v tc cao v ghp cc lung thng tin tc thp hn. c 4 loi knh H : - Knh H0 : tng ng vi 6 knh B, c tc 384 Kbps. - Knh H10 : tng ng vi 23 knh B, c tc 1.472 Mbps. - Knh H11 : tng ng vi 24 knh B, c tc 1.536 Mbps. - Knh H12 : tng ng vi 30 knh B, c tc 1.920 Mbps. 5.2.4. Giao din ISDN - Giao din BRI (Basic Rate Interface): C cu trc knh l 2B+D, trong knh D hot ng vi tc 16 Kbps. Tng cng tc ca giao din ny l 144 Kbps nhng trong thc t
79

Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN cu trc ca giao din tc c s c th ln ti 192 Kbps. Giao din ny dnh cho cc thu bao nh cung cp cc dch v truy nhp mng bng cc thit b u cui a nng hoc cc thit b ring l. - Giao din PRI (Primary Rate Interface): Dng cho thu bao c dung lng ln nh tng i PBAX hoc cc mng cc b LAN. Do cc tiu chun truyn dn khc nhau nn c 2 loi truy nhp l: 23B+D cho tiu chun Bc M 1544 Kbps v 30B+D cho tiu chun Chu u 2048 Kbps ( giao din ny knh D lun c tc l 64 Kbps). 5.2.5. Chc nng cc tng trong kin trc ISDN Mng ISDN l s tch hp k thut chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi, trn c s s ho ton b mng li. V vy n c u th v dch v m cha mt mng no c c. * Tng vt l trong ISDN: Cu trc trong tng ny ph thuc vo hng lin kt t thit b u cui n mng hay t mng n thit b u cui. Giao din ca tng gm: - NT Frame (Network to Terminal) - TE Frame (Terminal to Network) * Tng 2 trong ISDN: Tng ng vi tng lin kt d liu (Data Link Layer) ca m hnh OSI. Hot ng trong tng ny c giao thc LAP-D (Link Access Protocol - D channel). LAP-D c dn xut t giao thc HDLC (High Level Data Link Control). LAP-D thc hin cc chc nng sau y : - Cung cp dch v thit lp mt hay nhiu lin kt Data Link trn cng knh D cho cc hot ng ca cc thc th tng 3 - To khung (Frame). - Kim sot ng b. - Pht hin li v t ng pht li khung c li. - Ghi nhn cc sai st v th tc. - Kim sot lung. - Cc chc nng gim st tng 2. Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Hnh 5.2: Kin trc ISDN v m hnh OSI
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ISDN

LAP-D

Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN Cu trc khung ca LAP-D nh sau.

1 Flag

2 Address

2 Control

< 260 Byte Information PD

2 CRC

1 Flag

SAPI C/R EA TEI EA

L CRV MT MOIE

Hnh 5.3: Cu trc khung v cc trng ca LAP-D

Flag : biu th s bt u hay kt thc ca khung. Address : a ch ISDN. - SAPI (Service Access Point Identifier):im truy nhp dch v cho tng 3 (6 bit). - C/R (Command/ Response): Khung ny l mt lnh hay mt p ng (1 bit). - EA (Extended Address - Higher/Lower Order) bt u hay kt thc ca trng a ch (bng 1 l byte cui ca a ch) (2 bit). - TEI (Terminal Endpoint Identifier) :a ch c bit hoc n nh ID cho mi thit b u cui ISDN lin kt vi mng ISDN thng qua giao din S/T (7 bit ). Control : Trng iu khin. Information : Trng d liu - PD (Protocol Discriminator) (1 byte). - L (Length) cho bit chiu di ca trng CRV (1 byte). - CRV (Call Reference Value) thit lp s hiu cho mi cuc gi (1 hoc 2 byte). - MT (Message Type) Loi Message (1byte). - MOIE (Mandatory/ Optional Information Elements) CRC : Trng kim tra. * Tng 3 trong ISDN: Chc nng ca tng ny l thit lp, duy tr v gii phng cc lin kt. Cc thc th tng 3 s cung cp cc thng ip (Message) truyn trong cc trng tng 2. Cc thng ip thng c di 8 bit v c nhiu loi thng ip s dng trong cc trng hp khc nhau. V d nh thng ip SETUP (00000101) thit lp cuc gi. Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN nu c trin khai s thc s l mt cuc cch mng trong cng ngh thng tin. T mt mng duy nht n c th cung cp cc dch v khc nhau m hin nay ang c cung cp bi cc mng vin thng khc nhau. Vic trin khai ISDN khng ch dng li vic nng cp cc h thng vin thng hin c c kh nng truyn ti c nhng dng d liu ln vi tc nhanh m cn phi tin hnh ng b v pha ngi dng v v pha cc nh cung cp dch v.
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN

5.3. Mng bng rng B_ISDN (Broadband ISDN)

5.3.1. Tng quan v s ra i ca B-isdn Gia thp k 80, CCITT trin khai nghin cu m hnh mng vin thng mi gi l ISDN bng rng (Broadband- ISDN). B-ISDN l mng thng tin s a dch v, tr gip tt c cc ng dng a dch v trn cng mt h thng mng. Ngha l mng phi c kh nng cung cp cc dch v truyn thng vi tc thay i t mt vi Kbps n hng trm Gbps cho cc loi knh Analog v knh Digital bao gm nhng dch v ang c v nhng dch v s c trong tng lai. Cng ngh truyn dn khng ng b ATM da trn nguyn l truyn dn v chuyn mch gi c CCITT chn lm gii php cho B-ISDN. u nhng nm 90 cc khuyn ngh cho B-ISDN da trn cng ngh ATM c ban hnh. Giao tip B-ISDN ban u cung cp tc truyn 51 Mbps, 155 Mbps hoc 622 Mbps trn ng cp quang. Tng vt l h tr B-ISDN c cung cp bi SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) v ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Tng Client c th h tr Frame Relay, SMDS hoc IEEE 802.2 B-ISDN c th c xem nh mt mng thng tin c pht trin t mng ISDN bng hp hin ang c s dng.

B-ISDN

IEEE 802.2 Adaptation Layer

SMDS

Adaptation Layer ATM SONET/SDH, FDDI ...

Frame Relay Adaptation Layer

Other Services Adaptation Layer

Hnh 5.4: B-ISDN h tr c s h tng 5.3.2. c im ca dch v B-ISDN Mc tiu ca B-ISDN l kt hp tt c cc dch v hin c vo mt mng truyn thng duy nht. V c bn n cung cp cc dch v bng hp. Ngoi ra, n c kh nng cung cp nhiu dch v bng rng nh in thoi thy hnh, hi ngh t xa, truyn s liu tc cao... B-ISDN c kh nng cung cp dch v bng rng tc n Mbit/s, cn cc tn s m n s dng v phn b thi gian s dng th c phm vi rt rng. c tnh phn b khc ca tn hiu dch v B-ISDN l cc tn hiu lin tc. Cc tn hiu ting ni v hnh nh c th cng "sng chung" vi cc tn hiu nhm nh s liu u cui. Tuy nhin, cc tn hiu d liu khc nhau c cc tc bin i rt rng. Mt khc, cc tn hiu hnh nh v m thanh i hi phi x l theo thi gian thc. K thut chuyn mch gi l tng i vi tc thp hoc s liu nhm, trong khi , i vi tn hiu thoi v hnh nh th chuyn mch knh l thch hp. Ngoi ra vi cc tn hiu thoi
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN cng thch hp chuyn mch phn chia thi gian v vi cc tn hiu video tc cao th thch hp vi chuyn mch knh phn chia theo khng gian. V vy, tm c mt h thng truyn dn c kh nng trao i cc tn hiu tc thp/cao v cc tn hiu lin tc/ nhm l cc k kh khn. 5.3.3. Cu trc chc nng ca B_ISDN M hnh cu trc chc nng chung ca ISDN bng rng v c bn ging nh ISDN bng hp. C ngha l v mt cu hnh tiu chun, nhm chc nng v im gc, c hai cu trc l nh nhau. N ch ra rng B-ISDN c hnh thnh trn c s khi nim ca ISDN. Cu trc ca ISDN bng rng bao gm kh nng mc cao v kh nng mc thp. Kh nng mc cao l chc nng lin quan n thit b u cui (TE) v kh nng mc thp bao gm kh nng ISDN bng hp da trn kh nng bng rng, 64 bit/s v kh nng bo hiu lin tng i. 5.3.4. So snh gia ISDN v B_ISDN B-ISDN l mt mng s lin kt a dch v nh ISDN, nhng vic thit lp B-ISDN thc hin khc vi thit lp ISDN. B_ISDN n bo m lin kt cc tn hiu bng rng v c kh nng ng thi x l cc tn hiu bng rng bng hp. M hnh cu trc c bn ca B-ISDN v ISDN nh nhau. Tuy nhin, chng ch tng t nhau v mt khi nim m khng tng thch v mt hot ng. Cc thit b B_ISDN khng th hot ng nu u ni vo mng ISDN hoc TE ca ISDN khng th u ni ti NT ca B-ISDN. Trong thc t B-ISDN khc rt xa vi ISDN, v ISDN tch hp k thut chuyn mch knh v k thut chuyn mch gi, trong khi B-ISDN s dng cng ngh ATM hon ton khc vi cc h thng ca ISDN. Ngha l, trong khi ISDN ch yu iu khin h thng thng tin chuyn mch knh th B-ISDN ch yu s dng h thng thng tin chuyn mch gi, ng thi vn iu khin h thng thng tin knh. B-ISDN khc hn so vi ISDN. S pht trin ca ISDN v B_ISDN l bc m cho s ra i cc k thut mng vin thng mi vi mc ch cung cp a dch v trn cng mt mng vin thng duy nht. Mng th h sau NGN ang c nghin cu v pht trin p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca x hi, l mt bc tin mi trong k thut mng vin thng? Mt cu hi c gii p trong tng lai khng xa.

5.4. Mng chuyn mch gi X25

5.4.1. Khi qut k thut mng X25 X25 nh ngha chun giao din gia cc thit b u cui s liu ca ngi s dng DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) vi thit b kt cui knh d liu DCE (Data Circuit Terminating). X25 c chc nng va iu khin giao din DTE/DCE va thc hin chc nng truyn d liu gia DTE vi node ca mng chuyn mch gi. Cc mng X.25 cung cp cc la chn cho chuyn mch o hoc c nh. X.25 cung cp cc dch v tin cy cng nh iu khin lung d liu t node ti node (End to End). Cc mng X25 c tc ti a 64 Kbps. Tc ny thch hp vi cc tin trnh truyn thng chuyn giao tp v cc thit b u cui c lng lu thng ln. Tuy nhin vi tc nh vy khng thch hp vi vic cung cp cc dch v i hi t 1 Mbps tr ln. V vy cc mng
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN X25 khng hp dn khi cung cp cc dch v ng dng LAN trong mi trng WAN. Nm 1976, CCITT cng b khuyn ngh loi X v giao thc X25 trong cc mng chuyn mch gi cng cng (Public Packet Switched Networks). Giao din Mng chuyn mch gi Giao din

DTE

DCE

DCE

DTE

Knh logic

Knh o

Knh logic

Hnh 5.5: Mt v d mng X25 n gin 5.4.2. Giao thc X.25 X25 hot ng trn 3 tng: tng vt l, tng lin kt d liu v tng mng. Tng vt l: Tng ng vi tng vt l m hnh OSI, giao thc X25.1 xc nh cc vn v in, hm, th tc v kiu cc b u chuyn c s dng. Bao gm cc chun ca CCITT X26/27 v EIA (USA Electronic Institue Association), RS :X.21, X.21 Bis, V.32... Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical X.25 LAP-B Physical

Hnh 5.6: Mi quan h X.25 vi m hnh OSI Tng lin kt d liu: X.25.2 cung cp cc lin kt gia hai thit b u cui ca mt tuyn thng tin c tin cy cao, kim sot lung v kim sot li. LAP-B (Link Access Procedure Balanced) l giao thc LLC tng con ca Lin kt d liu, chun hng bit, hot ng theo ch song cng v ng b. Tng cp mng: X.25.3 l giao thc gia mt DTE v mt DCE. DTE c th l mt PAD cn DCE c th l mt thit b X.25. Giao thc X.25 cung cp cc kh nng chn mch o thng trc hay theo nhu cu. X.25 yu cu cung cp dch v tin cy v tnh nng iu khin lung d
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN liu End to End. Do cc thit b trn mng c th hot ng theo nhiu mch o, nn X25 phi cung cp tnh nng iu khin lung cho mi mch Bng sau tng kt cc chc nng ca cc tng trong m hnh X25: Tng 1: Tng 2: Tng 3: ng b ho lin kt Pht hin li v pht li. iu khin lung To s th t gi tin. Truyn d liu theo phng thc Datagram Thc hin ghp knh. Thit lp kt ni v giI phng knh o. Thc hin bo hiu 5.4.3. Hot ng ca giao thc X25 X25 hot ng da trn c s knh c nh PVC (Permanent Virtual Chanel) v knh o chuyn mch SCV (Switch Virtual Chanel). PCV thay th chc nng cho knh lin kt im-im c nh gia cc thit b u cui. S dng loi knh ny, giao din c hiu qu hn nh s lin kt c m bo v khng b tr cuc gi. SVC s dng ti a s mm do linh hot ca chuyn mch gi trong thc t. Hot ng ca X25 theo cc giai on: giai on thit lp knh o, giai on trao i thng tin v giai on gii phng knh o. Ngay sau khi thit lp knh o, mt thng bo tm tt ca cu trc gi tin s c node ngun gi i n node ch. Nu chp nhn, node ch s hin th v thng bo li cho node ngun. ng truyn song hng c thit lp. Giai on trao i d liu: Node ngun gi khung thng tin, node ch s tin hnh kim tra tnh hp l ca khung thng qua cc bit FCS. Nu khng hp l th loi b khung v gi thng bo li cho node ngun bit, yu cu truyn li. Nu khung l hp l th node ny tip tc cc th tc truyn gi khung ti node tip theo trong mng, ng thi thng bo li cho node ngun bit l nhn c thng tin. Node ngun sau khi nhn c thng bo m t node ch, tip tc gi gi tin tip theo...Sau khi kt thc, knh o s c gii phng. Nh vy hot ng ca X25 cho php s dng mt cch c hiu qu knh thng tin lin kt gia ngi s dng v cc node mng. Cc th tc ca tng mng m bo trao i thng tin c t l li bit thp, vi xc sut ln cc gi tin c gi ti ch khng c li, ng th t, iu ny rt cn thit i vi cc ng truyn c tin cy khng cao.

5.5. Mng chuyn mch khung Frame Relay

5.5.1. Gii thiu chung Nhng nm cui ca th k XX cc h thng vin thng s dng cng ngh cp quang c tin cy cao, m bo tc v cht lng truyn dn, gim thiu tnh trng nghn mch v t l li d liu. Cc giao thc trc y cho mng chuyn mch gi c t cc th tc qun l lu
85

Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN lng, qun l tc nghn v x l li, m bo tnh thng nht, ton vn thng tin trn ng truyn tr nn phc tp, cng knh, lm gim thng lng. Frame Relay ra i nh l mt cng ngh k tha nhng c im u vit ca mng chuyn mch gi nh tnh tin cy, mm do, kh nng chia s ti nguyn. ng thi hn ch ti a th tc kim sot, hi p.. khng cn thit gy ra tr ln. N cho php tn dng cc u th v tc truyn ti v tnh n nh ca cng ngh truyn dn, tha mn nhu cu dch v tc cao, s dng nhiu thng lng mng din rng WAN trn truyn ti mt lng ln d liu vi nhiu nh dng khc nhau. Cng ngh Frame Relay tch hp tnh nng dn knh tnh v chia s cng ngh X.25. D liu c t chc thnh cc khung c di khng c nh c nh a ch tng t nh X.25. Tuy nhin, khc vi X.25, Frame Relay loi b hon ton cc th tc tng 3 trong m hnh OSI. Ch mt s chc nng chnh tng 2 c thc hin. V vy tc truyn trong mng Frame Relay cao hn nhiu so vi X.25 v mng Frame Relay c gi l mng chuyn mch gi tc cao. 5.5.2. Cu hnh tng qut mng Frame Relay

FRAD

FRND

Frame Relay Network

FRND

FRAD

F.R UNI

F.R UNI

Hnh 5.7 Cu trc mng Frame Relay Hnh 5.7 trnh by cc thnh phn chnh ca mng Frame Relay. Cc knh ring to ra lin kt vt l gia DTE v DCE. DTE cn c gi l thit b truy nhp mng FRAD (Frame Relay Access Device) thng l cc Router, Bridge, ATM Switch... DCE cn c gi l thit b mng FRND (Frame Relay Network Device) l cc thit b chuyn mch Frame Relay Switch. FRAD v FRND chuyn i d liu thng qua cc quy nh ca giao tip UNI. Mng trc ca Frame Relay c th l cc mng vin thng IP, PSTN... 5.5.3. So snh Frame Relay vi X25 S khc bit gia cn bn gia cng ngh Frame Relay v X.25 l Frame Relay khng k tha cng ngh X.25 m l mt giao thc tin tin c nhiu im tng ng vi X.25. X.25 l mt giao thc ca cng ngh chuyn mch gi, c t giao tip gia DTE v DCE. D liu trong tng 3 ca X.25 s c chia thnh cc gi (Packet), trong mi gi c b sung phn Network Header. Cc gi ny s c chuyn xung tng 2, cc hm chc nng ca LAP-B s b sung Layer 2 Header v cc Flag vo mi gi to thnh cc khung LAP-B. Cc khung s c chuyn xung tng vt l v truyn n ch.
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN Hot ng ca cc thc th cht ch, cc node mng X25 phi lun bit trng thi ca mng trong mi lin kt logic. Cc gi tin iu khin v bo nhn, bo mt (ACK/NACK) thng xuyn c truyn trn cng lin kt ca gi tin d liu khng ch ti cc giao tip DTE-DCE m cn ti tt c cc node mng. Ti cc node mng phi duy tr bng trng thi cho mi lin kt logic qun l lin kt v iu khin li v lu lng, m bo gi tin n ng a ch ch c lu trong Network Header v s lng gi tin gi vo mng khng c vt qu kh nng x l ca mng. Nh vy cc giao thc ti tng mng l tuyt i cn thit nht l khi trin khai h thng mng X.25 trn cc ng truyn c tin cy thp, d b nhiu lon, suy gim tn hiu... Frame Relay c thit k loi b nhng hn ch trong cc mng X.25 khi trin khai trn tuyn truyn dn tc cao bng cch: - Cc gi tin iu khin v d liu c truyn trn cc lin kt logic ring bit. V vy, ti cc node khng cn duy tr bng trng thi, khng x l cc gi tin iu khin. - Dn knh, chuyn mch cc lin kt logic c thc hin tng lin kt. Loi b cc qu trnh trnh x l tng mng. - Khng iu khin lu lng v iu khin li theo tng on mng (Hop-by-Hop Control). Trong trng hp cn thit s cc tng cao hn m trch. Frame Relay ch s dng mt phn cc chc nng tng 2 nn khung thng tin ca Frame Relay s c cu trc n gin hn so vi khung thng tin ca X.25 nhng vn duy tr c im ca mt khung thng tin quy nh bi giao thc iu khin. Khung Frame Relay khng c Header ca tng mng. V Frame Relay khng s dng cc th tc iu khin lu lng, iu khin li ca tng mng. Mt khc, giao thc c s dng ti tng lin kt ch l phn li ca giao thc iu khin (LAP-F Core) nn vic x l ti cc node mng s t hn nhiu so vi X.25. Kch thc phn d liu (User Data) trong khung Frame Relay c th ti a 2048 byte trong khi phn d liu trong khung X.25 ch c th t ti a 128 byte. DCE thc hin ba chc nng chnh: - Kim tra cc khung, loi b cc khung c li. - Cn c vo a ch trong khung chn ng. - Kim tra c b nghn hay khng. Nu c th lp bit bo nghn hoc loi b khung ty trng hp c th. 5.5.4. Frame Relay v m hnh OSI Tng vt l: Cc giao thc chun nh ngha giao tip vt l gia thit b truy nhp FRAD v thit b mng FRND, gia cc node mng theo chun giao tip vt l ca ISDN. Frame Relay tng thch vi nhiu giao din vt l khc nhau nh V.35, X.21... Tng lin kt: Cc th tc lin kt ca Frame Relay c nh ngha bng giao thc truy cp LAP-D v LAP-F. Giao thc truy cp LAP-F c ci tin t LAP-D v c s dng ph bin trong cc mng Frame Relay. qun l lin kt v truyn d liu LAP-F chia thnh 2 tng chc nng l Upper Function (LAP-F Upper) v Coreunction (LAP-F Core). - Core Function: c cc chc nng kim sot di khung, pht hin li ng truyn, iu khin nghn qua trng bo hiu trong cu trc khung.
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN - Upper Function: c chc nng iu khin DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier), xc nh lin kt logic gia FRAD v FRND. Tng mng (Network Layer): Tng mng nh ngha cc khung d liu lu chuyn trong h thng, m bo vic nh tuyn trong mt mng hay gia cc mng vi nhau. Trong Frame Relay, cc giao tip gia DTE v DCE tng 3 khng c th tc nn tc nhanh hn nhiu so vi X.25. Tuy nhin, nu mt lin kt logic c thit lp ng (SVC), Frame Relay c th s dng mt phn ca giao thc c t chun Q.931 ca giao thc iu khin ISDN (cn gi l Q.933) thit lp lin kt. Giao thc lin kt hai node mng X.25 l X.75, cn lin kt hai node mng Frame Relay ngi ta s dng giao din NNI (Network to Network Interface).

Network Data Link Physical OSI - RM

X25 PLP LAP - B X21,V35 (56/64 Kbps) X25

Management LAP - F

Q.933 Subnet Management LAP - F

Full Q.933 Management LAP - F

V35 V35 V35 Manage (DS-0,DS-1..) (DS-0,DS-1..) (DS-0,DS-1..) PC only Non ISDN ISDN SVC (With link SVC (With link (With link Management) Management)

Hnh 5.8: So snh m hnh OSI vi X25 v Frame Relay 5.5.5. iu khin qun l lu lng Hu ht cc nh cung cp dch v Frame Relay u s dng phng thc tc cam kt CIR (Committed Information Rate) gii thch chnh xc thng tin no c truyn n mt dch v m bo, thng tin no nhn c dch v h tr ln nht v thng tin no b loi b cng vo ca Frame RelayH node ngun. Vi lu lng trn knh PVC c tc trong khong gia 0 Kbps v ph thuc ngi s dng. Khi chng s c truyn i bnh thng qua mng m khng b tn hao l dch v m bo "Guaranteed". i vi cc khung thng tin vt qu CIR mt lng tc thng tin bng n EIR (Excess Information Rate) th c th b Frame Relay node tip theo hy nu xy ra nghn. y chnh l dch v h tr ln nht. Khi d liu vt qu ngng CIR + EIR th cc khung thng tin s b hy ngay bi Frame RelayH node ngun cho n khi tc ca ngi s dng gim xung di ngng CIR + EIR. Tc EIR thng c cc nh khai thc mng t bng ng tc CIR.

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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN Dch v h tr ln nht (Best Effect) CIR Kb Dch v m bo (Guaranteed) 0 Kb DE=1 DE=0 CIR+EIR Kb Dch v loi b (Discarded) Tc truy nhp Kb

DE: Discard Eligibility-Bit nh du khung c kh nng b loi b CIR: Committed Information Rate- Tc cam kt. EIR: Eccess Information Rate- Tc thng tin bng n Hnh 5.9: iu khin qun l lu lng mng 5.5.6. Cc dch v Frame Relay Hin nay, phn ln cc dch v mng Frame Relay c cung cp di hai dng: - Mng dch v cng cng (Public Carrier-Provided Networks): Frame Relay v FRAD, FRND ca nh cung cp, khch hng c tnh cc trn c s thng s mng thu, vic bo tr v qun tr do cc nh cung cp thc hin. - Mng ring doanh nghip: Cc doanh nghip c quy m ton cu trin khai cc mng Frame Relay ring. Ton b thit b mng l ti sn ca doanh nghip. Cng tc qun tr, vn hnh v bo dng do chnh doanh nghip thc hin. Hin ti, Vit Nam ph bin hnh thc mng dch v cng cng do gi thnh s dng r hn, khng i hi doanh nghip duy tr i ng nhn vin k thut chuyn trch. Ngn hng Chu (ACB) l mt trong s cc n v ang khai thc hiu qu dch v ny. Frame Relay l cng ngh c u tin la chn bi ngy cng c nhiu ngi dng ang tm kim cc gii php mng din rng trn nn tng h tng vin thng hin i. Mt d c nhiu cng ngh mi ra i c tnh nng hin i hn nhng vi xu th khch hng ang a chung mng trn nn IP, Frame Relay tip tc th hin tnh u vit qua kh nng kt hp mng IP vi cc u im nh qun l dch v d dng, truyn d liu tc cao an ton, chi ph lin kt thp. C th khng nh, cng ngh Frame Relay vn c th c tip tc s dng hiu qu trong thi gian di.

