EARtHI.

IN
I:L SlU!DIES

..
.lO

.
{Ji,tB'",R
.... ; I ~

M.UI'l,lb~
... ~:t'.

~~~
• ii-I

"JlIJq [j'UJ'QJL:lS_
.

.~

~l~rJ'

li'·'
tOlmT.
'
...

h1: S.
r•
l'iII

SL--,
"
.

.iI~,[J'
'

'fiam ~.~again. ~ni1l!irrl.amW _.;I:lil~

.
.,.. _i~

- - ~.-~~.., !
CHEt.VANAY,A~~AIM
,)~.,..iIb
.... '"'iiiiI
........ bs.. __

... IMl1;iMOJR.'~L LEC'I'URES, ltI,h'lII ,~~

.--:- ..... -'~F!IL.+IL:=-w.

.- '."~ -.
.
"

~ .. ~

-",:~.~"'-"":I/iI:-""'_

1B8:D

Tha,ntbtlw Chelva Memo:l'jal Ttusit .),lrifna" Sra ILanka ~m'w. ..,.mw~'j1J'"'lt,:li1@lIY'. !U.fflW.;tI:lJ1J;:,_dI

~""w~_tf

"

IES" * filIw;
*'
/. MA..

,(I

//

IN TAMlt&TUDfES
The CIl1(';lvallU1;yak:~~m Mielnoda.i~ohlres ',conmle.r,mor~te tJilC> life aud .worK QJ the great i'~m.H~eOldC!ror ~Uf tbnt, th~ latll: Mr. S. J" v. C~dw.tlS!yab.m .Q.C. !M:..P~, whoh:elped to:re·~ere~ the se tfre :'d:e.rl~ of ~:hr:Til m'its of SIi bnk::rl d u,dmt,[lhe c;dtkaltnrce dcc:ad es Uy t foll()wlng the gmnt of inU!.epelluellce 'Eo ~he ~\Qu!ltry i(1948) and ~~d U~.e'n]k~ the gnres of liber.t~. H~s appeal to the .Iu.:arls .md IHinds of his p~op.le wasthe ,mon~' s'nce he embodied in .h!s.:QWIiI person <:L lllQm~ ~j'3.:n.denr byhisuflllngging: d~·~lc~tion u, Tmth und Ahiu~s~,.
1

U6l'tJrIJIfm',
mt

PAT:HER XAVWR

H.L,I:t1. (A~_mliJr~l)j, .PIII.D. (Loilli1)

s. :FWm~l\YAGAM~

n.D .• (R.m~U!h

The.i,am F;;l!b,Iil[Xavier S. 1'.haui Nay~-gl:t.m 'who delivered the 11980]e~tt~~ b:~t April I fiQurmonths b~ro r.i ll~ [ms1>ed ~wa:y 0·11 ihe 1 fit of 8i:::ptc.m.ber-, WiElSl oae '1i1li.ogave a fl.l!!tbe,[ dlrne;ns[onLo th~ Tamil iibC'1:a..t:]g.n moveooe,nl He h WFI.:$ who [c]"[llllde'clMs peop'l~ ofthe;lr gr~n:~'cllltm'aJ he;ritag c}~;l1d ther n ob ~e.ethloa.l id~a ls ]}e;011eati nr .iJ, So to SP'l¥ij; he "tmiJt VJi.·th~.n their ,t,;u~~tura.\1(h:mtity 3iL'I,([ . ~)n'rtica.]. pl:t1"sPMHry,. ,And .more, nli~d~p'1Yl1e.a(] scholar ~tmde ~h~ ,conJ;fuleThds .cnryJ:wgaloiltl'ie oT th.c 'Tam1'1' .." 6.! ';~: Tamil .Re:se.1:i:ph Ihdting thoW,orbl'!!roJ"i\lmll:s,l l'<li:mUschc]s,r ~'w~o l!.'eI'cu,b~e '[0 l'l;1cifl:t sucmlssivElly in i(U'aJil. LUIlhur . nlliJ Jaffn~~d \vtn pay IheirhOl:n~ge ·l~l: . ~hOl'Uy at a ~'>e5&iQ irr Ma,d ri {~I"s~. '
Prnspec~, (le[i... red in IEng~;S!,l OIl n~¢ e
luhJllr~tlnd rL1rM~i'~ng 8ioi!' Sll:V'UltS . into behU'lI' ~b:;;te\!;l,n Y~1l S'.'3!gO,t;h,e (

. o\f

dJ

l!llblI31u;d

by

1e,octur-e on· Research i~ T:ImliJ.S.t,ud:ie~-R,i,H,roS:fl~et and $econd day j,.AptH itS', lHi~ htcn·pri:ntcd nn,~: SiR~,e.fi1ii~'b(Och:uie J$ inh:mdcid paxlUy to vc.u;h rr~~ !ar:c"lia.'I]~litll~i(n1;~ in 'tr.h.i~ J'bld 1he wo~ld i,)\'eI... 1):L,e l~ctu[e ~lnl i T!ilm i! Jlu.fL'Lu:c: 'and' Its '"CJa:arFl:cteristics~. ~d iv~red in 'f,!I;]1fJU ,o;_n~1!lC piicvic.r9£ ~.a:y fo~liIJ\lI:s.,1t w~.~ Ute op,[lIPn 'o~ t~~e :~al:gesisscmMy, iJ~eludi(lj!, ·~wr;d ~ho~anl W!~? ]ls.tene~ [0 t~ese two lectures :In pi.Il,drop S:i!e'nce~ ~h.Qtitll(m;~ was hard]y any ether, h.em~ at' elsewhere,who could ha:VtI'l spo kell w]th gre<l:ter ",.ulhQrity 'on dils the rne andpcrha_P's, t.Jrd!y' mly' 'one Jikelyto do 'So Ijor J'C\1l.u.
[l~ldpa,trk)~ic~ schOlar',

The

mAlflDAI

(lmLVA MEM:ORI.\'L TRUST, J.I!r.f!~A., Stu L:I'I..Nio:;A

Prififeli iiI:

Wen

majl"ye~<!I·Y

~HI:I to ·g~nC>r:1I.t:iO'n:s tp

ol:Jntained in these two 'lectures, is;):" b~lcon

th,at thelasl (:lome.

J•

gff:a.tultera.noe

of tM:s saintly

S'l':~' JD.SE~Fl·S '~Ax!'a.€IfiT,Cpitmss,. JA,FB:WA

CIMllJ'J'UtW

.Tbanthai

X. r!lESJA_I·.j• Cl.ell,tl M e.111(Jrial

DU$.1

/fJPJm/fJ ~u G'lu(!!jw $I&rr~L@GIl/fJIT$ UfTIJIT@!JWW/D std», ffimlj;~GIl a~.

G'la=rillGllIT

,tfI&rrlilJ#

G'la=1T ;DG'lUIT!P1Ii1J$roYr GIlITfj)$m$mUlfl/W,

rDTW~$ITGlJj;

/fJt.EliPj;/fJ&!GIlrf]w ~mwPJ~roYrmlDM. ~riil$j;/fJGIl(!!jWIT$ <iifiI. G'la=rillGllfDITUl$W 194B-w 9Lrf]mw$&r

umflmUlfl/W
$IUlITUl~IJPJ/fJ(!!jW (miJfij)Ul /fJt.Elfj)rf]w

@IJlTmfl
<iifilmriil8il,

@m/DGIlIDMIJ!-

8'1,115 GlJr5J$IT<iifiI!iJllroYrm
~mr@

G'I/fJITL8;$W e!jJW!J)I ffi 8' ITU /fJ riil $@!J8;(!!j $I&!$I!J)Ij; /fJ 9L ffi r;nfil ~ L W /fJ t.EI fj) tt $ &r # 8i- /fJ PJ Ul fij)[J j;fij)w GIlITu5l!iJll8;@j @L@# G'la=W /DGIlrt. @GIlrf]w a$ITrf]8;
~$$roYr W8;$<Dtf)W @/fJUlj;m/fJfl/W, rDTmrliimriil$&rrfl/W R'rtuuw ~8ilwm~ 9L(!!jGll WIT $

01JIT$ ~mwPJfij)(!!jPJ/fJIDM. ~GIlrt /fJWmWaUl 9LmrmW, ~j,8il useu ;h)!5!;D@j # a=&rr 8; $IT ~ ~rt u u mfl j; ffjI ~GIl ;D)!5!w
<iifilmriil8il~rt. @m/DGIlIDMIJ!~1J!-$roYr WIT /fJw ..;Jj&! 19 BO-w $I$iPj;fij)~rt. @Ul8;$j;fij);h@j G'lu(!!jw /fJ t.EI iP rDTlUfij)Ul /fJGIlj;fij)(!!j fDITW@j aW!iJllW $fij) a<F·@fillurt WIT /fJri;}a;mlTrill ereia,

/fJmlfDITUl$W

~mr@8o

G'la=1T ;hG'lulT!P1mGll8;

$LPJ/fJ
G'la=ulTwurt @GIlrt

ro;ruIJrill l-w <iifiI@ W8;$

§j) $ fij) ~ GIlIJffjI @!J)Ifij)UlITj;fij)m[J

$I$Ifl;jJ /fJ ffjI .

LJj;G'I/fJIT<Dtf)

/fJ t.EI fj)rt /fJt.EI!Jl

~<Dtf)j;~j;

<Dtf)w ufj)w
,JP/GIl;h)!5!rill @GiJru/fJW (LIW, (!!jw G'I$ITIJ!aW!iJllw

UmrUITL@U
W8; $<Dtf)mL a Ul

UITIJWUrf]Ulr5J$&rr

$I&rrrilf!f)lj;fij)

G'la=)!5!PJfij)(!!jPJ/fJ

~IJ8'1Ulrill aWGlJIT$j; 9LUlrtPJ~

G'lfD)!5!$&rr $I&rrIilJ/D# G'la=tll/fJfTrr-. umr UIT L@j; /fJ6"6fIj; tplGll j;m /fJ6"6fIfl/liimrtmGllfl/w $LIJ!GIlmrtj;/fJITrt • @/fJ;D
r~

/fJt.Elfj))!5!@j[JITW U/D8;$8; ~)!5!@jrt$&rr /fJITW ufij)~.f!)l

@GIlrt

/fJt.EliPG'lwlT!P1-umrUITL@8; a/fJIT!f)Iw R'@u@j;fij)~rt. UGIl6"6flGllPJ~ @/fJ

UGlJ

$mrLniJ$roYr fjuumflu5lrill

IDMlJ!-uumLu5lrill @jrt$&rr

GIl(!!jLniJ$@!J8;@j

(!}JUl ;h8'1u5l~ rill 9L GlJ$j; /fJ t.EI fj)1T [J ITtll # 8'1

re;(!!jriil8il&mj;~

(!}Jw @GIlrf]w W$IT fD IT@ .@..GlJ8ilw au IJ)!5!

@WW$fTfDfT@

~riil(!!jIJIT;huliimwlTu5l;D!J)I.

$ roYr a $IT GlJTGlJ /,;j,rf]!iJll W , IW

UITIiim j;fij)!iJllw fDmLG'lu;D/DIDM. uS/rill fDmLG'lu/DlilJ6irm

G'Ia=W &rru5l!iJll W ,
rDT rtGll(!!jw fij)

U ITrf] IOf6) !iJll W ,

~IDMGIlrf]u5lrill W$lTfDlT@

Ul tt iPu w~mIT ~/fJ&rr

$I!J)I<iifiI l GIl(!!j 8; @ U

~® a=r£/

9LGlJ$j; /fJt.Elfj)lTlJlTtll808'1 G'Ia=!iJll j; /fJ IiIJ 6ir ea ffjI.

:R!ESEARCH IN TA'MIL ST(JDIE:S~ RETROSPECT ,AND PRO,SPE,CT

hein t'il,es'eda)tr,. are tm:ying thcJr tribnre to the !O~m.6.r.Yof a man who I\'~dand worked, for (be T,amil"spe'lki[l,g people of 'Sri Lsnka, Tllia,
~Olllr(l on. Research in

1 cous]der

it

t\

g:ltca,t. pdv.iLe:geto

asse (;iia:~eJ:I(1'ysetf

wwtb tbost\'

,,)tincon,gn,l,ous with hi s ntemory because he advoca~ed the TamU University Movement andempMsised that 'f1\mli~ Studies should b~l:\in pri,(lrit'.), i,j.'I,t'i:l.e fl1t~~e University for tbe T,am]1·spi:l~,kimg p~opte. als.o Imppy that M:r. K. N esHlh, the doyen of ed"llilcationists:. who in sp,ite ofhissevc.nt:!( eig,ht years isio. the fo!l'e("Mit of the m~VC'lJent fdr 'I~)llH r.igl,tts,1 'hit~kh~gil]~, ellait ,3ii this. kelure. As coli1e~gu~s in the Ullliv~rslty of Ge:y]on 'live. have; had cecarOll to ooIlrnbo;:oat'e h~ lttov;eme'fits 'ad'll'.t.nclI:i,g the cause of the Tamil11C~1.1l'lfig peophl and we ~Ol'iJ'h,lue 'to i],Q so aJso in O!U' retire.ment. u I
alii], Sl'j Li!Lfl'ta~

T.,am:il 8wili(!~-Rel"o3p~ct fmc! Prospectm

('!j"
(I 1,,_ ,

a:,f;!jm!Jil[J~r

~C:iil!~1II:r
)2i.@;liIDjiZi .Q~IGlJiT
~'f!JI!li/i;lT:fiJ~
r

.'" ,~~!fw~~rI
I 11,1
,!}~LJff

@Q.;tJ,

11{.1. lD,B!!;I

Mr, M. Sivasithampl!!.'L'.nrni M.P: hi to prO}')os~tbe voic oj[ ffuLnb_ A~, a tbno. hon.o:o;red and distingUis.hed. pe,rJ:iI!.'111ill:ta.tfan~ I hnviI.'lfollowed II~fsprono!:rn.c:e.ri.teltt.s (I'll avad~ty of' 'subjectli with ,inte:rest and. enrbusi\ HfIl, O'lI).dl am g,raJ-e,{ul to 1ll~~ for ..asl>odatirig himself wUl, iectu;re. I~ c;moo.t he,ip m.~l1ti~rol~g ,that his deep SOnOr011S 'vi)~ice ha'SahvEllys. I Uracte.d, we. I am grnhlfu1 Mt~.'V. Yogcs,w~r'aIi M.P. 'fot' JalTna, and 111,~osc wJlQ biJped 1um to 'pr1'lvlde 'such magnificent ligh:ti.:~ arJ:'.al:lge~ Immt~.' -iiiaq._b are due to' Mrs. Amirthal~nga:m .for her .beautifttl fcndc:dng, of the T:imiJ .uIthe-ms,, and to Mrs: Kathira:vetp:illai for pIlo~1kJi:ng Jt]f: ,yUh the roJ;:a:ns to C'arry' an. speaking witho!lIE dlficulty .•

tru~

to

My

P-:4.]?TI
RE'1;ROSPE.Cr
I mbe ilisWry o[ 'l~lNmil R~s~n,'ilch

,'IIUTld.i.ng U~e tln}~.rersi:ty' Madras. Our two thousand yea,;: 0](£ of Ilh1.rature c:'mddJ:lo:t hEII"'~been so flouri1>ll~ng and va ric<diwit]lQut ~.Jil'IIerete and m:inutereseanih" Our l1ir.st bonk ~t.,.nt" the T(jl'ka,ppi)tam npposes a c{)diiication 'i'.nd s~t:erna,tizgtion done' .aft-e( a Jnhtnrtol ~l,lidy oftlie,~;';~['IgUl',gcnd .1, 'St udy of thcgram.tnars a and liter-d.ry works

It woud be l¥t'o.!'lp to im~,gille~tmt T.... ltlil_Re'senrcb: 'C0.lll1J1CIlCeS with the cOlnil)g to India and Sri Li\nk~ of the Eu.ropeans or with Ute

of

eJi.lstlng <iJit the tUtlC. Tile poet:ry of Ule OnlkiUll -p:.riod minute :-lti.ulyof hliUtl;l psycho iogy and of Na ture, Tl1~ L"iI!IUJ'.na .. n fi/lr;,ar..!. $UppOlle.~a elose study of :previous litei"a.~ tradition and an tlvc examination of the culture, the Hlhf;lloniHld the people t.hrecld~lgdoms. The J",ll'likk_w',al ha s been Compited, afte~: tlre -eulous study (if the ethics of the Carik.aulj;i.er;od. The CCm:1.rnCiil Wiu) appear ill the luediaev."l. pC;1"iod had to study,. and explain ,Whi()h had been composed oentm'!CS hef9 re thern and So me· work~ did not beto:lJigto U1I3i[own r~1~'GkllL\s h:-lid.itio1l5. A ·~onilJneJ.rt~10.. Adiyarklilna. 1!a-r..e"pla.h1.~. the ~:l'l.isic"the. ,aance, tll~ trade, the rot.' rites embodi'ed .in an Cp.l.cw'luch was the syrtt!ums of the er! peri.od 1;)1:[removed flam hh:. OWl~ pedod. AIiY study of the menttioncd works win sbowt he t Uw.r.e: \~a.i:!. FI livi ug. and '., .' . tradit:iml- of Tamil teaching and research which iseven ev.i:c1c·otin : .tlditio11 S -0 f SWamil1atlm AyeI':' 1'liu~, llQd(;)r;!1'period of Tamil Re~ciatch Co"ll~meIlces with 'the l the EU:1;'c,pCa:Il!i! sPec:ifically or Hu ropean m:i~si()ltI~ri.e:;.!)'.JlL! the ~~y .md a:fb;r,. One of tilO eti.1'1iest to l-e:(l?i'l;~ the .'.

ill' BIlSChl, of CIl]chweU of G. U. Pope wotdd know wbatardeu.t scJwlai"p~ I Ihl.:Y werebecause of tbe .aCtnlctioJU.s t:hat the in.triusic; meelts of ''[ami I illi!d for them.

Un: pfI·!)simul.te dllVotiQ~l' (If these. scho,ku:s , .

tal the· 19th cen.tur,y thl!l epoeh making boo-If of Robej('~ Cald.we:l.l (lI'ammar frllli"rt Drat'ld/tffl [.an-gti.ll.g_e:!l(1856~ . cau5?d. a I:! rcatrevo lution in Ule wo:rld of J nOo.!logy which urul:.I. t~c:1) ltad. belte.~~d I'h~btSanskritwas sol~ly m:nd ex"C1Hs]ve1i sllf:'llcle.llt e-!,i;[d~oo InC! tan j:lwlight and culture, TiaJ~ transla.ti:mls. and a.rlicl~so~ G. U .P·o pe who \!i'anl'~das his ·ep~tJ!.pb.tthc: words, "1\ bumble .srudant of T-d.~il" S~()WS
..I Omilulral'ire

"f

to Tamil

Rnsca:rcLt"

of

q~ities.

:t'nlUquclmr: in .~ e'.iIldy l~tb century, Hi;:! co~npanig'l1 J;,. .' tile: first to 'state that. m lus considered 0pl,Ilton Tanl11 w... S !~u lbl!lbl.'i.lgM at German U l11V'Ctsities. The 'frru.lque:b~.r J'",.• ",~ ....'~ "J·'U'L·. w~th. Zicgenha!g at the head collected lIt]JJ,\~rOll!S manuscripts, . transla.tions t'lJld, grammars in order W ,make Europeluls familiar A new in:tpelus to Tamil Research wasgi.ven by tbe-. fouudat[a·,ri ii:u,'iwiMio:m of Uti; Ta:mils. The next famous na'me' tbat comes to uf the University of Mad zas, Scho~fl.rs lik.l1l Gilbert Slater,. SL'lsb:a: ~Siof.cOlIl~iie;thaI of F.at~er JQsepih C.()':!,!.$tall1tht~ Des,c;bi wil,o' in, . t\. ~yangar P. T, Sl'u,niv<l:sfl. iyangarl Siv.all!ijrl Pi lJiid C" Y. Lb&rn.otber~lIm~ A ~i.1iitu;'y became a. lit.er~fY plielio.n~enoIi for all the worlU t~ piJI.li, V.K.m'l.ga!>abai;pUlni wereable Ito make c(},IltdbuUons t~ .eh':II:'~a.Apart from bill m(ira'fY works in Tami:! "_'i'hich,cOJl1mal\d the, .•",·~.i,'·.i1'o; liun of DravIdian Lust'OtY .1\ nd o,ulltu:re. Thus "we 'come to tile p~:rIO;d. of 'native Tamil ·sc,];J.ol;us t'ilem;~l'Vl:s, 'hi's granmma,r:s, :'.' .' . I~ the UJl1i~i'SltieS' .pf 'M~ra'!l~ .(i~r.A;nna:nlj.'L.1all ~f C:eY]QU ,\nd nnruUY' I" thelatiu translation or U\6 'first two p'.\m. of the Tlrukftuj'al" ara' . ~lf(I ur own 1Illvversi~ty(l,r Jal)iIa.. 'of the mostpaitlstakitll,g research :Into altemiy existing works, <!lS; as research in ·the ,field, The missiofll.l.r:les at this Um(1!diseuss AFter this lntroducl:.ion, 1 propoS9 to consider some or the Il(iJI.~ ,cspcci:al1yin, the [".tin medimfl, and give 'li'lbn.poliance to the 11!!1dt:r w:W.ch T'runil JiQ~earcb.~.,a!i; de ..elop~.d.'-dLldntJ:~le'lalilt two c~t'!lrlij~ Joquial dia.lcd whic.liuntil then h~d. not re.:ce~ved)ooeqlJl.n.te i',~ ;~.i'l.1[lIQI.1 nr so, .r intend neruill,g only with the more i.lnp(rlL~nt works, Thosg; g One might not: concede that translations belong to the ci~t:e,gory Imerest'flU in a cOJnplete ;j.oootmt .Inay refer to Tmnli Studi(!J;' A.oj'()(Jd, research, but tl1,(,'l ttanslatioas ·w·ere the: means by \'l,'hich Tamil . ,I S.r/ll1m~iu'UI' ~lJalto A R-r:jerent'e -Guide to T{,miilS[uciies; Bv'tlk.'t " -eame to he pre:;e!:'l~(!to those who ¢l~d not know the~m.l:gLl·s.-gt'if ~mth o~ which contaln lnfermaticn up to the yeOl.f I'%6. ·F.Ot t,ne 1as¥1 often very useful st.ud,ic'Si elte made of l'am:i1 t.fu.i;i1l1.gbt fi'om the w ,j'~C~dC1 however, there is no c9mprelle'~si\'e""od,{. ]I R.m indebted f()~ tions' that were atllai1:able-. SOJ;netuneS' 3ittempIsarc made to Iinrunmltioll on tlli~ l"eccntp~riod. to the .A.·cting [j'brarian M.l:.' R... S. the ,\,\",Tocof tbecontr.ibuUon:s. made by missioneries by ;sl!yi;ng 'I'Immhiah and his as~sf.au't of ~ile Ulliversi·ty. o:f Jflt-l'im,botil of Wh01TJ. thei:r sb;u.Jjcos were litlll.de ill' order to propag<lJe eh dstii~Jl!;.ty::md· nilred 110 elfOirts: to proyide: ;J!J.le witb .~Uinfor;Lna tiC! II th<l,t the. Uil,iV'e~1 y "ilr(),UlJI"h a love of 'fan'liL But, a.nyon.e f~lInilinr with the 'l,o;ade.Hllc • 'b . ld . I'y ~" ~ ., 1.lf~~l'yOli, S;IlPP:· C Qatrr®tblJ~ .'l_Pli lJ1E1
V!"3:,!>,
I'
j

lorn.eas Zie~e[l1illilg" tile Oer.n:ia:n. Lutheran Miss.klnary who 1i.ved

of Thm.il 'hter~tLlre: and

e'l""elll

or lncal

['Chg~oUli

cults W:f);~

Tho ugh the mi S~tohh.ri~s were lI.nI01ilg· .the pl(me~ms of L1lil"li 1 R..Qs~:.:oh Ilu,Wwere follm'led 'v~ry seen by lay ~chQ]arsfrorothe West '!;wbo,"\Ylsb~d II:c dclv·e deeperillJo aspects of Indo'[oml'~ The Btitis~~ Civil Servanrs I),lid the. Frencl1 s.. ,a,ot)l wbo we:.·e empJoyed: ~n the. Tanld coul1try fOnImd " il!; CIadlweH did thll,t Tarn.i] cqill1d be in~peDd!~!lt of S~llslcrit and rise to III:lru height!> bf :itsl QW11l,. Among tlle 13rItish ~Ci\l'il Se!rVl)I.nts .the Il~~ Francis Wl1Yt~,ml is. 's1alnils [ofC!mo:st not on]y becallse 0:1' t.1le s'hi.d:iU:j ho made buta·]~o. beeau ~ of ~he coll~ctions .of l~~a.nusodp~il.h~ n:uU'l.e. II is s~tid tn.~t-flfler .his.p.r;em:a.hu;,e ye&t) .I~~scop.~ wf!> a1;il~·.t~,U!~ .. fti,~ IIUeclio.l1il, .nlilnu~c.dpt:s for ,a li,1Ilg p~dod to~ep of a)fJ~meIll,S kl~.cl.len l'IIrc5 ~

eu

.,f

_j.