5.6. SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service)

5.6.1. Gii thiu chung. SMDS - Switched Multimegabit Data Service l mt dch v WAN c thit k cho cc lin kt LAN-to-LAN. SMDS c Bellcore v Cc cng ty Regional Bell Operating (RBOCs) pht trin tho mn nhu cu khch hng v lin kt LAN Multimegabit trong vng mng chnh. SMDS c thit k l mt dch v chuyn mch gi gi c hp l, cung cp cc lin kt v m rng cht lng cao.
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN Khc vi s thnh cng ca SMDS chu u, M SMDS khng pht trin. SMDS Interest Group, mt t chc ln nht ti tr SMDS ngng hot ng t nm 1997. Hn na, trong ngy k nim ln th 25 ca Truyn thng s liu - Data Communications (21/10/1997), SMDS c bnh chn l mt trong 25 tht bi tiu biu nht - Top 25. 5.6.2. SMDS l g SMDS l mt dch v mng din rng c thit k dnh cho lin kt t mng LAN vi mng LAN. L mt mng MAN c c trng: n v d liu l t bo (Cell-based), khng lin kt (Connectionless), tc cao, chuyn mch gi bng thng rng. SMDS cng l mt dch v d liu, ngha l ch truyn d liu (mc d n c th truyn c m thanh v hnh nh). SMDS l mt dch v tht s, khng gn vi mt cng ngh truyn s liu no. 5.6.3. Tng quan v SMDS T bo SMDS l n v c bn c di c nh. Tng t nh t bo ca ATM gm 53 bytes - 44-byte d liu, 7-byte Header v 2-byte du vt. iu ny to cho n s tng thch vi cc mng din rng cng cng B-ISDN s dng cng ngh chuyn mch gi nhanh v cng ngh ATM. Mi t bo ca SMDS cha a ch ch cho php cc thu bao SMDS c th truyn d liu vi nhau.L mt dch v d liu khng lin kt, SMDS thit lp mt ng knh o (Virtual Circuit) gia thc th ngun v ch, cc t bo d liu truyn i mt cch c lp vi nhau v khng theo mt th t c bit no. Mng SMDS cung cp bng thng theo yu cu cho cc bng n giao thng, mt thuc tnh ca cc ng dng mng LAN.V khng cn phi nh ngha trc ng truyn gia cc thit b, d liu c th i qua nhng ng t tc nghn nht trong mng SMDS, v vy s cung cp mt ng truyn nhanh hn, tng tnh bo mt v mm do hn Kha cnh bng rng ca SMDS l t s tng thch ca n vi B-ISDN v tng thch vi chun IEEE 802.6 MAN. 5.6.4. Tng quan v k thut SMDS SMDS da trn mt tp con ca tng vt l ca IEEE 802.6 v chun tng di ca MAC (Media Access Control), v vy n hot ng tng t nh Token Ring tc cao. - c im tng vt l: IEEE 802.6 c th c thit k nh mt Bus h hoc mt Bus vng. Khi thit k Bus h, cc Bus khi u v kt thc ti cc node khc nhau.Vi Bus dng vng, cc Bus khi u v kt thc ti cng mt node . - c im tng lin kt d liu - DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus): Ti tng lin kt d liu, mng SMDS c qun l bi giao thc DQDB bus qung b a truy nhp. IEEE 802.6, chia nh mi bus thnh cc khe truyn d liu. Trong mi bus c mt bit bn v mt bit yu cu. DQDB lm vic nh sau: V d node 2 truyn d liu cho node 3, trc khi truyn, t bit Req trn Bus B thng bo cho cc bus pha trn ca Bus A bit rng ti node ang c d liu cn gi. Sau khi yu cu mt khe, node 2 quan st c hai bus v duy tr mt s m cc yu cu. S m s tng 1 khi node 2 thy mt bit yu cu c thit lp trn Bus B v gim i 1 cho mi khe trng trn Bus A. Nh vy s m ti mi node cho bit chiu di hng cc t bo ang i truyn bi cc node pha di. Khi s m bng 0 ngha l khng cn node di no c d liu cn gi th node bt u gi d liu.
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN DQDB h tr dich v khng lin kt v hng lin kt v c kh nng truyn d liu, ting ni v hnh nh. Mc d l mt tp con ca IEEE 802.6, SMDS ch truyn d liu. u Bus A sinh ra khe thi gian u kt thc

Bus A

Node 1

Node 2

Node 3

Node 3

u kt thc Node 1 Node 2

Bus B

u Bus B sinh ra khe thi gian Node 3 Node 4

Bus A Bus B Hnh 5.10: Cu hnh vt l ca mng SMDS. Giao thc giao din mng SMDS (SMDS Interface Protocol - SIP): SIP c nh ngha bi Bellcore v cu thnh bi ba mc giao thc: SIP mc 3, SIP mc 2, v SIP mc 1, hot ng trong tng Lin kt d liu v tng vt l. ng dng Trnh din Phin Giao vn Mng Lin kt d liu Vt l Hnh 5.11: Cc tng ca SIP tng ng vi m hnh OSI 5.6.5. SMDS so vi cc cng ngh ATM v Frame Relay. - SMDS l mt dich v, khng phi mt cng ngh; Frame Relay v ATM l cng ngh . - SMDS dch v chuyn mch gi khng lin kt (Connectionless), Frame Relay v ATM l hng lin kt (Connection-Oriented).
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LLC MAC

SIP

Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN - SMDS cung cp nhiu cch qun l mng c trng. - SMDS b cnh tranh bi ATM v Frame Relay nc M. - DQDB cung cp cc cng ngh cn thit cho s truyn cc ng dng thi gian thc. - SDMS h tr tnh bo mt, cho php dng cc mng cng cng, chia s mt mng ring nh mng xng sng. Khi nim ny b che lp bi Internet v VPN. L mt dich v, khng phi l mt cng ngh nn c th trin khai trn c Frame Relay v ATM. Khng ph thuc v giao thc, nn c th h tr nhiu giao thc mng LAN hay mng my tnh. C bng thng t 56/64 Kbps ti tc SONET, ph hp vi gii thng cho mi ng dng. L dch v khng lin kt, khng cn nh ngha cc PVC nh Frame Relay. T bo 53 byte tng thch vi ATM, c th chuyn i thun tin sang mng ATM. Tuy nhin mt s im khng thun li lm cho SMDS b ATM v Frame Relay che khut nh l c nhn nhn l mt dch v t tin, mc c kh nng truyn c hnh nh nhng SMDS khng h tr tnh nng ny...

5.7. Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

5.7.1. Gii thiu chung Cng ngh truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) ra i nh l mt nn tng cho mng t hp a dch v s bng rng B-ISDN. ATM cho php truyn thng a phng tin, p ng y cc loi hnh dch v v c kh nng cung cp cht lng dch v theo yu cu. ATM c mt s c trng khc vi cc cng ngh chuyn mch khc. n v d liu dng trong ATM gi l t bol (Cel), c di 53 byte (5 byte Header v 48 byte d liu). Trong cc cng ngh khc di ca khung d liu thay i (t 64 n 1500 Byte). Nhng Cell ny l n v c s cho truyn d liu. Lu lng d liu t nhiu knh c ghp vi nhau ti mc Cell. Kch thc Cell c nh, nn cc c ch chuyn mch hot ng truyn thng ca mng ATM hiu qu cao, tc cao. Mt s mng ATM c th hot ng ti tc 622 Mbps, tc chung 155 Mbps. ATM hot ng tng 2 v 3 trong 3 tng cui ca OSI. Tng vt l c cc giao thc h tr nh SONET, FDDI,... ATM hot ng khng ph thuc vo ng truyn vt l. ATM c chia lm hai Channel c cha cc (Cell) hot ng nh tc truyn bit c nh khi d liu c truyn gia cc mch (Circuit) c kch thc khc nhau. Cc thit b mng ATM lin kt vi nhau bng cc ng dn o VPI (Virtual Path Identifier). Trong mi ng o, c nhiu knh o VCI (Virtual Circuit Identifier). Mc d ATM c pht trin nh l cng ngh ca mng WAN nhng ATM c nhiu chc nng h tr cho cc mng LAN hiu nng cao. l ATM cho php s dng cng mt cng ngh cho c mng LAN v WAN.

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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical SONET/SDH,FDDI... ATM

Hnh 5.12 Mi quan h ATM v m hnh OSI V c bn, mng ATM ging nh mng Frame Relay, cc t bo c truyn t ngun ti ch qua cc mng con chuyn mch ATM. Node mng giao tip vi thit b u cu qua giao din ngi s dng - mng UNI (User Network Interface) v thit b chuyn mch ATM giao tip vi nhng thit b khc qua giao din mng-mng NNI (Network Network Interface). Mt mng ATM n gin in hnh nh sau: UNI

Private NNI

Public NNI Chuyn mch dch v ATM

Chuyn mch dch v ATM Switch

Switch

ATM Router

Rout

Pha thu bao

Rout

ATM Router LAN B

LAN A Hnh 5.13 Mi quan h ATM vi m hnh OSI 5.7.2. Kin trc phn tng ATM

Kin trc ATM khng c s tng ng hon ton vi cc tng ca m hnh OSI. M hnh kin trc ATM bao gm cc mt bng qun l, mt bng iu khin (kim tra) v mt bng ngi s dng. Mt bng qun l gm c qun l mt bng v qun l tng.
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN a. Cc mt bng qun l - Mt bng iu khin: Cung cp cc chc nng thit lp, gim st v gii phng lin kt. Mt bng ny c nhim v khi to v qun l cc yu cu bo hiu. M hnh OSI M hnh ATM M hnh mt bng qun l Tng ng dng Tng Trnh by Tng Phin Tng Vn chuyn Tng thch ng ATM Tng Mng Tng Lin kt Tng Vt l Tng ATM Tng Vt l
Mt bng iu khin Mt bng Khch hng

Giao thc tng cao

Giao thc tng cao

Qun Qun l L mt lp bng

Hnh 5.14 Kin trc phn tng m hnh ATM - Mt bng khch hng: Cung cp chc nng iu khin vn chuyn cc lung thng tin, iu khin lung v qun l cc lung d liu , sa li. - Mt bng qun l: Cung cp chc nng gim st mng lin quan n d liu v thng tin iu khin. Gm cc chc nng qun l lp v qun l mt bng. - Qun l lp: Thc hin vic iu hnh cc tham s ngi s dng, cc thng tin qun l khai thc v bo dng. - Qun l mt bng: iu khin h thng bng cch can thip vo gia cc mt bng.

b. Vai tr v chc nn cc tng ATM

Ngoi ra giao thc ca mt bng iu khin v mt bng khch hng c phn loi tip thnh tng giao thc mc cao, tng thch ng, tng ATM v tng vt l nh sau: - Tng vt l: Tng t nh lp vt l ca OSI, ATM qun l mi trng truyn dn, bao gm 02 tng con: Tng con mi trng vt l PMD (Physical Medium-Dependent) v tng con kt hp truyn dn TC (Transmission Convergence). - Tng ATM: Tng ATM kt hp vi tng thch ng ATM c chc nng tng t nh tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh tham chiu OSI. H tr cho vic tch/ghp t bo, dch VPI v VCI, pht sinh t bo mo u, iu khin lung chung. - Lp thch ng ATM - AAL (ATM Adaption Layer): C nhim v giao tip vi lp bc cao. Cung cp cc phng tin hi t cho php cc dng truyn thng khc nhau c th tng thch vi
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN cc dch v ATM. Lp AAL chun b d liu ca ngi s dng v phn on d liu thnh 48 byte trong t bo ATM. Tng AAL chia thnh hai tng con: Tng con hi t CS (Convergence Sublayer) v tng con phn chia v kt hp SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer), thc hin vic ct cc n v d liu ca ngi s dng thnh cc Cell ATM 48-byte truyn v hp cc Cell ATM thnh n v d liu ca ngi s dng khi nhn. Upper Layers Protocols AAL Layers ATM Layers

TCP/IP, SPX/IPX,AppleTalk... ATM Convergence Sublayer (CS) Adaptation Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Synchronous Generic Flow Control Transfer VPI/VCI Translation Mode Cell Multiplexing Demultiplexing Cell Rate Decoupling Transmission HEC Header Sequence Generation/ Ceritfication Convergence Cell Delineation.Cell . Transmission Frame Adaptation Transmission Frame Genaration/Recovery Physical Bit Timing Dependent Physical Medium Hnh 5.15 Cc tng trong ATM

Physical Layers

- Giao thc cc tng trn (Upper Layers Protocols) : Nm trn lp AAL, n tp hp cc d liu khch hng c chp nhn, sau tin hnh sp xp vo trong cc gi, v lin kt vi lp AAL.

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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN Tng Tng bc cao Tng ATM thch ng Tng ATM Tng con hi t Chia v tp hp lp Phn tng Cc chc nng Chc nng ca tng bc cao Chc nng kt hp Chc nng phn chia v kt hp li iu khin lu lng chung To v tch thng tin ghp u Dch cc t bo VPI/VCI Ghp v tch t bo Phn chia tc t bo To v xc nh tn hiu HEC Nhn dng bin ca t bo To v xc nh khung truyn dn Chc nng thng tin thi gian bt Chc nng tng ng mi trng vt l

Tng vt l

Truyn dn hi t tng con Mi trng vt l

Hnh 5.16 Vai tr & chc nng cc tng trong ATM 5.7.3. Lin kt o (Virtual Connections) Lin kt ATM gm hai loi lin kt o: - Lin kt knh o VCC (Virtual Channel Connection): Mt knh o cung cp mt lin kt logic gia cc thit b u cui ATM. Knh o c th l knh o c nh PVC (Permanent VC) hoc knh o chuyn mch SVC (Switch VC). - Lin kt ng dn o VPC (Virtual Path Connection): Mt lin kt ng dn o cung cp mt tp hp logic cc knh o m c cng im cui. Knh o v ng dn o c th nhn din qua cc trng VCI v VPI trong Header ca ATM Cell. Trong mt ng dn o c th c nhiu knh o v knh o trong cc ng dn o khc nhau c th c cng mt VCI. Do mt knh o hon ton c th xc nh bi s kt hp gia VPI v VCI. Trong k thut ATM, cc t bo cha cc loi d liu khc nhau c dn knh trn mt ng dn o VPI, thng mt ng trung k tc cao hoc mt lin kt s dng thit b ATM. Trong mt ng dn o c th c mt s knh o VCI (Virtual Channel Identier) ring bit. Trong cu trc khung ca mt t bo ATM, trng VPI l 1 byte, tip theo trng VCI 2 byte. Thit b chuyn mch ATM c th nh tuyn ATM trn c s byte u tin. Khi Cell n ch, VCI c dng xc nh su hn v tr chnh xc truyn Cell. Nh vy cp VPI v VCI to mt trng 3 byte, cho php s dng ti a 16 triu knh o trn mt giao din n. VPI/VCI phi qua qu trnh nh x da trn bng l trnh lu tr ti cc tng i chuyn mch ATM. Khi mt knh o c thit lp, bng chn ng ti cc node chuyn mch ATM
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN tm kim v cung cp a ch ch ca cc Cell n da trn a ch Header ca Cell. Bng chn ng thng xuyn c cp nht cc a ch mi VPI/VCI khi c cc b chuyn mch ATM chp nhn. Trong giai on thit lp cuc gi, cc Cell c truyn t node ny sang node khc, ng dn gi l Virtual.

Hnh 5.17 Khi nim knh o v ng dn o Cng ngh truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) ra i nh l mt nn tng cho mng t hp a dch v s bng rng B-ISDN. ATM cho php truyn 5.7.4. So snh ATM vi cc dch v v k thut khc ATM so snh vi Frame Relay: - ATM v Frame Relay l hai cng ngh chuyn mch tc nhanh . C th ni ATM tng t vi Frame Relay. Tuy nhin, khung d liu (Frame) trong Frame Relay c kch thc thay i, th ATM s dng cc gi tin c nh 53 bytes (c gi l t bo Cell). - Frame Relay cho php vt ngng 64 Kb/s ca X25, nhng thng lng ti a ch t ti 2 Mb/s, trong khi thng lng ATM c th t 155 Mb/s hoc 622 Mb/s. - ATM c th chn cc t bo c tr truyn dn nhy cm, iu ny khng th c vi Frame Relay, bi v Frame Relay c khung d liu di hn, tr ln hn v khng th d on c tr khi x l truyn thng ting ni v hnh nh. V vy Frame Relay khng ph hp cho cc dch v yu cu thi gian thc cao. - Mc du cha p ng c yu cu ca truyn thng a phng tin, Frame Relay vn l mt gii php qu c la chn trong khi ch i k thut ATM a vo ng dng rng ri. ATM v SONET - SONET n gin l mt k thut truyn dn, c th h tr cho nhiu loi topo thay i, bao gm : im-im, hnh sao, hnh vng. - Khi pht trin ATM, thay v pht trin mt lp vt l mi, nhng nh thit k ca ATM s dng k thut lin kt d liu ca SONET v s dng n cho chuyn mch ATM. Hn na, ATM Forum xc nh tc 622-Mbps ATM chy trn SONET. Tm li SONET l mt dch v vn chuyn bit t ngun ti ch v ATM l mt k thut s dng SONET nh l mt dch v vn chuyn ca n. So Snh ATM v Ethernet Gigabit - Tc Fast Ethernet v Ethernet Gigabit nhanh hn tc ca ATM v y dng ATM kh t. Tuy nhin ATM Forum ang pht trin ATM 2,5 Gbps cho LAN.
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN - Ethernet Gigabit c kh nng truyn d liu v ting ni mc chp nhn c, tuy nhin n vn ch l mt k thut VBR (tc bit thay i) v gp phi kh khn khi mng tc nghn hoc i hi truyn hnh phn gii cao (HDTV). - Giao thc gi trc ngun ti nguyn RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) v giao thc truyn dn thi gian thc RTP (Realtime Transport Protocol) l phng thc li cht lng dch v ca Ethernet Gigabit. C hai giao thc cho php cc ng dng bo tn tng s ring bit ca gii thng truyn d liu. So snh Ethernet Gigabit vi ATM: Khung Ethernet 802.3 c s phn chia tc khng ph hp, v chiu di thay i t 64 n 1518 bytes. Trong khi t bo ATM phn chia tc n nh v m bo s phn chia c th t trong khung thi gian ring bit m bit d liu n theo th t ng thi gian. Trong Ethernet 802.3, khung c xp hng ti mt node chuyn mch trn c s vo trc-ra trc (FI-FO). Hn na trc khi chuyn mch truyn hng khung n th ton b d liu cha trong hng khung n-1 phi c truyn. Theo mt chuyn mch pht hng khung lin tc theo th t chng c m. S x l ny trong ATM th khc hn, ti node chuyn mch ATM , hng i khung khng theo th t chng c m, m chuyn mch ATM da vo s u tin truyn dn: khung c u tin cao hn s c truyn dn trc v ngc li. Do ATM c th to ra ng thi nhiu hng dch v c lp nhau vi s u tin truyn dn khc nhau da trn loi dch v m vn cung cp mt tc phn chia khng i. y chnh l th mnh v s thng minh ca ATM. Do vy mng nhanh khng phi l gii php cho nhiu vn hi t. Cng ngh ATM xut hin vi mng din rng, a dch v bng rng. Phng thc truyn ti nh l mt Mng trong mng, khng ng b, tch hp chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh. Thng tin c t trong cc gi c di c nh. ATM s dng knh o v nhm knh o to thnh mt ng dn o Thch hp vi dch v yu cu truyn thi gian thc, a phng tin.

Cu hi trc nghim:
1. Hy chn cu ng nht v phng php kt ni lin mng: A. Phng php kt ni ti tng vt l, b lp Repeater. B. Phng php kt ni ti tng lin kt d liu, thit b s dng cu (Bridge) v cc b chuyn mch (Switched) C. Phng php kt ni tng mng. Thit b s dng b nh tuyn (Router). D. Kt ni lin mng s dng cc thit b nh Modem, cp Modem, Router.. 2. Mng ISDN c nhng c im sau: A. L mt mng a dch v. B. ISDN c h thng bo hiu s 7 v cc node chuyn mch thng minh. C. Kin trc ISDN tng thch vi m hnh OSI. D. Tt c khng nh trn. 3. Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN A. TE1 l cc thit b u cui c cc thuc tnh ISDN.
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN B. TE2 l cc thit b u cui khng c tnh nng ISDN. C. NT1 (Network Termination 1) thc hin cc chc nng thuc tng vt l . D. NT2 (Network Termination 2) l mt thit b thng minh, thc hn cc chc nng n tng mng. E. Tt c u ng. 4. Cc loi knh trong mng ISDN A. Knh D: Dng truyn bo hiu gia ngi s dng v mng. B. Knh B: Dng truyn d liu C. Knh H cung cp cc dch v tc cao v ghp cc lung thng tin tc thp hn. c 4 loi knh H. D. Cc loi ng o v knh o 5. Giao din ISDN A. Giao din BRI (Basic Rate Interface) B. Giao din PRI (Primary Rate Interface) C. Giao din gia cc tng, cung cp cc im truy nhp dch v. 6. Hot ng trong tng Datalink ca ISDN: D. Giao thc LAP-D A. Giao thc HDLC B. Giao thc LAP-B v LAP F C. Giao thc LAP-D v LAP F 7. c tnh k thut mng ca X25 A. X25 nh ngha chun giao din gia DTE v DCE B. Cung cp cc la chn cho chuyn mch o hoc c nh. X.25 C. Cung cp cc dch v cp tin cy cao t node ti node (End to End). D. Tc ti a 64 Kbps. E. Tt c u ng 8. Trn cp si quang, cc tc in hnh ca B-ISDN l: A. 51 Mbps(*) B. 155 Mbps(*) C. 312 Mbps D. 622 Mbps(*) 9. Mng X25 khng hp dn, v: A. Tc thp, khng thch hp cc dch v yu cu tc cao. Cc dch v LAN trong mi trng WAN. B. Khng ph hp trong mi trng truyn dn quang. C. Tt c khng nh trn u ng.
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN 10. Hot ng trong tng Datalink ca X25, c: A. Giao thc LAP-B B. Giao thc HDLC C. Giao thc LAP-B v LAP F D. Giao thc LAP-D v LAP F 11. c trng c bn ca Frame Relay: A. Khng cn duy tr bng trng thi, khng x l cc gi tin iu khin. B. Loi b cc qu trnh trnh x l tng mng. C. Khng iu khin lu lng v iu khin li theo tng on mng (Hop-by-Hop Control). D. Khung d liu (Frame) c kch thc thay i, E. Cc trng hp trn u ng. 12. Hot ng trong tng Datalink Frame Relay, c: A. Giao thc LAP- F B. Giao thc HDLC C. Giao thc LAP-B v LAP F D. Giao thc LAP-D v LAP F. 13. c trng c bn SMDS: A. SMDS l mt dich v, khng phi mt cng ngh. B. SMDS dch v chuyn mch gi khng lin kt C. SDMS h tr tnh bo mt, cho php dng cc mng cng cng, chia s mt mng ring nh mng xng sng. D. Tt c pht biu trn u ng. 14. Nhng khng nh no sau y l ng: A. Cng ngh ATM gn ging vi cng ngh Frame Relay. B. Khung d liu ca Frame Relay c kch thc thay i, ca ATM c nh. C. Tc truyn ti a 2 Mb/s trong Frame Relay, ca ATM c th t 155 Mb/s hoc 622 Mb/s. 15. Nhng thc th no di y l giao thc ca WAN A. Frame Relay (*). B. SLIP C. IEEE 802.6 D. X25(*) 16. Cc giao thc no thng c s dng vi IEEE 802.2 A. IEEE 802.3 B. IEEE 802.5
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN C. IEEE 802.6 D. Tt c u ng 17. Nu c tnh ch yu phn bit mt t bo v mt gi tin. A. Cc t bo nh hn mt gi tin. B. Cc t bo khng c a ch vt l. C. Cc t bo c di c nh (*). D. Cc gi tin khng th truyn. 18. Giao thc no c s dng trn cp si quang. A. Frame Relay B. FDDI(*) C. SONET(*) D. X25 19. Cc chun no s dng k thut truy nhp ng truyn bng th bi: A. IEEE 802.4(*) B. IEEE 802.6 C. Frame Relay D. FDDI(*) 20. Giao thc no ph hp nht cho vic giao vn d liu quan trng v mt thi gian: A. X25. B. Frame Relay C. IEEE 802.5(*) D. ATM(*)

Cu hi v bi tp
1. Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network), Khi nim. Nguyn l chung ca ISDN. 2. Cc dch v ISDN: Dch v ti tin, dch v vin thng, cc dch v b sung. 3. Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN 4. Cc loi knh trong mng ISDN: Knh D, Knh B, Knh H. 5. Giao din ISDN: Giao din BRI (Basic Rate Interface) Giao din PRI (Primary Rate Interface): 6. a ch ca mng ISDN v cu trc a ch trong ISDN: 7. Chc nng cc tng trong kin trc ISDN: Tng vt l, Tng 2 v tng 3. 8. Mng bng rng B_ISDN ( Broadband ISDN)
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Chng 5: K thut mng din rng WAN 9. c im ca dch v B-ISDN 10. Nn tng k thut ca B-ISDN 11. Cu trc chc nng ca B_ISDN 12. So snh ISDN v B_ISDN 13. Mng chuyn mch gi X25 14. Giao thc X.25: Tng vt l, Tng lin kt d liu, Tng mng 15. Hot ng ca giao thc X25 16. Mng chuyn mach khung Frame Relay 17. Cu hnh tng qut mng Frame Relay 18. So snh Frame Relay vi X25: Tng vt l (Physical Layer), Tng lin kt (Link Access Layer), Tng mng (Packet Layer) 19. Frame Relay c thit k loi b nhng hn ch trong cc mng X.25, v sao?. 20. V sao thi gian x l ti cc node trong Frame Relay t hn nhiu so vi X.25 ?. 21. Frame Relay v m hnh OSI: Tng vt l, Tng lin kt v Tng mng . 22. Trnh by giao thc LAP-F, LAP-D. 23. iu khin qun l lu lng 24. Khi nim CIR. 25. Cc dch v Frame Relay 26. SDMS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service ) 27. SMDS so vi cc cng ngh ATM v Frame Relay. 28. Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 29. Kin trc phn tng ATM: Cc mt bng qun l Vai tr v chc nn cc tng. 30. Khun dng Cell ATM 31. UNI-Format Header : Khun dng giao din ngi s dng v mng 32. NNI-Format Header: Khun dng giao din mng v mng. 33. Cc loi t bo 34. Lin kt o (Virtual Connections) 35. So snh ATM vi cc dch v v k thut khc 36. ATM so snh vi Frame Relay: 37. ATM v SONET 38. So Snh ATM v Ethernet Gigabit
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi

CHNG 6: MNG TC CAO V NG DNG CC CNG NGH MI

Ni dung ca chng s trnh by mt cch tng qut v cc loi mng tc cao v cc ng dng cng ngh mi bao gm ng dy thu bao s DSL, cc mng truyn ti voice chuyn mch gi trn nn IP nh Voice over Internet Protocol, Voice over ATM v Voice over Frame Relay. Cng ngh MPLS ph hp vi xu th v nhu cu truyn thng hin ti v tng lai. MPLS c ng dng trong mng li NGN v nn tng cho dch v VPN. Mng th h sau NGN (Next Generation Network) l mt trong nhng mng hi t tin tin ang pht trin v thay th dn cc mng truyn thng. Hot ng da trn cc cng ngh chuyn mch mm Softswitch, iu khin chuyn mch khng ph thuc vo phn cng . C kh nng lp trnh c lp v kin to dch v mm do. Ni dung ca chng gm: ng dy thu bao s DSL Truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi VoPN Cng ngh chuyn mch a giao thc MPLS. Cng ngh chuyn mch mm Softwitch Mng hi tu v mng th h sau NGN.