Many of t.hetq!.n.s'!::!ftioDS made I:l~f eJirdn!C:u.t ~;CI.wJ:l!f;Sp.m.vc,d', , . Siil:toh't:r~. c;>ne In!l$t. me;n:tioll ure lfue ~tiinel:Y de~tb. ,9'f th? wa.y lor studies ;.on, the e't~ios. t~e religious i'.nd the philosophy oif III '.U.l;; ... ""· ~ho]af, .... S. Rudin, )vho WMs.na,tched ruw!:\y in. tl1.0 prune of Tamils, The 'rm,rkklwaf; the Nal(Jd~y{1r, hymns of the Sahaite r'i"'''fw.~II''and whowou~dhave ,cQ:l:l.mbuted cpo,rmou51.y to TanlH'Ling;UIstic&. mars, an.d AJ~yars. ar.td 'the S&iv~~ Siddlur.ntu works 'cwaoe'(J;i5 a . . '. to tho' W'~st Among these scholars, the names of U. U. Pope '. l..c)(icogmpllyalld COmplltll.tifC: D;r.lniimali, V._"Y. s, ,Airel: ~ho tmnslat~d into E;Il;gUshl of l(ail G:rl:u'Li, . •.. . .and Ar..!liQ' Lehmann who tl"a.rula~d into Oe-.nIT'I,.'\n.of Yusi .GI.'3.oY I NmnerCH]S di:ct.io~Blties "Ive'l'epllblished dudng the 'E~r.Qr~all !pc!L~iod tr;ansl€ited jilin ,Russian, deseI'V'l;l es.pccil!.l :mennoll Tlte Psalms , Sef\l.ed .larg~lythe study Qf the .&angUi.i.g_e.In;}" fore.jg1il~rs. But some a 5ail"a Suilrl hy Dr, baaoc Tham.byah wIt,b i~s br,i1l.~"I:l'lt.UU)L~~[J.ui.t!Q them WC[~ O'utst~ndiEg wor~ wk!.ell. fUl'thered ~i:ng\dsUc rl}~e,r,u:c!l created great interest for sevcrnJ yetu:,s. Tlresc schoJars made , C()~par.~tive Dravidlan stlldlC'S. The ~olltribution from ,[Iandi-. the, :uew aUltildethat emerg.ed ,{!.mon,g JndO:l()tr,ists ·tm..atds is worthy of greilt r,ecQ,grution. ,t ilIIousset and .L. Dupuis th()~;tght. . "", l~tlh'l~IJS,jlOO' . ,.a~nong other '\NoiR'!!,11 flrCllch , Tantil d1cti,onat'y wWclt is a opu ~ Rod ,wbicil.was usad tn ·t.he compilation of the: Tamil "",,"I,'-UIU ·of the Ma.dras UniverSity. TIle Dj'ctionary of Mirou Winslow Ane~ent,T:am,i] p'oetry h.2s 'not been tr.~uslllh~dt(l th~ .. . . , b~, "consid)ei'~d so'' jn:upOir.ta:ot ,'~~illt ~(Or. Janert of tne Uniye.r-sity ~e~me'll. i. v;, Cli!.eJ]iah's P;~:tt~~ 'paU'!( with its introdllooOn an.d '. Col ague J1a.S: nat! It tepduted. It is .i.l.lthe prefaCQ .t,o thts dictionm'~ was ~ unique., con.trIbutlon ~t tHe tinie it ,\'Ira.5 -PlJbljSh~d. Since'· Imt Miron Witti10w made the foUowihJg o'bseI'Vatioll: ~a;md ~\ul1e1bd~s Czec,h version ofl's.cl6C1lons 1:ro'Oll.~1lI1 1?O'eky . A.: K., R ..n:w.niya:m~s. '1 he lnierio~' r,o,l'ldst'ftipe 2l"fl Isnlared but r "It is not Iler:haps, extra v2gallt. to sa)l' tba.t ill Us poetic fon!l the: ]a.¥da~'e .a.~pts.:., Books. and stndles ODram~ nter~'1l . is more polished :and ~:liact than 'the :Greok, and ~n both diaJeots' CO~t.t1JD a fair ':a1ll1mbe-f of 'tmnsl.!:ttions. ,'Fho CUtJppatlkafaru,Ul"C 'l't~h its OQI'Io\W;(L, tl'e£llSUre:; rmore copious '.tbarJ the ,La;tin.. lIn JLSJUJ]J= ept,c pm' .. xcellence bas been trJJ'iS]ated into English;, French, e 'IC~$ and po:;.ver, it'11lO're reseml;>lcs Ellglisl1 ,a)j;lI German tll~'1il any other and RllSSJ<"n ,and has received the attention. of U:m:1>co. Sir "I"IIHuu~n I!mgml,l;l,e·· ,. . b~J~m ArU:l'JJ'1.dh~... . am's works also d~r.~ Ispeciru 1111ention.. The, Index 10 PUl"tlJlamll'U by V',. I. Su:b~'anu\ilJimm and tm::, 11ldii .L'i~I~lliSli.ics, Ilr ''1'ord!>in ca.nkam 1itemtll,rl"publ", shed. by the Fmnch Jnstl.~nt;0 of II'fmdy bave opened ne\v a.ve.,nues df're~e~rcb lntq 'l'a.:m.U s.e:m:J!:.nt]c..9. ' mOllig '1'a~U dicti'(lnari,Cls, the-most op£s.ta:;nding are' of C~U[SC the(Ta.mil • , R:e~e~ro~into Ta~nlt 1i:l.l~lIlistics would itself need ~ 1ie:paral~ ~lh,e.Vmt,c;.c1 States mild Russia, I believCl, :stand :lks:t iIll,tbbl i1eld; , n xkon of ~h.e !,vIad:ra'~ Unlveff.i'ty~ the. dlo,tionary o:nbe J'vI~(l~1.ra~ Tanlli] I~~Mlkam and th,(l' popnla;r' l'ra:nq m::bar U1:.e1.iona,ry- od'gim\tiflS l()re~gn ,countr~es", :'i"bUe ,in luWf'. itself ille Amumtruai Unive['~ty I,"holzius. The Sqruralja r{m~i)f Father Bescfu~. '1m~· b~ll\l"ece!ld.!r ret~e K~~a UJU\:erstt:)'_have a long period of pmductive work" Pl"{\fe.~;si, V_" I. Subremanl~.m. of the Ke1<,il(1; Hili vef1;Ity ·ha~. ~g~,'fi~sedhis ,.'. o Ili~n,ted and '~>;Y~ ~.~pm:p'Qls~ ,.of .its own, ment _~~d fc;mndird_ the A~oc:iP..ti(l.fi ofDm.vi.dh\)]! Ling;wstics2.Jld a. Illthill field of Comparative Dmvidiao, the lllOIV,emeJ.1't orig;iila.tcQl om~ua.f J?u:r~ W.Weh takes pride of place in Dn~vidi'm Indla, .a~l't:l$ ~Jl all. ~.spects (If Tp~:n.U and DraVldlla:nLlll,gllistic~" ."".....~""',.~ h~ the UlllVel:f;.ity of Kerala and earlier by the effm:rs of P:mf. Tw:dl'l.;,"l'!l ' ,.,,' I'I!ITOWof QrJd'ord'lud Prof., Murr.ay B .. Bmenean DrBerkel~;,r, C~lIjfortila scholru'S are ~e:IJtout to vanous provinces of lmlia and ~fhf(}.ad hll,V~led to a g'l'ea.t llum:ber ofpubLis!:Ji;>(i studies wInoh ~reveal the ,e1Uwl J~,ge, cbo!'OIil' (lIf V js.:iting Professdi"SS:rld 'R~~,tXlh fellows are ,I, \whie); Dr".;L.'V,idjj'~11.1jiee1c:h: waS l;)rciV'ltent over ~vct:'.~.l p~rts Qf I_mnil:','· s by .th~ ASS(l«;,iaDon. The f'.ciivi ties of the Depmhll{lnt aM. ~r !OCI~bo;J;1 are "'. tribute to. t!,Ie scho~r~rsbip .tmrl 'Ol·gitltisin,(t- -l,p~,i'cn:Yi'j'(I Since [I:II.\. wOi\'k of Robe[t Odd'weU, A Cr1ml)arali~li! Gmmm(;wlJ( ~JiOfeSS(H~ . I. Sldlrl'.nl~,.n~aJTh. No ~.~Q·~I1t of lingnis:tir. ,'" V , D'J'f.iririf(m L'I}1gi;dg(!;~wa$ p~bJi":hed in 1856; there hasbeen ~ be 'Cio'~pJetc'vittlOutth~ mcntiOli. of. P!C(lfessn:l' Kamll Zvelebil ululionary change ill the study of'Indian pWilb1ogy.. Caldwell's .stud:ies works inall :fields of Lillgllli:stics., butwhose work in histori¢".1 .. ~,u ~'.-t. ... ii l'urther ~J.npli;fi,ed, by the French schoh~f ~ Ju1~s Btooh(U!SO~ 1953,)
1
P, •

(liaJcctology adds a Di:!\V' ,di:rne!llSioll, to these fields so pupi!!!ar with

Iram

I}:'

jl'~~,

Ie-,

1915]. ·ProTt:'s.so['Eri:u::.[Ie.l11 has puMistied 00. tbe ]<l:11guS,;ge of the .Qf the' Ni[grj s lbcesides several other studies pertaiojn.g: 10 the fleld CO'lll,P'arn.Uvc; Dravidian. Prof. Thomas Bllr.tow revi.vedLhe : ·of the r.e]~t~]on,oeLwecn D':iuvidiu,ll.atld the UI\al·, Mlaic languages a:Jso estatlhsbcd llke so,mc:.otber Sansk.itisl;s, that il number of in Snnskrit were or nr'.'lIi'!/]dian origiu. Dr. Karl Me~s~ , Co'ullllbia .lJnl Vt.~.sity hasbeen wriHng f(l·ryeats re~ [ding the . , .:• between Dravidian and Ule Ura.l-AI~ic -and Turldsk L~gUl'Lile--.s. tfiis connection sC:hok1it"S havtl also diseussed tho erlg]na'i 110;1(:~of .' D:l";lvidj;3m. Some bvekaced ]t to Crete and others to Asia and .01 few c'Oil]Q.eC~d Dravidian ci,yiUza.ti()Il wittl 1b,e-ptc-Doria;n ....,-.:'!~"-, , ti~n of Greece and the ~~.iterr~tiC'"an. Tile "\\'orks of .1"1:. S., prakasar deserve &rreii.t~ aU~ntion by the ,e-ilUre world of SC'IUI"I; a;t~lrui~ Fr. H. S. DavM'~,publications contvlin JJm~ch urernl.m,,\teri~;I 'FOor ]oiIPc-aII~8trch.

whQ e~telle~. :his .i~'lfestiga.Uons.to the' min'or ·Dti~vidia:h hi,'~21l,]ai1'ils . wi!tten Utemtures and even th B-rah!li in 'Baluchistan. '. an~d Eln~tlca'"u. published thelr .D'I'Oti'iditm: Bij1mological . .'.....

~i<l no

periods ill hi'S, Tj,(fSm(le {~rMil!'i:igan9'9?3~, ".!it.e author bas two H~SWfY .q.f 1""",~1il I,iler,alnr~ {l973 , l'~'b)W~J~;~l. :l"~';_n books )llt".antwServe worldr.eaders. who yet.h~v·e "-'lot d.l~4 if ;! magnilicclI~ -pol·ticr! g:fihe· h.~'rit'age the, wo~l~. J1 w~,~ " bowe.V'Cr, tOi Gco,rge L. Hurt fit in il;i~The T:'Q~msQf Ancit.tllf, TUI'mfr . , .' milieu aud ihcir S,rm.skril C(Junt~jJwn~ (I~75), to, Ci~~'~.Y.the ~,l()ry : . , flntilter and "Ito show for the 'firsttilne UIC poss,ttile I!'IHl!c~!lce of, I: .. pnetry O'Jil Sa,uskdt poetry, (i~Qyg"'C fiJ.l.!t h~~, ~~:p:res.ood'\lIh"J: L. I1lYof us na.ve SC'llsc-dfor a ~OH£ ume, and ~rle:i\~ ul§beated also by
IIOi:.lSWOl'k.s.uld.

r:'d'

of

sebclars like G. U. 'p!l)pe nl:ld KIl.HUI ZveJchll':

".4Jmost 2000. years <1 o;, t'l.eretQ~)k place f1l11extl·.a.U:Ldi~a'ry 'il!?wi:~g of Literature inTa rn ilna d the soutllern roost part of ~ndin .Strungc\y· literature wr~icl1includes what 1. Odie'V,e ~s among the ftn.est ,!?oetr;y \vritlen has been neglected ]n the West and even in llldi.i", where 11r
>

(PrC!f~Qe)

Ut.ern'hllrc

III T;tn;illtsel.l' several works [m.ve appe,u:cd wbich are ~fi11!'l'a.]t!:;c\blQ' , to the $cltoiar. T:he Introdnctlens and [10res iln 'U, V. Swgnmm~ ". . . edltiens, the w:l:IUngs ·of PruJditl:t&!.nlafl~ Rktllh1.e-Sa~ .'Chu:l:lia'r•.

. '.' N~'!faJaT, ofVa:IyapurlpiU:a:i,

are some of tbo~e .whlGb li,elle[Ve

',rpdd Qfsehtihuts.

Jj~ratu~. A colllpleto list 0 f dissertruti.ons ap proved for the deS1;FCor. Doc.tpmte in Llniversities is n.ot a¥,J.i)ab!.e~ The mverstne o(·l.arnU Nill.~~. ~rnla, ~d iauka and ·~'hiysia. have.·' ;'. SQl~e'If tl.~~dlSi~rtaboms] 'but a g;J:>e.oi.t many remain unknown evento
l

T~:s field of :m~ea:i·cl1. is,:,as.t and would n:quirc a. S6'PRr!lte J~~i~UII"lnil;l1tU]Il, A number of U History of TumU Lirteratnre" h~we also npaUl to It!ie1f"perhap~sev,eral lectures, T)'(e Vl'£rIons universities . in English ~ncl Tamil by diffelent Tami~ ~pe-~Jrhl,~Ol.:uthor~. spon.sot 'Iamil Research have enceuraged tnelr cll.ndid:a:te'S rOl' .' !~liIHistQ1fY; E-psgraphy, Md!<l!cology gr~,dua;te degrees to, investigate various periudaand ''!folks OIf

. Let. me now c0'111i~m If:liyselfto ::iIO.Lue:of the ou~.sthfld.hl'l;l' work-Ii ]lav:e been printed ih,!:t!:fIlg the. last deeade or .h!{o and ',;hicl1 " ..
h~"I'!!'e. ~,e~icbed the public becaus'e J~~t ohmllung. them,
Of'Ult: d;~cillti'es;

experienced

l'IciUsltory of tbe T.tmUli becomes ver)' :intell.igibl.e,,,ben it j~ ~~ir.d with the c:ivili;z;a.tioIi (lfthe Ind .•l~, VaUey. " TM Pl'lnc~p.tJ . s of tha:t ciYii~:t:<.;.tiotlinow Jl:6'11\Pakistan and we: are 1iot a::W'a.t,e:to, . exmnl tiro se remains c.o[J/tiJlIle to be: pre~encd. Beci1i.lse of lids cuU:uro1 },o[orH-mcr Whe;l,~r .pl~bljs~e(! .~ "!boOk vl'ith.'~C f.fH:·eti~us Ii: ' Five thousand yeaTs pf P~kjS\;~!i.Di" How~ver, th.e Indus'~. Vane.~ lture seems to have been ,c1i:.tant~aU,over Illdi:\:'I ~l.rid Ceyion. We bave' L! several sehelars de-o.Il,o;ith this mioifestution of Dravidiart co\tu~e II~Id.,miati()ll. In recent Uro£'S. Sir: Mortimer Wbec:tet'! F~th~ Iii.ems. Parpcla, and. 1. fvlliile.de..... h.~v,ewritten Oil aspects of Hris 'gl';ea':t an

wm

K".Kail'.'S<~l).~thy in. his Tamil R.'eroi« .p·otlf'~'0968) f9~lo~¥ecl. . .' After the Indus Valteyl the; "~Il!iiqulty of Dravidian cldture su~estions by SCholars like G. U. POP~2.i:ul studied thJ~ jJ{.(r.a m" . illustrated b~ the ~xcu'¥'atioll~ at Adleheynallur 'in the Til1l11e:]\'..:Li poems asrc.J1e~tlng, the TllmiI U{'f'OfCnie like, the Hmnel~ic :[l!JeJ:"'n"s::.·nll\"'.!''II111L-1''.:~~ of' Tamil N!ldll.
\V.as 2, new line uhje-~IO'Pmeut whiel cquat!!;d] Tamil po~try wHh Euro. poo.n 'classic~J 'p.Ofit.r,~., ThEf ~]'idefg:trli1abl"'. :'[-.-.',,;n. i.!, .Z_I."~,].~~,,, ..

the ijr,odd of TanliU $C[~o.!;aI~ must. be ever gl:"o;;reful, c{)ive.red fl: wide 'of Tam il Iih::r:albU'f: from the ~ncicl'rt tafhe modem in l~i~stuiH(l:'

~.

'='

..

~"'4'..

... h"LJ:Ii

.~.

l!l

I~~ory 'various per:iQds of Tami I N",d.1!l:. It tS a. m:~llt~r iI pr.lcie tor ,of C that a Sri Lankan l'a.mj] , y. Katm.,gasa:bailJilla.i 100 tbese atllen'lp~s~
Th~ Tamll.f Eight(;'lJf! .1:fimd.,.·(}dYc;ar:s Ago
WII.5 an

A ,grea~OiIumhel:

of books have uppeareo

d
01.\

1 r' ~ d .I t'M~ po IbCl:1 .•~l~: .SOCJEl.!

¢y~open¢r

even

, l'

oj:.awn fWg:I, it "lioillu:stnte Tamil tiade:., <?u t~~~ fii~bjerit 0\ Ta~,n t, :Sir Mo,rtimer, Wh~le,r's R01l1'~ beyomt [i1!J,.!.,lul ft(Jl,~t,ers conta .a: lucid e](posjtion of what all unpQ,wnt centre the Turnll. country ~

toWe~tem ~lchola;rsJ .and pc,1~50nslike. E. H. WaJtlllins~u. have ]a~:

me

f~r inrermitlonal trade, I cannotprni:oo enough the wOI"ks of " Tam'U scholars who 'VIrerepione(lt'S ill the writing of erut'Iy Tamil l~ts. _., T. Srini .fJ,Si1I. Ajyel1g:u:- and K. N., Sjv'R.r~japma t ,. I\4o~e' I'e;;:cu' T.. N. Subr:amlnia.m,'s 'S(mg If"m PoJity (r 969)1~8JS come <l~ a weill' tip" .1ll.(l1l00d 'source 'Qf2.lldent· cmnliual hist"bry. n:k(,i Prot Vi~1b tY<'!I'l.UD:t.nll'

P:

1':amU(" SllipU (1;9.54)

K. A. Nj]~b1]ta Sastri is umlQ'ubtcd.ly the grea t Tamil Iii tor of this century., Not, all his ·wOrks are of equal merit His Colo$ a .lasting mO[lumelltio hiswork with Orjgi:ll[l~matflTi.a..'ls and his c~pac: to present his Dlll;t?~iaJin au '''It,t~nctiv!l)andi"e~ahle :s~!Ie, \~~he~: depends onseconda:ry Sources O'r'l!llch and Dutch wnlutg) hn. ,'lrltJ. .shows dHfldeJlCC and ineeaetlrude, He :had a blind spct and! tfi'tt '; , his tnordhta t-e bias [0 fa vo~r of Sa.l1skdt ~.nd Ary.~\U in~yence in. ~ou I~di:an ~:u]t"lt~ .~ llteretare, The~re is hnrdl¥. any, j ~r~tin(Jlltiot1
'0 ••

~ta~ts
.,_,

rik.e

U1Q fo.IJO',i'ltwg;
-.

-r •

cc:ptioiu;, and, Ill!s.tltutinns of Sanskriitic' and Nm'fhern

Hmgic

. eN-one can l~iS!>, the slgoiftChti.ce of t'.lG r:!l.d thar j,!'a:rJyTamil Ii.tP.:Iat iI~e'e~rI"iesl:to whiCh·we: Fiave access; is ndl.~ ch,:1.ii'ged with wo rds, 00
(J,rigin"'..

, "All these Umr--.lblres (Drn.:vidiun) owed a great d,ep;i to S~11s:krit, .' ,"'al\dwho@e touch alQne :r,ai;S'(ld..C:acll (If th.e DI:l'.vidia.n lauglU1S! fr"O'm·tlte ~ell!l'l of n patois to, thaot o:f a ure.mr:yldi.("m". Of;s1ll1i1ar fa, !is'.his state.ment tbiilit the Tij'tifdml'uJ draws heavily f~o.the Kuru," $u

to s;ubst,i:lltiat'e uic; thesis, th1l:t Indian htfluances ·in S(),utllEa st A..sia\ '. nie-lllly Tamil. Dr. John M~~n''of n~e University of 1:0' do 11, and TVLr. . Singaruvdu S of the Unh;1~l's:it)' of Mah~)rn~'J~ been working. Oil Ta.m:ll contacts with tile countries of SOLl:lh East A":S; Oi:. field in which the Associetion o!l' D.ravid,iaii U!'lgllL~ti6S (K'ci'Jl!Ja) also vitaliy int.e~tcdl ~P.'rofe:1i50r S. Arasarntn.aro .of, th~ 'Un[Ye.~sity I, Ne\v ~h;lJ1 ~r.is (II, histerian whase Wq,rks, on Q:y ~on~ South lLildJaf a;m 1)imiJs ov~n;~s c.OflUUUCS to os~~te furtl)c'!" researcb, S. PtI,ijl!l' Jj~~t1!iim'll T~te ,K~'il:g{lm.~;1 ~jf·"Ufl1a_.(1978)isj! valuable trcatis fOol' our time

. Ni.i~:k.mt.i ·Sll;stf"iIm:si]so wr:lJtten of Soutb Tndia.t1 CllU,l.lra.~i: ~Oueuse....i;n the F~,r Eds'I.(1)~ ) ~.n.'1iruy dra:'~D fn:uJ!i' f;l'eJml1:;~n(] ,][llllI' authO!(s. BuL Ute "W d~r whese exn:Lllli~.uQn of Tamll crllJ.ltlilrili:l11lue.n ~ ill SouthEast Asi;.). and uf ancient Tam1n frade wittl the .W :is ' Pro.'ellr-or Je<ln '.Pi Ui.ozat Be is elf~ u.l1cH:n.g new fae

Am.ericall tlJ:liversiti.es nave eo~ i.nantbU'opoE?~iC!ll stu.~Jt~s,among, aitlH-spea,ldng groups. The names of Gl.'t)r.ge Olivier, Louis Dumo,I.lJ~ D[iL:J:'1du. Book C;On':II: to mind.
·OIII l~ m

Ue French {nstUute of MndoJosy_ ill P'mu.i!.Lclb.er-J}, as

w,:~ as

sorae

:I?o]fi)~~pb)

Dr.

Th.ese lieJcisru.:,\'e <:lLlw,W~ ci.ttmcted local . <lad ,fore!glolscllObf;B..' llind~i~sm mrnd 'the S~i,,;a, Siddb:8int& pmloSQ'phy', as \i,i\~U 3$ tlu;:, lfiv"'lti~i:Sf.I.l o.f Saivait:a, and V~:i'S.hn;'!;vi'f1': by~o]pSis,ti and, poe~ woUld., : ~uire OO1lar3.te sttidiCts for. tile .::nrlanliler' in whi.chtbey ha,¥e be~i:l weI ..
lami]

9'

i\J:I]:!)llugU Na!ro.~!;;I.r'i ]~L~~my.pmajjlP~uldithanlani K~~i~tJ1alhl:pfJhHllnS'b(Jp Kutaildrall the Gernrn.n Scbo~ars Iike Shom.er.ns ~di'too wbn .kn'oW11to need D' "I ~ )!;!Jitj~.
.u

'~9'htCdby %he\~o.dd .:rhb COJltr:i.bu:tkut of

PART 11
_.!
I

,PROSPECT
•

:F\olitical Sc,icfI'Ii:c ofindeiJendcmce ,mj,d the :eild of Qo]ou~alrlllc brOl.lgnt a: wwn,g 50no:ept 'of m~QrHy tilile .uflong the, ~n... . \jo,dty GO:llI1J:I'lJ,I:UU: 'Jr~c; politics of the D.M.K. and the'FedcvtH party"md. ....o.,;~"jr"'~,: , d'i~drn:ln;'¥liallJ ngaiufOt rru:n,Qif[lics,pS!.rtiC:l!lbuiy ;\:vhh ~"Cgll;L-d fmi,Uori of 'Im_~] Jan.gu~ dg:iil" fOfmedt:lliie s,ubj'ec[ -Of a n, wr'-Ii:x~r' sti:I(W~its.he cOlI']j,e;l>t cir w'llich Wc:re Selig S.It::tHi~cm,j "j.IUUU., t d.mgeroM'~ dec.ade (19'60). O'lmdHoward w.. Wr.~ggr-ns'i C(!jlo.~r
~i

, ' :tvI05 tly Sri I.41iJJnn, ScfiliJ<lla .m:J;dlAro'edcan iIl;nd HrUhh }I_p.vt: been. :lntL':'L'l,ste,d in t.me Tamil probl.e.m.' D, TammNl(dtl'~·l1J;d Sri
1

Let' IlS cOll,1>id.ci. the Jfuhn:e of R:escg:~'Ch,i[l Tlunil Studies ll.lt(lFi;Jiign ~1I!1~ricg aswell as bl thellome[ands (I WUte T~M;nU~sp(."i\Ring' peQ'ple.

v-

J":Ire 'Mwmt

rfa:~e~~:Pf~!,f;o~ro O~60) .. ,Am~ng otlu,\rstudies, 1 should, n~~ .

Jr.'lC~.lSk, P'OII:.ff'C~ a.mJ$(ic;ia~ Co.I'ljJicl in Soulh (r!dl'at' Tht

.m·",,"'-,,,,,,',,,,,,,,

q~&ru1:;er ~~ the ~!Jhj~cl.of t~c Tarail ru;tti(ni ~ar:me1t' of ,~brid:gc .Unr\'ct;!>ity.

le~~a1~,