6.1. ng dy thu bao s DSL (Digital Subscribers Line)

6.1.1. M u Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL cho php tn dng min tn s cao truyn tn hiu tc cao trn i dy cp ng thng thng. Modem DSL bin i tn hiu ca ngi s dng nh tn hiu in thoi, tn hiu truyn hnh, d liu... thnh cc tn hiu ph hp vi ng truyn DSL, c cu trc d liu ring, m ng dy ring v mt s tn hiu iu khin nht nh ca mng. ng dy thu bao s c s dng u tin vi mng s tch hp a dch v ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) truyn s liu gia cc u cui. Nhiu phin bn DSL sau ny c thit k t thc t ISDN DSL. Cc th h DSL sau c ci thin rt nhiu v cng sut, cch thc hot ng, kh nng cung cp dch v K thut DSL cho php truyn ch song cng i xng v bt i xng. 6.1.2. Tng quan v h cng ngh DSL IDSL (ISDN DSL):Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s truy nhp mng ISDN s dng cc knh i xng BRI (128 Kb/s hoc 144 Kb/s) kt hp thnh mt knh truyn d liu gia b nh tuyn v my tnh ca khch hng. DSL lm vic vi tc 160 Kb/s tng ng vi 2B+D (144 Kb/s). truyn dn song cng, s dng k thut trit ting vng. Phn ln cc dng IDSL lm vic vi ISDN NT tiu chun u cui khch hng ca ng dy. Do , IDSL chuyn mch ni ht ISDN c thay th bi b nh tuyn gi. Cu hnh ny c s dng cho truy nhp Internet.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi HDSL (High Data Rate DSL): C kh nng truyn ti hai hng 1,544 Mbps hoc 2,048 Mbps trn ng dy in thoi. HDSL truyn dn tin cy t l li bit t 10-9 n 10-10. H thng HDSL DS-1 (1,544 Mbps) s dng hai i dy, mi i dy truyn 768 Kb/s trn mi hng. HDSL E1 (2,048 Mbps) c th la chn s dng hai hoc 3 i dy, mi i dy s dng hon ton song cng. HDSL 2,048 Mbps 3 i dy s dng b thu pht ging b thu pht h thng 1,544 Mbps. Mch vng HDSL 2,048 Mbps c th c mch r nhng khng cn bng. Tiu chun HDSL2 c tc bit v di mch vng nh HDSL th h th nht ch khc l s dng 1 i dy thay v 2 i dy. HDSL2 c k thut m ho cao v iu ch phc tp hn. La chn tn s pht v thu cho HDSL2 chng xuyn m. SDSL (Single Pair DSL): Truyn i xng tc 784 Kb/s trn mt i dy, ghp knh thoi v s liu trn cng mt ng dy, s dng m 2B1Q. Cng ngh ny cha c cc tiu chun thng nht nn khng c ph bin cho cc dch v tc cao. SDSL mi ch ng dng truy cp trang Web, ti d liu v thoi vi tc 128 Kb/s, khong cch nh hn 6,7 Km v tc ti a l 1024 Kb/s trong khong 3,5 Km. VDSL (Very High Data Rate DSL): S dng mch vng t tng i trung tm n khch hng v cc b ghp knh phn phi. Tiu chun k thut VDSL c pht trin t nhm T1E1.4 m t cc tc v khong cch t n v mng quang ONU ti thu bao. Cp t mng cho ti cc ONU c th c ni trc tip n ONU, theo hnh trn hoc l b tch quang th ng. Tnh nng v ng dng ca VDSLl h tr ng thi tt c nhng ng dng thoi, d liu v video. c bit VDSL h tr truyn hnh c phn gii cao (HDTV) v cc ng dng my tnh tin tin. Tnh i xng ca VDSL cung cp tc d liu 2 chiu ln ti 26 Mbps cho cc khu vc khng c cp quang ni ti. Khong cch Truyn dn 5km 3,6 km 4,5 km 3,6 km 4,5 km 7 km 3 km 5km 300 m 1,5 km (tu tc ) S i dy ng s dng 1 i 2 i 3 i 1 i

Cng ngh IDSL HDSL HDSL2

Tc 144 Kb/s i xng 1,544Mb/s i xng 2,048Mb/s i xng 1,544Mb/s i xng 2,048 Mb/s i xng 768kb/s i xng 1,544Mb/s hoc 2,048 Mb/s mt chiu 1,5- 8 Mb/s ng xung 1,544 Mb/s ng ln 26 Mb/s i xng 1352 Mb/s ng xung 1,5-2,3 Mb/s ng ln

SDSL

1 i 1 i

ADSL

VDSL

1 i

Hnh 6.1: So snh mt s tnh nng trong h cng ngh xDSL

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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): ADSL l cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng c pht trin cho nhu cu truy nhp Internet tc cao, cc dch v trc tuyn, video,... ADSL cung cp tc truyn ti 8 Mb/s ng xung (Download) v 16 - 640 Kb/s ng ln (Upload). u im ni bt ca ADSL l cho php ngi s dng s dng ng thi mt ng dy thoi cho c 2 dch v thoi v s liu, v ADSL truyn min tn s cao (4400 Hz1,1MHz) khng nh hng ti tn hiu thoi. Cc b lc c t hai u mch vng tch tn hiu thoi v s liu theo mi hng. ADSL Lite hay ADSL khng s dng b lc ch yu cho ng dng truy cp Internet tc cao. K thut ny khng i hi b lc pha thu bao nn gi thnh thit b v chi ph lp t gim i tuy nhin tc ng xung ch cn 1,5 Mb/s.

ADSL2 v ADSL2+: ADSL2 c chun ho trong ITU G.992.3, G.992.4, ADSL2+ c chun ha trong ITU-T G.925.5 l th h th ba ca ADSL, pht trin da trn nn tng ADSL v ADSL2 nn mang y c trng ca ADSL v ADSL2. ADSL2 v ADSL2+ b sung nhiu tnh nng mi cho cc ng dng, dch v v tin trnh trin khai mi so vi ADSL chun. Cng ngh ADSL2+ p ng cc yu cu tc cao, bng thng rng v n h tr c tc truyn s liu ln 1,2 Mbps v tc xung 24 Mbps.
6.1.3. Cc vn c bn cng ngh DSL trn mng cp ng Phn chia tn s: Ph tn cp ng t 0 n 1,1 Mhz c chia thnh cc khong tn s s dng cho cc dch v nh sau: - T 0 kHz n 4 kHz: dng cho in thoi v cc dch v d liu bng tn thp. - T 0 kHz n 80 kHz: khong tn s dng cho ISDN. - T 80 kHz n 94 kHz: m bo s an ton ph tn thoi v ng ln ca ADSL. - T 94 kHz n 106 kHz: khong tn s dng cho ng ln ca ADSL. - T 106 kHz n 120 kHz: an ton ph tn ng ln v xung ca ADSL. - T 120 kHz n 1,1 MHz: khong tn s dng cho ng xung ca ADSL. Vic phn tch ph tn gia thoi v ADSL cng nh gia ng xung v ng ln ca ADSL c thc hin nh b lc Spilitter (b lc ny ngn cn c dng DC khng cho vo modem ADSL).

ng ln ADSL POST ISDN 4kHz 80kH 94kH ng xung ADSL 120kHz 106kHz Hnh 6.2 : Phn chia tn s
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1,1MHz

Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi 6.1.4. Cc phng php m ha ng truyn Phng php m ha ng dy CAP v DMT s dng k thut iu ch bin cu phng (QAM) l k thut iu ch kt hp c iu ch pha v iu ch bin . Mt k hiu c biu din bng mt im ca chm sao. C cc kiu m ha QAM: 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64QAM... S 4,16,64 l s trng thi m ha. S trng thi cng nhiu trn mi k hiu QAM th tn hiu cng yu i, dn n t s tn hiu trn tp m phi cao Modem thu c th phn bit c tn hiu t tp m. Khi chm sao QAM tr nn cng ngy cng ln th phi tng cng sut hay gim nhiu. ADSL s dng m ng truyn DMT v n c nh ngha trong ANSI T1.413 v G.992.1. Tuy nhin, CAP vn c mt s hng pht trin p dng cho ADSL. Vit Nam khuyn ngh s dng phng php iu ch DMT. - Phng php iu ch bin v pha trit sng mang CAP da trn k thut iu ch bin cu phng QAM. u im ca n l khng c knh con nn thc thi n gin hn DMT. CAP thch ng c vic tc khi thay i kch c chm sao m ho (4-CAP, 64-CAP, 512CAP, ...) hoc l khi tng hoc gim ph tn s dng. Nhc im ca phng php ny l khng c sng mang nn nng lng suy gim nhanh trn ng truyn v tn hiu thu ch bit bin m khng bit n pha, do u thu phi c b thc hin chc nng quay nhm xc nh chnh xc im tn hiu. - Phng php a m tn ri rc DMT h tr kin trc ghp knh phn chia theo tn s ln trit ting vng. S dng cc ph tn chng ln c c tc d liu cao hn nhng phc tp v chi ph cng cao hn v cn c b sai ng trit ting vng. K thut DMT li dng k thut x l tn hiu s, cn c c tnh mch in t thch ng iu chnh nhng tham s ny, lm cho li bit v xuyn m nh nht v dung lng thng tin bt c mch no cng ln nht. Nguyn l c bn ca DMT l chia rng bng tn c th s dng (1104 KHz) thnh cc knh con (Subcarrier) v cn c vo cc c tnh ca knh t, phn phi d liu u vo cho mi knh con. Nu mt knh con khng th chu ti s liu s ng li. Mi knh con c th truyn s liu 1 n 15 bit thng tin trong mt n v m. 6.1.5. Pht hin li v sa li ADSL s dng m Reed Solomon v Trellis lun lm vic trong ch sa li. ATM (m HEC) s dng phng php sa li v s chuyn sang phng thc pht hin li khi c li xy ra. S la chn phng thc sa li hoc pht hin li l thng nht. Mt s c ch m ho c th chuyn i t phng thc pht hin li ngay khi cc li c pht hin. Khi FEC c tc dng gip bn thu c th thu ng thng tin, thc hin bng cch thm cc byte kim tra FCS, cng sut 3 dB vi t l li bit l 10-7. 6.1.6. Nhiu v chng xuyn nhiu Nhiu xuyn m u gn NEXT (Near - end Crosstalk): Xut hin cc b thu do ngun nhiu t cc b pht cng u cp vi n gy ra. Loi nhiu ny l ng k nht. Nhiu NEXT gy suy gim cho h thng s dng cng bng tn s cho truyn dn thu v pht.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi Modem Cp nhiu i

NEXT path Modem

i dy nhiu

Hnh 6.3: Nhiu xuyn m u gn NEXT

Data Switch

trnh xuyn m u gn NEXT, h thng truyn dn c th s dng cc di tn s cho thu v pht khc nhau. H thng ghp knh theo tn s FDM loi b c NEXT t cc h thng ging nhau. Xem xt mt tn hiu V truyn dc theo mt i dy, ti khong x1dc theo i dy c nhiu tc ng do khng cn bng v truyn tr li u thu nh trong H.6.3 Nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT (Far - end- Crosstalk): Xut hin b thu t u kia ca cp, khc vi u pht ra ngun nhiu. FEXT thng nh hn nhiu so vi nhiu xuyn m u gn NEXT v tn hiu t u xa b suy hao khi n chy trn mch vng thu bao. FEXT thu c cng s dng phng php tng t nh khi s dng phng php thu NEXT. Hnh 6.4 trnh by mt v d ca FEXT t mt im khng cn bng x1. Modem Cp nhiu i

FEXT path

i dy nhiu

Modem Hnh 6.4: Nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT

Data Switch

Nhiu xuyn m u gn cng nh u xa th cng sut ca nhiu ph thuc vo ph ca tn hiu nhiu. Thng thng ngi ta ch quan tm n cng sut nhiu xuyn m m khng cn quan tm n mc in p ca nhiu xuyn m. V theo thng k th hu nh i vi cc m hnh ca cng sut nhiu xuyn m c th cho php xc nh t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR trn i dy, cn i vi m hnh mc in p th rt kh xc nh. Chng xuyn nhiu: Nng lng in truyn trn mi i dy to ra mt t trng bao bc quanh i dy gy ra tn hiu in, cm ng sang cc i dy xung quanh, gi l nhiu xuyn m. ADSL khc phc bng cch gim tc bit hng ln, s dng di tn s thp hn tn s ni suy hao truyn dn nh v nhiu xuyn m nh nht. Phng php trit ting vng (EC): Ting vng l s phn x ca tn hiu pht vo b thu u gn. Ting vng ng ngi l v cc tn hiu i theo c 2 hng ca truyn dn s v cng tn
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi ti ng thi trn cc ng truyn dn i dy xon. Do vy ting vng l tp m khng mong mun. Ting vng l mt phin bn b lt ra ca tn hiu pht. B trit tiu ting vng to ra mt bn sao ca tn hiu pht b lt ra v loi b n ra khi tn hiu nhn. S dng mt knh duy nht cho c pht v thu nn ch cn c mt b trit ting vng pha thu. ADSL s dng k thut truyn dn trit ting vng EC, ni di tn pht c t trong di tn thu bng cch chng di tn, tng bng tn truyn c th gim. Tuy nhin, EC kh trnh c t xuyn nhiu . Song cng trit ting vng t c tc truyn d liu ca song cng 4 dy trn 1 i dy xon. Trit ting vng l dng ph bin nht ca ghp knh trong ADSL. 6.1.7. Cc m hnh kt ni ADSL Kt ni ADSL c thit lp gia Modem v tng i, cc ng truyn kt ni t DSLAM BRAS ti nh cung cp dch v ISP cng phi c cung cp cc kt ni tc cao nh STM, ATM hoc chuyn mch IP. * M hnh PPPoA (Point to Point over ATM) STM-1 Rout ADSL Router IP PPP Ethernet AAL5 ATM 10 Base-T ADSL ATM STM-1

Internet BRAS IP PPP AAL5 Ethernet ATM 100 Base-F

PC IP Ethernet

DSLAM

Hnh 6.5 PPPoA : Giao thc ni im qua ATM

M hnh ny c dng trong cc thit b: Internal ADSL Modem, USB Modem hay ADSL Router (RFC 2364)

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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi * M hnh PPPoE (Point to Point over Ethernet) RFC 2516 Internet DSLAM BRAS IP Ethernet PPP AAL5 ATM ADSL ATM STM-1 PPP PPPoE Ethernet Ethernet AAL5 ATM 100 Base-F

PC IP PPP PPPoE Ethernet 10 Base-T

Rout ADSL Bridge

Hnh 6.6 PPPoE - Giao thc ni im qua Ethernet PPPoE yu cu hu ht cc giao thc ng khung: - PPP trn PC bo an kt ni t PC n b nh tuyn ca ISP. - PPPoE kt ni t PC n modem. - RFC 1483 kt ni t modem n b nh tuyn ca ISP. * M hnh IP over ATM (RFC 1483R) c xc nh trong RFC 1483R. Tiu chun ny h tr giao thc nh hng (ging IP) v giao thc khng nh hng (ging Ethernet). N cng c kt hp ty chn cho VC Multiplexing v LLC Multiplexing. STM-1 Rout PC IP Ethernet ADSL Bridge IP Encap Ethernet AAL5 ATM 10 Base-T ADSL ATM DSLAM BRAS IP 1483 AAL5 ATM SONET/SDH(STM1) Internet

Hnh 6.7 M hnh IP over ATM (RFC 1483R)

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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi * M hnh Ethernet over ATM (RFC 1483B) Tiu chun a giao thc kt hp mc p ng AAL5. Tiu chun ny h tr giao thc nh hng (ging IP) v giao thc khng nh hng (ging Ethernet). N cng c kt hp ty chn cho VC Multiplexing v LLC Multiplexing. STM-1 Rou ADSL Bridge Ethernet 1483 Etherne AL5 ATM 10 Base-T ADSL ATM

Internet BRAS IP 1483 AAL5 ATM

PC IP Etherne

DSLAM

SONET/SDH(STM1)

Hnh 6.8 M hnh IP over ATM (RFC 1483R)

RFC 1483 (Bridged) s dng trong Modem ADSL ngoi vi giao thc to khung RFC 1483. Hin nay c trin khai trong cc sn phm ca SBC v Pac Bell . 6.1.8. Cc ng dng ca ADSL Truy nhp Internet tc cao: Vi tc truyn bt i xng nn ADSL l cng ngh l tng cho truy nhp Internet tc cao, bi l nhu cu ti thng tin t Internet v ln hn rt nhiu so vi nhu cu ti tin i. Truyn hnh theo yu cu (VoD): Truyn hnh theo yu cu s dng cc phng php nn, s ha tn hiu m thanh, hnh nh truyn i qua mng. Cc nh cung cp dch v VoD c th cung cp cc knh truyn hnh theo yu cu vi cht lng khc nhau ty theo yu cu s dng. Cc knh truyn hnh chun (SDTV) yu cu tc truyn l 3-4Mbps. Cc knh truyn hnh trung thc cao (HDTV) yu cu tc truyn l 15-18 Mbps. Nh vy, dch v ADSL vi tc hng xung ti a 8 Mbps th ch c th h tr ti a 2 knh SDTV v khng th h tr c HDTV, ADSL2+ s h tr c dch v ny. Hi ngh t xa: Cho php nhiu ngi cc a im khc nhau c th hi hp, trao i trc tip nh ang trong cng mt phng hp. Tng hiu qu cng vic, tit kim thi gian v chi ph do gim thiu vic di chuyn, cng nh cng tc t chc hi hp. Truyn hnh v pht thanh qua mng: Cc knh truyn hnh v pht thanh t i truyn hnh v i pht thanh c th c truyn hnh trc tip trn mng ADSL2+ n ngi s dng. V tn hiu Video v Audio ch chim mt phn bng thng ca ng dy, nn ngi s dng va xem video va c th duyt Web.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi Mt s cc dch v khc: Cc dch v c th trin khai trn cng ngh ADSL nh: Truyn s liu tc cao, hc t xa, game trc tuyn, khm bnh t xa, lm vic ti nh, mua bn hng qua mng v cc hot ng giao dch khc... Hin nay, cng ngh ng dy thu bao s DSL c ng dng rng rI, p ng mi nhu cu v cc dch v bng rng trn mng cp ng sn c. Vi u im v phng thc truyn cng nh phng php m ho, sa li, ADSL rt ph hp vi cc dch v Internet tc cao, a li nhiu li ch cho ngi s dng cng nh nh cung cp dch v.

6.2. Truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi VoPN (Voice over Packet Network)
6.2.1. Khi nim L m hnh truyn thoi thi gian thc khng s dng h thng chuyn mch knh thng thng m s dng cc mng chuyn mch gi. Tn hiu thoi tng t sau khi c s ha s c truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi di dng cc gi d liu. VoPN ang tr thnh mt trong nhng cng ngh vin thng hp dn nht hin nay khng ch i vi cc nh cung cp dch v m vi c nhng ngi s dng dch v. S pht trin ca cc mng chuyn mch gi v c bit l mng Internet vi giao thc IP to ra nn tng pht trin cc giao thc cho php truyn d liu thoi qua cc mng s liu khc nhau. Cc mng chuyn mch gi thng c s dng truyn thoi l mng Frame Relay, mng ATM v mng IP. 6.2.2. M hnh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi Ti pha pht, tn hiu thoi tng t t my in thoi hay micro s c s ha v chuyn i thnh cc gi d liu thch hp truyn qua mng, vic chuyn i s c thc hin thng qua cc b m ha-gii m CODEC (Coder-Decoder). B x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal Processing) s nn cc gi d liu ny vi tc bit thch hp truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi. Ti bn thu, cc tin trnh din ra ngc li, khi nhn c cc gi tin c nn, cc DSP s gii nn cc gi tin, sau gii m (Decode) cc gi tin thnh tn hiu m thanh tng t v pht ra in thoi hoc loa cho ngi nghe. Trong mt cuc m thoi, cc khong lng chim t l rt ln (30% - 40%), khi truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi ngi ta s dng k thut VAD (Voice Activity Detection) loi b cc khong lng nhm gim lng gi tin truyn qua mng. Ti pha thu cc khong lng li c ti to pht thng tin thoi cho ngi nghe. 6.2.3. u im ca truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi - Tit kim chi ph u t h tng mng v chi ph s dng dch v: Vic tit kim chi ph h tng mng y c hiu theo ngha s dng cc mng chuyn mch gi c sn truyn d liu thoi. Thc t vic u t mt h thng mng chuyn mch gi s dng cc cng ngh tin tin nh mng ATM cng rt tn km v thng ch s dng cho mng ng trc. Do tn dng c cc mng chuyn mch gi c sn, c bit l mng Internet thc hin cc cuc gi ng di c th tit kim c rt nhiu chi ph cuc gi so vi vic thc hin cuc gi thng qua mng chuyn mch knh thng thng.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi - S dng hiu qu bng thng vi cht lng dch v QoS chp nhn c: Trong mng chuyn mch knh, bng thng cp cho mt cuc lien lc l c nh (mt knh 64kbps) nhng khi truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi vic phn chia ti nguyn cho cc cuc gi linh hot hn nhiu. Khi mt cuc lin lc din ra, nu lu lng ca mng thp, bng thng dnh cho lin lc s cho cht lng thoi tt nht c th, nu lu lng ca mng cao, mng s hn ch bng thng ca tng cuc gi mc cht lng thoi QoS chp nhn c nhm phc v c nhiu ngi nht. - Kt hp cc dch v thoi, s liu, video trn mt mng duy nht: cho php s dng h tng mng gi a dch v duy nht truyn cc loi lu lng khc nhau. 6.2.4. Cc vn v cht lng dch v QoS Khc vi mng chuyn mch knh, trong mng chuyn mch gi c rt nhiu cc gi tin thuc cc loi d liu khc nhau c lu chuyn hng ch trn cng mt knh truyn. V vy cn phi c c ch u tin i vi cc d liu thi gian thc nh d liu thoi. Ngoi ra mng chuyn mch gi s dng c ch lu v chuyn tip (Store-and-Forward) truyn thng tin nn gy tr ti cc nt chuyn mch. * Tr (Delay): Tr l mt nhn t nh hng n cht lng thoi. Mi h thng truyn thng ch cho php mt gii hn tr nht nh. Thi gian tr c th chp nhn c trong khong t 200ms n 400ms. Cht lng cuc gi tt th thi gian tr yu cu khng qu 200ms. Yu cu gim tr l rt cn thit trong h thng VoPN c th nng cao cht lng dch v. Nguyn nhn gy tr khi truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi c th do: - Tr tch ly hay tr thut ton: l tr do ch khung d liu x l cc b m ha. - Tr x l: thi gian m ha v ng gi d liu m ha truyn qua mng - Tr truyn qua mng: tr truyn d liu qua mng chuyn mch gi hoc do cc b m chng Jitter pha thu. gim thiu tr, phi tng tc mng, nng lc ca cc b x l, m ha, ngoi ra cn s dng cc b trit ting vng Echo Canceller. * Trt (Jitter): Trt l s chnh lch thi gian n ca cc gi tin theo cc ng khc nhau t ngun n ch gy ra. c th ti to ting ni mt cch chnh xc v trung thc bn thu cn phi loi b Jitter bng cch s dng b m (Buffer), cc gi sau khi nhn s c lu trong b m v s c x l ln lt. Dng b m s trnh c nhng thi gian tr ln ca cc gi tin, nhng lm tng thi gian tr trong h thng. Thi gian trt cng ln th dung lng ca b m cng ln. B m cng ln th thi gian tr gy ra cng tng. V vy vic tnh ton dung lng ca b m thch hp i vi tng h thng l rt cn thit sao cho trnh c trt m thi gian tr khng lm gim cht lng ca h thng. * Mt gi (Packet Loss): Khng th m bo tt c cc gi tin u n ch an ton v ng th t, nht l trong mng IP. Cc gi tin c th b mt khi mng b qu ti hay trong trng hp nghn mng hoc do ng kt ni khng m bo. Yu cu cht lng dch v t l mt gi l nh hn 10%. Do hn ch ca thi gian tr nn cc giao thc vn chuyn khng lin kt gii quyt vn ny. duy tr cht lng thoi mc chp nhn c hoc truyn li cc gi tin b mt, hoc thay th cc gi tin mt bng cc khong im lng. nng cao tin cy ca ng truyn cn tng tc knh truyn, tng dung lng h thng thit b truyn dn (s dng cc mng tin tin nh mng Frame Relay, ATM).
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi 6.2.5. Voice over Frame Relay - VoFR Cc chun VoFR trong Frame Relay Forum FRF, nm 1998: FRF.11 nh ngha nh dng cc khung, FRF.12 nh ngha qu trnh phn mnh cc gi tin (to ra cc gi tin nh hn truyn d liu thoi thi gian thc qua mng). Cc khung d liu trong mng Frame Relay c kch thc Header nh 2 byte. VoFR thng c s dng trong cc mng ring hoc mng ring o VPN kt hp thoi v s liu. Vic s dng mng Frame Relay truyn thoi gip gim gi thnh. Trong VoFR, cc tng i PBX c kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVCs). Trong tc kt ni ca cc knh trong mng Frame Relay c th d dng thay i thch ng truyn thoi, fax hay s liu. Khi truyn thoi trong mng Frame Relay, cc gi d liu thoi s c u tin hn so vi cc gi d liu khc. 6.2.6. Voice over ATM - VoATM Phng thc truyn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) l cng ngh a dch v, c th truyn ng thi thoai, d liu v video vi tc v tin cy cao. Gi thnh cc h thng ATM t v ch c s dng mt s mng yu cu tc , nh mng ng trc Backbone. Cc chun VoATM c nh ngha bi ATM Forum v ITU_T. Giao thc dch v tc bit c nh CBR (Constant Bit Rate) ca AAL1 l chun truyn thoi qua ATM. Tuy nhin giao thc ny khng hiu qu i vi cc ng dng thoi. Dch v m phng knh CES (Circuit Emulation Service) c cht lng dch v cao nht, cung cp truyn mt dng lin tc cc bit thng tin, cp mt lng khng i bng thng cho mt kt ni trong thi gian truyn. Nhng CES chim bng thng cho cc ng dng khc. Ngoi ra, nhm gim tr, CES gi cc ATM Cell trng khng i thm 6 ms lp y 47 byte d liu thoi vo Cell. iu ny lm lng ph bng thng khong 20 bytes trn mt ATM Cell. Dch v m phng knh bng thng ng DBCES l mt bin th ca CES, DBCES khng gi mt dng bit c nh cc Cell m ch truyn khi c cuc thoi hot ng (Off Hook). Cng nh CES, mt phn ca Cell rng. Do s dng AAL1 truyn thoi qua ATM tng phn tiu d liu thoi v lng ph bng thng. Dch v tc bit bin i VBR ca AAL2 trong khuyn ngh I.363.2 ca ITU_T, cho php ng gi cc gi ngn t 1Byte n 45-64 Bytes, gi l cc Minicells, thnh mt hoc nhiu ATM Cell. Khc vi AAL1, AAL2 cho php cc Cell c Payload khc thay i. AAL2 h tr nn thoi v nn khong lng v cho php nhiu knh thoi c bng thng khc nhau trn mt kt ni ATM n. Trong mng thun ATM, vic nn thoi l khng cn thit, do bng thng rt ln. Tuy nhin trong cc mng ATM-Frame Relay, vic nn thoi l cn thit v Frame Relay c nn thoi. Khi truyn thoi qua mng ATM, cc Permanent Virtual Circuit c dng truyn thoi v bo hiu. Cc bn tin bo hiu s c truyn mt cch trong sut trn cc Signaling PVCs. Vic kt hp gia cc h thng cui cho php chn ra mt PVC truyn thoi gia cc trm kt cui. Trong m hnh dch bo hiu VoATM, ATM dch bo hiu t c cc thit b mng ATM v Non-ATM Do gi thnh ca mt mng ATM rt cao nn thng ch c dng cho mng Backbone hoc nh cung cp dch v 6.2.7. Voice over Internet Protocol - VoIP VoIP l m hnh truyn thoi s dng giao thc IP Internet Protocol. VoIP l mt cng ngh hp dn nht hin nay. Cc chun giao thc ca VoIP c a ra bi ITU_T (International
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi Telecomunication Union), ITMC (International Multimedia Telecommunications Consortium) v IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). * Cc thnh phn ch yu ca VoIP gm c: - Internet Protocol IP: nh danh a ch cc thit b v nh tuyn cc gi tin lu chuyn mng. Cc gi IP c phn Header 20 Bytes. - Cc chun nn tn hiu thoi : Chuyn i tn hiu Analog - Digital v nn tn hiu. - Chun H.323 hoc SIP: Thit lp cuc gi - Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP): Qun l cc kt ni End to End gim thiu mt gi v tr. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Cc ng dng CODECS H323 hoc SIP UDP, TCP, RTP IP ATM,FR,PPP Ethernet