~~~}~q!~t.(m~, qmit 8~*aF(lI~~m T . 19JI6~ ]?~'8, P~)(i9)..~n,d!;t_. gq;mrmJimhs~~J_ }ll'!iJJUag~ . m tftf!!. JW~~h,{,;~uf CeylQfl . (19167). tmq,

~ 1m~'e. nl.l:a,rd r[(I.'~ s-cholau ,11r~n-il i ffel:cnt M lU]ICrje~"thIltflnnm::;iai, d , for '[ndolo,gi~1_ Stud~es,a:llid th,C;L:ef6,.re fur 1'1!I.:mil St~C1ks",s \V~]J ~Q [ Sg li,liel'al 1l0W ns,they us¢d to be. The~'il:isgr-e<~ter iJD.teRst th~segrO;l,LHts wstribnthig bodies f~r Sillo]ogy Ul~n, fo'r ~~dol.og~." I J)LI!ppOise~ :pa;rUy d lie to th~ It!;l::r~sillg poHtic~~] .ulillilteuce of ;is· ,~:nd iits., I)(H!slble 'fl~'tu:re in ifitern~tiOlJaJ aifuirs, Dnvifl£: tll¢ p~d'(ld., tl~c(.cOlJlntr'h:~'\\i':hich ,v,C'.ie C(1.LHiLec:tcdwitb.~heil' colonie:.;, a vi ta[ .'hd:eue;st Jn t;h~ swdy ,of the lrunguflgc, the ClJit~l!ce,' ~1Jla. t];lp
of ~tte ,co]o.l:l]e1'i. 1'1u,i$ ~he g~ea t

. of JndiOlir:l 11Li:5tQ~Y

WUspn, in ;hi~,nrtid~s runil 'bo'o.R:s h~s -been a very Jill SL"i LnnJm~ 'a!> ~,.Iso
'

l'i~Fine
i ,j

Arbl

Studies ~lYnthe sl]hjfl~t ofth,cfu]i.e Avts of,l:he 'Ianills A, K.. AnaJil'U[<!. Cooma.f.1.!i]).w.1.I.my and SW<l.:\nt ~!)t_wo O~ylone~§ whO'3,eCOI~~DlnltiOlis hl,l,.Ye". ~c:!:l ;qnt',(C\[~i~!JL~ b 9l<pmed,!/ • Wi'H'L [egard .to' Sc.uJptun~ ~:!l([,l\~cl;l~Hmt.n~:as we;!~. :{ ~urd ,rMmJ;:. th~t. Fercy Bro\vn. a.nd IH~l]ld,chZtllltme~ ,ttill ~~clf Z;ji1:lm~r"s 'penetr,,'L'ti:ug studies of 'I:<lllil:i.I." Ad in 'l:lurrn 'WeI] .a~_ ill South .E:Mt Asia ~~re f1b~e COi_ll.uectdist~u~tperiods, to O!. eoheoo1.1t development from (be lrudus V.~Uey tonTh.oder:l\
~.

Ceylonese 'b,l~to11'y ~s 'well as of A;~bh$l .d &u:nilarfields, ~1I'e~e 'file BrHi:sh in I~(na, '~liiLe Fr,~!1J;:h~n ~ondlche,n~y. 'C.'un~ and Viet- N'a'JJllr t£ie :Dutch tn IndQI1(e&ta,,(~nd the ,Ge'l'm~'!ls,b~lll; I.h~ ~.eio:nce-of l ni1o]SiS1!':. Gradlla!~ythe:y eame tareallse iii suia][ . ' tliat ~ilJnsR:.vi.~ cullt.ure'wa1> being -glvc'n an, oye!r CJr.llp,JHISis· ~Hl'd, scllOlli'!rs ]iite ~lt'M.uJjer and ¥:in(:~![ICSmifl1 l~mented the l]eg1~!::t Dr;~viilii,lJ1l 'history., calture RIDld la,mgu~e~. .

to

11

T I) d~y ~witb ~()rU:~ca], If!;~ep..so.d.cnce and sclf;~co.~tsdo'lHs:L'l!ess. 11 t\,loden,c;y amQHg eeuntries Whic::L1,lv.cte, a,t O:llif: time s~.bjec:~ to i.1I;\~ co:qh\cts witli ~.Lldi.a: tD mim1r.J!]~1i!: ®m:pl~tdy nc,gt~ct t!lQst or 9'f b:u~toli1,~nd mlJltl,l~'o wb:i~h reveal Indi~ 1'tRu0f1Cle,. '
,

U~~.:e. :

, At the, (TInchl sion of tbe fl.rst p~,.rt Qr tb'i~ SrC!fVey ~ eo 11fe,~s 1 had, _to' om.il so J.tl,lpl'yimporlalll narnes 11 . Ganesh Aiyel', ke V~JqltaSill1l1Y! Va~pl:j,imalil'i; So 1n;inyl!i.l!~h,orlties of 'l<)lll1il N:adt~ i~·~'Ow 'iJei~,g produced. even tro]"e_ig~.scho.1<1L~~ndardeut col1ahon\,ti:!irsHk~ Breprda :B~dlt; As.her;H1!cli IDlflll:ly (UUlers, Myonl:y ~~s~ is lh,1I;t their \\fQr,ks- ~ "",'",'n., T ,~mU wmcontiUHc to he M~L]idl~ed in forel.g!] universltles to a ~_place 'iJ.l the t\:1!,!'(I 1'loQb"Tantil Sl:tld]e~ Ahroa:d' ~n.cl'A (lxtell[.! <es}~d:dly to H[ustralc the Drtwtdl.an qO]ltr]bll~iQn tv Guide to Ta:mH St~dlie$' iilJld in the Pr-oceedir.1!§'{ of the ami Geyk;~ese culture ". A fe'w ~~hol,u'~ like Ka.unH Z_vI;lJ'eid~~ SC<.miwrs (1f ~the InteJrlw;tio'na:~ As~olni<l;tion of T.~mn Research. Ash~f! ArrdtOil1o.Y ~n:d Kraus Janerr wUlsl \\I~ys '9.dorn f'or@ig]l' The rmhHca;lionts of the V'Ari(fl]S Univeislti~s til llldJ!a; Ceylon 'but 1. d.Qnpt ~J)ec!l ~lllY large' bi(j,dy of Tgutl.][oIo~j~.is to .be 'both hI ~a~ru an(]~ E1ag~lS~ia:l'Id oth.~r ki:]].w.m~e~·form a "r!liel~l~J,Ul;e:[[·! forcig~ uuiversities UOk£l>CMrc.are yer',! plJwerfUl! Sm11~'\' by ,hlir.:liry o'f' T-a,rnd lore; I Tr\.rni1alp!,l;i.cf,lJ ~'ilc.IlOI1~~rnbip T~nd] Nad,u fi~l(j Sri Lfm.]im •. in

The fQ;re:J\gu1tt~s~io~i!r,k"s tee wbQSC cQntrib1!!lilo1l's WI; IlaVC S~!'1 1 little ej<l,te!lta.~.no m,Qr~in l.hel'am.iJ"speflldrtg O\re[l.~il.nd'th.ci~L'cl,t~· ~!t'lJ.d,.i¢5 ~nd~h no ~nlJl"q ~b!~ YQJ UJLle Qf" v~scmx,;ht Ii~~n~ll~r.t:::, ,

~9~~

0,

Th» Universities of Taniil Nadu ;iino. Sri ,L:mka. I.mv~ .~ bHldab1c .rd of reseatch pubUcaHon~ and !:m\1e'~.l\\Yays had SlchoJ...rs ~f ourFf.lerjt The p~!bji'qJ;~lions of U]c. U nivb"rsHy ·,..,fudt."i:; ru.ld or n.!!l"",.'i.~,l' m. ,1.1.' ~ UU:~\1ers~ty '~O;J1lPr.iS~; ;!i.rick Uhi'E!lIjl 'plllbli'Qationsin. and 1'~miJ. -:rfte" Uoi veraity of :Ke~rala,M I hn:ve rofltition-ed. Ih8tit~.te inP'a~ldjcj]er.Jty is Ulo,st !:ruI'!l)r-eheLl~hte'j! ridCO'll'CIS has J;!l:lIt1c.lie:d'oot into .;. progf8.lIDlie of fiC]d 'researchaad of Tamil Jitcmbln;i'a Tafllill.CM.i.cog:rapby, his,tory, amt1aoe:l.ogy, !ie'{H' .lo~~ra'p; ,... ,';,........... [IS which ls un.;rJ'\I'~.Hed b;(oldei u;nlvediiUes,. One ehnuld AlilthrOipolog)', religion, popular IZllltsa:n(J, ptJ.Uosophy. Prof. to see i1!;(1 the' Tl,!;lnil Depi.\i:im~llIt5 of the t1uivc[si1l:y of SI'i Lanka Janertin ColoDg,?c is, gathering around 11Im'~ b~n(t· Tamil on sinlilar J)rog.rammcs of publ]cation .~odfl~ld '!'\1.Qyk, ' '~h() work in tlilfumnt .fieMs. Ta:miloJ'ogy hw]uding MusJjm' Jl'ter,atm·c.. (I have not been 'ab~e to obtain f~[-efithlfcmnn.tio·J] abe Tamil Re.seal'c~ shouJdilaYe a two -.fold ,uno., in view, one to v~m1ise lristit1~t.c ()f Tamil Studies 10 Madm~ 0[' .tbo~}~th~ ~"",;·· .. studies at hOI1l·e '~1\·Othetf to createin~[\est ud :fUftt1c(l[ re~entcJ~. :stitu:te of .Asian Studies.) Ilroru.d. The Tamil Resea(ch Dcpartm'ent of the A:1Wllm.a!~i Uhivcrl:iily Tamil Tmi 'R,csea rchsJ1o:osmte,d. b,Y the Baj~M oO:f Chetti;r.lRcU,' fh:e • The qt~~rt'Girly jQ.lu,:l.ial TWl'liI D~lture now. defuJlct Vlra'!:> . Dm!'eh),'pmen~ pe.p.a;r-tmt~llJ ,of Mie Gove.mllilell.t or Madrrm, .=:q~d ,~~,~.;1 8~e;it.a:mou~t 'Of JIl1ter(iitul 'fn,n:1il R~tCh and Q'I~ke .tb.e ~;tudles· of d il:llir~nt .scil:.o laFs olD various cOl,u~tdcs 0'1' tile bodies pr'ovioo for the enricf:i11'tl.Gllt 0;(" rese,d'ch 111 t~~ Tamil F,orrul18.te.ly ~ tl1e CQnf'erellce-Semiilllars of tbCllI1'i.1ie!n~tjjonallAssl) :Bn~, or llilc creation .of interest abiOlul we a~Slu.ire research f J:s'mH ;RCSC<lfCh (lame as a' suhstitnef arum for research ".,.,""'e ........ ,," .. !L'Q.,!'I!Yd'L"UI.I~' and. te3ciling at I.~:ilstin Engl1s,h. ~f not ~n other European (lUll:sion. T.he 'Prm;;rie:dfngs are a. ~'ef:lQisit(!iry of reoont research in: uages, Ol:!ewQulCi '\\fish that c:very. De!p~rtn\ent·ofTa.):nii ill Tamil Jogy. 'ThcQr,g!tuisers of the AssociatioB as well as of tb:_ C'0'.n.1t:en:n and Sri Lanka ,h.",·d s.choJ,;irs ~I:so v,el'Y cOJnpctc:n.t 'in English 'lin ,emphasised Tamil Research, The Conferences, )bcca.me .d~o If] be nbJe to puhHsha.s a'S lecture aIH:o~~din E~~ish. The cu[l ?f Ta;mil cultural ~ndUte:nu]J. 'celebr'oltiorn:sf:O·rtih~ })Iriblic. I Eng1ish is fmc dil'ninishi~I;g In :Tamil Nadll;' he si.luatianu t present tf~c ,n~.m ~oF. r"()~obng; J:e:~(ohsll:?~I'd p ~hold~le, pi'ilnW'ypLa.ce ~ilghtly be;~te[ in. :~ri Lat.l~. T]lo(l,se,scbolars 'SbOlild. be ~ble ~o·viS! t orgatuSfl,tI011; ;~n:lid the ~ponsors and those who prQiviidc the~fi:lnd'!i . ... u.n:hr,e.lJ.::siti.es. and give courses in T~!n.i!o~Ogy ;.~nd piiMi~'h: 'nieir ende~:v.0'ttr 10 {I btaJi:I as WIde aninteri:"j3tiOillal patHdl~:t.tOll, 'as ];A 'b.luirtll(!.,tlQm\..l joUt'i'U\1s. Bh.at'~,.ti hl:!'!11S~Lf Sl~W 'tbe f'~.l'tili'ty prO,VJdHtg; travel grapts to scholars who ,laM'liit iii! d~iiic'(C!j"I,1; . narrating our p~stg~orle~. only. 'among ourselves, '~~lmil Stud,ies. mJoUli.U\e past :ilumbe:J1s of Ta1111~ Ctlftj~T'e rU'l,d ' Co~]fer-cnce P'OCCedhlgs have provided flte·l:lest evldence of For sm;'n an illteiuu!.ulotlal 1ll0\'Q!DCtlt, Sri Lanka Ta.mil scholars, ot~Oll~,' _interest t~ receat .it){li\'M1ent Ut TamiloJogy :IUi;S ~,r.il.vers~hesand R..e!leta.I'chnstitutes abroad. IUn.esco find ether I in an enviable: 'pesitlcn, Every Depm:tJne'Rt of Ta:mil and tlJstoty \tIORS have always been forUlcOJ,ning; to he~p witil f:mvd gl"a.l1tS. has e;minent scholars whose names are too well btown for me mentlan, AbOVe nU, it is but natilrru Uud w,~ ]ook up to the UniResear:ch nt home of Jaffna with Its g~\laxyo[s'cboin.(s headed by the Vk·c~CIla.nce~,. bl1mdr; :scholars, IwtQII,ly in 'he. Tamil Department but also in should' be obvious t~a.t UIl~(;l~S. Che-J?e"'Il~lJl!:h~e.i]ctia t cel1tre~. Departments who Dve th.fil, C£!,pac:hy to Iead in the h'llccL"LUltiotf.llll Tamil R'efJearchLn t~e To:lDil-speaking counerles, t!:l.c.re can . ... ~"',rir"';."..,.,,. of Trimdl Studies" . Howm,'llcli ens we u 1d wish th~\,t. tll(l WO(th,y Tamil Research abnJad. TlI.e, ]]lcrea&illg PJlaotice Jm~~~r"T.lr~·1 of Jf~If:il.(ll ""SP'Oll'SOrs a qUl'!.l1erty of' n bii'J.:lllllllal sJm]b[ toth.e ~s fO[l Ioreign Universities to. O,l1,ga,:geY(HI u:g: sclltolu ns from" T,mIi I

'fblll'C:=.l;rehow~verl one Of two e~oeptj:ons·to. thisgeneral in study by fo,roeig:ll!e:cs. The French Institu.te. ofhldologll in ~herry and ~he Eco~e .~~DCl'd~ d'ex~reme o.dellt and tbe Col1e~e France continne atradltlon of TaInlJ Reseal'cb. which odgina,ted such eminelJt ,nami!l!i! as M,sdi)j,das, PUlai, Eugene Dour.Il.oof,

reach us VI'¢Has Gng.'tg.einresea;rch. CoullH'les whicb ~lil,W~ politi.ca't ill the T.iilnH~speald.nfl: ,countries. etfg(l.g~ abo yo llng . l'a..mits , their Ittdiop;:ogra.mlU¢s as. wen as for: trm;I$l.itton wad.;:,; "Russi;"'r .ln2 and :Engtl)lnd are examples.

Arj~l, Julien ..vin~on. ,(1~4:H 916),., Jules. Bloch (HHlO-19.53) ,and Melle (d. I.~M)I rs carded om Ul.ldi:e[ the lead.ership' of Profc!>"'iior. Fimo.ta~ WI.10'~ .:I"¢seari::bs,~nt~) T~mtkd~gy.ad Tami] ildl.uel'lces .a;re most j ns.p;jrjng .11:0Tamils, Hl£ItI1.~o]ves. ThCi pwgr:ann:llc the

or

or

o~

of

ol

iI· ......

",;",..._:

~~en

.. !t

I'

~,Ciite
~2

jou.rhnJ T_cmt.i,t Cullttre to p.nJ.mote: Tm.II!U.sL'lJdi~ ar.~tbfOlJ:gh the ]imits of its QW'11I?OS(;lbmti~ ha.s helped to !lome tlxt..mt in. sUC_b. a S'u,eJ:l, j,o~ntallwoli!d. :re~~lVil; the suppo~1l: of Sc~Ja:r;s ,}wt I) lJl~yim . '(1. It is thC[Cifon:.,left.~o the T;.i.mil 'people tbemsetlfes, 311:d b~ but. al$o un~:Ound. tn.e w9xJd. Qnehlas '@nly to ;i~II'·ILlCSeI ~n,,,ci:lU . in. Th.lllil Nadll and Sri La:n'l<:a to p.[QD1ote 1'am]Jj.sl\l.d.1t:lS and •• past numbers ,of Tm'kJil Odtureto r~liSc tliJ· V~S1t}lot;enti:d lf1rut ReW'4r"~1[ .I.'S far as lies in. th.eir power. 1:;;or SLlCh. Oil! progra~, f'or inter.m.l.tional COU3.bOlfflil10n in T~m]1 R!esem;th, file: Talnil. uatlen in Sriunka. are b<elli"el'p(e(!IHed t.hiUTh Tamii PQPula.~ in Ol,JjY other country. Unt for t1esea,rcih as well as fo rthe eon"""",1"11",'" and d.cveJ()lpm,ent or C!,]]hw~, w~ m~edieiS'ur¢, peace ofm~nd . a happ~ e::d,',le,noo. 1)n[ortnnal.eJy our eJiil(,gh~s _'\Ie1)a hI;; speatin .. The study of 'fo~cig]ll l$il\£:[l2ges,iReh~ditlg En,gli~ll,is beiq!!l . b,~ttlefol: Qur :rjg,hlfl 'l~ClIcve!Ll.(HU exlstenee ;l:nd identity as ~\ p.a.[LtW;~ .by our 'llIll1vcniity uudc:l"gr,<kci'Uates, WLltle in (Jolo.mkloil..rltl a biHng1;l1l\lst~t~,IIow~v.cr., ourutlonal c~ntdbu.lionto them ;lli'e :s~vruo'1\lP~nba:styolfg[ln;~atio!1s.,\)rt1:wh .lli...40velarg>l'; ., !.".,~,~V . Qut org:a:ni:!ijttion of "l:1le FmutIJCol1~e:ref.lce-Semifiar rif ••~ of s:rooents, iu Jaffna the dCinH~~nd. is nat eJ.1CQUrag~l\g... And in ~pit:e of an ad:vcKSeiL11'cl bOf'jtiJc Go¥er'w.mm;t~ alldour ]l.nlive;1'sity nlan should be rtt:mm,J;r \'l'ithjl~ ]ei1'.>t EIl,gHsh. <lind Hoi wdsty ",itbits rich promise and bl]il:'g~onln,g s,choJa1t's, oWe:. fo~e.lg:!l. ]a;!flglllagc.MnW estern ,oel1~[1CSofleamll:lg it JS,O,l,IstOf[}'lt.jj,\ ~'nCQura-g.emellltl,hoPfl a1ldt,[ll:~t, U]'I.der God, ma.y lb,~ future be -a1.!Jd'l'\efsityt~acher. to (lsero:i' his :r~seJ:[Cha.t least b,\ro Of tll~ee ],1I'IO[o.'gI61110118h<lJl.lb:~ past, Thank yo u, t oUter than his own. That<l.C(::om:pl~lI:1nncD;l·sh()'uhll II.lS0 n-rn\·k.oiur . ,schblmr.s'vhetil.eriu ltldifl: air ecy]on. English. .Fr'e1lclt::l.nd . helle .u:e me:!l!tioIJllooin theklst of th.c Jeetures •. " MVe~t gri:iat deal ,to o'lIcr to the TamH oo)hohtr. Thel time also .iong ng~ for us to .mchrd.e· Ruesiam, ;amd. ~.udfudu \v:ttbii ntfue P;i3RCY: :J!m:i.ia:n Arch~tectu:re. Vol J Bombay j 942, our j~1:H:ll:cSt,. l'hesm~}(!E::rd Q]En!illlsb !e'VM ht our t1ntvenll~j~s Les ni~a~IQnscxterleares de l'1n.d.c,Poni:Holilerry, iumeh on tb~ d¢c.lhle that o~ dre~,d"" to imagine wh~t the .. .1966.. 'PtoCClCdi~gs onl1c Fi~tmte[llm;.Uoi~a! ·be;f\or aUf; colltt:lbI,lHOl'L to h1(c,l:"nE~~ional s.::J]ofanb:ip. C()inl-ere<,JLl.Q!,'; Seminar of 1'30i1 U S!~lIldies., Vdl I, f{ uala :l1.!l.mp.lUi', ] 966..' See Secfuon. Oil South W:~L haye a number Q F fieid$· ofsltmly in which do E<'I:!it A~la. lil,eoeSS'B.(ry. . .Am.o;ng these .]s. Talll.U Brstoryand T:am!.l l~tnj I A(t ~l!!dth~tdstol'Y of Tami ~Trade. In A.rd.],leol.ogya:JIU A l:tAJAfIl.LAI, K. N. Cb.rOllO]ogy of the ,\.nCi¢l:'it T''UD:[Is,Mad ras, Trade MO.::;!of the con1i:r~outi(ln~ in the past: have C()ll1c from L932. Scholars- In our l>mgr.aJO.tmr;ls. of ~.~tC,gr-a,ted l'anli.1 . N llV ASA ATV' ANGA IlHistory of the T,um]~ fr."O;1rll the E~\r]ie8t HEtory and. Tandl Art shQuld be l~lch:h1m1so tJmt the ,'11 n,i1.l':l'ifr.;~,.t1r,'l T],mes ¥o A .,D. 60P, M.Il.dr.:ts, 19:29. y;riU hr,v;e a' cOlnplc;tl:l lmderstauding of Taruit@lo:gy. , II l\NI NAYA,GAM, X. S. fbc1) Tamil StudIes Abroad. A sy:mposllmm L We nood an 'Tt.y.mologi~~, DuctiOl,mirj! of Tanill. simr~r: to ~.A,.' T. R 19·66, pl.rn.ncd by Swami Gmula.· Pfak:a:~.1'lWJ~ichw~11 gi.v~lJ:s !tIm(.Bdi) A Refere.nce Gl!~dJeto 'Tulii St:udies~ ,different p,cdodswlt!~ appropriate qUQraUons to' ilhtstrate tht~t BOOKS. Kuala [;UlllPUlt', 1966. This could be d.otlJ('l 0.111y wjt,h tb:e colbll)om~i;O.ll OF .fQreigll (Ed) T~mi1Culture and c~vm:m.t10U.i ~Ql!J:t ,1lI11.les~(HU OWIl.. 'S¢.ilo lars are e.qJ:.lP]'ed. f.or C01J;!p<l.ratuye i ings. !l.o:mbay, 1970. the ]l'.ojcctcn.nha[d~y l~lll'lclled,
I
I

be

lYAPURIPIL[..Af, MrvtER HETNRICH

h;m,fing, in any . cQUlH.ry a :sovereign aJlI;d bilde'pel1d:e~.l,t SU!.~(j; we call hard! Iy ]0ok 'to tbe d'res.e.dt OOIV~~!lI]3;en:t~ of llldh!. Not

S.

l'runi];ar P:aJ:l:P.R adu (TU:JnU) Nfudr.-~s,1949'• The Ad of IItJiua;n Asia, 2. vols, NCiW York, ]9%. . con:solt

tau1ka or any other S·~hte·whe:re"'[antlls live! 1:0 -emhark on a ,g[ pmm.otkm (If ifO!.l1.li.l studres. 'fhe Goverruneni o[

For dctauled b.lbli.oUm.ph:y en otUa:lip~ots of Tamll Studrc~

15

Li5h,.n·_,~ U~~7JU1Ll"t:)W' ~ .
~.

~~.~
~~rr,mr:t.q-6iir !i!rn...'iI,.j5&li;ir(l:Jl)i~

~JDLtUlUJru48)@D'rn
\

~b1.(]lUer ijluJIOVGlU,IiJo,i\6l(l!j,ih.1,ltlrr jl,VliI,_ i>l'~, .!li~ @j ij'W)I!I'[LlI@j' .. JU;r.!.i·j ~U Lh,. !jff ;iJ&'n.z.....ib G1r.~'n'~rn ~'uGlLl!'T{gl.eu o:fiU 1T1Ui'§il' '~IlIt>l/iO'o»!1a;6ir $itEwJ;,pj ,ijlJlT,rul:3l:!JiIJ'W" ""J"."',""o;,:o'J"~'~""'''.. .,wtil, ,@'Ju~iJ@iPl'j;im;!!;lI.9ffiir ~,~Jj}"jy@ ~II.Q:C~lLJ~:rb . ·AlP; .G'''lJi;'D''07Q;1w ~fig !fJ m1I®u~e!'fu .@8'Glill'l'T ,d!@Uff ~"Y' .rf)8>fPtlJ,~ ~L-!iMLi'L~L~, '
'.,',...._'-_"". ~j",.,.mtJ)iI1i>tilfl'friil,<}j
I!!..®GlllTt!I;~

tfI&~~~/!!i' G):owrr:,ID,.Gi1urry,.\1ID.lo;&T urriT~ tJe;ti>ibiWWf1'!J)J .mm1!J'ij;~ Glar(i\)Gll!5.1tli1fUh tBJ~il'/O; @5(!i~~rt.rR@ N~,irl)~'gJt!l;

fiPfti,Mh8i.Jt

;:;i6hJ.

('&~.

dii.

G1qGliIl,m,(I;IT!I.Ur;,U:! IWW ~

liT"

I!JdJJ!#~'f j)'if,iar {!l;(JI-PJP;;ffimJit,r;;rr.m ~rl' (j}w<$ ~@~tJ'J'$.wAi.@~ U',rL1@!;}ffi ~tpjT'L.~.Mm~, ~MI

ollIJlfm,ru~I'
~U@Ul~~I1l,rn-

i:>T~&m-

,fj~((J18j

,tii}~),!!J:GIJ.