Hnh 6.9 M hnh Voice over Internet Protocol Cc phn t H.323 bao gm: Cc Gateway, cc b kim sot cng Gatekeeper v cc khi iu khin a im MCU (Multipoint Control Unit). Cc thit b u cui h tr cho hi ngh im-im v hi ngh a im vi nhiu thnh phn audio, video, data phi hp tham gia. Cc Gateway lin kt mng PSTN hoc ISDN phc v cho cc im cui thuc hai mng lm vic vi nhau. Cc Gatekeeper cung cp cc dch v nh iu khin tip nhn, thng dch a ch cho cc u cui hoc cho Gateway. Cc MCU cho php cc thit b u cui hay cc Gateway thit lp hi ngh trn cc phin audio, video v data. H.323 l mt tp cc giao thc v th tc cung cp cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin truyn thoi, hnh nh v d liu thi gian thc qua mng chuyn mch gi bao gm mng IPbased LAN, MAN, WAN do Hip hi vin thng quc t v tiu chun ho ITU-T a ra. Chun H.323 bao gm cc chc nng nh bo hiu v iu khin cuc gi, vn chuyn v iu khin a truyn thng (Multimedia Transport and Control), iu khin rng bng tn cho hi ngh im-im v hi ngh a im (Point-to-Point and Multipoint Conferences). Ngoi khuyn ngh H.323, cc khuyn ngh thuc nhm H (H-Series) cn c: H.320 cho mng tch hp s a dch v ISDN, H.324 cho dch v mng thoi thng thng POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) nh l cc k thut vn chuyn.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi Chun H.323 bao gm cc thnh phn v giao thc sau : Bo hiu cuc gi iu khin truyn thng M ho v gii m Audio M ho v gii m Video Chia s d liu Giao vn truyn thng Audio Applications G.711 G.729 G.723.1 RIP Transport Protocols & Network Interface Hnh 6.10 M hnh giao thc H.323 Audio Applications H.245 G.711, G.722, G.723, G.728, G.729 H.271, H.263 T.120 RTP/RTCP H.225

Terminal Call Manager

H261 H263

RTCP

H.225.0 Call Signalling

H.245 Controll Signalling

T.120 Data

u cui H.323 LAN Proxy Server

Gatekeeper

Router

Gateway u cui H.323

Intranet

Real-Time Network

Telephone Network

u cui H.323 u cui H.323

PBX

u cui H.323

PBX

Hnh 6.11 M hnh mng theo chun H.323

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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi Giao thc SIP (Session Initial Protocol): Giao thc khi to phin SIP l giao thc iu khin bo hiu lp ng dng, thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc phin a truyn thng bao gm thoi Internet, cc hi ngh v cc ng dng audio, video v data .. SIP h tr cc phin im im hoc a im. SIP l giao thc da trn k t vn bn (Text Based Protocol), kin trc a truyn thng. Cc chc nng ca SIP c lp vi nhau, c th giao tip, lin kt vi cc giao thc bo hiu khc nh giao thc H.323 . Real-time Transport Protocol RTP l mt giao thc End to End, thi gian thc nh Audio v Video. RTP thc hin vic qun l v thi gian truyn, qun l s hiu tun t, kim tra truyn d liu v nhn dng kiu d liu c truyn. Nhng RTP khng cung cp bt c mt c ch no bo m thi gian truyn v cng khng cung cp bt c mt c ch no gim st cht lng dch v. S gim st v bo m v thi gian truyn dn cng nh cht lng dch v c thc hin nh hai giao thc l RTCP v RSVP. Real-time Transport Control Protocol RTCP: Mc d RTP l mt giao thc c lp nhng thng c h tr bi giao thc RTCP iu khin cho php gi v cc thng tin bn thu v t thch nghi vi bn pht nh t thch nghi kiu nn tn hiu v t iu chnh lu lng d liu cho ph hp vi bn pht. Resource Reservation Protocol RSVP: Cung cp mt c ch m bo bng thng cho cc hot ng ca cc ng dng. RSVP gi tham s cht lng dch v QoS kt hp vi cc d liu thi gian thc c truyn trn mng TCP/IP. H tr giao thc RTP, giao thc RSVP c th gii quyt cc li xy ra trn ng truyn m bo cc tham s cht lng. Giao thc RTP ch h tr vic truyn thng im - im v khng qun l cc tham s lin kt trn mng. RSVP khng nhng tc ng my pht, my thu m cn tc ng trn c cc Router trong mng. RSVP thit lp v duy tr kt ni duy nht cho mt lung d liu, xc lp mt h thng qun l th t cc gi v to modun iu khin qun l cc ngun ti nguyn ca cc nt mng khc nhau. RSVP a ra mt m hnh ti u lin kt cc d liu t m ngun ti nhiu ch. RSVP ng vai tr qun l mt cch c lp cc host ch t thch nghi cc tham s cht lng gia kh nng cung cp v nhu cu p ng. Giao thc MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol) cho php iu khin cc Gateway thng qua cc thnh phn iu khin nm bn ngoi mng. MGCP s dng m hnh kt ni tng t nh SGCP da trn cc kt ni c bn gia thit b u cui v gateway. Cc kt ni c th l kt ni im-im hoc kt ni a im. Ngoi cc chc nng iu khin nh SGCP, MGCP cn cung cp thm cc chc nng yu cu Gateway xc nh kiu m ho pha ng dy kt ni n thit b u cui, kim tra trng thi v kt ni mt thit b u cui v thng bo vi Call Agent khi no cc thit b u cui ngng s dng dch v v khi no quay li s dng dch v. Giao thc Megaco/H.248: Kin trc chnh ca Megaco c th hin bao gm hot ng gia cc h thng MG, MGC. Megaco chia cc thit b c chc nng khc nhau thnh phn truyn thng v phn bo hiu. Trong khi Media Gateway (Cng giao tip truyn thng) iu khin phn truyn thng th Media Gateway Controller (B iu khin cng giao tip truyn thng) hay Call Agents (Cc tc nhn gi) li iu khin cc MGs thit lp cc ng dn truyn thng thng qua mng phn tn. Mt MGC c th iu khin nhiu MGs . Ni mt cch khc, mt MG c th ng k vi nhiu MGCs. Vic trao i thng tin gia hai thit b ny (MG v MGC) c thc hin nh giao
116

Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi thc Megaco. V th, Megaco l mt giao thc ch/t, cc tc nhn cuc gi hot ng nh cc b khi to lnh (my ch), cn cc MGs hot ng nh cc b p ng lnh (my t). iu khin v truyn ti thng tin H.245 m t chi tit cu trc v nh ngha cc bn tin, tm lc nhng th tc iu khin, thit lp v gim st qu trnh lin lc a phng tin (d liu v m thanh) gia hai im cui. Cc bn tin iu khin H.245 kim sot hot ng ca cc phn trong mng H.323 bao gm kh nng trao i, ng m knh logic, yu cu ch u tin, iu khin lung. Cc bn tin c truyn trn knh iu khin H.245 tng ng vi knh lgic 0. Mi cuc gi ch c mt knh iu khin H.245 c thit lp chc nng iu khin n khi knh logic 0 c gii phng. Bo hiu H.245 c thit lp gia hai im cui, c th l thit b u cui, MC, Gateway hoc Gatekeeper. Bo hiu iu khin cuc gi H.225 m t phng thc tch hp d liu, phng thc m ho v ng gi thng tin gia hai thnh phn ca mng H.323. H.225 cng m t cc giao thc v nh dng cc bn tin cho Gateway H.323 c lin quan n cc thit b u cui H.320, H.324 hoc H.310, H.321 trn cc mng N-ISDN, B-ISDN. Ngoi ra, chun H.225 cn m t cc giao thc v nh dng cc bn tin cho qu trnh truyn thng gia Gateway H.323 v Gateway H.322 cng nh cc im cui trong mng H.322 vi s m bo v cht lng dch v (QoS). RTCP: H.225 cn c thit k mt Gateway H.323 c kh nng phi hp hot ng vi cc loi thit b u cui H.320. Ngoi ra H.225 cn bo m cht lng dch v ca thit b u cui H.320 c th c thay i ph hp vi c tnh v kh nng ca Gateway H.323. AV Applications Data App.

Terminal Control and Management H.225.0 Terminal To Gatekeeper Signalling (RAS)

G.xxx

H.261

RTCP

H.225.0 Call Signalling

H.245

T.124 T.125

RIP

Unreliable Transport Link Layer Physical Layer

Reliable Transport T.123

Hnh 6.12 Mi quan h cc giao thc trong H323 Bo hiu ng k, chp nhn v trng thi RAS: Knh RAS c s dng truyn cc bn tin phc v qu trnh tm kim Gatekeeper v ng k im cui. Cc bn tin RAS c truyn trn knh khng c m bo tin cy do tt c cc bn tin u c quy nh mt khong
117

Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi thi gian v mt b m. Khi im cui hoc Gatekeeper khng th phc p li yu cu trong khong thi gian quy nh th c th s dng bn tin RIP (Request in Progress) ch th rng yu cu vn ang c x l. im cui hoc Gatekeeper nhn c bn tin RIP s t li ng h v b m. RAS cn c s dng truyn cc bn tin v qu trnh chp nhn, thay i rng bng tn, cung cp thng tin trng thi. Cc bn tin ny c trao i gia Gatekeeper v im cui cung cp cc chc nng iu khin truy nhp v qun l bng tn. im cui gi bn tin ARQ (Admission Request) n Gatekeeper bao gm c cc thng tin v rng bng tn yu cu. l tc gii hn trn cho cc lung tn hiu pht v thu bao gm c knh Audio knh Video v cc Header nh RTP Header, RTCP Header... Gatekeeper c th chp nhn hoc gim cc yu cu ny.

6.3. Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching)
6.3.1. M u Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS l mt k thut truyn d liu trong cng ngh mng truyn thng, c chun ha bi t chc IETF trong khuyn ngh RFC 3031. tng c bn ca MPLS l cung cp mt dch v truyn gi tin thng nht cho chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi da trn cc thit b chuyn mch tc cao, c cu trc n gin. MPLS c kh nng h tr nhiu m hnh dch v v qun l c lu lng nn c th c dng chuyn ti nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau nh thoi, s liu, video... MPLS c xem l s tch hp gia cng ngh chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh, gia chc nng nh tuyn trn nn tng IP v chc nng chuyn mch trn nn tng ATM. 6.3.2. Kin trc v nguyn tc hot ng MPLS M hnh OSI Tng ng dng Tng Trnh by Tng Phin Tng Vn chuyn Tng Mng Tng Lin kt Tng Vt l Internet Protocol IP MPLS ATM-FR_Ethernet_PPP Tng Vt l

Hnh 6.13 MPLS trong m hnh OSI

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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi Cu trc mng MPLS: Mt cch tng qut, cu trc mng MPLS gm c 2 phn bin v li. Chc nng cc thnh phn trong mng tch bit. Chc nng chuyn mch nhn v chuyn gi c xu hng tp trung phn li, chc nng x l gi v nh tuyn c y v thnh phn bin. B nh tuyn bin LER (Label Edge Router) l phn t bin ca mng MPLS thng c tch hp cc giao thc nh tuyn MPLS v IP. Phn t ny cn c gi l b nh tuyn PE (Provider Edge). Ty theo v tr ca LER i vi chiu i ca gi tin gi LER l b nh tuyn u vo (Ingress) hay u ra (Egress). B nh tuyn li LSR (Label Switch Router) l phn t nm trong mng MPLS, thc hin chc nng nh tuyn da trn vic chuyn mch nhn. Phn t ny cn c gi l b nh tuyn P (Provider). Nguyn tc chuyn mch nhn MPLS: Gi tin cha c gn nhn MPLS c chuyn n LER chuyn qua mng MPLS, LER s xc nh v phn loi gi tin vo cc lp gi l lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class). Phn Header MPLS ca gi tin s c thm bng cch chn thm mt hoc nhiu nhn trc gi tin. Sau , gi tin c chuyn i trn tuyn logic gi l hm (Tunnel) n Router k tip trn ng n ch. Vic n nh FEC da trn mt phn hoc ton b a ch lp mng ch. Cc gi tin thuc cng mt FEC s c chuyn i trn cng mt tuyn gi l LSP (Label Switch Path). C ch chuyn gi theo cc LSP cho thy tnh nh hng kt ni ca MPLS.

LSP LER IP1 IP1 IP1 IP2 #L1 #L1 LSR

LSP LSR

LSP LER IP1

IP1 IP1

#L1 #L1

IP1 IP1

#L1 #L1 IP2

Cc gi tin n t cc a ch khc nhau c th tp hp chung vo mt tuyn FEC Hnh 6.13 Nguyn tc hot ng ca MPLS

C ch phn phi nhn nhm mc ch trao i cc thng tin lin kt nhn trong mng MPLS m bo cho cc b nh tuyn lin k c th cp nht, duy tr v thng nht vi nhau v gi tr nhn cho cc FEC (biu th bi trng Destination) trong c s d liu nhn. C ch ny c th da trn giao thc nh tuyn BGP, OSPF, RSVP-TUNNELS hoc giao thc phn phi nhn chuyn dng LDP (Label Distribution Protocol). Vic trao i thng tin nhn trong MPLS theo nguyn tc ngang hng. C 4 loi bn tin trong LDP: Discovery, Session, Advertisement v Notification. C ch x l nhn v chuyn gi tin: Khi mt gi tin c gn nhn MPLS c chuyn n LSR, phn nhn ngoi cng s c phn tch. Ty theo ni dung ca nhn, mt trong ba thao tc sau y s c thc hin ln chng nhn: tro i hay thay nhn mi (Swap), ly nhn ra (Pop), thm nhn vo (Push).
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi Thao tc Push s cng thm nhn vo pha trc ca phn nhn ang c, ngha l ng gi tin (Encapsulating) vo phn lp khc trong MPLS. Qu trnh ny cho php gi tin MPLS c nh tuyn theo c ch phn cp (Hierarchical Routing), c bit l c s dng cho dch v VPN. C ch iu khin lu lng v cht lng dch v trong MPLS: MPLS h tr chc nng iu khin lu lng nh qun tr mng to ra LSP theo phng php nh tuyn cng bc m bo cht lng dch v hoc gim lu lng ti qua cc nt chuyn tip trnh tc nghn trong cc tnh hung c bit. Vi c ch nh tuyn rng buc, ngi qun l mng lp trnh cc iu kin rng buc v mng MPLS s t ng thc hin vic nh tuyn tha mn cc iu kin trn. C ch ny c h tr bi bo hiu LDP to ra cc CR-LSP (Compulsory Routing - LSP). MPLS h tr cht lng dch v trn c s phn loi cc lung lu lng theo tr, bng tn..... Ti bin ca mng, lung lu lng c nhn dng thng qua vic phn tch mt s trng trong Header ca gi tin phn loi chng vo cc FEC chuyn i trong cc LSP c thuc tnh CoS hay QoS. Thng tin CoS c th c truyn trong nhn ca mi gi hoc c gn ngm nh cho LSP. Thng tin QoS c h tr trong trng hp mng MPLS chy trn nn ATM. Vn t ra trong MPLS l tiu ch phn loi gi tin thnh cc FEC. iu ny ph thuc nhiu vo cng ngh x l gi ti tin. nh gi cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS: a. u im: Cng ngh MPLS n gin, c th gii quyt c vn phc tp v kh nng m rng mng. C th thay th cng ngh ra i trc nh Frame Relay, ATM. C th ni MPLS hi t nhng u im ca c ch nh tuyn gi IP v c ch hon i nhn ca ATM, cho php gim thiu thi gian x l gi tin m khng cn thay i cc giao thc nh tuyn IP. Nhn MPLS n gin, kch thc nh v linh hot. C th xp ni tip nhn to thnh chng nhn c phc tp cao, rt tin li cho vic nh a ch v truy tm. Nu so snh vi ATM th MPLS c u im l khng cn n cc giao thc iu khin bo hiu hay chuyn mch t bo phc tp nh ATM. Kch thc gi MPLS ln hn nhiu so vi t bo ATM nn gim ng k thng tin tiu ng gi ti tin. Mng truyn thng hin i , cng ngh mng quang vi tc cc ln (10Gbit/s) khng ch chuyn ti c cc gi tin c di 1518 byte (kch thc cc i ca gi Ethernet) m cn chuyn ti c gi tin MPLS c kch thc ti tin bt k. Tm li, MPLS cho php nng cao thng (thng lng) mng. Mc khc, MPLS duy tr c chc nng kim sot lu lng v iu khin ngoi bng nh FR hay ATM. MPLS cng c th tn dng c s h tng mng ATM v gi tin MPLS c th chuyn vo knh o ATM v ngc li. So vi gii php IP/ATM, IP/MPLS c topo (cu trc ln kt) v cu hnh mng n gin hn. u im ca MPLS so vi IP l kh nng iu khin lu lng v h tr kim sot cht lng dch v (cao hn DiffServ, thp hn ATM). MPLS tch bch r rng chc nng nh tuyn vi chc nng chuyn tip gi (Routing- Forwarding) mc d c th s dng li kiu nh tuyn IP nu cn. Nhn chung, MPLS l cng ngh ph hp v bt kp vi xu th v nhu cu cng ngh truyn thng hin ti v tng lai. MPLS hin ti ang c ng dng trong mng li NGN, trong k thut lu lng v nn tng cho dch v VPN.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi b. Hn ch ca MPLS: MPLS khng cung cp dch v u cui (End-Point) c th s dng trc tip nh Ethernet. V phng din ny, MPLS tng t nh giao thc PPP. MPLS c kh nng b nh hng bi li ng truyn cao hn cc cng ngh khc nn phn no lm gim i tin cy. i th duy nht hin nay ca MPLS l giao thc L2TPv3 trong lnh vc VPN c bit l trong cc mng c lp li thun ty l IP. Xu hng pht trin: Hng pht trin mi ca MPLS l GMPLS, cung cp mng iu khin chung da trn c s IP cho tt c cc lp. GMPLS s s dng kt hp cc thit b chuyn mch gi (b nh tuyn...) v cc thit b chuyn mch knh (SDH..)

6.4. Cng ngh chuyn mch mm (Softswitch)

6.4.1. M u H thng chuyn mch mm thc hin chc nng x l cuc gi trong mng NGN nh nh tuyn, bo hiu, cung cp dch v cuc gi. Chuyn mch mm da trn tng tch ring chc nng iu khin cuc gi (phn mm) khi chc nng chuyn mch vt l (phn cng) v t nn tng trn c s chuyn mch gi. Chuyn mch mm c thc thi bng cc module phn mm v cc giao din chng trnh ng dng API (Application Program Interface) chy trn nn phn cng l cc h thng Server dung lng ln. V tr ca chuyn mch mm thuc lp iu khin trong m hnh phn lp chc nng ca NGN. Cc Server chuyn dng, Server ng dng.. Cc giao thc, giao din m, API bo hiu Lp ng dng

B iu khin IP/MPLS

B iu khin Voice/SS7

B iu khin ATM/SVC

Softswitch

Lp iu khin

TCP/IP Lp Media

Video

Voice

TDM

FR

ATM

Cc giao din logic v chun vt l Hnh 6.14 V tr chuyn mch mm trong m hnh phn lp NGN
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi Cc c trng c bn ca cng ngh chuyn mch mm nh sau: - Da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi. - Thit k theo m hnh x l phn tn - Giao din m API - Phn mm iu khin chuyn mch khng ph thuc vo phn cng chuyn mch nh cc thit b chuyn mch truyn thng. C kh nng lp trnh c c lp. - Tch hp v lin kt cc giao thc khc nhau trong mng NGN v gia NGN vi mng truyn thng (PSTN, ATM&IP). 6.4.2. Cu trc v nguyn tc chuyn mch mm Chuyn mch mm hot ng lin quan n rt nhiu giao thc ng dng khc nhau. Vic lin kt cc giao thc c thc hin nh vic lin kt cc khi chc nng trong chuyn mch mm vi s h tr c bit ca khi lin kt mng IW-F. M hnh giao thc s dng gii php chuyn mch mm tng qut nh sau: BICC (Bearer Independent Call Control): L giao thc iu khin cuc gi c lp vi knh truyn ti. Bo hiu da trn ISUP theo chun ITU-T. BICC h tr cc dch v ISDN bng hp. BICC thng c dng cho bo hiu gia cc chuyn mch mm. MEGACO/H.248/MGCP: y l giao thc iu khin iu khin gia Softswitch (MGC) v thit b cng MG theo c ch Master/Slave. MGC quyt nh chnh trong qu trnh lin lc vi MG, cn MG l thc th th ng thc hin mi lnh do MGC yu cu. Cc tng tc (transaction) trong MGCP gm c lnh v p ng. RTP/RTCP/RTSP: Real Time Protocol/ Real Time Control Protocol-Real Time Streaming Protocol: l cc giao thc hot ng ngay trn lp UDP dng truyn cc thng tin yu cu thi gian thc qua mng gi. RTP c xem nh giao thc lp truyn ti. Bn thn RTP khng m bo cht lng ca thng tin cn truyn ti v thi gian thc. N ch n gin cung cp y thng tin ln lp ng dng xc nh tr gi v quyt nh cch thc x l gi tin nh hiu chnh di pha. Cc dch v m RTP cung cp l loi thng tin chuyn ti trong gi, s th t ca gi truyn (sequence number), mc thi gian v thi gian truyn ti a ca 1 gi (Timestamp). Cc bn tin RTCP c dng trao i thng tin phn hi v cht lng ca phin RTP i vi tt c cc thnh vin tham gia trong phin truyn tin. SCTP (Stream Control Transport Protocol) hay SIGTRAN (Signalling Transport): l mt giao thc hng lin kt truyn ti (Transport Protocol) c xy dng thay th TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) trong vic chuyn ti thng tin bo hiu SS7 trong mng chuyn mch v l do TCP l giao thc m bo truyn d liu tin cy thng qua c ch xc nhn ACK v c ch tun t gy tr gi tin. Cc c ch ny c trong giao thc SS7, hn na SS7 yu cu thi gian thc nn vic dng TCP cho SS7 l khng hiu qu. SCTP chuyn ti theo nh hng bn ghi thay v nh hng byte nh TCP, ng thi cho php nhiu lung d liu logic c ghp knh truyn qua mt kt ni. SCTP m bo truyn tin cy theo c ch khc vi TCP bng cch thit lp nhiu kt ni. SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)/H.323: Cc b giao thc iu khin cuc gi a phng tin (lp ng dng), dng thit lp, iu chnh v kt thc phin lm vic ca thu bao.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi 6.4.3. Giao din ng dng API trong chuyn mch mm Chuyn mch mm ng dng cng ngh phn mm lp trnh theo hng i tng, cng ngh Agent v x l phn tn. API l tp hp cc th tc, giao thc v cc cng c phn mm c chun ha nhm cho php lin kt cc ng dng vi nhau. Bng cch xy dng cc khi chc nng theo API, c th d dng pht trin ng dng phn mm. API cho php chia s d liu gia cc ng dng trn cng nn tng. a. Cc phng thc chia s d liu qua API: - Gi th tc t xa RPC (Remote Procedure Calls): Dng cho cc ng dng trao i thng tin vi nhau bi cc th tc (Procedure/Task) trn cng b m d liu. - Ngn ng truy vn chun SQL (Standard Query Language) l ngn ng dng truy xut d liu khng cn th tc, cho php chia s d liu gia cc ng dng bng cch truy nhp vo c s d liu chung. - Chuyn file (File Transfer): Phng thc ny cho php chia s s liu bng cch trao i file c nh dng gia cc ng dng. - Phn pht bn tin (Message Delivery): Cho php chia s d liu bng cch trao i thng tin trc tip thng qua cc bn tin nh dng c kch thc nh gia cc ng dng c lin kt vi nhau. b. C th phn lp cc API trong Softswitch thnh 3 nhm chnh: - API lin kt cc ngun ti nguyn mng (Resources API) - API lin kt cc module c nng lc x l trong mng (Network Capability API) - API lin kt NGN vi mi trng ngoi nh nh cung cp dch v th 3 hay khch hng c nhu cu pht trin ng dng.

123

Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi

Lp ng dng

NGN Enhanced Service Application

PARLAY Framework Framework Interface API Control

CORBA

Sip/Print Service APIs

Parlay Compliant AP

What do You need

HiQ 4000

UM

CW1

C 2 C

C 2 D

CSS API Surpass Core Interface

Surpass Core Interface Call Control Setup Charging Ticket Amounc. Inercept Harding Uer Interactiv Dialog

HiQ 9200

Hnh 6.15 M hnh API trong chuyn mch mm gii php ca SIEMENS Hin nay, API lin kt cc ngun ti nguyn mng v API lin kt cc module c nng lc x l trong mng c pht trin nhiu trn c s JAIN (Java API Intergrated Network). Nhm th ba c pht trin theo nhiu hng nh JAIN, 3GPP (3th Generation Ship Project, PARLAY GROUP). Cc chun API hin vn ang c pht trin v chun hin ang c dng ph bin l SQL API ca ANSI. 6.4.4. K hoch nh s trong chuyn mch mm Vic nh a ch cng nh s thu bao v dch v trong NGN l hon ton linh hot bng cch khai bo d liu kho s vo c s d liu ng ca my ch qun l a ch. C s d liu ny c th cp nht, b sung hoc thay i bi nh qun tr mng, tuy nhin phi da cc tiu ch chnh nh sau: - Quy lut nh a ch tun theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T (E164-E169). - Quy hoch a ch cn k tha v gi c thi quen quay s ca ngi dng. - Quy hoch a ch tn dng mt s cc m c bit dnh ring pht trin v sau vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi - Vic quy hoch a ch trong NGN phi m bo khng trng lp vi cc di a ch ang c s dng trong cc mng truyn thng kt ni n mng NGN. 6.4.5. nh gi cng ngh chuyn mch mm

Bng so snh cng ngh Softwwitch v chuyn mch knh.

Softswitch Phng php chuyn mch Kin trc Kh nng tch hp vi ng dng ca nh cung cp khc Kh nng thay i mm do Gi thnh Kh nng nng cp Phn mm Phn tn, theo cc chun m D dng c R, khong bng mt na tng i in t Rt cao Thp, gi thnh thay i gn nh tuyn tnh theo s lng thu bao. Cu hnh c bn c th s dng cho mng doanh nghip C Tt hn Thoi, fax, d liu, video... Khng hn ch Tng i PSTN in t Ring bit ca tng nh sn xut Kh khn Kh khn t Rt tt, tuy c hn ch hn Rt cao, tng i PSTN khng thch hp cho mng doanh nghip. Rt hn ch C Ch yu l thoi v fax Ngn (ch vi pht)

Gi thnh ca cu hnh c bn

Truyn thng a phng tin Hi ngh truyn hnh Lu lng Thit k cho di cuc gi

Cng ngh chuyn mch mm c nhng u im ni bt so vi cc cng ngh truyn thng nh sau: - Cho php a ra gii php phn mm chung i vi vic x l cuc gi, c th p dng trn nhiu loi mng khc nhau. - n gin cu trc h thng v linh hot trong vic thay i tnh nng, cu hnh, m rng pht trin v lin kt gia cc hng cng nh gia cc nh cung cp dch v. - Cho php tch hp v pht trin cc phn mm thng minh ca cc nh cung cp dch v, khai thc tim nng ca mng trong tng lai. - D dng tch hp dch v mi t nh cung cp th ba ng thi cho php ngi s dng c th t pht trin ng dng v dch v.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi

6.5. Mng hi t v mng th h sau NGN (Network Convergence and Next Generation Network )
6.5.1. M u Xu hng cng ngh truyn thng hin nay ang xa dn ranh gii gia cng ngh thng tin v vin thng. Th gii ang bc vo k nguyn ca s hi t. Cc nh sn xut v cung cp dch v khng ch quan tm n vic pht trin dch v m cn phi xy dng v cng c v ti u ha h tng mng li trn c s hi t mng. Mng hi t l s tch hp mt cch thng minh gia cc mng truyn thng, tch hp gia c s h tng ca mng mi vi mng hin c. Ni c th, hi t mng l s hp nht hay tch hp nhiu cng ngh, phng tin truy nhp v truyn thng, giao thc, ti nguyn d liu v ng dng khc nhau trn mt c s h tng v qun l chung nhm to ra mt mng truyn thng mi, cung cp ng thi nhiu loi hnh dch v vi cht lng cao, p ng c ng thi cc loi hnh dch v khc nhau, mi nhu cu ca khch hng. S hi t th hin nhiu kha cnh nh a cng ngh, a giao thc, a truy nhp, a phng tin truyn thng, a dch v Giao thc Internet (IP) c s dng ph bin lin kt cc mng khc nhau to nn mng hi t vi xu hng trc mt l hi t gia mng thoi v mng s liu. Mt trong nhng mng hi t tin tin ang c ng dng l mng th h sau (Next Generation Network - NGN). tng v mng NGN c hnh thnh t cui nhng nm 90 ca th k trc v cho n nay NGN c trin khai rng khp cc nc pht trin v ang pht trin, thay th dn cc mng truyn thng th h trc. 6.5.2. Tng quan v mng th h sau sau - NGN (Next Generation Network ) Mng th h sau NGN c xy dng theo cc nguyn tc sau: - C kin trc m, phn lp, linh hot, d dng pht trin m rng - C s h tng da trn cng ngh truyn ti bng rng, cng ngh chuyn mch gi - C kh nng kim sot c cht lng dch v (QoS) - p ng c ng thi v a dng cc loi hnh dch v, cho php thu bao truy nhp mt cch linh hot n nhiu nh cung cp dch v khc nhau. - Lp (chc nng) cung cp dch v c lp vi lp (cng ngh) truyn ti bn di. - Tng thch v h tr cc mng v dch v hin c NGN hi t nhng u im ca cng ngh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi: a. u im t chuyn mch knh: - m bo thi gian thc - Gim hin tng tht thot thng tin do nghn hay tr - m bo cht lng dch v b. u im t chuyn mch gi: - Chia x v tn dng c ti nguyn mng
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi - Linh hot trong vic nh tuyn v iu khin lu lng - Kch thc ti tin c th thay i 6.5.3. S bng n v nhu cu da dng ca cc loi hnh dch v

- Dch v bng hp (voice) - Dch v bng rng (video, truyn hnh) - Dch v n phng tin (fax) - Dch v a phng tin (hi ngh truyn hnh) - Dch v truyn thng theo thi gian thc (m thoi) - Dch v phi thi gian thc (truyn s liu) - Dch v truy cp ng dng ca nh cung cp dch v (MegaVNN) - Dch v thu c s h tng (MegaWAN) - Dch v n gin (gii p thng tin) - Dch v thng minh (truy xut c s d liu thng tin t ng) - Dch v tng tc 2 chiu (tr chi) - Dch v phn b mt chiu (qung b) - Dch v cht lng thp (VoIP gi r 8Kb/s) - Dch v cht lng cao (VoIP 64kb/s) Cc dch v bng rng yu cu tc v thi gian chim knh ln vt qu kh nng ca mng hin ti.
6.5.4. M hnh phn lp v chc nng cc lp NGN NGN l xu hng pht trin k thut mng hin i. Cc hng cung cp thit b khc nhau c cc m hnh phn lp khc nhau. Tuy nhin, m hnh NGN chung phn chia lp dch v vi lp truyn ti, gip cho cc nh cung cp dch v c th a vo cc dch v mi m khng cn quan tm n vic kin trc lp truyn ti. Ni cch khc, lp dch v l c lp (trong sut) i vi lp truyn ti. C th phn lp chc nng NGN nh sau: 1. Lp truy nhp (Access): c chc nng kt ni gia mng NGN vi thit b u cui thu bao hoc cc mng truyn thng khc. 2. Lp truyn ti (Transport): c chc nng nh tuyn, chuyn mch v chuyn tip gi tin gia cc phn t mng. 3. Lp iu khin (Control): c chc nng - iu khin kt ni v bo hiu cuc gi - iu khin lu lng v cht lng dch v - iu khin hot ng ca cc phn t thit b trong mng NGN. 4. Lp ng dng/dch v (Application/Service): c chc nng iu phi v cung cp cc loi hnh dch v v ng dng trn mng NGN, cung cp mi trng kin to dch v mng thng minh (Intelligent Network Service Creation Environment) v cc giao din m cho cc nh pht trin dch v th ba. 5. Lp qun l (Management): c chc nng qun l mng theo m hnh TMN: - Qun l kinh doanh, chm sc khch hng - Qun l dch v - Qun l kt ni, tnh cc
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi - Qun l ti nguyn v cht lng mng li - Qun l phn t thit b Kin trc phn lp mang li cho NGN cc u im sau:

- Chc nng chuyn mch vt l phn tn s gip gii quyt vn tc nghn - Chc nng iu ph cuc gi tp trung s gip cho vic qun l thun li - Giao din chun cho php s la chn linh hot cc phn t mng ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau, pht huy im mnh ca tng nh cung cp - S thay i hay nng cp cng ngh mt lp khng nh hng n ton mng. - Cc nh cung cp dch v c th t do pht trin cc dch v mi m khng qu ph thuc vo cc nh khai thc mng
6.5.5. Cu trc v cc thnh phn h thng NGN Cc hng khc nhau a ra cc gii php khc nhau v cu trc NGN. Tuy nhin, nhn chung cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng bao gm: Cc h thng lp truy nhp gm nhiu chng loi thit b vi cng ngh khc nhau nh POTS, VOIP, IP, FR, X25, ATM, xDSL cho php kt ni ti cc thit b u cui ca ngi dng (Residential Gateway), kt ni ti mng truy nhp (Access Gateway) v cung cp giao din kt ni v chuyn i dng thng tin gia NGN vi mng chuyn mch knh (Media gateway hay Trunk Gateway). Cc h thng lp chuyn ti bao gm b nh tuyn, chuyn mch IP/MPLS, thit b truyn dn quang dung lng ln DWDM/SONET/SDH. Cc h thng lp iu khin bao gm chuyn mch mm (SoftSwitch) l phn t iu khin kt ni cuc gi (Call Agent) v iu khin cng a phng tin MGC (Media Gateway Controller), thit b cng bo hiu SG (Signalling Gateway) cung cp giao din kt ni bo hiu vi mng truyn thng vi cc giao thc bo hiu SS7, SMS, WAP... Cc h thng lp dch v v ng dng bao gm cc thit b my ch ng dng: Media Server (MS), Application Server (AS), Call Feature Server (FS), Man-machine Server, Subscriber Database Server. Cc h thng lp qun l bao gm cc thit b qun l cc, gim st s c, can thip lnh, qun l cu hnh, ti nguyn, qun l cht lng mng. 6.5.6. Cc cng ngh nn tng trong NGN Cng ngh truy nhp thu bao s xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line): L cng ngh iu ch cung cp gii php truyn d liu v thoi trn ng dy cp ng m tn nhm tn dng c di thng tn s ca cp ng. V bn cht, DSL l cng ngh thc hin Modem DSL chuyn d liu thnh dng tn hiu s dung lng ln, tn s cao, ph rng. DSL bao gm nhiu phin bn khc nhau nh ADSL c tc hai chiu khng i xng, HDSL, SHDSL, G.SHDSL (tc hai chiu i xng) Cng ngh truyn dn quang tc cao vi ghp knh phn chia bc sng mt cao DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) theo phn cp ng b SONET/SDH
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi (Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierachy). WDM cho php s dng rng bng tn rt ln ca si quang bng cch kt hp mt s cc tn hiu ghp knh theo thi gian vi bc sng khc nhau ng thi c th tn# dng c cc ca s khng gian, thi gian v di bc sng. Cng ngh WDM cho php nng tc cc truyn dn ln 5 Gb/s, 10 Gb/s v 20 Gb/s. Phng thc truyn thng khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode): Thng tin ca mt ng dng khng nht thit phi xut hin mt cch tun hon v ng b. ATM s dng cc t bo c di c nh 53 byte, khng nh v theo xung ng b v thay i theo nhu cu truyn tin. ATM cho php chuyn ti lu lng cho nhiu loi dch v vi tc khc nhau. Hin nay, xu hng kt hp cng ngh ATM vi DSL mang li mt gii php hiu qu cho dch v truy nhp bng rng. Cc c trng chnh ca ATM nh sau: - H tr a dch v, a tc - m bo QoS - Qun l bng tn - Kt ni hng lin kt. - Tc chuyn gi cao, gim tr gi tin nh tuyn v chuyn mch gi tin IP (Internet Protocol): C cc c trng c bn sau: Qui hoch a ch ton cc: Mi mt giao din mng c gn mt a ch duy nht. Tn dng nng lc truyn ti a (Best Effort): IP c gng ti a chuyn cc gi tin, tuy nhin n khng c cam kt v cht lng dch v (QoS) nh t l thnh cng hay thi gian cn a gi tin n ch. Vi phin bn IPv6, mt s tnh nng mi c h tr nh phng php nh a ch linh hot, khng gian a ch ln. C ch bo mt cao. H tr a phng tin. H tr cht lng dch v QoS v c kh nng t cu hnh Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) tr thnh cng ngh nn tng trong lp chuyn ti ca NGN. Cng ngh chuyn mch mm (Softswitch):l cng ngh ct li trong lp iu khin NGN. Phn t h thng trung tm s dng cng ngh ny chnh l MGC (Media Gateway Controller). Ngoi ra, cng c lp trnh theo module giao din chng trnh ng dng API (Application Program Interface) cng c ng dng nhiu cc lp ng dng/dch v v qun l cng nh lin kt gia chng vi lp iu khin trong NGN. C th xem API nh mt cng ngh phn mm nn tng trong Softswitch ni ring v NGN ni chung. Tm li xu hng hin nay ca cng ngh nn tng theo phn lp NGN nh sau: - IP/ATM/DSL: cng ngh nn tng trong lp truy nhp - IP/MPLS/SDH/WDM/Optical: cng ngh nn tng trong lp truyn ti - IP/Ehernet (FE,GE) + Softswitch: cng ngh nn tng trong lp iu khin - IP/FE + API: cng ngh nn tng trong lp ng dng/dch v v qun - SCTP chuyn ti theo hng bn ghi, khng nh TCP hng byte, ng thi cho php nhiu lung d liu logic c ghp knh truyn qua mt kt ni. SCTP m bo truyn tin cy theo c ch khc vi TCP bng cch thit lp nhiu kt ni.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi 6.5.7. M hnh NGN v cc gii php thit k ca mt s hng Trn c s m hnh chung NGN, cc hng vin thng khc nhau c cc gii php thit k theo nhiu chun khc nhau. Trong , mt s gii php th hin tnh kh thi, r rng, p ng c mc tiu t ra chung nht ca cc m hnh, c nhiu tng mi v ph hp vi c s h tng mng hin ti, ng thi m bo xu hng pht trin chung ca cng ngh nh: gii php SURPASS ca SIEMENS, Alcatel 1000 SoftSwitch ca ALCATEL, ENGINE ca ERICSSON c bit, m hnh ca SIEMENS c nhiu im tng ng vi m hnh NGN ca t chc MSF (MultiService Switching Forum). * ALCATEL a ra gii php tng th gm cc bc pht trin t mng vin thng hin ti tin ti mng NGN nh sau : 1. Duy tr mng PSTN v hi t vi mng s liu. 2. Pht trin thoi trn cng ngh gi i vi cc dch v ng di. 3. Pht trin thoi trn cng ngh gi i vi cc dch v truy nhp ni ht. 4. Pht trin cc dch v a phng tin 5. Pht trin mng NGN hon chnh * ERICSSON: Ericsson gii thiu gii php mng th h mi c tn gi l ENGINE. Cu trc ENGINE hng ti cc ng dng v hot ng theo c ch Client/Server v Gateway/Server. Cc ng dng gm c hai phn: phn Client trn my u cui v phn Server chy trn my ch. Hai phn giao tip vi nhau qua cc giao din m. * NORTEL: Mc tiu chnh ca Nortel l hon thin mng li, m bo hp nht cc mng thoi v s liu c th cung cp cc dch v IP, ATM bng cch a ra gii php mng li IP/MPLS bao gm b nh tuyn v chuyn mch MPLS c giao din quang. H thng chuyn mch trn c s kt hp ATM v IP/MPLS c kh nng cung cp a dch v cho thu bao vi dung lng 40 Gbit/s v c kh nng m rng ln ti 19,2 Terabit/s. * JUNIPER: Gii thiu m hnh NGN gm cc thnh phn: POS (Paket over Synchnonization Network). B-RAS (Broadband Remote access Server) v NAS (Narrow Access Server). * CISCO: DS-1,T1: Digital Signal Level 1, CPE: Customer Premise Equipment, PBX: Private Exchange, SS7: Signalling system no.7, MGCP: Media Gateway Control Protocol. * LUCENT: Lucent a ra gii php NGN tp trung ch yu vo hai lp:

1. Lp li ATM/IP v cng ngh truyn dn quang tin tin DWDM 2. Lp phn phi dch v * NEC a ra gii php chuyn mch tch hp IP/ATM/STM vi cc cng a nng. * SIEMENS a ra gii php kh thi v kh hon chnh v cu trc mng NGN, p ng c phn ln cc mc tiu t ra m hnh NGN. Gii php NGN ca SIEMENS c tn gi l SURPASS. Theo quan im ca SIEMENS, NGN c cu trc phn tn, v vy c kh nng iu khin chuyn mch NGN, c ch truy nhp, c ch truyn ti, c ch qun l mng, c ch iu khin da trn h thng my ch tp trung, c ch truy nhp a dch v, c ch truyn ti trn IP/MPLS v giao din quang, c ch iu khin s dng giao thc SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) trn nn JAVA/CORBA, vi giao din HTTP to giao din WEB vi ngi s dng.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi Nhn xt: - Qua cc gii php thit k ca cc hng, nhn chung chc nng truyn dn v chuyn mch c tch hp chung trong lp chuyn ti hay lp li. Nh vy thit b truyn dn v chuyn mch c xem nh cng c thc hin chc nng chuyn ti lu lng. Mt s hng gp chung lp truy nhp vi lp chuyn ti. - Cc hng ch n chc nng iu khin v qun l. Tnh phc hp giao thc lp ny i hi kh nng tng thch cao gia cc chng loi thit b. - Chc nng qun l c xu hng tp trung cao v xuyn sut qua cc lp khc nhau trong cu trc mng li. - Vai tr ca cc thit b iu khin, thit b quang v thit b truy nhp v cc giao thc chuyn gi nh IP ng vi tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh mng NGN. - NGN c th xem nh mng th h k tip, khng phi l mng hon ton mi, v vy cc hng u cn nhc n kha cnh tng thch vi mng v chng loi thit b hin c. - Mi gii php u c nhng u im v hn ch nht nh. Vic la chn gii php ti u cn phi cn c trn nhiu tiu ch v cn nhc v gia cc yu cu v mc tiu c th mu thun nhau. 6.5.8. Mt s dch v NGN Dch v thoi truyn thng s chuyn dn sang VoIP v c tch hp trong cc dch v mi khc. Cc dch v truyn s liu s c thay th bi cc dch v mng ring o VPN. Dch v ISDN s c thay th bng cc dch v MMA trn nn NGN. Dch v truy cp Internet bng hp chuyn sang truy cp bng rng DSL. Cc dch v trn nn WEB v dch v thng minh s c tng cng pht trin trn c s giao din phn mm m, hng n nh cung cp dch v th ba v khch hng. - Dch v th tr trc 1719cho php s dng ti khon th thc hin cuc gi ni ht, lin vng v quc t. Khch hng cng c th gn mt ti khon tr trc cho mt s in thoi c nh. u im ni bt ca dch v 1719 l kh nng cung cp dch v vi nhiu cp cht lng dch v trn cng mt h tng mng. Khch hng c th la chn cht lng cao nh PSTN 64kb/s hoc gi r nh VoIP 8kb/s - Dch v gi min cc 1800 (Freephone) cho php thc hin cuc gi min cc n nhiu ch khc nhau thng qua mt s truy nhp thng nht. Khi thu bao quay s Freephone, s Freephone s c chuyn thnh mt s ch tng ng ti chuyn mch mm v cuc gi s c thit lp n ch tng ng. ch tng ng c la chn trn c s vng ca thu bao ch gi, m s dch v v thi im gi trong ngy. - Cc dch v a phng tin MMA l dch v cho php thc hin cuc gi a phng tin tch hp nh thoi, s liu, hnh nh ng thi. Mt s dch v MMA ang c trin khai nh: hi ngh truyn hnh, o to t xa, y t, truyn bn tin video tng tc.. - Cc dch v thng minh: Mt s dch v thng minh c pht trin trn nn NGN nh: chuyn i ngn ng, game trc tuyn, truy vn c s d liu, video theo yu cu V d 1900 l dch v gii tr, t vn c ni dung ph thuc vo cc phn mm ng dng c xy dng trn cc my ch ca nh cung cp dch v.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi - Dch v WEB trn NGN c kh nng cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v WEBk hc nhau. Mt trong cc dch v thng dng ang c trin khai l WEB DIAL PAGE cho php thc hin cuc gi t trang WEB, WEB CONFERENCE: in thoi hi ngh qua WEB. Dch v truy nhp Internet tc cao cung cp kt ni Internet bng rng vi cng ngh truy nhp DSL, c cc cam kt (SLA) nh v tc , bng thng Dch v ny cho php kt ni my n hoc mng my tnh vi phng thc cp a ch IP tnh hoc ng ty theo nhu cu. - Dch v mng ring o VPN cung cp kt ni mng LAN/WAN ring cho khch hng trn nn h tng mng cng cng NGN IP/MPLS, c h tr an ninh mng v tha thun v cp dch v SLA (Service Layer Agreement). Dch v cung cp cho khch hng cc ti nguyn mng, cc ng dng trong VPN l do khch hng t xy dng. VPN trn nn NGN c nhiu u im so vi cc mng my tnh khc, c kh nng m bo cht lng dch vQoS, kh nng cung cp cc kt ni linh hot c th thay i cu hnh d dng, s dng ti nguyn mng mt cch hiu qu., kh nng m rng dch v ton cu v khng hn ch bng thng kt ni. 6.5.9. NGN trong mng vin thng Vit nam NGN cng c trin khai Vit Nam t nm 2004 theo gii php kt hp: SIEMENS cho lp iu khin, JUNIPER cho lp chuyn ti, ALCATEL cho lp truy nhp. Trong tng lai, NGN s c pht trin m rng trn a bn c nc. Tn dng nng lc ca mng hin c, vic chuyn t mng vin thng hin ti ln mng th h sau NGN phi tri qua nhiu giai on. tng bc, vn phi duy tr hot ng ca cc mng truyn thng. ng thi mng ng trc VNPT s c u t cc cng ngh trong NGN. Cc mng truyn thng khc nh di ng v ni ht s kt ni vi NGN qua thit b cng chuyn i. Trong tng lai, cc mng ny cng s c thay th hon ton bi cng ngh NGN. Chc nng cc lp NGN trong mng vin thng Vit Nam: - Lp qun l: s hnh thnh h thng qun l mng vin thng tp trung theo m hnh TNM (Telecom Network Management). - Lp ng dng v dch v mng: trang b cc server dich v ti hai im nt H Ni v TP H Ch Minh, cung cp cc dch v mi trn nn NGN nh dch v gii tr, truy nhp c s d liu thng tin t ng, in thoi th gi r, in thoi min cc ng di, cuc gi hi ngh, cc dch v trn c s WEB, truy nhp Internet bng rng qua NGN, cho thu c s h tng mng di hnh thc mng ring o (VPN) c thng hiu l MegaWAN - Lp iu khin: T chc 5 nt iu khin (chuyn mch mm) ng vi 5 vng lu lng theo m hnh hai mt ngha l c d phng 1+1 - Lp truyn ti: Lp truyn ti NGN da trn cng ngh IP/MPLS/SDH/WDM/truyn dn quang. Lp truyn ti c t chc thnh hai cp: cp ng trc quc gia v cp vng. Mng truyn dn quang ng trc quc gia t n dung lng 20Gb/s. - Lp truy nhp: Ti mi vng u c trang b cc thit b truy nhp cho lu lng VoiP qua h thng MG v lu lng truy nhp internet v mng ring o qua h thng DSLAM vi cng ngh ADSL v SHDSL.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi

Cu hi trc nghim:
1. Hy chn cu ng nht v DSL: A. Cng ngh DSL cho php tn dng min tn s cao truyn tn hiu tc cao trn i dy cp ng thng thng. B. Cng ngh DSL bin i tn hiu ca ngi s dng thnh cc tn hiu ph hp vi ng truyn. C. K thut DSL cho php truyn ch song cng i xng v bt i xng. 2. H cng ngh DSL gm: A. IDSL B. HDSL C. VDSL D. ADSL E. ROUTER 3. Cc phng php m ha ng truyn A. Phng php iu ch bin v pha trit sng mang CAP B. Phng php a m tn ri rc DMT C. C hai phng php. 4. Nhiu trong k thut DSL: D. Nhiu xuyn m u gn NEXT (Near - end Crosstalk) E. Nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT (Far - end- Crosstalk) F. C hai phng php. 5. Cc phng php chng nhiu trong k thut DSL: A. Chng xuyn nhiu B. Phng php trit ting vng (EC) C. C hai phng php. 6. Cc m hnh kt ni ADSL A. M hnh PPPoA (Point to Point over ATM) B. M hnh PPPoE (Point to Point over Ethernet) RFC 2516 C. M hnh IP over ATM (RFC 1483R) D. M hnh Ethernet over ATM (RFC 1483B) 7. Cng ngh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi: A. Ti pha pht, tn hiu thoi c m ha bng cc b CODEC (Coder-Decoder). B x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal Processing) s nn cc gi d liu/. VAD (Voice Activity Detection) loi b cc khong lng B. Ti bn thu, ngc li, DSP s gii nn cc gi tin, CODEC gii m cc gi tin thnh tn hiu m thanh tng t. Cc khong lng c ti to pht thng tin thoi cho ngi nghe. C. C hai phng php.
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi 8. Cc u im ca truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi A. Tit kim chi ph u t h tng mng v chi ph s dng dch v B. S dng hiu qu bng thng vi cht lng dch v QoS chp nhn c. C. Kt hp cc dch v thoi, s liu, video trn mt mng duy nht 9. Cc vn v cht lng dch v QoS A. Tr (Delay) B. Trt (Jitter) C. Mt gi (Packet Loss) 10. Cc m hnh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi A. Voice over Frame Relay - VoFR B. Voice over ATM - VoATM C. Voice over Internet Protocol - VoIP 11. Cu trc mng MPLS gm : A. B nh tuyn bin LER gi l b nh tuyn PE B. B nh tuyn li LSR c gi l b nh tuyn P C. C hai phng php. 12. u im ca cng ngh MPLS: A. Cng ngh MPLS n gin, c th gii quyt cc vn phc tp v kh nng m rng mng. B. C th thay th cng ngh Frame Relay, ATM. C. MPLS hi t nhng u im ca c ch nh tuyn IP v c ch hon i nhn ca ATM D. Gim thiu thi gian x l gi tin, khng thay i cc giao thc nh tuyn IP. E. Nhn MPLS n gin, kch thc nh v linh hot. C th xp ni tip nhn thnh chng nhn. Rt tin li cho vic nh a ch v truy tm. 13. Hn ch ca MPLS: A. MPLS khng cung cp dch v u cui (End-Point) B. MPLS b li ng truyn cao hn cc cng ngh khc, gim i tin cy. C. C 2 khng nh. 14. Cc c trng c bn ca cng ngh chuyn mch mm nh sau: A. Da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, thit k theo m hnh x l phn tn B. Giao din m API C. Phn mm khng ph thuc vo phn cng chuyn mch D. C kh nng lp trnh c c lp. E. Tch hp v lin kt cc giao thc khc nhau trong mng NGN v gia NGN vi mng truyn thng (PSTN, ATM&IP). 15. API trong Softswitch gm: A. API lin kt cc ngun ti nguyn mng. B. API lin kt cc module c nng lc x l trong mng C. API lin kt NGN vi mi trng ngoi
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi 16. A. B. C. D. Cng ngh chuyn mch mm c nhng u im: Gii php phn mm chung trn nhiu loi mng khc nhau. n gin cu trc h thng v linh hot khi thay i tnh nng, cu hnh, m rng pht trin. Tch hp v pht trin cc phn mm thng minh, khai thc tim nng ca mng trong tng lai. D dng tch hp dch v mi t nh cung cp th ba ng thi cho php ngi s dng c th t pht trin ng dng v dch v.