UGl'!!L..ftJ.fti,0¥ffl

QUlIt!flr

Uml:Jrr(!j1,

.... _ "~.' !
,
L,

~~~

!D~@(hAl

f§,dJiPGlS=IUUjwrr!J)J' \I

!i1@i
®(~Q.1(§~

1l_@j)!JIWfD.·

Gi¥'"iD~lurrtPiJ/e;&i

Qj9Irt_d;:~~ar,'lii;Q.i ~fU$5'>ilIl I (0!lf.!tJ:lL/,fJ'.;1;IW£I;®lil,.,Iil"F Gl!Ifr...

$lav~lTi!Il~ P1:iMliPm~rm.m~, jlg;tPfo~ 1Of~~ffilli"'(}atI'~"'. .§I,W ' rll .f5Ue1JtJGJ~;b!J)i . ~%!Btr4gb' .

_@t!l>o'}i

&rBmJll.!ii'G'ifr

q;rrWurr;r:Dp:lILUJI,...,Qi

~ihI6l11ft@GlUl@7'.@lI

~~~

®.~.ror961
~,~

,j/flu.MrC,lPr;Ur.,
',' wiliP.i-i) ,(iJI6';ff~.mt1lWrn}r)6ir
~;jIJt

L-~.,.....~......,.,..._

........ ........ """""' """'''''_~''''''''..-.A~

~"""""""-""""""""''''''''''''''''''~~~~~'''''''"1k7:@~'~GI.!-,''!jb'l"fJ$jbrf!} . ')i[rll~,~fJJ;;._'!UJJl~~.Gl:!.-1Ii' 1: I . .', .•

jZmruli ;@J&7mGQljl;/lJ;T

• $J~'lli'j-,!i'j¢;@JilJliITi:..

m\il~:i'~ItQrPi,~rir

~1'!.iij:UGnfliiJTT1brl111IH,l;Jr.;"·tTn-,, QUl'~~)

~j":;;iWri'.tF:iilgUft.l G'~~@Glw~ .,!;J,~IIIlJ.fD;Di,ru •• ,piWl,£ptr dFrrliplo.l~ , u~'urui'T L:..@ib~'tn$lI.mU£mi 'G'J@,1,i1.~G1U;dJ.@ 9!'If!)$tp ~~iJ J!jffGll.ws-rN1Gil ~~g., ~m-~rn il"i[~/fl!WmutOlGir @JW.irdifu 1)\.;';;§~ilU;;- .'2..:i.!J~ .@@iGilU'GlT,]j ~L5irfJ6!ifS1,'df~,~ .l!i~)I5lt.lJ~}U' mJbIIl~.a;D I f.ll§fr'.!lJ ,&\i'~GUrg;lll~. (w~~8,rf1iiiiT ;@JlJ',al<liJlj~,dit!i Gipj"'L.~lrtJj~ "l;;~j,.w,urF $I'G1iff,. ,~IM ... r,~&uA)i:lIrJl'itJ /DWWlruo..ffil<5Jfii1iir <ll\I'~p;~lh &UU5.WWHb)w®gpw GlIIT,ffiill6lSilwa)Dm-.,
@~'/f)q;@;

I Uff®

,*niOTU§ [U~ l
GuGt!jW,!§"'"

(A;I~;!:hropoIQgists)

L.I~i.ln.J'IT@

Ii1Ww

_,,,,,.-,,,r.,J

G'fIi9lIUJT~W (QJulT®,cm-.!h~rbl.Jfo,~ - ,ffi.n1i ®,!6l8i<liGGUm;N.l!j.lM ~\1l.I:rt"W,irn6iir 'Bi'@j}!iJ!~WL.1- L1Q1ilWlU w&;e;(i'iJ:!1iir Q_,u-rYt-o.@,;;;~1U ' ,1OJ.GiJ'@JT,til: ~tml'V.i'l~m Umr-Ul!@ G'foSi:r@)1iil Ic;].!i"fl'!OiJ~ru dfL.Jf;J

GlB'EOO:,!p .!Ilirrft.l(l;'.'UJ~GiiJ wJj,@!lJ' 4iT6rn';ru,~ (Milrho\v fi,fl~old) IWFil.m·fi]'frhurr ~lTciJl m-(!p,@!lJ' 5l@ ./§,fruOl'ir) ~.!lifrG'll~,i},ID@ rvtbiD

1111_L!j ..~iT d>~(9:ilUJ~<J:;oWfl"'<JJ$ ~.JJtrlfJ!

®,J6!ilci)L..
·.!II1~~J,

4'!.~GlJ Ii'UQ)!TUJ~JDuJbftllru ,@tffilj,r..l~cfir" ~~UJ .{WriilcW " . '" b...'lmJI"U'"'''''' .1l!1 ~q..Ul.JIGll\'li..,...e; Q<I].fH'rrli4)!'I;lIlGiT .i!iff.m@~~,~ura; @:m@lfw 6Ul1~lIlllfo'h ~6IrJ;6.)@tf.. 1.J_i.JlTmg~uJ.ID ,li~SiI,OIJ.I'.b, HJw urGiJr .l,WW , .&')PJftj~rt.Jj~, G1;!l!)rI'!fl Gl] Q~r !11 ..n!:p~§!ltill . ,iD,"'ra>~ ""'~L....11J~~&. 4J,if!lUrT tlidil~ ,(lirrLlJ].tD®, IOU~,~ .!1itl®.4:i . fiJlfJ,:utrrJJ . .:..w.ru':rrB;@9mLI!-l iFLIJrJ..J. ......"'ryJlhq. G."mifr~"'<'1iW.. ,/9uiJj;J .!IL'G'ffltri!i;!1l!!£l.!llJ ib ;<]'@lJIr@ (i'fGDr.{01w . ..!f;<~rt.:I'Tir~mrr. " " ",~.'

~iSfu., ~

Urn-rUIib.@j) ;1DJ'@ftl~UJ GT~.IIJ~ (1'. ;3~Eliot)

~'iI6ltffi.®@)d·. .@:&iftii GT@lJUJc!l!\!!irfflsud 4~~Jlt

@pl..1d1G11Gl~~~r,. ",
_

@~oIT~l1iI'TU~iIJU

GB'6lImr61wffirli'ioif 8Elii:?jJ JM'oo QUlT(!gi(iilT$li1-Oa:tr

$l®,*@'j,IDm-. 6t€liu.ujlm.rruw umurt"(6i . <!bolTlru "!'Jrm'I-r;fMIJ. 5l.IDJ~)wr f}5l ~J'j5JGtr§J.

~4J!lf1itrfjl7[f)h

w.:

GT~um

•.

m•

l1ii.'!!ll&mr.r

Yl/§I<8Umil1al."blT.$8iUU6.@ G'1Jwfflro!l>uut..:..@' Gli®~'J!I~" :@Gtr!lJ! u6b'uriJrr@ €I'\WHb Gl~'JT..ro,~~.rr6iJ ~ftSll.n.til(1'lU!, ~I@ftlo!!i&nr ,ffitD rr. no, ;~" urnvl.J' U_4~'I--GIDi.li..<l'mf(jLI. .sl'r"f..:ior@.(ffiW ,(}fl!9@.'fIri,J .

UfflrL1ir@ S1~Wi!b

·(dJ'tflf..-\J

(j]fj)!p" /b(f!JlmrlJl.@/lilTroir

~Jlil.!t;)~w,&J,W:~

.. ""

@pSI~@lfir~G'!fl"'lt.

.~GlH'ff.IDS;.m

G;I.ruQJGG'Il.2ll

ti'L..:/SI"''Gll1M,

G'!illaJI

u.Ufi"l . :..:(l;i'~~ Q,!2ifl'6ri'.I...j~.m' QurrGi,6i:I"m~.!.i;, @j61,i.i,!l!;l'ijlNW ~L...:wo'l;t;'I!aiii) jC1mnJIT L.ib").l_(]i,iJ ;!r.~ fjiDfl fD,fffl.. a;~ tiiQp;rr~~tO.1~1I G)j:J'!mUU~illJ@ UrTl.-ft~@ 5JiW@56li.:l!i1"j ,rrrlii'W.@w ~i'«4mi@JtlJ"i~ .", 4Gifl,,-I1JITli", uL.@mrlbl &Gl;M.W'· ncWrw.rw GlIJ2!liW6ID,t!5;1; OJjrr,'i,·;ur,. U.ff@ ::Lml-jLj'i>W~!'1.g.· .:flTm&@CD1rrw1l;t!w, @lI~~a;(!p',.~u._Gl,ri.i.rr(;)!!Gir ®'l1ii)(]ilJlfGi'lViiir!}ltD, 1SIt1'r!F.Ih/D U.rr t_:.JiI!tJ!ffiL...GlUrt.G!l~T,lIJjW

uuGl'il'.m-, _ei'Wilim'IT. r..JfoflJrr., gsGJ1.rrwU1!Uri- Iii .mJ'T''''':'Qjl', Q$rr~'ij'!'L GI;:Off'L..fi'UJT.!J,l1!.il ~ ~GJj' UJIT~,wr$ro$Gi";\q..0u, .. ~ IW.li·~1rI"II.!!l. Cil,tO.f1j~t...:..@B< ~i1H1JfJiJ.,fJ;e~ m~.!I'f~~b /yulItb,~rrC.flJ.~ Y@,!iI~. .~ i.Jj1!J)IDlrIi'SJ.UOJ> ll>1T ,:2j§)JfO'i.Jf)' 0 ,uii5Jrir ,!1)106f'rr • iP~J)l;Q;l9jtlijL5l:(U fiiCiWuuftlllirru fol@,1!i ~iLiJb.ml1lJ .i~miii@'o;rr ~'~t!I>'6tr tIIT,rlPl~.rn<l~i.fi • ~l~ o;<SlT@li~~l1l.ff,®ru GU~i:f'I:@r!JigJ~mflJ .@ilJdI~rlJwri' 6W tiJ~1t 8i...t!JJfi)JWJ!1Wfi'. G)l§rr~e;rriu.!ilUJ@w o'FwGmGiv@ G1I..1{l"N~I~C/J'fl' .',1M i:tIjU'tllfrHu/~~Gir&.rrIl9~ .$f!!j~I. ~~6i.l .,jptu.8i(!Jj§; , 41 ..lJfT ,~ur:r!WUJ D'!'rm~ ... w t!i!1619~&u. ~t!>5IT®lmTlAliIJ®m ,diu ~UfTQfilD' G.hfl~~'_rrCf!iUJt§d}~ UJ!Tmflu(JUJ f!j~' ~rr.YJ
LIM11jl1l.

"€fi!'..

"'~I'i.

UIT L.Gi~I.J:J

(JJJ'liJoOfH /D(j[frr •

(Culmrc)GTlilITuU@W ~ Gl.il"ffGil~,Ib®tJ.; . u~)rl~rrL.$rll __ ",,!1.i1.uu~!-rUrriil<,* Q.wrr~(k_. • ~.tk.!lirrGll';i;~$Vw, UJf.(j arwD;lI @pJI'iu1tWOO'~Gl®,w. ~!~8' Gl8'IT@ 1iT~li'tirrml LJfrq.,~(fj~fiiJfiil;/DGWrr. U:ijf:iJl,~rr~l...lt9IT(D fiI.U!JUjJiIfID !Jj!f,dJ, G!i!!'fTcfu!O'!MT~iiJ (Culh.!.T<I Agi'J) !D,jj)~tTIilpiw 'S<l'@' 'U(j. ~t!i,~NIJ1!llt~ J.lII"'''"b''..... tfit$JIfom' w~lUlIi'Uri-ff.51'*@:t§; ,gjrrgGilttlbrrrl$®,!li,~ "'@fot'llrrwtf !iE'l UlftJ.rBfoG,!'5IT~JtPi(JIurrcru i!J'Wt!p& QO'ffma€llIT,gj)w uml'J:../UJ ,rt;JGI).tiJe)~ .. . .., ,!i!imrr@dI,a:g)lii.@@)'li~IT.gJw! a.WtID;BJT.LQ;! @iliI8i:\®,rLll§;. umtJ@~eQJJl~@'!iJ;ifjJ G,:,\?Ir@.IDMl'®,i}::~ G:!O'!lo$fu(j)ltil. _ '," ~i;iJ6lIrr 9 .,@IiO"4J,G'a'i~,U !.1m-u@~.@I&?I,i!El(]l ~rr .t:I~ fiihlrtatD , .. " Q1UGLlfT ;J;,~f!1'4~_-o/~T'@ U~Glr,OO,l~tiI~,rrS!lUJ' .§I/~rrq;~ PJdlYAu I~rl H:b~1:®ffenf}j~~~~. Wfi",tD.m~6l.I&1. Wuj611I7~\0Jiffi"m &I;l!~_ w.:j;~&itttJrn U.wQil.4-01~1~ t.rmfL-l. ~.!l:G)<:Frr@&;Ail!irrm· ~w@lJili 'Glwlf(!i~@ umrG'il,t__J;~1i91P .@.wB.;~r.lJi'liJ'~mRcitl rmrr- .... L."·~lItJ' ILl&; wl.!d'm&w • 0$' tl:i,{!jIT'l1lUl'~f &ir 6'lJl. 'tJi . ~rRrlJ ftlfl'P'I'TIU'S'rn'''',IT~t:r j1rf1"IiT'6'Br ,LJI1}6JUlJ'lidiJ "",l:W(9~ • GUJ;fITUlrfj'!U1IT ~1iII1U"H.,JtI'Iudt~ra.-ll.fBr!JJ u!Usn.J($1~ffi!I'4mGf!WIT• Q;{"!)IJJfrmt:,&rPi!YiJ' GP~riJJ:[i.Jfr/i. aU(J'rr6l'in;rJ,J.ri (fIT. d. mOl' ,jgii!JI.!iJ',w,!iir :UG'ilffUl1'@ ,~~1@.w ¢ ~wtt,;'li,[fi'IMr Qtforr~,a;9iiltr. ,Qh!iHl IIIJ_:'J@lI~wfi'. @' .. tiufl'J!!V'rrQ?-w. (j~I'T.Gir.mGi!Jri'",!~ 9i&rmRlGUP'I..iu]}ii~ (Jp;rrJ;.$riu1i~tr. k1Jr.illL..iliIJ,tWe;m-. GliJ'T wu,'.i5T<\fiqllGWft) ffi,w.· Uf.j~,t6iil~~J;l,J!i;.&i·1li#! I ~l' ff;di1fP-1T U~LliIF L..'b~L.. ~W&i,i!m@(@IT,IT ~iU~/!i'~ miT .0$1~&' .
(.I.

~nii.$li!i1l,tii.@~

~rn:

o'.!iin,.

.lJ'.&fO;lj:

·\IH.":'I-cl.ra;l'ir ~,d:IG1Uff{g)ff.oI!JW,

I'

lI'UlI,W:lb~dJ'., ml/,6l',urt,r.:,qi>

~/J;tbg,~

(!Jl~.~lf>m"

ffiGl'.

-rl.i>l"

G'I.,Imll~

o'liGir, ""'frrlilUJrio~UJu4P;;w GutrlW,~Cili.1f1".i(!lj ~&n-r.lJrrLWd>.m-; ~ .ro~,m,G'J,ruffiJ~rn.b ~,jU1'm@lb. ilm$,gim~rn u~Llln.":"@Lf!iffill,.J)l.IDl,d;I!!iI, Go9I'ffW~~!D@l: ~~8;81hlJli'l u'lurnU@~lt!irGJ'.r_i''i"r;u pjt:r(Jk ... rrL7- @liI.l& . ~"-'~.'.W!~'liCj flJ,tgl, &,flD(1W ,,!'UffL..@J3· Ui'1I--@a;~~,w, BiiTGlLIT,I_?_ ' . ". ~bPGmrri;l5l.!1OG'ir! (P.q;.rG'lI.i!)I1':\;II1mG'li~~ro, j)Grj1J;1l'r6191rn, tllirn_!9JtI>~S'J PiIH.":"r,~ILI.ciiJjl~!.il, GlF,lbp.it.&1J;l G!o!r.rrGil'.wftir.O.~ ~J6lIlwuUl!WI1:J. irll9w .rr;rr'G'nI"G\}ffr.D. GW..~1Jtb~Iii'6IIUW~ ~ft'U...lw.. ;;r,Li.J1~L-.Y1a;&u

iJ)!f~I"lh6lr, ®&lIlij~,ru ,. 4~L~J6lfllil6;:G\llIlii8i,Gir. ;m®~1Prr('f,~w •. '

I.{fJtJjfi!&'-m

1";-' .<J;,rfi~Lb
~l:.~,~@

, .(;fGW~l~

. ~O'ITGil~w

i!;&i:,$~,gww

W1.n.mtilft'rrfH.w

w.urr(]1

G,¢JTG'iIgtiib.

~r..&y)ltuGil\:i;turn":'@L ff'(;rtru]u:dJ@ Q)ffy/pfll!)1 4w.rr(bl&;QTIrm;M; w8Jo;.iir St/!iilTIT ffitJJGJ1JiJ~ fiii!i1l~:$lr.uffij~~ rli. olF.d.m6l&iJ""'@rJ'W •• ;!!,iff'L@®ooftl~r. 4I\~@fr.b 'l9@' 51!iV .~t;j}QIj&TLm .. :"e&lb .t!iu5!flJrT "

!!!1u51,g; Gi"llI'lT@ .ID.l!i!J~rrlP;ikGi'''h!1;um~ ~~I.i!)C, fii f!) tyl. ..fi:tllj:@liiIliil.@iU, Civi.li;zati.o.n" ," ~"-,lDu~.~~ . ~w:tr@&rtiJfolTm.mn"~rH<!r..(!p'!ll@i,al\lAil6ilm,ID~'. ,CJti~e.n. C~yj~l~atIO? (OTciw,!D ..r'fi!O'frjJ.fhrir ~GV~j'rnG'll<in'j¢1r6l,~ rr\~, CJVIS~ C~vd!s ~Uo .6T~!.b G)l1'ffJDOJj 9ril' ~ ® ~t$l G'~f'T\W r~,illJ, . .,'lIJG/liG'UrroG'll ~f!l.§;,. .@LW~~~;" Q¥IT ~,g;~ • G;.ri;$rrw:4;,j@ ,~rftll>5'5Tt]~dT ~1};"8iilTiOIl~~'J,j;(1IJGIIJ. p;oorf, !]S;(J'!M~i3rJJtf'. .~I'T.g;I'11tQ;w, 'c;)8'i, ,. (}~.rn;;lT~6ilt •• df~1f" gp~€ii@tI.i.m,~~ .~.g;rTJ ~<IlfQU]U<i;. u~~;.rl-.li!.rr ~, Glucww ~fSlj!1illtrllimilYfL{w @)p5l.1>@jID. ~l9;ifltiW< 11(1:" , " Ul&iBiB.rrt. tli$V'J!lr.b~N:li't. @j~,a;@,UJ. &l'51luujl""rr!fO'.~jlSll~~ ~l,I'}(]lll.!D&:tallS! III ,rJ).§jUf9lIl UliU'tf .Qi@'Gli~~ IfJ ~ e:.rr~'tr£i. N.!!itT 'G'I'~r pJJ &J/DfilJ atlllT~
UI1J'~flJ~.

~.!Ii~I'I'"IifIIU!..1~(5l.

',f!P'~'!"

aJ®~.GilT~.§1.

,. w:.urr@~:W1 w G'iUtI ~~ : .®®~@I$I~niJ.tidi,.

pi/b;lIfl&w

jjii>

@i;Ol

6'i

18

~8'j[f~'

m~ '~L
G'l}.:J.(!:!l~

:@'Illrr~L.IF ~;&ir~i.c1:!ll'I'T-~. .ruLGlUlI1:1A'~ .Q;"'fIl'!WJ.ru®T~~,. f&))iJ~!uIT!itii~;ijJ~81I.;U_.i,.@J1,ru iiJj[l;@J,tiJJiirfo ~mi_

i91'l>I:f:;iJ'&R~'

Qrtr~GlJ~,~ffi

_a;~~@it,Upl.l.$t~~jJ;€[N~lf.

~~

,W~$Gitrl....~nr@l1il@~

PJmrr~&lr

d?1~w&$mr1b

~;r£lruri'

Ol,Q)~Jj;

<:L::GiT{Jf~"

@i'i!~~liJ~rj,.II5~,e;.a,W;~ j!iWJfi> .!i®u;~~_mIw;~lfu u'&!YI~f!l '"'foiT(jiltl;8;1 @,tbl_jf]1;fi;@~~a;* l1ii:r~§;'lrira@tb+ ..-r1@)ir~·.9;.$ff'~,r_rror!:if II, 'W!,j!T~ foti!!l!l !lil_!~W' , ~~r ~0lcl]i!Jl ml,*!?i60dlJi_ji" . ~&,1'ft! G)iHllUJ' i) "®ibm.41a.tl:I!TI>,!~~! ~,-Jr~t4ffiO>fr~ W!TIIT • 'ilT,m-.w G)1l'ill!L:1eili @~~"

g~.m~'

'_ JjJ;ruJZiil4l@~lJ]-d'~
IGlLiIT>@~ciJ

Jl".!T 4I>rfl'l!';,rJ)

mci:rw~

Gil~ft~&):ll\tw

u~.Ujl"(bl'

UJ'fJ~rr:u5/JJNfJj·. ~@ .~ •.!To![ojJJo!!iUJ,. lli;!r>[1 'liilicil:lIlJUJ~ f!l\.!iliJ' ,rulTlPffiGlM'ir&ll'rW Gi'ldp),UtJG1U! P;:~m'H>&trtj1U1 ®Itl.la,.j·,"i!. L!.c'~.!JJ~ILIJo ~~J1I'iL!n::Gi:l •. c.;,!"Jr.. @.rn.'J!ru~ .0J1(ffi)~Ibi:rfilJ. LJUi;o9J,~ .aJ""","'-)!lI, Gj\~W .Ul1't)'i:ljlIim*~Ji{~. qpliir;!a!'-l'.!!b,dll,t4la;~rLfcil @.¢l~,o;tilllfr¢;r .u@.;i.)ffi.r.:u..ib. a'$t.(b1ili. .~c;'() n~.~;!I)';.\'I'fl@ U'-UrfG! Gf;~" 6f'!1 ;.,rffii:i-$I1 UlrlJ)il;:~8! <l'1'-Jll1IID,w. iI;r~@fT6I'i ~ll!"rr.!!!1l. Cl'!l"rnTrf:
IilI1l11<lIJlT~JW

.rt:illilll~d:':ilrLMriI$&[ Jlirn'@~:!1·I'JI"ii.rt!i~,'T,i) ..m~~J rj~.l.JIT~ " jliW@!l. tlru~u@I#il~ru6lll~d; o!lirr~.!?I6frr~(£lii"ril. \~o!li I'T u.U','l"C@;& ~l'i';lflJq;·~'r 6l,r;iJGutb~.1tl.!i;, .o;·.IDJi.lilh:l;@ri-. (ID~6"jtf!li. &£j)~6l'J; 8>@~<'1i~,r,b . + ,3 '~~11 rth¢.&i!r ~j14pr_5;1~:.ru®wrt £!}J "or""Jin.n';:'(!fGil'w ~j ~

m~

~o:;;;,

~~,!..J'Gl1iIT

~~wG;)l.-uJ]r.i.l

(ffu.l; Grea~ cultllre !'J.irtmlf)o9lllD'8i&1Tr.qW. ~.

~!i''6lm~,b
dvHJ.Z<l!t]OIlIS) lno!li~~'§1lJW
(bI'w

Ga-JT~ciin51

(AtJ.ll;ald 'fO;Yl'I.bee)
~JM1rl.J;t;tt..:.l\t •.1iir ~fljJT6:iT~~olIi@?) tD. Jj)iU.6..1Rr4JI!iJ<\!i@!j1.ll OO~'IiI.m,m'l~I!iJ)l!lIDIlmu,UJ lIr"jIlWuG~6l't~r" /fJIDIrpit
.u~uJ!(iJl g~',tl) .!,G.!!®<!W~~r.fu
UJJT ftl,M1D

.u!,L.~jlL~lfu~~~.fu. _,i)]:lJ~j!lJT .mrl'l'll>ilil rrl~ndu. Ci:vm2JI,~iQn) .'!li.ru ,oI]ll:r'<IIT,rflmm ~m~!OJ ~.mfiliGwrr@;@iI QG®wuiIT~m .ummrL:!fr,L-'OI""--"-'" .i~ io5NIT : utfu,g;&,a;,g;yh!i'i(wa;~ir (C' B:I'lJ[l eJ J m'GWID/ ~FlIi.@ _@aikUlUIlfd' Ck1wliI~jt~~OOm fll'sirr , ~~Gi:'i ~irJ,w.,WWL_@W

,;;;~4'Jb ,;\rsiV~1 LI .~. LiI.!T L ~L ,rL/ ,r.D Ch1'a- /iizv ~GlT.Jj&illri\'OT)'~JTrr.. .P(J¥IT gll ;Qiu9lJ1rf ,$tJl'~m'o!FicYlili 1~J\Wg,l,l .!J7...,,[1J1i1lN!J)l!ll OO~U@LlITIt.li$'mr. U;oUIl!i~'ill>!~o!Ii~-'P.~

~7r,*.@rr.!if.

l1!lrr~tll'ri!ir,g;"':r

~®1)~jf.l@ 1:-tJ;.@t1ijW ff;J

~.!llI@~
"""'l!1I,§ofu

M'ilIDl-J1!~~~~
(]~!Oibl@ili, ~<fL

.~·~itJ

~rmL;!ii'!iI,~~;i1I!T ~wii;~~
~r,fJiLl&

GI!$.~

j6111Y,1'

8ifffl!ji;€J~ili

.o!!'.!1l!OO!lf1T
~rr

t8m:llIT~1JiI.lUrf

'91llPilIU
,

Ul~

,;;J95l

.!:t.1Ul

L\B'[1biJ.!W

c:',m:r:r8;@!lGl'IE!1! U,@J;UITLUj.8n.,

,.R,?M»tfjgu

GJ.ll'@G'lJ/'l\I;>i/jjmL~ ,ffii'T:1i1l~f:;:@$ciJ' Q<l'>r;:dr~<'l:iili,<ilfi\Gi.c1

'mlLl,",J<,;ai:!TI

~ilil'~

ufiurr6j1

¥&t1_q.I,]·
~~.

~/@!i1i!1;@liib;

..,,1ill6lll~~

.thJP:w

($UJT,@fti;~ l.Jfftf.'!':l!..t,iW,'~W"
8'lD!IJ~,i1~

"fUJmT(~Lb"

,tfJriJJlflJrt
.9i~

u.i'D'tl.ltrL.:.~.,m

'Qa;mlaJJig; m

~@

ffi4~wr.JW@\r.
a;lnrnlr~JTw.

odPl~.tD~l!ltp
t_jfJ!h/!)

@li~11.i@dirT.~r<ii~ -~~i!Ii

:!i')~ruJ.mG1l'i.w~
.!J}~rW!J)T@!'~W

~~.J'= .",""""'" .I)~$IJ

®1~~'ili~~!lJ"

!h~iu:i~~:@'m~ !l!ilil'!_lT
~y,?!"!ITb!.@ UIOI). H.1!i!&;U'ri' ,

4ft!fo!i®~, .&rill~!Ti~. LJ~uj:rL:ffilll:-::JiI, ;''!!!~~

(Y!Eib1;m14!1l.:@')®{I;~lip,~

·;§IGV),LlMoSiJI~~.

prw!Effi)0;@HJ'ilfj.!r.Gh"

~®

·!.f!P%,rr~111b.¢l~ , 'Ulirf#/,UJ .'!!&tIf]rf It.irt~~rn ~~;(Wili ~lslT~,ar~jlGU' "tM.'!j!}!TWW ;!l'l!TLffUlifJriO'iLl ~a'IFUl>JfW'" .{9l~. @l.IDliUjj~@~~'illf!" ,tIDl'@Niia~FTiliuciU £R®&JJI),ikty GI~/iI',!i~~. g~l-t, ;f,J';~,l!i, ,i-rn4i;G1l11~W ~frr,1jlrrw L51%!J.~@lTfl~"'~rlT' ~~/m U,T&l; GT~ oI!i'!-~ UGl!t~@<!Iirb:;!l'i) €.ILiilA;l'I.i!, ~/.!!Ii;$~b
< I

~~ri/rr,ful!Jrrr;i,r

ujf$LI,

lLilT~W~T®,~

~rU1IOTI1!!Tltj~il 'Q$Jr~.di8'lJJj

.:IiJTUU!T

)!.l.IVJLb ",,,,,,,-,,,,,,.
lIJ'rrdlir

.liM.r.mS'ill',rDm.w,,'
~@rumGliJgIllh

~r_rr

i!i1

@,f£J""'~

IS'rWfh
~6lrifJ)'

@~,I'I',rl'C:Qu.".,

~ruliii'l@1IlJi!liU:l
dP:j'fll

,r'fJ1rnfTJiJ/D

LIl~rPl1a.o.

mjfilfuiGutD,iJ!)61IT··~!:-GlUl:[!i~' gnrrlTuiJ'r~~rT" rnpr~$1rr ~rr~.lV;~])1~~.{Y~,~,Lb~1;f1~ Wlp.1wrroo.d! Q.t2l~~L..~AI '~,1i;~~J!i~~~ I. (;;:)1 Dr1!s#.tJ5i'fiiJ ~r.....WQuj,liJ5lif. ~~;il~11l\ITri' ~c..b..rT~, .@~ijlllJ\I-!~ r .~J~~6T~Uj,;~ftlt1l;0\! ~~~,rnq-@ - ',@~.lTQi]<~ U~UIT@ G:t.w ~ . 1;[)JI,jUJt:..[.fI)~i;· rW.!Trr . qUjmfl~ru.lill;D1U] iIilm(J,uu,i\miITJ1Jli~ft!~J.rlJ. j~tfI,!fii,~ rn=J1@~J)o!I>a.'I'I~UJrLtw. !oSV' wrrMmI..mff/.fiJ.,m,f!5!ru a~wurr~~~~UJ ~tcDl'r!WU 4,i!11J·lil'!;T ~ru,li1~j,J1l1 Br,wI'H:.rY:T!'T,~j,l;~GVlg!9f4~ ~(:frriJr5J .@~ITq,:.lIii· .,€l'.~ . i!!':flI'fI.!tl1($~~;,m q.!lli.IT~"""M[@$&'1n~· $,.~~_tiI .f!j.mJ u~'l(rYlTbGlllL ~r.r¥I1i!_.,,6ilTlb ~~ili@jt~rrGl!T"arU~gb Y'~@:il~~~.,
1fJf;.f!J!iilidii!i.lorrffim
'ff.'WJLI:i:l~.!i>~'UJ'liIlIOGfr
~GlJ

Gl,!lM@lI)r.-=:Uilm

wit

'GiI~:fucrol'n:l:J~.rurr'i01f@rW~~~@lJ'

U~Uir,L~!tir

W So fl.Jlrr,ffi,25 ~\S\IbY1u]rn 6TWU~ III &l.Ii1IJ' ~iii;.rt:b:.ul:rffila;;G.;;·lf~Ta:)!lI <T..ft:i I'I/rr

ti.

jff)jJ,g;. j!!)iJfItprr u~iJir~~~ 5J~~ "fI;!flTr6(].Gl'~w. .

. -~

~!bi;:JI,.) ~IUGil4a;ffl 51Ql~,j~'ftl,

- -"
u

u~g,.!l>rnJ,~@~ fiiI~\ill~l@!)~!T tpiil

l~,li;o;,
e

. ~ili

&(!liji~g;&lrp'u~~~~,!

GIill~"w@ili,.

.{1.Ia;<ffi~u ~~8Jilr

'r!Pg) ~~;<ffi~.'U)~WW '6l't1)ffii_l u~1l'~!JI. ::If.(f!j!?!PJlJj':§!jWJL'fll,>H~~;1T

'~~I1)"til!l'@~-W~'.
",8'~~rr~~

u:u,

,!ID"!IolR~~>b1'~.

um-~L..cffi4!>rr~ili
@ffi,.

,g;j G'lffitrt...cTLJ

,bilPfojlGm'B'

rrfh,]alIJ·-lwr'f1l1G.oU)" <ilI1~6iT ~u5lWrt ~@~r.tJ UG'W birj';J\lQ;OO.ru91ii;,!I'U!il!8im:q,I1D. .ffin:(b'l8i~m'rr(!ilw ~mjljLrJ'jG'6)~ GU'--UJT o!Ii~G'l:0~rr@rn l~,rL@ (!;P~,[lo;'E&Ii'u,rib ~lifl',aJ~* ~... !1l'rt.t~%l'TlTrT. J Q""tr~\r!Jl'_@i:~Aifrff~6ff. ,JIjB>,$rrlliflj§!lJG'r1 ,~u5J'w. ,!l!)11i' 'rbl,!!!lrl't-ci;r5il j!irEYH,I).g;~W
f]W,ijtff}ilID<?,
i,J;

~~TJMT .i}~$gijlI.IJU

LI!;dU_dLlo;am-~

'~fJI

U~@f_r.Ljm.
~GllllllUJ ~@

W1w,ISlll$ltlw. w,t5)~ .. ~~~.~

(!P.0~)~u..,rili~·
~~.l!ifn':"~~G':~r.
.(@]f.-Wf't,$,

O"Ul~®m.
~mr4l,.jj.f1)JW~J.

J_1,!liijli~m

:!j)~~,!I'O;<Il&U,

!llL_(iiITd;ll1J~,

r]Ul:I"rirjD,

",~1I"li.fuw

r.JiJ.;Pf11 -P;IT,(J)QH_:_@ofi:Q,g;~'~~~PliJ-1U
'~ftl~.$qG)U]bg)l

LJ!ffiI'iliLWff;IDftI,dlijll,d:\~

4bNri'

qlm illI:~,jl1iiUIt'~~

fhUllW.il!l:awll!;a;w

'GU);rb~m;iL~'

,~~brll.

UUUb'-!fiJ.
~(\Ii.7;J]m ,c2i®!lft~~5lir.

.' Q0"WI l,£jfr,!i;"o:.®IITi1il'l~ift£I., ,~~,{t:~.:ml!r..,flfr~~~ i)~'!OlJ!fl"(];W {$lfi!YfiJJm,fFL1wriil~"b..(Wf,tj ,!l!!Ii\I,~,!!iITI-dlJ.~)j (]LB'.0~m,g;

Ql:Jm~ .,1!1~@ @M):ffi~.!E e;.,aIl'lI!il'@o;@rn:~~IT. ,@{Bil,ill'~ ~UN'1~'lTfI"a; .@@,Ii!PJl@I~U\ITfT e-rar,lID c1h,-,tbl!Jf~@ ~~@~'L-:ru: 8;rrffi~ .@)~GI)~fti.m:mrd(]'l_UF,,iJillJW &!~!D'I4W WlJT~~tr~J7'l!i. ~~:!!Im

J.h '.®mr5j(]~rr

~4.~·ii! •

jl®~';~~ffi~~ti'

,U11r&ro:iiltfili19;irlRtfu

qr!fJ,g;
~1T~a.i~f

~@luwuut:t...iW· i)roOil®iU,!'t.mpiW .. GU!TciJ . @~Iillt~~[~ii1,Q;@ig,

&,:UtUITUIl:u. ~ m'IT,4ijYiIT,rf<!lirl@1r.rr ,~fGlJ 1T.~'j!I

mtf(il1I:1lL-@lj

J2i!!J\q,;;I®rr.9i:ID6ufi,rwT

, ~~TQmJ

(Stoic.)

ii,,1l%IT~ti.I !lr"'.~.:'~.~ r!II.~{1'wf1i$D • '~"" ·",,'''';1 '! OU~iJ4!T a;,r.rGlJ,$$lf~ .urdtl'oili'/f' 9

:!FUII~IT . ~~i'Q; ~@)rT~)'jJ(Wj1u'J~Wfrir.

~~!_<!l;~rr6'O~:®~ . "'d11!J~~~i!lJaV

{Ii~.~,wt../~~w ®lirfwkbi'T~*..4'Ji!J!~
~.!I"!OllIff

W~:D;l1l~ ..iiITW~.$iW2.~jTQril,'

~,O!i~Q.rrt,.
.;!lI{,.y

.m,MlUJ

UITJJ:UUlifr .. .2l1~liil:I

~~ilIi!.llG;l'ft:Jt1.rr~Ii1rn.w@l{JJ

j1',tD@i . (yl,dJU6..t... 8;1T'ij]J.W G/foiuiir:il (lJrtL~;.~ ,uF~:~lGtr®'r.@il. ~, UJff ~Lil

:.,. rLllT;er;1TL'i11;wlr
, ' jEY

=, '

P'

,IJI;JTL..J:t J'A(fGiJ,
'.

=~[rwrrGiJ'" '

=90' !lJ1:r.ru®~ll~@lirr·'
~~rn
i!l;io@l"j~,ril'@

,®ri'

~(j1IJo'l>u)ffilrUurro~GllUl

1fE®~, fI'®jllJ!i)@im@m'ftl~ff.

,J1J.MIw

!i'I"~4Nai'itil'

~lil.Jth£l1L~
~WUJ'~UJ'[J''!J'

lIDf,'1M'iIlll.ru

~~~

1t'£P.Iill,r1ir&iL.@i

,,(!lJLUilJ!)J;r,~

,;tJ:.Qlo;:o;&ri

1,..tfT.~\m,W

~<iIrmID~ff~#J~'

~1'i'Jl;~~~Gir ~~. ,wrrh, {ll'twa:;l!i; G!!lJ,ff,iifrml1i'iflw "i1'6.itJlJlW, G!'r.fr/,(':!!1 ~~wlLlci:! ~YNiff;U!J' glil; fuG,1l1T ~lili®Wfli4!ii W:ffJ:,~.ff!JJ.!i;tJ;~ $~Il"~JfJ',i:Urr 6T~~~~ fo't!i$t@q'5il6fur
. ~Lr!ffr6i~!I.J!f

lSl.!b.!li.w@~SJl!Sb

l~tl!l~!b
~~~~GlI

<i'r.l.li~brUl,

LJtiJl§U:J

(2u;r,itJ·f!J<'l'l1l1l,.JJIDaJ!f.!9ID

,~ff.

UlOl<i;Om.!T~ ,:il)Sl!~£i{f:a; ~ur~Jiie;J m,ffi~JTri'~~. ,.. -:¥lG\l e;m~~Gl'l7G\J· a:;WJ,l:I8;$fI'y!UUITGU UlfT.% .m~4X1ij!1f!~~rn. '~&$lI"~.w,$!&Wili' jYWI{p, LI:fli>8iwfJ.r;_jj) 6l.I~Jf ~jli'i '@JJi;;f}joir,rarl}J. OOJ~ !llililltil~':!l':$ <l1'l(!j~I,r] uwm-~, ;zw.!iIG$6lff ,mJ'tW!Tu .rlllr:,lit."'iJ,;(t!l;;rJ1Wi1'i1 ~4j;/!i. o!JI:Ui:)'jj,$ @!I;~ti' jlJull,~Jt U~Ufl"L.~g:!l"",,,..f.i> 'GT.~.wJ ~b $!l'I>V.r~w· .i.f&l;muiOIDu Gw.@w.b ..,~ ,ffijmrT~~~ . .l..jZYIID'~.wql.l~1,ihllri'! l:iiG.,lT"i,.&aT" I$wrn(;!'O@'@'iilTJU11,. ' ®.ffi,o;~et.:.t-,51l~~6ftr jb,J}'lPfi' 1:li:p".rjI~u~rnfL.l Glffi!J!'Gfui~:I~ (,'li:omL~' " .r~'~1T.u~(].l....uli(!!l !liigJi!i)!" P)@=bG~. . , ,@;lllm8!~I'!lfr8i&rnLJw Il..JJ"I'.!liip;ilTrTmw • ~rrt.lJ a:Lsr~L~ 5lGi!Jm$1'f" wt.::~@~, &.[,IJfj-,dii:19,@~,ir,s;mr !;Ii rrw@Gl~GV,&.?!Uif > Gurr.~~~!..JJl1rl'GkJtr~ ft)~JrT$rJir ,@lhUl~r6lawmiI'J.rn Ul!!p UMii.i&mc illiT.itf.l.mrn &:1'j)!l~·rTi!;m ,;r@:.~,mili .of.!u.jllYlIh~§1I ~i,i7tv,&i~Q.r!f~IOi1'.
I

G uwgll@uiurH~!!l!tJft;;1!irrfi' •

;!!!9'i'UULL,{!l'ff4@ww!>mjul:n;WGOlW,
tuGUGNf.F "

ffilY.rn~"lJJT$l!U~. _
LIGWrnG;]ulwi' !Jlll"ffie;.;fr

{~~tDl.in:~~ii,@iuu u/fJ~lJ.J~r@l'ffii'dYfflfrorft;,@fo,'~ uijJti~W .!Ii!®;!K~I.!iil..Orn-U Ot",MT.GIJukir/pJ GT.ru;@ili6'r~j1'ru,!2ltr'l!; i ,!!llf,;m J.~" .d1I. &;·G'lflJjl:l"~I",6'i,di~iT'!Y]i6~lMtil"!lt.. ~JDl';;:iQ:f[/~GH 4liW:~ '.""'-r._~~". l..J~iftirR~ ~Jilli'w~~~r",_.ilJ' ~ulTm;JV ,~!ru.ilr,tilll.ulID!'I.i&TD· !..rlT.J:9, ' ' #l!i)t~~'/hl'fri'; . m~U1~I}· G~61o; ,:>iil',i1j(rtlJ.lI;lhJJ,m&tr: .Ij~ru,g;; .WilJUUJiJf!J.U. 4Ji;f9~!1'Uu:tiJ;!!5Ju ~JTLq.It/ISiJo'l~l'lWTJf.
'W"""'i'~"

(J1t~uOlw&r

'j:@®,$i:!ljrr~j1gJfJti!t

illfffiH.il{J;Ii;:j!~fti~

f?!t!!