Cu hi v bi tp
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Tng quan v IDSL (ISDN DSL): Tng quan v HDSL (High Data Rate DSL): Tng quan v VDSL (Very High Data Rate DSL): Tng quan v ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) Tng quan v ADSL2 v ADSL2+ Cc vn c bn cng ngh DSL trn mng cp ng Cc phng php m ha ng truyn K thut pht hin li v sa li Nhiu xuyn m u xa FEXT (Far - end Crosstalk) Nhiu xuyn m u gn Chng xuyn nhiu Phng php trit ting vng (EC) M hnh PPPoA (Point to Point over ATM) M hnh PPPoE (Point to Point over Ethernet) RFC 2516 M hnh IP over ATM (RFC 1483R) M hnh Ethernet over ATM (RFC 1483B) Truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi VoPN (Voice over Packet Network) M hnh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi u im ca truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi Cc vn v cht lng dch v QoS: Tr , Trt v mt gi Voice over Frame Relay VoFR Voice over ATM - VoATM Voice over Internet Protocol - VoIP Cc thnh phn ch yu ca VoIP: Internet Protocol IP: Cc chun nn tn hiu thoi H.320, H.324 v POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) Vai tr, chc nng v cc thnh phn giao thc H.323 Giao thc SIP (Session Initial Protocol) Real-time Transport Protocol RTP
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Chng 6: Mng tc cao v ng dng cc cng ngh mi 29. Real-time Transport Control Protocol RTCP: 30. Resource Reservation Protocol RSVP 31. Giao thc MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol) 32. Giao thc Megaco/H.248 33. Kin trc v nguyn tc hot ng MPLS 34. Cu trc mng MPLS 35. Nguyn tc chuyn mch nhn MPLS 36. C ch phn phi nhn. C ch x l nhn v chuyn gi tin 37. C ch iu khin lu lng v cht lng dch v trong MPLS 38. nh gi cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS: 39. So snh MPLS vi ATM. So snh MPLS so vi IP 40. Hn ch ca MPLS: 41. Cu trc v nguyn tc chuyn mch mm 42. MEGACO/H.248/MGCP 43. RTP/RTCP/RTSP: Real Time Protocol/ Real Time Control Protocol-Real Time Streaming Protocol: 44. SCTP (Stream Control Transport Protocol) hay SIGTRAN (Signalling Transport) 45. SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)/H.323 46. Giao din ng dng API trong chuyn mch mm 47. Cc phng thc chia s d liu qua API: 48. Phn lp cc API trong Softswitch 49. K hoch nh s trong chuyn mch mm 50. nh gi cng ngh chuyn mch mm 51. So snh cng ngh Softwwitch v chuyn mch knh. 52. Cng ngh chuyn mch mm c nhng u im ni bt so vi cc cng ngh truyn thng khc. 53. Mng hi t v mng th h sau NGN 54. Cc nguyn tc xy dng mng th h sau NGN 55. NGN hi t nhng u im ca cng ngh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi 56. M hnh phn lp v chc nng cc lp NGN 57. Vai tr v chc nng Lp truy nhp (Access) 58. Vai tr v chc nng Lp truyn ti (Transport) 59. Vai tr v chc nng Lp ng dng/dch v (Application/Service) 60. Vai tr v chc nng Lp qun l (Management) 61. Dch v th tr trc 1719, Dch v gi min cc 1800 (Freephone), Cc dch v a phng tin MMA, Cc dch v thng minh, Dch v WEB trn NGN, Dch v truy nhp Internet tc cao, Dch v mng ring o VPN, 62. NGN trong mng vin thng Vit Nam
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Chng 7: An ton mng

CHNG 7: AN TON MNG

Ni dung ca chng ny s trnh by nhng vn c bn v an ton mng bao gm cc c trng k thut, cc l hng v im yu ca mng. Nghin cu cc phng thc tn cng mng ph bin, cc bin php an ton mng bng k thut mt m v Fire wall. c bit ni dung nghin cu mng ring o v vn bo mt trong mng ring o, cc giao thc c trng IPSEC, PPP, L2TP. Ni dung chng gm cc phn sau: Tng quan v an ninh mng. Mt s kiu tn cng mng ph bin. Bin php m bo an ninh mng Mng ring o

7.1. Tng quan v an ninh mng

7.1.1. An ton mng l g? Mc tiu ca vic kt ni mng l nhiu ngi s dng, t nhng v tr a l khc nhau c th s dng chung ti nguyn, trao i thng tin vi nhau. Do c im nhiu ngi s dng li phn tn v mt vt l nn vic bo v cc ti nguyn thng tin trn mng, trnh s mt mt, xm phm l cn thit v cp bch. An ton mng c th hiu l cch bo v, m bo an ton cho tt c cc thnh phn mng bao gm d liu, thit b, c s h tng mng v m bo mi ti nguyn mng c s dng tng ng vi mt chnh sch hot ng c n nh v vi ch nhng ngi c thm quyn tng ng. An ton mng bao gm: Xc nh chnh xc cc kh nng, nguy c xm phm mng, cc s c ri ro i vi thit b, d liu trn mng c cc gii php ph hp m bo an ton mng. nh gi nguy c tn cng ca Hacker n mng, s pht tn virus... Phi nhn thy an ton mng l mt trong nhng vn cc k quan trng trong cc hot ng, giao dch in t v trong vic khai thc s dng cc ti nguyn mng. Mt thch thc i vi an ton mng l xc nh chnh xc cp an ton cn thit cho vic iu khin h thng v cc thnh phn mng. nh gi cc nguy c, cc l hng khin mng c th b xm phm thng qua cch tip cn c cu trc. Xc nh nhng nguy c n cp, ph hoi my tnh, thit b, nguy c virus, b gin ip.., nguy c xo, ph hoi CSDL, n cp mt khu,... nguy c i vi s hot ng ca h thng nh nghn mng, nhiu in t...Khi nh gi c ht nhng nguy c nh hng ti an ninh mng th mi c th c c nhng bin php tt nht m bo an ninh mng. S dng hiu qu cc cng c bo mt (v d nh Firewall ...) v nhng bin php, chnh sch c th cht ch. 137

Chng 7: An ton mng V bn cht c th phn loi cc vi phm thnh hai loi vi phm th ng v vi phm ch ng. Th ng v ch ng c hiu theo ngha c can thip vo ni dung v lung thng tin c b tro i hay khng. Vi phm th ng ch nhm mc ch nm bt c thng tin. Vi phm ch ng l thc hin s bin i, xo b hoc thm thng tin ngoi lai lm sai lch thng tin gc nhm mc ch ph hoi. Cc hnh ng vi phm th ng thng kh c th pht hin nhng c th ngn chn hiu qu. Tri li vi phm ch ng rt d pht hin nhng li kh ngn chn. 7.1.2. Cc c trng k thut ca an ton mng 1. Xc thc (Authentification): Kim tra tnh xc thc ca mt thc th giao tip trn mng. Mt thc th c th l mt ngi s dng, mt chng trnh my tnh, hoc mt thit b phn cng. Cc hot ng kim tra tnh xc thc c nh gi l quan trng nht trong cc hot ng ca mt phng thc bo mt. Mt h thng thng thng phi thc hin kim tra tnh xc thc ca mt thc th trc khi thc th thc hin kt ni vi h thng. C ch kim tra tnh xc thc ca cc phng thc bo mt da vo 3 m hnh chnh sau: i tng cn kim tra cn phi cung cp nhng thng tin trc, v d nh Password, hoc m s thng s c nhn PIN (Personal Information Number). Kim tra da vo m hnh nhng thng tin c, i tng kim tra cn phi th hin nhng thng tin m chng s hu, v d nh Private Key, hoc s th tn dng. Kim tra da vo m hnh nhng thng tin xc nh tnh duy nht, i tng kim tra cn phi c nhng thng tin nh danh tnh duy nht ca mnh v d nh thng qua ging ni, du vn tay, ch k ...

C th phn loi bo mt trn VPN theo cc cch sau: mt khu truyn thng hay mt khu mt ln; xc thc thng qua cc giao thc (PAP, CHAP, RADIUS) hay phn cng (cc loi th card: smart card, token card, PC card), nhn din sinh trc hc (du vn tay, ging ni, qut vng mc...). 2. Tnh kh dng (Availability): Tnh kh dng l c tnh m thng tin trn mng c cc thc th hp php tip cn v s dng theo yu cu, khi cn thit bt c khi no, trong hon cnh no. Tnh kh dng ni chung dng t l gia thi gian h thng c s dng bnh thng vi thi gian qu trnh hot ng nh gi. Tnh kh dng cn p ng nhng yu cu sau: Nhn bit v phn bit thc th, khng ch tip cn (bao gm c vic khng ch t tip cn v khng ch tip cn cng bc), khng ch lu lng (chng tc nghn..), khng ch chn ng (cho php chn ng nhnh, mch ni n nh, tin cy), gim st tung tch (tt c cc s kin pht sinh trong h thng c lu gi phn tch nguyn nhn, kp thi dng cc bin php tng ng). 3. Tnh bo mt (Confidentialy): Tnh bo mt l c tnh tin tc khng b tit l cho cc thc th hay qu trnh khng c u quyn bit hoc khng cho cc i tng li dng. Thng tin ch cho php thc th c u quyn s dng. K thut bo mt thng l phng nga d la thu thp (lm cho i th khng th d la thu thp c thng tin), phng nga bc x (phng nga nhng tin tc b bc x ra ngoi bng nhiu ng khc nhau, tng cng bo mt thng tin (di s khng ch ca kho mt m), bo mt vt l (s dng cc phng php vt l m bo tin tc khng b tit l).
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Chng 7: An ton mng 4. Tnh ton vn (Integrity): L c tnh khi thng tin trn mng cha c u quyn th khng th tin hnh bin i c, tc l thng tin trn mng khi ang lu gi hoc trong qu trnh truyn dn m bo khng b xo b, sa i, gi mo, lm ri lon trt t, pht li, xen vo mt cch ngu nhin hoc c v nhng s ph hoi khc. Nhng nhn t ch yu nh hng ti s ton vn thng tin trn mng gm: s c thit b, sai m, b tc ng ca con ngi, virus my tnh Mt s phng php bo m tnh ton vn thng tin trn mng: - Giao thc an ton c th kim tra thng tin b sao chp, sa i hay sao chp. Nu pht hin th thng tin s b v hiu ho. - Phng php pht hin sai v sa sai. Phng php sa sai m ho n gin nht v thng dng l php kim tra chn - l. - Bin php kim tra mt m ngn nga hnh vi xuyn tc v cn tr truyn tin. - Ch k in t: bo m tnh xc thc ca thng tin. - Yu cu c quan qun l hoc trung gian chng minh tnh chn thc ca thng tin. 5. Tnh khng ch (Accountlability): L c tnh v nng lc khng ch truyn b v ni dung vn c ca tin tc trn mng. 6. Tnh khng th chi ci (Nonreputation): Trong qu trnh giao lu tin tc trn mng, xc nhn tnh chn thc ng nht ca nhng thc th tham gia, tc l tt c cc thc th tham gia khng th chi b hoc ph nhn nhng thao tc v cam kt c thc hin. 7.1.3. Cc l hng v im yu ca mng 1. Cc l hng bo mt h thng l cc im yu c th to ra s ngng tr ca dch v, thm quyn i vi ngi s dng hoc cho php cc truy nhp khng hp php vo h thng. Cc l hng tn ti trong cc dch v nh Sendmail, Web,Ftp ... v trong h iu hnh mng nh trong Windows NT, Windows 95, UNIX; hoc trong cc ng dng. Cc loi l hng bo mt trn mt h thng c chia nh sau: L hng loi C: cho php thc hin cc phng thc tn cng theo kiu t chi dch v DoS (Dinal of Services). Mc nguy him thp, ch nh hng cht lng dch v, c th lm ngng tr, gin on h thng, khng ph hng d liu hoc chim quyn truy nhp. L hng loi B: cho php ngi s dng c thm cc quyn trn h thng m khng cn thc hin kim tra tnh hp l. Mc nguy him trung bnh, nhng l hng ny thng c trong cc ng dng trn h thng, c th dn n hoc l thng tin yu cu bo mt. L hng loi A: Cc l hng ny cho php ngi s dng ngoi cho th truy nhp vo h thng bt hp php. L hng rt nguy him, c th lm ph hy ton b h thng. 2. Cc phng thc tn cng mng: K ph hoi c th li dng nhng l hng trn to ra nhng l hng khc to thnh mt chui nhng l hng mi. xm nhp vo h thng, k ph hoi s tm ra cc l hng trn h thng, hoc t cc chnh sch bo mt, hoc s dng cc cng c d xt (nh SATAN, ISS) t c quyn truy nhp. Sau khi xm nhp, k ph hoi c th tip tc tm hiu cc dch v trn h thng, nm bt c cc im yu v thc hin cc hnh ng ph hoi tinh vi hn. 139

Chng 7: An ton mng 7.1.4. Cc bin php pht hin h thng b tn cng Khng c mt h thng no c th m bo an ton tuyt i, mi mt dch v u c nhng l hng bo mt tim tng. Ngi qun tr h thng khng nhng nghin cu, xc nh cc l hng bo mt m cn phi thc hin cc bin php kim tra h thng c du hiu tn cng hay khng. Mt s bin c th: 1. Kim tra cc du hiu h thng b tn cng: H thng thng b treo hoc b Crash bng nhng thng bo li khng r rng. Kh xc nh nguyn nhn do thiu thng tin lin quan. Trc tin, xc nh cc nguyn nhn c phi phn cng hay khng, nu khng phi hy ngh n kh nng my b tn cng. 2. Kim tra cc ti khon ngi dng mi l, nht l ID ca ti khon bng khng. 3. Kim tra s xut hin cc tp tin l. Ngi qun tr h thng nn c thi quen t tn tp theo mu nht nh d dng pht hin tp tin l. Dng cc lnh Ls-l kim tra thuc tnh Setuid v Setgid i vi nhng tp tinh ng ch , c bit l cc tp tin Scripts. 4. Kim tra thi gian thay i trn h thng, c bit l cc chng trnh Login, Sh hoc cc Scripts khi ng ... 5. Kim tra hiu nng ca h thng: S dng cc tin ch theo di ti nguyn v cc tin trnh ang hot ng trn h thng nh Ps hoc Top ... 6. Kim tra hot ng ca cc dch v h thng cung cp: Mt trong cc mc ch tn cng l lm cho t lit h thng (hnh thc tn cng DoS). S dng cc lnh nh Ps, Pstat, cc tin ch v mng pht hin nguyn nhn trn h thng. 7. Kim tra truy nhp h thng bng cc Account thng thng, phng trng hp cc ccount ny b truy nhp tri php v thay i quyn hn m ngi s dng hp php khng kim sot c. 9. Kim tra cc file lin quan n cu hnh mng v dch v nh /etc/inetd.conf; b cc dch v khng cn thit; i vi nhng dch v khng cn thit chy di quyn Root th khng chy bng cc quyn yu hn; v d Fingerd ch chy vi quyn Nobody. 10. Kim tra cc phin bn ca Sendmail, /bin/mail, ftp, fingerd; tham gia cc nhm tin v bo mt c thng tin v l hng ca dch v s dng Cc bin php ny kt hp vi nhau to nn mt chnh sch v bo mt i vi h thng. Chi tit v phng thc v k hoch xy dng mt chnh sch bo mt s c trnh by trong phn ba - xy dng chnh sch bo mt.

7.2. Mt s phng thc tn cng mng ph bin

7.2.1. Scanner K ph hot s dng chng trnh Scanner t ng r sot v c th pht hin ra nhng im yu l hng v bo mt trn mt Server xa Scanner l mt chng trnh trn mt trm lm vic ti cc b hoc trn mt trm xa. Cc chng trnh Scanner c th r sot v pht hin cc s hiu cng (Port) s dng trong giao thc TCP/UDP ca tng vn chuyn v pht hin nhng dch v s dng trn h thng , n
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Chng 7: An ton mng ghi li nhng p ng (Response) ca h thng xa tng ng vi cc dch v m n pht hin ra. Da vo nhng thng tin ny, nhng k tn cng c th tim ra nhng im yu trn h thng. Chng trnh Scanner c th hot ng c trong mi trng TCP/IP, h iu hnh UNIX, v cc my tnh tng thch IBM, hoc dng my Macintosh. Cc chng trnh Scanner cung cp thng tin v kh nng bo mt yu km ca mt h thng mng. Nhng thng tin ny l ht sc hu ch v cn thit i vi ngi qun tr mng, nhng ht sc nguy him khi nhng k ph hoi c thng tin ny. 7.2.2. B kho (Password Cracker) Chng trinh b kho Password l chng trnh c kh nng gii m mt mt khu c m ho hoc c th v hiu ho chc nng bo v mt khu ca mt h thng. Hu ht vic m ho cc mt khu c to ra t mt phng thc m ho. Cc chng trnh m ho s dng cc thut ton m ho m ho mt khu.C th thay th ph kho trn mt h thng phn tn, n gin hn so vi vic ph kho trn mt Server cc b. Mt danh sch cc t c to ra v thc hin m ho tng t. Sau mi ln m ho, s so snh vi mt khu (Password) m ho cn ph. Nu khng trng hp, qu trnh li quay li. Phng thc b kho ny gi l Bruce-Force. Phng php ny tuy khng chun tc nhng thc hin nhanh v da vo nguyn tc khi t mt khu ngi s dng cng thng tun theo mt s qui tc thun tin khi s dng. Thng thng cc chng trnh ph kho thng kt hp mt s thng tin khc trong qu trnh d mt khu nh: thng tin trong tp tin /etc/passwd, t in v s dng cc t lp cc t lit k tun t, chuyn i cch pht m ca mt t ... Bin php khc phc l cn xy dng mt chnh sch bo v mt khu ng n. 7.2.3. Trojans Mt chng trnh Trojan chy khng hp l trn mt h thng vi vai tr nh mt chng trnh hp php. N thc hin cc chc nng khng hp php. Thng thng, Trojans c th chy c l do cc chng trnh hp php b thay i m bng nhng m bt hp php. Virus l mt loi in hnh ca cc chng trnh Trojans, v cc chng trnh virus che du cc on m trong nhng chng trnh s dng hp php. Khi chng trnh hot ng th nhng on m n s thc hin mt s chc nng m ngi s dng khng bit. Trojan c nhiu loi khc nhau. C th l chng trnh thc hin chc nng n du, c th l mt tin ch to ch mc cho file trong thc mc, hoc mt on m ph kho, hoc c th l mt chng trnh x l vn bn hoc mt tin ch mng... Trojan c th ly lan trn nhiu mi trng h iu hnh khc nhau. c bit thng ly lan qua mt s dch v ph bin nh Mail, FTP... hoc qua cc tin ch, chng trnh min ph trn mng Internet. Hu ht cc chng trnh FTP Server ang s dng l nhng phin bn c, c nguy c tim tng ly lan Trojans. nh gi mc ph hoi ca Trojans l ht sc kh khn. Trong mt s trng hp, n ch lm nh hng n cc truy nhp ca ngwi s dng. Nghim trng hn, n l nhng k tn cng l hng bo mt mng. Khi k tn cng chim c quyn Root trn h thng, n c th ph 141

Chng 7: An ton mng hu ton b hoc mt phn ca h thng. Chng s dng cc quyn Root thay i logfile, ci t cc chng trnh Trojans khc m ngi qun tr khng th pht hin c v ngi qun tr h thng ch cn cch l ci t li ton b h thng 7.2.4. Sniffer Sniffer theo ngha en l nh hi hoc ngi. L cc cng c (c th l phn cng hoc phn mm) "tm bt" cc thng tin lu chuyn trn mng "nh hi" nhng thng tin c gi tr trao i trn mng. Hot ng ca Sniffer cng ging nh cc chng trnh "tm bt" cc thng tin g t bn phm (Key Capture). Tuy nhin cc tin ch Key Capture ch thc hin trn mt trm lm vic c th, Sniffer c th bt c cc thng tin trao i gia nhiu trm lm vic vi nhau. Cc chng trnh Sniffer hoc cc thit b Sniffer c th ngi cc giao thc TCP, UDP, IPX .. tng mng. V vy n c th tm bt cc gi tin IP Datagram v Ethernet Packet. Mt khc, giao thc tng IP c nh ngha tng minh v cu trc cc trng Header r rng, nn vic gii m cc gi tin khng kh khn lm. Mc ch ca cc chng trnh Sniffer l thit lp ch dng chung (Promiscuous) trn cc Card mng Ethernet, ni cc gi tin trao i v "tm bt" cc gi tin ti y.

7.3. Bin php m bo an ninh mng

Thc t khng c bin php hu hiu no m bo an ton tuyt i cho mng. H thng bo v d c chc chn n u th cng c lc b v hiu ho bi nhng k ph hoi iu luyn. C nhiu bin php m bo an ninh mng. 7.3.1. Tng quan v bo v thng tin bng mt m (Cryptography) Mt m l qu trnh chuyn i thng tin gc sang dng m ha (Encryption). C hai cch tip cn bo v thng tin bng mt m: theo ng truyn (Link Oriented Security) v t mtn-mt (End-to-End). Trong cch th nht, thng tin c m ho bo v trn ng truyn gia 2 nt khng quan tm n ngun v ch ca thng tin . u im ca cch ny l c th b mt c lung thng tin gia ngun v ch v c th ngn chn c ton b cc vi phm nhm phn tch thng tin trn mng. Nhc im l v thng tin ch c m ho trn ng truyn nn i hi cc nt phi c bo v tt. Ngc li, trong cch th hai, thng tin c bo v trn ton ng i t ngun ti ch. Thng tin c m ho ngay khi mi c to ra v ch c gii m khi n ch. u im ca tip cn ny l ngi s dng c th dng n m khng nh hng g n ngi s dng khc. Nhc im ca phng php l ch c d liu ngi s dng c m ho, cn thng tin iu khin phi gi nguyn c th x l ti cc node. Gii thut DES m ho cc khi 64 bits ca vn bn gc thnh 64 bits vn bn mt bng mt kho. Kho gm 64 bits trong 56 bits c dng m ho v 8 bits cn li c dng kim sot li. Mt khi d liu cn m ho s phi tri qua 3 qu trnh x l: Hon v khi u, tnh ton ph thuc kho v hon v o ngc hon v khi u.

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Chng 7: An ton mng Kha K Bn r Bn m Mt m Gii m Bn r ban u

Hnh 7.1: M hnh mt m i xng

Phng php s dng kho cng khai (Public key): Cc phng php mt m ch dng mt kho cho c m ho ln gii m i hi ngi gi v ngi nhn phi bit kho v gi b mt. Tn ti chnh ca cc phng php ny l lm th no phn phi kho mt cch an ton, c bit trong mi trng nhiu ngi s dng. khc phc, ngi ta thng s dng phng php m ho 2 kho, mt kho cng khai m ho v mt m b mt gii m. Mc d hai kho ny thc hin cc thao tc ngc nhau nhng khng th suy ra kho b mt t kho cng khai v ngc li nh cc hm ton hc c bit gi l cc hm sp by mt chiu (trap door one-way functions). c im cc hm ny l phi bit c cch xy dng hm th mi c th suy ra c nghch o ca n. Gii thut RSA da trn nhn xt sau: phn tch ra tha s ca tch ca 2 s nguyn t rt ln cc k kh khn. V vy, tch ca 2 s nguyn t c th cng khai, cn 2 s nguyn t ln c th dng to kho gii m m khng s b mt an ton. Trong gii thut RSA mi trm la chn ngu nhin 2 s nguyn t ln p v q v nhn chng vi nhau c tch n=pq (p v q c gi b mt).