'C'!_ut6irG'@*

I,

:~UJrt

~m!Ljw~l.;1;@!rili

~tiI~a.U$!lIDu;:r~~

OO~,d~!ur.lf~rrwf

,L,imr~~J gu~~~Tm1 <!'>Qlj.@l1r.lil'rf.

jlj,

&~C3~'LLLb
, ,:io!l'l:h!lO !L!(i;lTi:tUrT@rG'illW~~

'.!.&.y,J,!_.I ,'mffinF - ,pL ~ t.Jg"uUl9W

)'!.irr~

n . ,/.II wjJ)iJ",~,

fti·IAJ1:~llI5ib.1't uJj.~

~ ~'Dt'GeL

!:.-Glrn

.Jl)~1P

GI:./®!il

jDfft.:...ITJ..fiJ'r§ i9iQm-~~1TW ~ul'Irjlftirrt.:.~~~

(f:o]eronce" Ecumeoi.sm ""IQUi!T~®Jli~ ~JJii~. •"" '. .

@r

~®,tii2ll

.'(]j!jlTmrr~1IJ

8GUG:l@(§:

:!m Oltii,!ij]!U,'I1I$~WU:Ju[]'.w.$l:iP'~S1l.ilit~J.P% ,!lIDi!W'&_.' .@~g,,®(I.lLbi (}~G,rDllii~. GlWtr~,:ill;@!llW

(;.'Ifl_U.!Tb~

,;;If,.",

A,.,

" ell

:21,1'1'"., ~ 19-.... t1ii!).

",~ .j."

." ,..,!;'I'e -~ .,,... .• ar..p'ru,@,UfjGllf'f'~rn

.,

IW

,)

o&'l'jPI!,\f,)~,?I'''~

d¥Jlll(]~.

(j)~bOrr8;ar6lf1~:1 ;:!!);fu.gi~.m(;lJiT

.t1J,~u._4i11,Npflu.., ~.,'e>.',,,-,,,",,,,_~ ~,$.sff ,. u.l1l!U~'rJ~l,g;,w~iiiti5,w

.(h114~lrGlJf,!fl~ '4;!!1-ffleUi 4~Qlrtpl>~r GT~~flJ#i.~:S1Iri;.!l>W,

.II'\Q!i'<l'.

fJP/E'ii'J",qJi. w,fi;,$IiJ

ilJfITwilb'j'w,m tJtiTj.,._,~i'li&wil

-, UfBurTL;;t'i)rir. ',oM

'.!Jr~lllcb, ~®r.w~, ·oJPI.w:~ iii ef.P~~ib. . GiilLf'ilIl.IITD,!!'jli<;&!iG.'?~'L.!lU., @ru~&rr 1Jf!J jj)~,.QGll,!l'JGiil.l,rr GIill~'!pjfo UlIf'l.QouqViT
.~~!O'I!"Glfaq..~~A@j
Iil~rfril~,~

Wf1'~ffUUm~

G1I,.J"~e_~ Qu.--:r,*~'w, G!:UIT<i<Wf!~~•. ofl"""..,-;,.,..';'ir

'~~!f:~~~n:,

GruGitlWJ!lJDu

&!.~JqI'~f.l:II D.\oI;I~%-Ij~ '41~~Ul~

~uu1f

!!"J,WWO;

.rl>U1~UI,~ &.,I;~Ul®rT a716Urru51,,$Gl'ntir..,

G~u;W@ru51'

I,m:rm®d'~rn ~~&il.

'IifWID UI'1'8;.m-&rrQ:utr~

~,;&!,J(!fJt!I

1J;!lJJ1j)

~j~Q u.mp;i -@i\l8i@IIJi.h ~~'_(i@GIJjU,tP@j ,(DW .$iIOiJ};jJ~ UJUl '~Q!!~IT:,!llii .!i!iI&nt·rJJiTd; ,~tiijl@;di~m; Ql~~@.~. ii~,iLV' Glmm~G'1Q~ ..!2btrrTrLfw(@U"T:<W@ U<!i;~~41 .Q:.~ri:;!ii.§1m QI{Ffl;'p.io;G,it
~GS.u.il>ID;li;D"Il!lO; 8j1T.,~Qr(1@til. ..ti.~Gl)nJi)l llI'll,lll.lU QUJf@j!;r(jb,1ll-

/WrfoIJu.fiffl9J»ili ~,tJ;%GJ I.JlrrJPfj!di}.$~jD'UiI. GT@p;~J,§q;rn,,:L_rur.o :uJfOlP!k UiIltq.1fJ 1$ WI liP (jj'tw·,.r. tP u ;iJ. ,~~ LJ,rr I-IWlil'>€iT f.J..${ibf ..t&rr. t6J@18hru",s;:!,~ Q?lrT~~iru. '[!jrH.U:GDnJ.itTfF. ~.mJ1)11Tff,.
!/}lfm •

.$UlUrl: audG:W,J!}tIl!lko.~~)1-1L1 C'jJi!JJI)JU~I-f,

·~d~61laiW

/JJ§J.
l::iiI~d&;,r~,lbrru /p~!:p.iJ; a;av,~~.:!iJ.iI'r.i:l ,"",IT ....,•• "'~'.,....-:n .. (;tunillJ(]:;!1j',iJ,'!W)lfu, U...mIililDi 'G)B;\IT_t.. (:iJ'fl'ifJiJ:.f!TID, UP-~~f!b~_!UJ,b GhJq®fft'~.\N' ~a;~~.Irr~ ,1.@fU.ID~O}qG~.d1ftl'~fil~, :@iJuo!i:,@lu

o!FW~!,ti'.u

1!#.2;..@!U[n'1i:~§lTIt.f~.f!;l~'ft)m~.. ~ gmuu&,,@ £$;iDjom]'d',,~~(§tb Ii1mY'ftil1'dtiit~,m:~~®di@UJ ~~l;iJ.urre'~U'.r:red;,mJ:fl,nrbT llOibl../lftiliUtf.~~'@ ~@'.i,ill §iJEiI!I "'nt6lii!rI."!l~l'~Gl,r..il,,d)U(WP''''', rnffi'trqiML..JTl-Uu(ji'l# fiJ@I~.;ul;D~rr~ql,#JjJ<1ifJ){:1:'~ UII.:i'~w,m-(].m oIm.,;OOQ:Vlf,.d,'aT(jm .s.i>llwUJ ~urr.b~.$mlW, ~LJW8;.@.l6IG5r ulU(bJiOi!l"iNu6lI'lDi lU'srrr ,unQl1'·· ~.w~<J;'Li:.@}ci 1~fJ.QT?~r~tb(!Jj6, U~\iI)'iiJ~ .~oIitf.lPri: WL..~lDif!:l.sv ,~uu.liliil~lw.q,".r.J~U'HfolJj ,~.mw,$;!S.~.
I

.&imG'fil&u
t

, , ~~

6\1lW#Gii",WA18J

mmIJlt~'rUq1Jlm'"

£hgJ1~Ul~

(Y'.wrb. }.34-) J!iwO)I'

o$JrGlll~

i.n,

.. •
iOfG5r.a;llt1l,

rl~llIW!'li'm_ Pi til

~~tBl,m~ll~!D
1;./1iIiI·

Ji;' ~,~~

tr,wSllUJ i>I.l·'!l":l!fJl;ii;,fjlUJWGIT

ijlrT

~rt .
@ii1ii'b>!ilrvtw<>t--gr8w OOGirmj(;\),a; @~Sl~.tWJb • .@itl,~,~~~rir
GI,!li;l1'Jr~M""fM'J:r.I1Iiii' <J'i'(!ll

ril~(g)i&rn
1lfU:J dil¢il~rr 1J)f ,fi!I/D,iJ;I&f ,diI{Mfir6illij~l.w t5J. Ufrrr ~I!J'rr~ !!I~&r-~almWci;G'a; ~'/illjJ '!Nrr*r~/81,tP G!u!Jf!JiJ)Wlrj,J,mfT(fi!' ~'~JD& ilPi.@i@m~ufT@Glfti~~iT w -&J~m .~.ml!l.mlbl -&t,.autO" ~m.,w~f. :L1ifli-q;tJ!iJ! ~W..s;:rnl'rUJiI_r.'lIi&w#. ~JlI)OUrr81 ,~I£j,fjjlJjJ Quejtb ,!IDT@m&fr ,~lI:Ig,I.n5luJ ~lilJGlu~ :a;~iML.<1r,r IIT~W

umfWli-i~.;r;.m';ll
j

~LIJJ'!Pii u.wrrt.::.~cilJ'

I,m I, '_~ILh. rMlTfJli.; .

~rnLIPJ@.
@3

.m:~,

®.~~ %.mw~.~8i
.

GlII:qj.li;jrne;tq~..

Ul~f" ~rrit~

,I/lj uul...'-1ZlFf

l-ljDpjff,gm: /!J

• G'u~;b;&i!im: J ~~~

-Elf~fPj!JiD

,25t61tlJri"

l.folF.i:(@'Y.lQ~~

.~.LEilIw.@~Ql!T
~i&Sl(lli!l1t
ll;I'l',~~

~6»Cill'(;IJt9nrldW1m ~,gflGljij~rjb .. """"

~{;I;IJC@1'l;@~:r; i u~(;;lrulNfJ~

- ~~mwGk.l",@.!m '.' .~®&@im&rr,U@'l..IlJ"Gil G,$(l;b.!Lnr~~;:Ii"<i< Q"grIr~L' §lQ'§ JM"&}' .@ru~~@Gh1 lQiif.wll

~..!'lJI J!id

.iflr.§";;@ifD~UWjJ$

;.rir&ur

... GIJ@t...~

QUp5J~Jthl Ge;rn.'inrlr'GllW

..

'~rug,ri1'~
(!..j'J!'lUt .1 BliI,iI

®,aSludl~~ITti'

<

;!'Iiwo;G!i'lJ~ ~,MJI);i)'jT Gl~:FTcilriW'~' .b.!il,ltlir'r.4;Qttm @ru~1b __G§ilrciW-ro!WT.G~

t.1uSl'Qii}~"mGi!/,ii-a;~ .aHDI~rll~ ~!lJJl':I!m!7i Iir-@UIT~\Sfi'L ~JJi ~!imrr.rui'fri'.mGir. G!p;rr,wa;/'T ll!l}wD (;;It!I'TQ;GlTjil.!l;rT'p'ili ~il~8mr ,,::w,a.;.s;wrrn; .@14)i)~~lLiu !...j'i>tIQGilt pi.1 6.!IYldi;iJ ft)@ $I.rnWft1~iPJ,(]urrGti ~jGl'jD,rt.t§ ®~ll<!i;!il!U~j1~w dJ/mltJrJ;,lbiP"'(f,~. . Gl,0ff)I!!.}~GU~. Eatbfil :r'"'@jU UrorUl,L.."PJ,p;!1i1/iO'U Qi!jj:rr@,~~ Gh..ilJJw,e.;G;iT ~ri"i9J,W '1i1'j~ '1!if[iil'il.. )(~ i!1LI,dJ-mo1llG:iVrr(j '.Pi.IlITtoP;~ rriiTo!I>~~wumPJ 1 0; 1$ rr,r..:..@i91:;h D~ . J rlltb~,,!l!irLjW
J,D&vGIIHJ~liIiD

w.&'1J<Frrri-~~

,..,~,,0j~.!Jjrr~tD'

Q8-'''w~®,j"o;. a~J.@Ul. utiJr'lclffJm@ 4G1!'tw@ ~(!!i(!Jl@jIJ W&vli'qffJJ ~ro &/;~@W .@.!ioGl>1"l.if-Gm!t.i, UI&vUU@\@<'Bt.::...
~(!!l GlW!J:,i!UI'"~lj;

~!-di~fiI''4w

@1,411~~ '."'"w~

o!!tJ~Wuu'

i.1lm;,@'@rfso,.rr.

@~JlilIrrGftI rj],,il'

G'JU,!UrfJt:_j_Qifr. ul>liUrT.!Ii&nl.jlh. wrr&iill&;aVllp.h ~.:mrf8i6iT ~"iil'ru fJjl@j1J ~:mnr'$@~LlU ,.!PIW~ i\il'@l.Uni:_~L-.u ,L,J~.U

Gl'$Il"(i!~t6 Gl\m.riJOI>J!i,@ .!91mL11.I,!Jm'l,J ~'f~~~&rO;GW'S;:Illitr.Mi-rllITrj'. f!iW LI~W".1 i)oSI)a;~ii\Jrmo;Gi:~.w l,Yl®&:a_rnruu I iJil... o01rLjU!, i!jjlfi§p;,wM'Uti1p}iILJtb~Go$i'Tmm'ID~HUQ:u)iJ:.cl1l1./d.l l.fi!ll<!Pl,h Q9'rlt IJ,II'::"ihm Gll.1(§ L6IwiUW tll,@li;)rirJIlG¥. .~~& <FrrfT Pl'% ~,p),i.Sl~~T G'l'Giir JlJ1Lil, (Yi1Oi.1&.1 Wr l!JJW _.,1iJUJ~..tr G1Glr.2l'l~ 'mI@!:1l'~9i~iil Qflii'iil:tmiW!ilI1T IIr;rijlilJ'fr.ll'Jl tn,tlJdj;@1 .gIj~bW.iTGl'[W~:trIT.!li .tJIrrnL£J!b~fjl 6l'rin.J,$))_gl,m ,etiJH..'(b1 : rr;l~rfJtJ;J: 1 @.mltwI£JGhls;)!T ·~im1fIiQ.!i"!iJ i.I~m.m$:&rr§;. @i9J,U;JU'.L.. W'il,l', 1./ft)J'liIij'.§1IT.ID.mr~ Qf@WI,di,gidl< G'id'liuljt5fr ,!'!)iw ~~~lr~ ~.m$lrn ,'~lJ~"iJ(!§d;Qlj IM§fJJI'SIilrlUj;:$§)J. l@tli3G.ili#r,PJ'~{·
GUlTl~~

~~OJ,IiJ,@'iw

W'Vff8G·,fuIf.i1;

~1:?;j!.lfm,i!llUiT<1l;!i;

GtIilli!iiJ(]'iar~

rJhi1~ili"':"@jii'D

ruu

(jJ&rrlliumr ,®,L.ff'ri':. f9G\J,~'\I'rLiiIT,iP w(11juUI.

U"'l':E;~UI'~ '®Lf;J"~.

W~ILin"i'T

(DJ1.iD®~'

rmtrni15J1u

Qt$IT

wliJrr.1'i

1.J/nl]..~

. ..lI{~llUlIT,Gir

~tiID,~w

1YlG'\:r&!J,Il/w .liJ.IhJil(jILlfJ' 91iil@i~,rTp;:rn':<k ..

j/JWJy,.r:'!rh w!J)i1.£JwrtJ4i'1ii <'I.il'T~~.il~dJ" "lil.~&. l..IrrU'~u .. rri'. wrrU~.:'!5rro9'w;, u
. !p~iP f!'i@WW@ @~,!D"l.U' . OJ;wdl~!O'If-&w GUJil"rir (J®>®.;mL",,1U {j}tJJfj)'6IjIQ> ;i!j'>@u,rr(&l' ..JimirrS;WLlITW@a;lllf]stJ (~;!lli:~Qfrrra;~ Q~m>'.;r,gJ\l@ii5'r,!l'):!)'iJ. G~u,!!'i)l!irr!!.lo!l';dn~GiT&1r WlllJ; $Jrj).mrror; ~iU;iilI!llla;~I!1

Gli~lTdrtD 4~oru,rf.i,g;km.r,D; ~~GGlJ,4> ~",j;lDrir Wffr.q~,!l!i ~iWm~,

IJltO

.@~,JZIGlI~l1.iW
u"iil'Taiw ®OCLlmJi

@a.m-~uJ
~ll#Uff'iJ

UI1'~il.I-Gft,.-rrrnr.

S;L.:~/&lrft.i G'I.~rr(glillil1'm- t./~.xG1r ..".jlGljUI'T'{bl'.W ..f!"J.q.J:J UFTt!W.tJ; fJJ.fi:r Qi!Fri.jU) ,!!'i@.!i;<IO~ ~~6'lI!'T'W QUFTJjl,iPl.f.i!Jff ;@ld!u Clu'JJ'Jil9w &k~w J!jtb Gl:Zin'!#w G'llFIiKJIJ;4Jl)Jw
1(J

~.®V

~r;~~

.£'IlIo$GUl'

tifilJ{TW,ti;~1'I'

:5l!0011iJf'i"Gii ~fI"'W,<ii:,,~f!il _ GI,!!imG@r., -

•.. f1!~

miirm~

;:IB~~<!Jjrr~:

.@1~(i: r !l;.~w

~~w.

~w'fK~)o\iiiill~

foci:! U~U.,u":'J9:£W~ ~rL!.m.~$ "",r'." Ul!,j!).rt.,$~~1h lDNp.utJi&tr(ijl:h film.fP UGU 1.$~~51<l1i:L._@.i~b~. G)~rt'I..:-ri-ji;@
i

j,IT'

.r~"'=

I)

'J. ,tb ~/1?,!;J!j !9,WI!pulJ.rbl!)jG"ri:4rg.lJl,*6'II~ml6~ ~GlI"~!D'~" If, .at1ir fD 'Gl<FJt6il GI{'P,IDlL.Jti ... GUli\lrrdl • ~£D@11l . ..!',~iiJl.il1

~ff.'~

G'!'u.$} Ali~ .,

,Iliw.W]llilGilffiifl'i6iflIDi

~6&Iffi.$

(!Jlffi£l&1l

lD~n-J.

"1sjli /!b~l,!iJ

.~'mLGJ1;E!iJT~o;&rtJ!I~~1l,!2l(]~ ~•

C!!GiJ~lr@ili"

!l,Gl,wrT!;;wutlill'ib

fll;;wJ1wt>Yf.
.

.w~m,

g;rr;J)(EJuiarllf-~
6IlI~8ia;i1I.!Tl!>

Ui\f]jlW.lT®,$aru®~.

I ~ftJGUit.!.1i~r.@wU',rb)6l&urji.i
'U'T1l' 5141i1J'ff

o!Iilil~J1ril~,&tr '. U]lm.wUl~UJ'~;\I;*, . ftirJi¥~J8;t7dl6iJ (OlPJ~lM!tr~<'ii dl;rrt.:..@~m.