Kha KE Bn r Bn m Mt m

Kha KD Gii m Bn r ban u

Hnh 7.2: M hnh mt m khng i xng 7.3.2. Firewall Firewall l mt h thng dng tng cng khng ch truy xut, phng nga t nhp bn ngoi vo h thng s dng ti nguyn ca mng mt cch phi php. Tt c thng tin n v i nht thit phi i qua Firewall v chu s kim tra ca bc tng la. Ni chung Firewall c 5 chc nng ln sau: 1. Lc gi d liu i vo/ra mng li. 2. Qun l hnh vi khai thc i vo/ra mng li 3. Ngn chn mt hnh vi no . 143

Chng 7: An ton mng 4. Ghi chp ni dung tin tc v hot ng thng qua bc tng la. 5. Tin hnh o th gim st v cnh bo s tn cng i vi mng li. u im v nhc im ca bc tng la: u im ch yu ca vic s dng Firewall bo v mng ni b. Cho php ngi qun tr mng xc nh mt im khng ch ngn chn phng nga tin tc, k ph hoi, xm nhp mng ni b. Cm khng cho cc loi dch v km an ton ra vo mng, ng thi chng tr s cng kch n t cc ng khc. Tnh an ton mng c cng c trn h thng Firewall m khng phi phn b trn tt c my ch ca mng. Bo v nhng dch v yu km trong mng. Firewall d dng gim st tnh an ton mng v pht ra cnh bo. Tnh an ton tp trung. Firewall c th gim i vn khng gian a ch v che du cu trc ca mng ni b. Tng cng tnh bo mt, nhn mnh quyn s hu. Firewall c s dng qun l lu lng t mng ra ngoi, xy dng phng n chng nghn. Nhc im l hn ch dch v c ch, v nng cao tnh an ton mng, ngi qun tr hn ch hoc ng nhiu dch v c ch ca mng. Khng phng h c s tn cng ca k ph hoi trong mng ni b, khng th ngn chn s tn cng thng qua nhng con ng khc ngoi bc tng la. Firewall Internet khng th hon ton phng nga c s pht tn phn mm hoc tp nhim virus. 7.3.3. Cc loi Firewall Firewall lc gi thng l mt b nh tuyn c lc. Khi nhn mt gi d liu, n quyt nh cho php qua hoc t chi bng cch thm tra gi tin xc nh quy tc lc gi da vo cc thng tin ca Header m bo qu trnh chuyn pht IP. Firewall cng mng hai ngn l loi Firewall c hai ca ni n mng khc. V d mt ca ni ti mt mng bn ngoi khng tn nhim cn mt ca ni ti mt mng ni b c th tn nhim. c im ln nht Firewall loi ny l gi tin IP b chn li. Firewall che chn (Screening) my ch bt buc c s kt ni ti tt c my ch bn ngoi vi my ch kin c, khng cho php kt ni trc tip vi my ch ni b. Firewall che chn my ch l do b nh tuyn lc gi v my ch kin c hp thnh. H thng Firewall c cp an ton cao hn so vi h thng Firewall lc gi thng thng v n m bo an ton tng mng (lc gi) v tng ng dng (dch v i l). Firewall che chn mng con: H thng Firewall che chn mng con dng hai b nh tuyn lc gi v mt my ch kin c, cho php thit lp h thng Firewall an ton nht, v n m bo chc nng an ton tng mng v tng ng dng. 7.3.4. K thut Fire wall Lc khung (Frame Filtering): Hot ng trong tng 2 ca m hnh OSI, c th lc, kim tra c mc bit v ni dung ca khung tin (Ethernet/802.3, Token Ring 802.5, FDDI,...). Trong tng ny cc khung d liu khng tin cy s b t chi ngay trc khi vo mng Lc gi (Packet Filtering): Kiu Firewall chung nht l kiu da trn tng mng ca m hnh OSI. Lc gi cho php hay t chi gi tin m n nhn c. N kim tra ton b on d
144

Chng 7: An ton mng liu quyt nh xem on d liu c tho mn mt trong s cc quy nh ca lc Packet hay khng. Cc quy tc lc Packet da vo cc thng tin trong Packet Header. Nu quy tc lc Packet c tho mn th gi tin c chuyn qua Firewall. Nu khng s b b i. Nh vy Firewall c th ngn cn cc kt ni vo h thng, hoc kho vic truy cp vo h thng mng ni b t nhng a ch khng cho php. Mt s Firewall hot ng tng mng (tng t nh mt Router) thng cho php tc x l nhanh v ch kim tra a ch IP ngun m khng thc hin lnh trn Router, khng xc nh a ch sai hay b cm. N s dng a ch IP ngun lm ch th, nu mt gi tin mang a ch ngun l a ch gi th n s chim c quyn truy nhp vo h thng. Tuy nhin c nhiu bin php k thut c th c p dng cho vic lc gi tin nhm khc phc nhc im trn, ngoi trng a ch IP c kim tra, cn c cc thng tin khc c kim tra vi cc quy tc c to ra trn Firewall, cc thng tin ny c th l thi gian truy nhp, giao thc s dng, cng ... Firewall kiu Packet Filtering c 2 loi: a. Packet filtering Fire wall: Hot ng ti tng mng ca m hnh OSI hay tng IP trong m hnh TCP/IP. Kiu Firewall ny khng qun l c cc giao dch trn mng. b. Circuit Level Gateway: Hot ng ti tng phin (Session) ca m hnh OSI hay tng TCP trong m hnh TCP/IP. L loi Firewall x l bo mt giao dch gia h thng v ngi dng cui (VD: kim tra ID, mt khu...) loi Firewall cho php lu vt trng thi ca ngi truy nhp. 7.3.5. K thut Proxy L h thng Firewall thc hin cc kt ni thay cho cc kt ni trc tip t my khch yu cu.Proxy hot ng da trn phn mm. Khi mt kt ni t mt ngi s dng no n mng s dng Proxy th kt ni s b chn li, sau Proxy s kim tra cc trng c lin quan n yu cu kt ni. Nu vic kim tra thnh cng, c ngha l cc trng thng tin p ng c cc quy tc t ra, n s to mt cu kt ni gia hai node vi nhau. u im ca kiu Firewall loi ny l khng c chc nng chuyn tip cc gi tin IP, v c th iu khin mt cch chi tit hn cc kt ni thng qua Firewall. Cung cp nhiu cng c cho php ghi li cc qu trnh kt ni. Cc gi tin chuyn qua Firewall u c kim tra k lng vi cc quy tc trn Firewall, iu ny phi tr gi cho tc x l. Khi mt my ch nhn cc gi tin t mng ngoi ri chuyn chng vo mng trong, s to ra mt l hng cho cc k ph hoi (Hacker) xm nhp t mng ngoi vo mng trong. Nhc im ca kiu Firewall ny l hot ng da trn trnh ng dng u quyn (Proxy).

7.4. Mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Networks)

7.4.1. Khi nim mng ring o Mng my tnh ban u c trin khai vi 2 k thut chnh: ng thu ring (Leased Line) cho cc kt ni c nh v ng quay s (Dial-up) cho cc kt ni khng thng xuyn. Cc mng ny c tnh bo mt cao, nhng khi lu lng thay i v i hi tc cao nn thc y hnh thnh mt kiu mng d liu mi, mng ring o. Mng ring o c xy dng trn cc knh lgch c tnh o. Xu hng hi t ca cc mng trn nn NGN to iu kin cho s xut hin nhiu dch v mi, trong c dch v mng ring o. 145

Chng 7: An ton mng Mng ring o l mt mng my tnh, trong cc im ca khch hng c kt ni vi nhau trn mt c s h tng chia s vi cng mt chnh sch truy nhp v bo mt nh trong mng ring. C 2 dng chnh mng ring o VPN l: Remote Access VPN , Site - to - Site VPN (Intranet VPN v Extranet VPN). Remote Access VPN (Client - to - LAN VPN) cho php thc hin cc kt ni truy nhp t xa i vi ngi s dng di ng (my tnh c nhn hoc cc Personal Digital Assistant) vi mng chnh (LAN hoc WAN) qua ng quay s, ISDN, ng thu bao s DSL. Site- to - Site VPN dng kt ni cc mng ti cc v tr khc nhau thng qua kt ni VPN. C th chia loi ny ra 2 loi khc: Intranet VPN v Extranet VPN. Intranet VPN kt ni cc vn phng xa vi tr s chnh thng l cc mng LAN vi nhau. Extranet VPN l khi Intranet VPN ca mt khch hng m rng kt ni vi mt Intranet VPN khc. Bo mt l mt yu t quan trng bo m cho VPN hot ng an ton v hiu qu. Kt hp vi cc th tc xc thc ngi dng, d liu c bo mt thng qua cc kt ni ng hm (Tunnel) c to ra trc khi truyn d liu. Tunnel l kt ni o im - im (Point to Point) v lm cho mng VPN hot ng nh mt mng ring. D liu truyn trn VPN c th c m ho theo nhiu thut ton khc nhau vi cc bo mt khc nhau. Ngi qun tr mng c th la chn tu theo yu cu bo mt v tc truyn dn. Gii php VPN c thit k ph hp cho nhng t chc c xu hng tng kh nng thng tin t xa, cc hot ng phn b trn phm vi a l rng v c cc c s d liu, kho d liu, h thng thng tin dng ring vi yu cu m bo an ninh cao. Cht lng dch v QoS, cc tho thun (Service Level Agreement-SLA) vi cc ISP lin quan n tr trung bnh ca gi trn mng, hoc km theo ch nh v gii hn di ca bng thng. Bo m cho QoS l mt vic cn c thng nht v phng din qun l i vi cc ISP. Tt c cc giao thc s dng trong mng VPN, cc gi d liu IP c m ho (RSA RC-4 trong PPTP hoc m kha cng khai khc trong L2TP, IPSec) v sau ng gi (ESP), thm tiu IP mi to ng hm trn mng IP cng cng. Nh vy, khi gi tin MTU b tht lc trn mng IP cng cng th thng tin trong c m ho nn k ph hoi kh c th d tm thng tin thc s cha trong bn tin. Trong cc giao thc PPTP v L2TP, m ho gi tin c thc hin t ngi dng cho n my ch ca VPN. Vic mt mt gi tin dn n vic phi truyn li ton b gi tin, iu ny gy nn tr chung i vi VPN v nh hng n QoS ca mng VPN. 7.4.2. Kin trc ca mng ring o Hai thnh phn c bn ca Internet to nn mng ring o VPN, l: ng hm (Tunnelling) cho php lm o mt mng ring. Cc dch v bo mt a dng cho php d liu mang tnh ring t.

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Chng 7: An ton mng Client A Server

Internet Security Gateway 1 a ch ngun A B Data a ch ch 1 2 A B Data A B Data Security Gateway 2

c m ho Hnh 7.3: Cu trc mt ng hm

ng hm: l kt ni gia 2 im cui khi cn thit. Khi kt ni ny s c gii phng khi khng truyn d liu dnh bng thng cho cc kt ni khc. Kt ni ny mang tnh lgch o khng ph thuc vo cu trc vt l ca mng. N che giu cc cc thit b nh b nh tuyn, chuyn mch v trong sut i vi ngi dng. Client VPN Server

Internet Security Gateway 1 Security Gateway 2 LAN

Hnh 7.4: ng hm trong cc cu trc LAN v Client. ng hm c to ra bng cch ng gi cc gi tin (Encapsulate) truyn qua Internet. ng gi c th m ho gi gc v thm vo tiu IP mi cho gi. Ti im cui, cng

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Chng 7: An ton mng nh dng gi tin to ng hm: IP Header, AH, ESP, Tiu v d liu. ng hm c 2 loi: Thng trc (Permanent) v tm thi (Temporary hay Dynamic). Thng thng cc mng ring o VPN s dng dng ng hm ng. ng hm ng rt hiu qu cho VPN, v khi khng c nhu cu trao i thng tin th c hu b. ng hm c th kt ni 2 im cui theo kiu LAN- to - LAN ti cc cng bo mt (Security Gateway), khi ngi dng trn cc LAN c th s dng ng hm ny. Cn i vi trng hp Client- to - LAN, th Client phi khi to vic xy dng ng hm trn my ngi dng thng tin vi cng bo mt n mng LAN ch. 7.4.3. Nhng u im ca mng VPN Chi ph: Cng ngh VPN cho php tit kim ng k chi ph thu knh ring hoc cc cuc gi ng di bng chi ph cuc gi ni ht. Hn na, s dng kt ni n ISP cn cho php va s dng VPN va truy nhp Internet. Cng ngh VPN cho php s dng bng thng t hiu qu cao nht. Gim nhiu chi ph qun l, bo tr h thng. Tnh bo mt: Trong VPN s dng c ch ng hm (Tunnelling) v cc giao thc tng 2 v tng 3, xc thc ngi dng, kim sot truy nhp, bo mt d liu bng m ho, v vy VPN c tnh bo mt cao, gim thiu kh nng tn cng, tht thot d liu. Truy nhp d dng: Ngi s dng trn VPN, ngoi vic s dng cc ti nguyn trn VPN cn c s dng cc dch v khc ca Internet m khng cn quan tm n phn phc tp tng di. 7.4.4. Giao thc PPTP (Point to Point Tunnelling Protocol) PPP l giao thc tng 2-Data link, truy nhp mng WAN nh HDLC, SDLC, X.25, Frame Relay, Dial on Demand. PPP c th s dng cho nhiu giao thc lp trn nh TCP/IP, Novell/IPX, Apple Talk nh s dng NCP - Network Control Protocol. PPP s dng Link Control Protocol thit lp v iu khin cc kt ni. PPP s dng giao thc xc thc PAP hoc CHAP. PPTP da trn PPP thc thi cc chc nng sau: Thit lp v kt thc kt ni vt l. Xc thc ngi dng To gi d liu PPP.

7.4.5. Giao thc L2F (Layer Two Forwarding Protocol) Giao thc L2FP do hng Cisco pht trin, dng truyn cc khung SLIP/PPP qua Internet. L2F hot ng tng 2 (Data Link) trong m hnh OSI. Cng nh PPTP, L2F c thit k nh l mt giao thc Tunnel, s dng cc nh ngha ng gi d liu ring ca n truyn cc gi tin mc 2. Mt s khc nhau gia PPTP v L2F l to Tunnel trong giao thc L2F khng ph thuc vo IP v GRE, iu ny cho php n lm vic vi cc mi trng vt l khc nhau. Cng nh PPTP, L2F s dng chc nng ca PPP cung cp mt kt ni truy cp t xa v kt ni ny c th c i qua mt tunnel thng qua Internet ti ch. Tuy nhin L2TP nh ngha giao thc to tunnel ring ca n, da trn c cu ca L2F. C cu ny tip tc nh ngha vic truyn L2TP qua cc mng chuyn mch gi nh X25, Frame Relay v ATM. Mc d nhiu
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Chng 7: An ton mng cch thc hin L2TP tp trung vo vic s dng giao thc UDP trn mng IP, ta vn c kh nng thit lp mt h thng L2TP khng s dng IP. Mt mng s dng ATM hoc Frame Relay cng c th c trin khai cho cc tunnel L2TP. 7.4.6. Giao thc L2TP (Layer Two Tunnelling Protocol) Giao thc L2TP c s dng xc thc ngi s dng Dial-up v Tunnel cc kt ni SLIP/PPP qua Internet. V L2TP l giao thc lp 2, nn h tr cho ngi s dng cc kh nng mm do nh PPTP trong vic truyn ti cc giao thc khng phi l IP, v d nh l IPX v NETBEUI. PPP L2TP

Giao thc AH

Giao thc ESP

Gii thut M ho Qun l kho Hnh 7.5: Kin trc ca L2TP.

Gii thut Xc thc

ISP L2TP Acces Concentratcy Internet

L2TP Network Server

Delivery media Header (IP, ATM,X25)

PPP Framing media Header

L2TP Header PPP, Payload packets IP, IPX and NetBeui Datagram Hnh 7.6: Qu trnh chuyn gi tin qua Tunnel L2TP

LAN Ethernet

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Chng 7: An ton mng Bo mt trong L2TP: Vic xc thc ngi dng trong 3 giai on: Giai on 1 ti ISP, giai on 2 v giai on 3 (tu chn) ti my ch mng ring. Trong giai on 1, ISP c th s dng s in thoi ca ngi dng hoc tn ngi dng xc nh dch v L2TP v khi to kt ni ng hm n my ch ca VPN. Khi ng hm c thit lp, LAC ca ISP ch nh mt s nhn dng cuc gi (Call ID) mi nh dnh cho kt ni trong ng hm v khi to phin lm vic bng cch chuyn thng tin xc thc cho my ch VPN. My ch VPN tin hnh tip bc 2 l quyt nh chp nhn hay t chi cuc gi da vo cc thng tin xc thc t cuc gi ca ISP chuyn n. Thng tin c th mang CHAP, PAP, EAP hay bt c thng tin xc thc no. Sau khi cuc gi c chp nhn, my ch VPN c th khi ng giai on 3 ti lp PPP, bc ny tng t nh my ch xc thc mt ngi dng quay s truy nhp vo thngr my ch. Vic s dng cc giao thc xc thc n gin nhng khng bo mt cho cc lung d liu iu khin v thng bo d liu to k h cho vic chn gi d liu chim quyn iu khin ng hm, hay kt ni PPP, hoc ph v vic m phn PPP, ly cp mt khu ngi dng. M ho PPP khng c xc thc a ch, ton vn d liu, qun l kho nn bo mt ny yu khng an ton trong knh L2TP. V vy, c c xc thc nh mong mun, cn phi phn phi kho v c giao thc qun l kho. V m ho, s dng IPSec cung cp bo mt cao bo v gi mc IP, ti thiu cng phi c thc hin cho L2TP trn IP. Vic qun l kho c thc hin thng qua lin kt bo mt - Security Association( SA). SA gip 2 i tng truyn thng xc nh phng thc m ho, nhng vic chuyn giao kho li do IKE thc hin. Ni dung ny s c ni r hn trong giao thc IPSec. 7.4.7. Giao thc IPSEC IPSec bo m tnh tin cy, tnh ton vn v tnh xc thc truyn d liu qua mng IP cng cng. IPSec nh ngha 2 loi tiu cho gi IP iu khin qu trnh xc thc v m ha: mt l xc thc tiu Authentication Header (AH), hai l ng gi bo mt ti Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). Xc thc tiu AH m bo tnh ton vn cho tiu gi v d liu. Trong khi ng gi bo mt ti ESP thc hin m ha v m bo tnh ton vn cho gi d liu nhng khng bo v tiu cho gi IP nh AH. IPsec s dng giao thc Internet Key Exchange IKE tha thun lin kt bo mt SA gia hai thc th v trao i cc thng tin kha. IKE cn c s dng phn ln cc ng dng thc t em li thng tin lin lc an ton trn din rng. * Xc thc tiu AH: AH mt trong nhng giao thc bo mt IPsec m bo tnh ton vn cho tiu gi v d liu cng nh vic chng thc ngi s dng. N m bo chng pht li v chng xm nhp tri php nh mt ty chn. Trong nhng phin bn u ca IPsec ng gi bo mt ti ESP ch thc hin m ha m khng c chng thc nn AH v ESP c dng kt hp cn nhng phin bn sau ESP c thm kh nng chng thc. Tuy nhin AH vn c dng do m bo vic chng thc cho ton b tiu v d liu cng nh vic n gin hn i vi truyn ti d liu trn mng IP ch yu cu chng thc. AH c hai ch : Transport v Tunnel. Ch Tunnel AH to ra tiu IP cho mi gi cn ch Transport AH khng to ra tiu IP mi. Hai ch AH lun m bo tnh ton vn (Integrity), chng thc (Authentication) cho ton b gi. * X l m bo tnh ton vn: IPsec dng thut ton m chng thc thng bo bm HMAC (Hash Message Authentication Code) thng l HMAC-MD5 hay HMAC-SHA-1. Ni
150

Chng 7: An ton mng pht gi tr bm c a vo gi v gi cho ni nhn. Ni nhn s ti to gi tr bm bng kha chia s v kim tra s trng khp gi tr bm qua m bo tnh ton vn ca gi d liu. Tuy nhin IPsec khng bo v tnh ton vn cho tt c cc trng trong tiu ca IP. Mt s trng trong tiu IP nh TTL (Time to Live) v trng kim tra tiu IP c th thay i trong qu trnh truyn. Nu thc hin tnh gi tr bm cho tt c cc trng ca tiu IP th nhng trng nu trn s b thay i khi chuyn tip v ti ni nhn gi tr bm s b sai khc. gii quyt vn ny gi tr bm s khng tnh n nhng trng ca tiu IP c th thay i hp php trong qu trnh truyn. * ESP cng c hai ch : Transport v Tunnel. Ch Tunnel ESP to tiu IP mi cho mi gi. Ch ny c th m ha v m bo tnh ton vn ca d liu hay ch thc hin m ha ton b gi IP gc. Vic m ha ton b gi IP (gm c tiu IP v ti IP) gip che c a ch cho gi IP gc. Ch Transport ESP dng lai tiu ca gi IP gc ch m ha v m bo tnh ton vn cho ti ca gi IP gc. C hai ch chng thc m bo tnh ton vn c lu trng ESP Auth. * X l m ha: ESP dng h mt i xng m ha gi d liu, ngha l thu v pht u dng cng mt loi kha m ha v gii m d liu. ESP thng dng loi m khi AES-CBC (AES-Cipher Block Chaining), AES-CTR (AES Counter Mode) v 3DES * Trao i kha m ha IKE (Internet Key Exchange): Trong truyn thng s dng giao thc IPsec phi c s trao i kha gia hai im kt cui, do i hi phi c c ch qun l kha. C hai phng thc chuyn giao kha l chuyn kha bng tay v chuyn kha bng giao thc IKE. Mt h thng IPsec ph thuc phi h tr phng thc chuyn kha bng tay. Phng thc cha kha trao tay chng hn kha thng mi ghi trn giy. Phng thc ny ch ph hp vi s lng nh cc Site, i vi mng ln phi thc hin phng thc qun l kha t ng. Trong IPsec ngi ta dng giao thc qun l chuyn kha IKE (Internet Key Exchange). IKE c cc kh nng sau : Cung cp cc phng tin cho 2 bn s dng cc giao thc, gii thut v kha. m bo ngay t lc bt u chuyn kha. Qun l cc kha sau khi chng c chp nhn trong tin trnh tha thun. m bo cc kha c chuyn mt cch bo mt.

7.4.8. ng dng ESP v AH trong cu hnh mng * ESP trong cu hnh Gateway-to-Gateway: Trong cu hnh ny s thit lp kt ni c IPsec m ho v m bo tnh ton vn ca d liu gia hai im A v B (im kt cui A dng Gateway A trn mng A, im kt cui B dng Gateway B trn mng B).

151

Chng 7: An ton mng

Internet VPN Gateway VPN Gateway

Hinh 7.7 Cu hnh Gateway -to-Gateway

* ESP v AH trong cu hnh Host-to-Host: Trong cu hnh ny s thit lp kt ni c IPsec m ho v m bo tnh ton vn ca d liu gia hai im A v B. Tu thuc v nhu cu bo mt c th dng ESP hay AH.

Internet Host VPN Gateway

Hnh 7.8 Cu hnh Host-to-Host

7.4.9. So snh cc giao thc VPN Giao thc u im Chun giao thc rnh. Nhc im Khng qun l NSD. S dng trong mng

Phn mm tt nht cho Hot ng c lp cho cc Khng kh nng tng cc gii php c quyn tc gia cc nh cung ca nh cung cp i vi ng dng mc caohn. vic truy nhp t xa bng cp. IPSec Giu a ch mng khng s quay s. dng dch a ch mng NAT. Khng h tr giao din. p ng s pht trin cc k ( Desktop support) thut m ho .
152

Chng 7: An ton mng Khng cung cp m ho c dng ti cc my Cung cp End to End v nh d liu t nhng my ch truy nhp t xa nh ng hm proxy. hng ng hm kt ni ch truy cp t xa. Mang tnh c quyn, C th c dng gia node - to - node. Cc c im gi tr c yu cu my ch chy cc vn phng xa c thm vo ph bin cho truy Win NT kt thc my ch Win NT chy nhng ng hm. my ch truy cp t xa v cp t xa. Ch s dng m ho nh tuyn RRAS. Xc thc trn nn Windows. PPTP C th dng cho nhng RSA RC- 4. C kh nng a giao thc. my bn Win9x hay S dng m ho RSA RC-4. my trm dng Win NT. Chy trn Wind NT, 95 ,98. Dng cho truy cp t xa Cho php nh ng hm a Khng c m ho ti POP. giao thc. Xc thc NSD yu. C nhiu nh cung cp. Khng iu khin lung cho ng hm. Cha c cung cp Dng cho truy nhp t xa ti POP. Ch cn mt gi da trn trong nhiu sn phm. L2TP mng chy trn X.25 v Khng bo mt giai on cui. Frame Relay. Kt hp PPTP v L2TP. S dng IPSec ic m ho.

L2F

Cu hi v bi tp
1. Tng quan v an ninh mng 2. An ton mng l g 3. Cc c trng k thut ca an ton mng 4. Xc thc (Authentification), Tnh kh dng (Availability), Tnh bo mt (Confidentialy), Tnh ton vn (Integrity), Tnh khng ch (Accountlability) 5. Cc l hng v im yu ca mng: L hng loi C, L hng loi B, L hng loi A 6. Cc phng thc tn tn cng mng 7. Cc bin php pht hin h thng b tn cng 8. Mt s phng thc tn cng mng ph bin: Scanner, B kho (Password Cracker), Trojans, Sniffer 9. Tng quan v bo v thng tin bng mt m (Cryptography) 10. Firewall, u im v nhc im ca Fire wall 11. Cc loi Firewall 12. K thut Fire wall 153

Chng 7: An ton mng 13. K thut Proxy 14. Mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Networks): khi nim mng ring o v kin trc ca mng ring o 15. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng ring o VPN: 16. Nhng u im ca mng VPN 17. Giao thc PPTP (Point to Point Tunnelling Protocol) 18. Qu trnh kt ni ca PPTP: To kt ni PPP, to kt ni iu khin PPTP, Truyn d liu qua Tunnel PPTP 19. Bo mt trong PPTP 20. Giao thc L2F (Layer Two Forwarding Protocol) 21. Giao thc L2TP (Layer Two Tunnelling Protocol) 22. Bo mt trong L2TP 23. Giao thc IPSEC 24. ng dng ESP v AH trong cu hnh mng 25. So snh cc giao thc VPN

154

Cc t vit tt

CC T VIT TT
AAL ANSI ABM ACK ACSE ADCCP AE AFI AFP AIX ALU AM ANSI APDU API APPC APPN ARCnet ARP ARPA ARQ ASCII ASDU ASE ASM ASN.1 ATM Adaptation Layer American National Standard Institute Asynchronous Balance Mode Acknowledgement Association Control Service Element Advanced Data Communication Control Procedures Application Element Authority and Format Identifier. AppleTalk Filing Protocol. Advanced Interactive Executive Aritmetic Unit Amplitude Modulation American National Standard Institute Application Protocol Data Unit Application Program Interface Advanced Program to Program Communications Advanced Peer to Peer Networking Attached Resolution Protocol Address Resolution Protocol. Advanced Research Projects Agency Automatic Repeat Request American Standard Code For Information Interchange Application Service Data Unit Application Service Element Address Space Manager Abstract Syntax Notion One
155

Cc t vit tt ASP AS ATM ATP BBS BCC BCS BECN BER BERT B-ISDN BGP BRI CASE CATV CCITT CCRSE CD-ROM CEPT CICS CLNP CLNS CMIP CMOT CRC CSMA/CA CSMA/CD CSU/DSU CSU/DSU C/R
156

AppleShere Protocol. Autonomous System Asynchronouse Transfer Mode AppleTalk Transaction Protocol Bulletin Broad System Block Check Character Basic Combined Subnet Backward explicit Congestion Notification Basic Wncoding Rules Bit Error Ratio Test Broadband Intergrated Services Digital Network. Border Gateway Protocol Basic Rate Interface. Common Application Service Element Community Antena Television International and Telephone Consultative Committe. Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery Service Element Computer Disk Read Only Memory. Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administration Customer Information Control System. Connectionless Network Servicess Connectionless Mode Network Service Common Management Information Protocol. CMIP Over TCP/IP. Cyclic Redundancy Code. Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Dectection Channel Service Unit/Digital Service Unit Channel Services Network/Digital Services Unit. Command/ Request

Cc t vit tt DAP DAS DCE DDCMP DDCMP DDM DDM DES DFC DHCP DIA DIA DIP DIX DLC DE DLE DMA DNA DNS DNS-MX DOD DQDB DS DSP DTAM DTE DTP EA EBCDIC Data Access Protocol. Dual Attached Stations. Data Circuit Terminating Equipment Digital Data Communication Message Protocol Digital Data Communications Protocol. Distributed Data Management Distributed Data Management. Dataencryption Standard. Data Flow Control. Dynamic Host Configuable Protocol. Document Interchange Architecture. Document Interchange Architecture. Dual In Line Packege Digital Intel Xerox. Data Link Control Discard Eligibility Data Link Escape. Direct Memory Mapping. Digital Network Architecture. Domain Name System. Mail Routing and the Domain System. Derpartment Of Defense. Distributed Queue Dual Bus. Directory Services. Domain Specific Part. Document Transfer, Access and Management. Data Terminal Equipment. Distributed Transaction Processing. Extend Address Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code.
157

Cc t vit tt EGP ECMA EIA FECN FCS FDDI FDM FEA FM FR FRAD FRND FR UNI FTAM FTP GGP GOSIP HDLC HIPPI HTML HTTP IA5 IANA ICMP IDI IDP IEEE IETF IGP IMS
158

Exterior Gateway Protocol European Computer Manufacturers Association. Electronic Industries Association Forward Explicit Congestion Notification Frame Check Sequence. Fiber Distributed Data Interface. Frequency Division Multipling. Frame Relay Adaptor. Frequency Modulation. Frame Relay Frame Relay Access Device Frame Relay Network Device Frame Relay User to Network Interface File Transfer Access and Management. File Transfer Protocol. Gateway to gateway Protocol. Goverment OSI Profil. High Level Data Link Control. High Performance Parellet Interface. Hyper Text Markup Language. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. International Alphalbet Number 5. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Internet Control Message Protocol. Initial Domain Identifier. Initial Domain Part. Institute of Electrical and Electric Engineers. Internet Engineering Task Force Interior Gateway Protocol. Information Management System.

Cc t vit tt INTERNIC IP IPL IPX ISA ISDN ISO ISP ITU JTM LAN LAP-B LAP-D LED LLAP LLC LPDU LSAP LSDU LSL LU MAC MAN MAP MAU MCA MHS MIB MLID MMS Internet Netwowrk Information Center. Internet Protocol. Initial Program Load. Internetwork Packet Exchange. Industry Standard Architecture . Intergrated Services Digital Network International Standard Organization. Internet Service Provider International Telecommunications Union. Job Transfer and Management. Local Area Network. Link Access Procedure Balanced Link Access Procedure Dchannel. Ligh Emiting Diode. LocalTalk Link Access Protocol. Logical Link Control. Link Protocol Data Unit. Link SAP. Link Service Data Unit. Link Support Layer. Logical Unit. Media Access Control. Metropolitan Area network. Manufacturing Automation Protocol. Multistation Access Unit. Micro Channel Architecture. Message Handling System. Management Information Base. Multiple Link Interface Driver. Manufacturing Messaging Service.
159

Cc t vit tt MODEM MUX NAK NAU NAU NBS NCP NDS NFS NFS NIC NLM NLSP NMS NNI NPDU NREN NRM NRZ NS NSAP NSDU NSP NAT NFS NIS NVTS OC ODI ODIF
160

Mudulation Demodulation. Multiplexer. Negative Acknowledgment. Network Addressable Unit. Network Address Unit. National Bureau of Standard. Netware Core Protocol. Network Operating System. Network File System. Network File System. Network Interface Card. Netware Loadable Modules. Network Link Services Protocol. Network Management System. Network to Network Interface Network Protocol Data unit. National Research and Education Network. Normal Response Mode Non Return to Zero. Network Services. Network SAP. Network Service Data Unit. Network Services Protocol. Network Address Translation Network File System Network Information System Network Virtual Terminal Service. Optical Carrier. Open Data Link Interface. Office Document Interchane Format.

Cc t vit tt OPA OS OSF OSI OSPF PA PAD PAP PBX PDN PDU PE POP POSIX PPDU PPP PPTP PPSDN PRI PSAP PSDN PSDU PSTN PTT PU PVC QOS RARP RAID RARP Office Document Architecture. Operating System. Open Software Foundation. Open Systems Interconnection.. Open Shortest Path First. Point of P Attachement. Packet Assembler Disassembler. Printer Access Protocol. Pripheral Component Interconnection. Public Data Network. Protocol Data Unit. Presentation Entity. Post Office Protocol. Portable Operating System Interface Exchange. Presentation Protocol Data Unit. Point to Point Protocol. Point to Point Tunneling Protocol Public Packet Switched Data Network. Primary Rate Interface. Presentation Service Access Point. Packet Switched Data Network.. Presentation Service Data Unit. Public Switched Telphone network. Post, Telphone and Communications. Physical Unit. Permanent Virtual Circuit. Quality Of Service Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
161

Cc t vit tt RAS RDA RFC RFNM RIP RISC RNR ROSE RPC RR RTMP RTSE SAP SAP SAPI SAS SCSI SDH SDLC SE SI SLIP SMDS SMTP SNA SNADS SNAP SNMP SONET SPDU
162

Remote Access Services. Remote Database Access. Request For Command. Ready For Next Message. Routing Information Protocol. Reduced Instruction Set Computer. Receive Not Ready. Remote Operation Service Element. Remote Procedure Call. Receive Ready. Routing Table Maintenance Protocol. Reliable Transfer Service Element. Service Access Point. Service Advertising Protocol. SAP Identifier. Single Attached Stations. Small Computer Systems Interface. Synchronouse Digital Hierarchy. Synchronouse Data Link Control. Session Entity. Subnet Identifier. Serial Line Internet Protocol. Switched Multimegabit Digital Service. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. System Network Architecture. SNA Distribute Service. Subnetwork Address Protocol. Simple Network Management Protocol. Synchronouse Optical Network. Session PDU.

Cc t vit tt SPX SQL SSAP SSL SSCP SSDU STP SVC TCP TDM TE TELNET TFTP TPDU TSAP TSDU UART UDP UNI UTP VC VCI VLAN VPI VPN VTAM WAN WWW XNS Sequenced Packet Exchange. Structured Query Language. Session SAP. Secure Sockets Layer System Services Control Point. Session Service Data Unit. Shield Twisted Pair. Switch Virtual Circuit Transmission Control Protocol. Time Division Multiplexing. Transport Entity. Telnet Protocol. Trivial File Transfer protocol. Transport PDU. Transport SAP. Transport SDU. Universal Asynchronouse Receiver Transmitter. User Datafram Protocol. User to Network Interface. Unshield Twisted Pair. Virtual Circuit. Virtual Circuit Identifier. Virtaul Local Area Network. Virtual Path Identifier. Virtual Private Network. Virtual Telecommunication Access Method. Wide Area network. World Wide Web. Xerox Network Service.

163

Ti lc Mcliu tham kho

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] [2] [3] Malone, D., IPv6 - A Service Provider View in Advancing MPLS Networks, Internet Protocol Journal, Vol. 8, Nr. 2, June 2005 Hinden, R., Advanced Networking Lab (ANML) Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Resources, Pervasive Labs at Indiana University Jason Halpern, Sean Convery, Roland Saville, Safe VPN IPSec Virtual Private Network in depth , White paper of Cisco Systems , 2004.

[4] Guide to IPsec VPNs - Sheila Frankel, Karen Kent, Ryan Lewkowski,Angela D. Orebaugh, Ronald W. Ritchey, Steven R. Sharma - 01/2005. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] A Comprehensive Guide to Virtual Private Networks, Volume III: Cross-Platform Key and Policy Management, 2003. Johan Zuidweg, Next Generation Intelligent Networks, Artech House Telecommunication Library, Bolton London, 2002. F.D.Ohrtman Jr, Softswitch architecture for VoIP, McGraw-Hill, 2003. K.H.Lee, K.O.Lee, K.C.Park, Architecture to be deployed on strategies of Next Generation Networks, IEEE Communication magazine, 2003. Introduction to MPLS & Its IP VPN, Juniper Networks 2000

[10] MPLS VPN Fundamentals, Juniper Networks 2000 [11] Michael A.Gallo & William M.Hancock: Computer Communications and Networking Technologies, Thomson Learning, 2002. [12] Malone, D., Misbehaving Name Servers and What They're Missing, Internet Protocol Journal, Vol. 8, Nr. 1, March 2005 13] Carpenter, B. E.; Moore, K.; Fink, B., Connecting IPv6 Routing Domains Over the IPv4 Internet, Internet Protocol Journal, Vol. 3, Nr. 1, March 2000

[14] Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Fourth Edition, 2003. [15] Man Young Rhee, Wilay, Internet Security - Cryptographic Principles, Algorithms and Protocols, 2003. [16] William Stallings, Data & Computer Communications, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Sixth Edition, 2000. [17] William Stallings, Network Security Essentials, 2000

164

Mc lc

MC LC
M U .................................................................................................................................................................3 CHNG 1: KHI NIM V MNG MY TNH..........................................................................................5 1.1. nh ngha mng my tnh ..........................................................................................................................5 1.2. Mc tiu mng my tnh..............................................................................................................................6 1.2.1. Mc tiu kt ni mng my tnh ...............................................................................................................6 1.2.2. Li ch kt ni mng.................................................................................................................................6 1.3. Cc dch v mng ........................................................................................................................................6 1.3.1. Cc xu hng pht trin dch v mng my tnh......................................................................................6 1.3.2 Cc dch v ph bin trn mng my tnh ................................................................................................6 1.4 Cu trc mng (Topology) ..........................................................................................................................7 1.4.1 Kiu im - im (Point to Point) ............................................................................................................7 1.4.2. Kiu a im hay qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcasting) .............................................................8 1.5. Khi nim giao thc mng my tnh (Protocols) .........................................................................................8 1.5.1. Khi nim v giao thc.............................................................................................................................8 1.5.2. Chc nng giao thc.................................................................................................................................9 1.6. Cp mng - phng tin truyn (Network Medium) ..................................................................................9 1.6.1. c trng c bn ca ng truyn .......................................................................................................10 1.6.2. Cc loi cp mng .................................................................................................................................10 1.6.3. Cc phng tin v tuyn......................................................................................................................11 1.7. Phn loi mng ..........................................................................................................................................12 1.7.1. Theo khong cch...................................................................................................................................12 1.7.2. Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks) .........................................................................15 1.7.3. Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks) ............................................................................16 1.8. Cc m hnh x l d liu .........................................................................................................................17 1.8.1. M hnh Client-Server............................................................................................................................17 1.8.2. M hnh ngang hng (Peer-to-Peer) .......................................................................................................18 Cu hi trc nghim: ........................................................................................................................................19 Cu hi .............................................................................................................................................................21 CHNG 2: KIN TRC MNG V M HNH KT NI CC H THNG M OSI ........................23 2.1. Cc t chc tiu chun ha mng my tnh ...............................................................................................23 2.1.1. C s xut hin kin trc a tng ...........................................................................................................23 2.1.2. Cc t chc tiu chun ...........................................................................................................................23 2.2. M hnh kin trc a tng..........................................................................................................................24 2.2.1. Cc quy tc phn tng............................................................................................................................24 2.2.2. Lu chuyn thng tin trong kin trc a tng.........................................................................................25 2.2.3. Nguyn tc truyn thng ng tng........................................................................................................26 2.2.4. Giao din tng, quan h cc tng k nhau v dch v ............................................................................26 2.2.5 Dch v v cht lng dch v................................................................................................................27 2.2.6. Cc hm dch v nguyn thu (Primitive)..............................................................................................29 2.2.7. Quan h gia dch v v giao thc .........................................................................................................30 2.3 M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection) ....................................................31 2.3.1 Nguyn tc nh ngha cc tng h thng m.........................................................................................31 2.3.2. Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI ...........................................................................................................32 2.3.3 Truyn d liu trong m hnh OSI .........................................................................................................32 2.3.4. Vai tr v chc nng ch yu cc tng ...................................................................................................33 2.4. Mt s kin trc khc ...............................................................................................................................35 2.4.1. Systems Nework Architecture (SNA) ....................................................................................................35 2.4.2. Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) ..............................................35

165

Mc lc
2.4.3. AppleTalk...............................................................................................................................................36 2.4.4. Digital Network Architectur (DNA)......................................................................................................36 2.4.5. H IEEE 802 (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer)..............................................................36 2.4.6. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) ...................................................................36 Cu hi trc nghim..........................................................................................................................................37 Cu hi v bi tp .............................................................................................................................................41 CHNG 3: MNG INTERNET V GIAO THC TCP/IPV4....................................................................42 3.1. M hnh TCP/IP ........................................................................................................................................42 3.1.1. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP ......................................................................................................................42 3.1.2. Vai tr v chc nng cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP ...........................................................................43 3.1.3. Qu trnh ng gi d liu Encapsulation ..............................................................................................44 3.1.4. Qu trnh phn mnh d liu Fragment ..................................................................................................45 3.2. Mt s giao thc c bn ca b giao thc TCP/IP ....................................................................................45 3.2.1. Giao thc gi tin ngi s dng UDP (User Datagram Protocol)..........................................................45 3.2.2. Giao thc iu khin truyn TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).......................................................45 3.2.3. Giao thc mng IP (Internet Protocol) ...................................................................................................49 3.2.4. Giao thc thng bo iu khin mng ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)................................51 3.2.5. Giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)...........................................................52 3.2.6 Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) ...............................53 3.3 Giao thc IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version Number 6).............................................................................54 3.3.1 Nguyn nhn ra i ca IPv6 .................................................................................................................54 3.3.2 Cc c trng ca IPv6...........................................................................................................................55 3.3.3 So snh IPv4 v IPv6..............................................................................................................................56 3.4 Cc lp a ch IPv6 .................................................................................................................................57 3.4.1 Phng php biu din a ch IPv6.......................................................................................................57 3.4.2 Phn loi a ch IPv6.............................................................................................................................57 3.4.3 So snh a ch IPv4 v a ch IPv6 ......................................................................................................57 Cu hi v bi tp .............................................................................................................................................58 CHNG 4: K THUT MNG CC B .....................................................................................................59 4.1 Cc phng thc truy nhp ng truyn .................................................................................................59 4.1.1 Phng thc a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection).....................................................................59 4.1.2 Token Bus...............................................................................................................................................60 4.1.3 Token ring ..............................................................................................................................................61 4.1.4 So snh CSMA/CD vi cc phng php dng th bi..........................................................................62 4.2 Ethernet v chun IEEE 802 .....................................................................................................................62 4.2.1 Gii thiu chung v Ethernet..................................................................................................................62 4.2.2 Chc nng cc tng trong IEEE 802.......................................................................................................63 4.2.3 Cu trc khung Ethernet:........................................................................................................................64 4.2.4 H IEEE 802 ..........................................................................................................................................65 4.2.5 Ethernet 100 Mbps. ................................................................................................................................67 4.2.6 Gigabit Ethernet. ....................................................................................................................................67 4.2.7 Gigabit Ethernet qua cp si quang........................................................................................................68 4.3 Mng cc b Token Ring .........................................................................................................................68 4.3.1 Hot ng ca Token Ring.....................................................................................................................69 4.3.2 Chun Token Ring..................................................................................................................................69 4.4. Giao din s liu phn b s dng quang FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) .................................70 4.4.1 Gii thiu FDDI .....................................................................................................................................70 4.4.2. So snh nhng gia FDDI v IEEE 802.5..............................................................................................71 4.4.3 Cc kiu kt ni u cui FDDI .............................................................................................................71 4.4.4 Kh nng chu li ca FDDI...................................................................................................................72 4.5 Mng LAN ATM....................................................................................................................................72 4.5.1 c trng ca ATM LAN ......................................................................................................................73 4.5.2 Cc loi ATM LAN................................................................................................................................73 4.5.3 K thut chuyn mch ATM LAN ........................................................................................................74

166

Mc lc
Cu hi trc nghim..........................................................................................................................................74 Cu hi v bi tp .............................................................................................................................................75 CHNG 5: K THUT MNG DIN RNG WAN...................................................................................77 5.1 Khi nim v lin mng (Internetworking)................................................................................................77 5.2. Mng tch hp a dch v s ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)................................................78 5.2.1 ISDN l g...............................................................................................................................................78 5.2.2 Cc phn t c bn ca mng ISDN.......................................................................................................79 5.2.3 Cc loi knh trong mng ISDN.............................................................................................................79 5.2.4 Giao din ISDN ......................................................................................................................................79 5.2.5 Chc nng cc tng trong kin trc ISDN..............................................................................................80 5.3 Mng bng rng B_ISDN ( Broadband ISDN) .........................................................................................82 5.3.1 Tng quan v s ra i ca B-isdn .........................................................................................................82 5.3.2 c im ca dch v B-ISDN ...............................................................................................................82 5.3.3 Cu trc chc nng ca B_ISDN...........................................................................................................83 5.3.4 So snh gia ISDN v B_ISDN..............................................................................................................83 5.4 Mng chuyn mch gi X25......................................................................................................................83 5.4.1 Khi qut k thut mng X25.................................................................................................................83 5.4.2 Giao thc X.25 .......................................................................................................................................84 5.4.3 Hot ng ca giao thc X25 .................................................................................................................85 5.5 Mng chuyn mach khung Frame Relay ..................................................................................................85 5.5.1 Gii thiu chung .....................................................................................................................................85 5.5.2 Cu hnh tng qut mng Frame Relay ..................................................................................................86 5.5.3 So snh Frame Relay vi X25 ................................................................................................................86 5.5.4 Frame Relay v m hnh OSI .................................................................................................................87 5.5.5 iu khin qun l lu lng .................................................................................................................88 5.5.6 Cc dch v Frame Relay .......................................................................................................................89 5.6 SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service ).........................................................................................89 5.6.1 Gii thiu chung. ....................................................................................................................................89 5.6.2 SMDS l g .............................................................................................................................................90 5.6.3 Tng quan v SMDS ..............................................................................................................................90 5.6.4 Tng quan v k thut SMDS ................................................................................................................90 5.6.5 SMDS so vi cc cng ngh ATM v Frame Relay...............................................................................91 5.7 Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode).......................................92 5.7.1 Gii thiu chung .....................................................................................................................................92 5.7.2 Kin trc phn tng ATM.......................................................................................................................93 5.7.3 Lin kt o (Virtual Connections) ..........................................................................................................96 5.7.4 So snh ATM vi cc dch v v k thut khc ..................................................................................97 Cu hi trc nghim: ........................................................................................................................................98 Cu hi v bi tp ...........................................................................................................................................101 CHNG 6: MNG TC CAO V NG DNG CC CNG NGH MI .....................................103 6.1 ng dy thu bao s DSL (Digital Subscribers Line) .........................................................................103 6.1.1 M u .................................................................................................................................................103 6.1.2 Tng quan v h cng ngh DSL .........................................................................................................103 6.1.3 Cc vn c bn cng ngh DSL trn mng cp ng .....................................................................105 6.1.4 Cc phng php m ha ng truyn...............................................................................................106 6.1.5 Pht hin li v sa li .........................................................................................................................106 6.1.6 Nhiu v chng xuyn nhiu ................................................................................................................106 6.1.7 Cc m hnh kt ni ADSL ..................................................................................................................108 6.1.8 Cc ng dng ca ADSL......................................................................................................................110 6.2 Truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi VoPN (Voice over Packet Network) ...................................111 6.2.1 Khi nim .............................................................................................................................................111 6.2.2 M hnh truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi................................................................................111 6.2.3 u im ca truyn thoi qua mng chuyn mch gi.........................................................................111 6.2.4 Cc vn v cht lng dch v QoS.................................................................................................112 6.2.5 Voice over Frame Relay - VoFR..........................................................................................................113

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Mc lc
6.2.6 Voice over ATM - VoATM................................................................................................................113 6.2.7 Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP ...................................................................................................113 6.3. Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching).........................118 6.3.1 M u ................................................................................................................................................118 6.3.2 Kin trc v nguyn tc hot ng MPLS...........................................................................................118 6.4. Cng ngh chuyn mch mm (Softswitch) ..........................................................................................121 6.4.1 M u ................................................................................................................................................121 6.4.2 Cu trc v nguyn tc chuyn mch mm .........................................................................................122 6.4.3 Giao din ng dng API trong chuyn mch mm..............................................................................123 6.4.4 K hoch nh s trong chuyn mch mm ........................................................................................124 6.4.5 nh gi cng ngh chuyn mch mm .............................................................................................125 6.5. Mng hi t v mng th h sau NGN (Network Convergence and Next Generation Network) ...........126 6.5.1 M u ................................................................................................................................................126 6.5.2 Tng quan v mng th h sau sau - NGN (Next Generation Network) .............................................126 6.5.3 S bng n v nhu cu da dng ca cc loi hnh dch v ..................................................................127 6.5.4 M hnh phn lp v chc nng cc lp NGN ....................................................................................127 6.5.5 Cu trc v cc thnh phn h thng NGN ........................................................................................128 6.5.6 Cc cng ngh nn tng trong NGN...................................................................................................128 6.5.7 M hnh NGN v cc gii php thit k ca mt s hng ...................................................................130 6.5.8 Mt s dch v NGN ...........................................................................................................................131 6.5.9 NGN trong mng vin thng Vit nam................................................................................................132 Cu hi trc nghim: ......................................................................................................................................133 Cu hi v bi tp ...........................................................................................................................................135 CHNG 7: AN TON MNG ......................................................................................................................137 7.1 Tng quan v an ninh mng ....................................................................................................................137 7.1.1 An ton mng l g ...............................................................................................................................137 7.1.2 Cc c trng k thut ca an ton mng.............................................................................................138 7.1.3 Cc l hng v im yu ca mng ......................................................................................................139 7.1.4 Cc bin php pht hin h thng b tn cng ......................................................................................140 7.2 Mt s phng thc tn cng mng ph bin .........................................................................................140 7.2.1 Scanner.................................................................................................................................................140 7.2.2 B kho (Password Cracker) ................................................................................................................141 7.2.3 Trojans..................................................................................................................................................141 7.2.4 Sniffer...................................................................................................................................................142 7.3 Bin php m bo an ninh mng............................................................................................................142 7.3.1 Tng quan v bo v thng tin bng mt m (Cryptography) ..............................................................142 7.3.2 Firewall.................................................................................................................................................143 7.3.3 Cc loi Firewall .................................................................................................................................144 7.3.4 K thut Fire wall...............................................................................................................................144 7.3.5 K thut Proxy....................................................................................................................................145 7.4. Mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Networks) .....................................................................................145 7.4.1. Khi nim mng ring o .....................................................................................................................145 7.4.2 Kin trc ca mng ring o.................................................................................................................146 7.4.3 Nhng u im ca mng VPN............................................................................................................148 7.4.4 Giao thc PPTP (Point to Point Tunnelling Protocol).........................................................................148 7.4.5 Giao thc L2F (Layer Two Forwarding Protocol) ...............................................................................148 7.4.6 Giao thc L2TP (Layer Two Tunnelling Protocol) ..............................................................................149 7.4.7 Giao thc IPSEC ..................................................................................................................................150 7.4.8 ng dng ESP v AH trong cu hnh mng.......................................................................................151 7.4.9 So snh cc giao thc VPN .................................................................................................................152 Cu hi v bi tp ...........................................................................................................................................153 CC T VIT TT .......................................................................................................................................... 155 TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................................................164
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168

MNG MY TNH
M s: 492MMT450
Chu trch nhim bn tho TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1 (Ti liu ny c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s: 352/Q-TTT1 ngy 12/05/2006 ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)

In ti : Cng ty c phn In Bu in S lng : 2000 cun, kh 19 x 26 cm Ngy hon thnh : 01/06/2006.