O",,-JVjlOlJrrrr. .' ."_ G'I;2)~r_' ,r~rLi U).!VJW~'ff8'~ .@W~Ulll" UT(j;I'j~I8;QirrL.rJj-UJWl;jr~'. f]il!1t!l,

J!JW!tjJ . pl!T,L..~,S!iw '{;s;IJltf;fj'~ih m$t9 .d'4!J'Jt,e;dr ~15iJGl'~IJW ,iI!I.Jmlffil,iii ,!l!'.iwo!ii@Gir 5l~Qi~-u-~6'Jlw GUlTrJl ~i ff"~. j'U"I:"'l.jl~ , GUlf 1JJ~ W flJf' w ~/&-f~"u® W, ~,71~lJT~~~,I'l' r!FIT ",.(jj;~m ~Q"~f,~W
r!JJWrr.r;

!1Iili .@),~ffi6ilrnjV~" ,~idI~J UJ OOi.hGlUl!T~~U.!? t6l&lir L.lffU' UrT'[T i)Pl,rrfFW'J r1l !i1,m9,llrb' 1Jl/Di!ii:g;{!pUI-,rJ.I!'r ,ffi G1a::IUII./,--$GiIl6'll ,Wn'I!!i~

(]'9' .jJLn51m-&!rIi~.m-

~,rrGU ¥,~.iU

~WJ.fllifar

®~.~W

-.~uLl~rrll>Gljm
~t§Jil tJ)w !itr~G'fJ,L,~ili

:Zl~lP{b'IWlr!P&1D ~We®~/_'fU III fill:tJ!@IWiff;j/ltfjJ· ,P; 11JJ'lP{!lirr.:,l!f~ ".!lJ.tD Pf[T($1t'1j~.·· Glmrr~Giil,uwJt ,G~,IlJ,!..il· r I-!f1JN1'$WT .[!),_lW,. 6l~uu$tqjl'l'u.tylm ~GiIiruiTtDAl&uu
.fil@ ~Uluurr
~~-~@i
e;'(N

.9ilIUl ~w;lJ/tJ~If.

6'I@,@~,!'ii,:fliQl'tf. ",ifu&vffiL..@.i~ .,pJi)"m ~til'It:I-!,g;~!,l)Gir ~rn.,

l1)GUrI<trf'®U~ '. ;~'ItJ;folT§»,w ~Wi!T ,ffitrnw ~Lur.-t.U· M(;iJ{li~hThi\ffiG"~

Guw,@litI

GJ8'SIJ/lJjl'

U6I.I.
_. j

~-m-o;d!lJ1'!J'rt

JljrJiJtpff

m7U,~iib'Pi'

OVClfo:;;FU,
'(ffE;ir9;lI

~fo,~;JJUJ!JN1'iDlf)riftJ

049{;i»f§_,$IGl1(J'fff5}<t!/'

Oi..Jillii-

g&'{1ti'

f!J"·4oWlB§l.lV\l!b...GJU@.!lt~'G'Wri-. j!}tbljjJ U).1!:me.!i;@;ci) ,!lli~ ..JPiU~@; .u,iilC8@,\@. ~lfg)tjJl!ifT~(fi!DU;iJ[fJ1 ~~~:Wlili '~r~b6triIT~ Ti1i~fj lfio;rbirl1.fW $/Liiolil!l1Jl.J;i;}!tJ! .@~~\:u_l~r,d1> ~1'~alwm:jl(!!U!;lVtm. (~ili 4~ru@lili (f!JJ!)J{iJfiij l£ ~f"$'dlL....{ljl.th QU[!l,!li1Q) r.v~'(r'~ ilflJ\l'L{I[Il1b $IG:.R-.@@u.- G'im{pti;$lu WJIl'61',w CfOli..!,tbftl~wri'~. ~/iJ.>Ii$i,r fon1~ ®~QQJI1'® !!iff, , I.!ftIJl.ILJGfli!irrlTff. ,rJ-r"u.ci,,·, ..:.w.~'QIlTfT Gt.JLGrWfTtP , ~jQ,rLllelijJ;,'o!\';Jrr~j;"~'o!I1.o!!I;il1f ,G'lJPJiPDf!J' 1-{u$~(f9-gJ,rlJ . fIifo ;!iW UITL..W,;;;Gifl6i:J ,g;i"!·t.:...I.q_l[,I~Ii!'T~<I'{rr

JID~'t!l'.i(].!('"

7~

I.1JTLw.l1'~

,~~rolilS'W

,,(!l~j.

pm 4liii(l1l~ja~~~w. /fiLSrP we;a;dfr %~'!lJ <F!1lrut~f ... GYr I au. .q£!D),I@')fU} ~'~Q;_ iF''Trfth.~rr9Jr.£J ~rrlb tJjUiiIJl U)d;,;1;~ .:;rWt,W ,9JWJy}r~ UJLD Gl"'"tr~i'r'irn.9li9i&-mIUl ~iiJJ1,ri" otrMr a;GW b.JjUj':q.,mG ~ """!liJ:lL_.i.)d)£l1.~G #i Iru'all~m jl)~T ri- • '
4.'Ij@j.tIlW~.m~11.1

4}£iPilP-t,W,lJJfl,lJ'!JjrrL(f;II!1Hi:!'§j1I1;/lil '-!.J- G'J/.tiJ1fJrr ~w 1fi_W!Jj)' U')~'O!iW

.$ljJ!9·md;~1J
G'!"~f,ilJ' (JJJCilI'J %ItU1!ii)

Jjll!J~'!:.I.m&irU jJ~~~L.§j·.mIT.G1J·

~tr;b(!jfCiiiM(j)qo~l'ffo;;j;

'~"'~~ro!1i&illlilm-

05;&tJih~!Wili Gp;ITGH.rmt1 (brUu_ID.a9 /Jj«(}ff 6lirtfloru'it 0!i061 &ftl@ifhi~I.\I'.lIj!§lGV~l) + '~ufflil.:.i'4!'iff~1',ffi m,G !!ifr~ uq.dI@ciJG·Lrtr~~ clilc.>tlffW
_ j!iUlu5:!IOll.!Ii;@ru,u;.@jjlIID

(",;1 I '!.,oir •

sT®UI.9,1Li

-.8

~l.--~. Qu .Il:Jlfm:;&r }lJi~'!fr. 1h!J6J'W ~J5illU!,$~. G,g;fff-l,!ffi1.;$~, Qo!F5i{k(jjl~ i;lI$I'rtj;1!§ .@l~~rLJw !!JrT i:..q.. :iUQfoiD . c> .$!J..... fr&~mr.,_IH j ~@~ I'l'@WfTt.:.@.lfi@* ,ll'IT@Tg)lOO!l!f1T a; L&\Mlf!"~Oi:IT ftHi,!IT. G!U-rTL...w(!:l1r iiT,m~jj,h t5l!1·lf~DT.\nJU trJu7:....(J;!if1; - filj)VJ ~U_r.uo::ruGll'J'I't".

~LI"H':"r.l!l~~lI

[lJf!JtiJ;i!!J

\']tr1i'TiUllliiIc'liGiT;.

.9

.QI'ufF,W,!l'1lI1/Girwrrri-. ~w.rul:T.g)! j!i:WQ&i®IilI'IT8; jIJ,@U@1l/.JW QuJi;lg)1wwrn. §UUflii;di'~m@~.IJ)fj;§JI Cl.j~1illfo.m'@i piJt,rJ) ~@iGLI~.0j'.rh liLi:J]~ffi,gi® ~$rr;0J. !§HLUj-@ GTt1;,~2&rr::IU;F OiL.lJlI.~ Gt9"@@(£r61&tr .!Ji!Jlf~lUIJffL~ii> fijtv tJirrib t1J)1P,rli~iJhaGrr 1B~(SIib ~(j)r:!!i* &MrGlinlll¢l'fa.ii ,S'® Q.r-i<!5w Qft!lTmiiYLlf{i,?W·J)Jrii%s,'lIJllI. ~@ .!fI,',5lmSiJ;.rJ~'~~i!i:{]; .. Gi)'iIF~G\lIITGi'i,l\'i~ JlIlhr~,j@!i Pi:i.hp'&Li,~e.;rfMI !ffI!f)JrtrI!W!JjJ
~01IHI.1

r;ljJji1$JIP

g;~.~

,I!I,.&li1il:;;ir

w.

If

umrUtr~@IiL,U '(]umflGlJ,!1trjJ@,ffi,!ll'lwfill ..m~ i1lrf .ll<.rniiJ. u...ijlUi, p;diljp uui;,g;i]~.m'@ .@{~!!J;I'T"" jJ~,u Gl,;$r-r L....Jty W. ~ iOI'~$1.b Gl,9'IUfo ·61'~foamQlU.Ii7 Wli>di$!'Ji!iiJr L1rim'Llrr@th ~n',g;rfJ" &I!:;.. ,ftiflJUL..(~@1'. (U~uJjwlf" uQl(]IDJ,JT~Wff. ~/iMJ!LJtT GUJT~'
'i>JiJl-iIJ

o/IjJT6i.ld~&il~L!iJ,~'

WlTW.m'lll

<;~i\:;;»L~J,@i1l"

~fiOiJwu~

B1'lL~Q61U;ln J&:n &,~~~tb

~Lli~j!!.T2,r.Jt51t.:@,U
Iillff£lr

UGtJ~1.L.ifrQj)

r;Ur5I(flI7i?

/bifJJ[p"

)Jrriufji1JjJJ@:$l.L/U)

U~L!trt..:..~Ll.L/'W U1TU<l&~WGUff AliI#!Fr@

fiiJ$I'u

ffix6,~i'QG1J.sill
t;;Jf'fp';[)f['

,
lJj}

.. riliiiT.ro .i)~;;4,<'Jj.wrf ::D~ UltrUl&wfti fW @,jii

!l'T',r,.;,s!; ,Qi;7~dl,iM.l:I

tJlI'1(@,wcmt.il

6I:a:~~;"iI(;in J»s;rnfrr.,*!W w:rnb ",,~!p6.@!iw piif<liffJSW fl:rlifiJ!!1JtT Qrm@l:D~ '~J'f1I@jW Wrj'l#,rt1®%/Yt;! ;~6I~~ '4f,lT1T!iU;'~ ,(lWB'lUlI ~ilImUJ ~ftj,jil. !lHJiI!JJfffl'w~,.II:n., ,I1lWl'lJlii' o;~u;;IiU', rjl.!be;IT~,d).~cfu . ~rtlGlJ'!.fe;~. GWJTilIll9lfpjtrGtTrT5ilWJ1'O'Lrt.irr .ijd;rTa;~~f ~lf&t1,9;!@]jLIiW, ~IL@rd . UrrJj ff.@iilirnulT.fJ! ~,gi,®fIllil1i1T&lw ftl~ . Qd~1 ft) fil.w !;l7fT <!!>, .®P;~rJ;j umrwrr(blm PJfr.!litil',!I;(yHD G1 U@lWJ:.lrtSlJilJ @jmL-1U ur.mrUffLmJ:....UJW )lij,r8ii{RfJjfo~,>;'6liJtiJ ~1u.r.UUG!flL!LIIT!!J.it1i ,Lmli1:l GT~T)Pt .$0).j;t!)! @~fI'!D! wjIJ,gva;G)e;rJrrln.uwu@fillrir j!I~. @wrr" U~I.-_ftfJ I5UJUJjj)JiP !BrrLi!Jj6l1)~ ~)iiJjltDrr~..rn-' U'Gll~Ui'l'@ I ~j!!1/fftpl ~(Yl.$.g;J:i!b'l j1JJff~~. U~Uil"@ lH~r/f)J o;.pSlrA/Gtrsrtrri'. witGjD Ul,!ftr.GW'. !Jjtn:"@ dlIlfolt§i,n Qurtl:rilriln.I!'T ,llBfF€@n {j'J9rmr!i!W.tb@j/iiJi!o-1T'C£Ji....1.JJ0;<J;afF1T<iii:i G.!ilJTibJ&:a;.uUt.:..L lB'~llillHi!lQiI~ ,@~9IW (!JJ;iJ@,fJ; ~!TJT!LJuw,!-Q.~!litia,l;) tSTG&r'!!)! "'e§l;iJt4~rrif.,
~~foi;lJi,$Gl1Jt6 .,ffJ{~t....JiJ@tilli!)J· ~@QiI'r'G'l1fi;$I@ ftjWl'!p@,!mL-f!1 U~UIH,_:_G'!IlU

,~~l;IJ:J"I ... "rL:..~l-.~

u~wrr@
!iii

,g;1'T4'U!'T tJpJI '~di;0#r";mr,m-.r, dWhillito!.l:ie CB',u)G\l,~rr"_:_(bli!i' GiIl'cli6Jjl'To!i;iIl:tl'l'~ UlrT fofDUJ"'iriJl-~@(ff)ii;t6 6l)6lru .!!lijorrlID'lubftlrrG®r rr .£j)'Dw~~l-j~Gin:;Yr~. w
..... • ~

Gil a..Giirooib\f.

IOrmlilo;f' (ifij.i4ji01J'J>fJ' p,il1'@O;GJIJ@ trJiTio!fimfiliiiiJj&irrlfw ""WoofuwlJm .$@~ ~ftb~Grjffi', "'M~()~ lIiwt4,o,ij'Jmf(' ,ji.li'~Yl~!I'1'!' fW'o-rrl6irrJiIPJ 8J~!Jjff1!JJ ~mr

}Jrre;rilQ;cil

QI(§ hlf, HmU U61lMl

~.~,g;t.:..@j~~~~

10195 G-w

~~;.

G!<'liI1'@lill.f

• ~Jl?Jj£JiIT
I

ilf,r;-GV$I'.\Lii!.1'W-G'l,j@I5r8.irr~i
GF.$)f

..!i\'r5i&1~1(]io ~lf61ifUdi1 Q1,DJT~HirrQ;~Jw ;o$c.:![')G;lwn:lPrU!'T8i~/rn !Dr!)) rl_~' alilJ~QUlGilr f!J (j'j'ltllirml:i U!f~ QI dJ.i2l.!.li:rr~ili. . j!JIT ~lf/;~

rffit!PY,j,~.wqi,T.

.I.J~urr(blili-¥l\I'.4imG1\8'~ ,!!!Jlllf'!l<ll, jI&!l,~I,u,b~; c;rllW,iD QU\fl''{~~n..l,!b,e}) ~ifiJ5fit.:..S;,Jl6iJ; j'l)!llIlbiJ Gh1lrrJP!®ru

,;jaro~mfilll~flmr'r.Mrr
!~~;!i;~1.

~uO!T;ffirr,
&1I!ii'

~LIU
,f!)~, IT.

U&1i'ilrLuf(1'l"";:e&L..W,

~udlt=..(ifr.J
.ltJ ~'!jI

UITrf~tI!

,61uj£r;.@uu~rrilui$J
i-I'(b'lI'J~~.d)(!I:

.!.!Hb

u Gliif

Urr I": llJ- &1'

mJljJ'ITUlU Jl,i1.hwlll<!1';iOff 111;tD®A:lbilJ

~~JJJiI$Gm~a;Hg)wGUr.il1l~ i@@'u;tilG'IJi/!l;if!)} 8iL,@Uj:!floill p;rnn I~GilGuIT,4 ~1@).m,o;~f)~~1l ~~.ii;<J;UUt.:.4l.oiT:&Gi1I'l'L.b ,,_,B~w~sfr .,gI,r&:t.~>Gri§U4 W :@~Ij§~ WIT y,.~IIirG([!fm. 1lJP;51D /0'
IllQ)!u <FUf.Llflmm

~@puu5l'tii

fo~~O;@cli

~a:U

@i!TG)OO@t~1'!51~m~ @Qlirf!)l' +

l1l':bPtii

~GOlI,!'!!I'TL:..~,fti

rroY;/!PSfi)/lJ
.§.rfl;;*rl..-Li'l

,ffJf.B;~I7(JjJPJiJliI3

~~1iV
j;GilOido!li6rrIT1i\I

fiT.cwn

,f!! @

6liLlIlir9j~r .uwflIJ,tbmJ!)uJUi GlJ.!tQlfl' ,ri>,!!JI1f u.J~ '/ftmJi (iJtpfi;t;fIID!t.:....fBLrroo. ~lErWrr.

9lri,GMI)ir,D;Gtf

'mi.

,!5MD;@, p)GaR,!JjI!'@ (]Giiti:;.9;jb

,~"(bl.I!1;Ulil'Fg;

fJlrmtPtb:.:w @w%l~

..#,_:_~WllTtil.

'aiJGiff~,Ui

~.m~,

~au.ffis;ff .@ru,[b,.a5l1Li !BIT;LQ;ffiJaJ&1rI')rnUff@

..!lJmiT

UJ'aiiG'lJ~

§1'!1Jff~.

umi.li1":~ Q@ruwG'91iIT @b.(yJmHR(j)I. uGlirJl'urr~~1-... f!)u!5!(jj1!VtJJ td')f.dJ!§Jh

.'ftW(};'@j (yrT'L(};li;jqjg;ff

!IJ:W
~"IJ{ra@J(jm(Ji;'j/ll'JtW~GDr,

;g;~~W"

!llW (>l!I1TW.&;~GiGlirr~"'lI~®IJl1TuJl,ifr~

iUidlnrUl'n,:q..;D@

v:bJD

,.'llj611Hii,ffi'!!lJmml
I1l..AJtOlIl'UHi'it:.~

lEW
r~t,1 J ~r

J,lrir@f-

Iillrf,tJ;i.9;~I09j8>@j,J1I

!li! (jLiI7'{Jff~Gi.mJjGJiiwL"'QliO;@iU\(]'G1iJam-~~

W ~t_!LI ,tliLh u.ufl"L..:onu __ Gu~'ff r_j

ftiu5l~im:.rn.:.~cfu

iitii:11i~rurr@'l'*

/h~f!)JdiI!L1 @4IUrri.,:,Jj.'J~r;_',u t]ICjfl'® p;i1TW tf)'!J)tG,{i/1J.jlJJrUIif}j G'I.§in,ru'li1~Gb&i). ' UI(]WL:J~b.1T ~ ~!fl'~IlGl....jn~llI-rnJ 1lT(yl,6IDru
..

6l6h1 ,e;rr~i,§jl@J

IlIriY<JJG1r

GilIGb')L.IUIT. ~U-~~

1r,(;~ll!1;'"

Glfo;;rrrhru~tb~
UI.!i;;[1Oc;TT
W#.Bi,d(f

~:t!1(l'"'/(h

(]ftiG'6i'61,I.

.!!!lqlii]s;&1r u(]WI'J"@ Pi U?8;@li fj{(~P;1M ,ii1651b8;<!!idil!t\:ll!i.l!'. L..,ihliU':f!j Q/Gtrffji!iwri'~~f . w.rrGh...r®w (JlJ!I"!J~~

<='$u2.~1'i.b pjJf(!JH.D
G.11'1T(p(1trl.: ... Jilsnwu./w,

lfflI/ljli5'r:illI

~GiI~I~i\IIf

:;t..r;;,»U';t!;~It.$llw
G8;1T~J!'TJt<1i6i[,

!j~plGmi'o;iU

"'~17~"
•i I

,giGlittro!i:&I

t:il'tiifi!i&1{y.lWIl}!'
II.l'IU,d),tDIU "1!!.1"-)7~tDW. LII'TL...,$!TG'iH7;.m

~!J'8h$ff,t..:Q;lib

ulT€iUi1'.r...::.~lr)r_uuj.l,mr
Iil'tii%&lrll1J.j~r

fEw

:e.1)~ilu~1~!fGll ~cii)
!lirf',b.lTe,fJ~W,l1)

i.!P'WI!D

~81!T
QlITM'i.

(lUITm-,J!I

ft'tfi'tj!r;t.If9,fT@iflm&fu,fW

iJ(f§GlJ&'m€!!;IiiWT . ,g(f);!i;:fjJD;<J>rn,~r_fI'OioiJ;,

r.!ii~~W,iDJ~TJt. ;!!),W}W UlrrG'i1~.L.ffi.rE!.i~'~ LJiOl1l,u;GlI-lr~c&@,fT!'TI'fri;a;il J,lI,IJP ,gJ,rJ7o!h efi}@wLfl~Jffil,jj)a.u, #iW lErfu~fi< o!I;Yl,!1;,ri~lNdfI.m ~u1I'Wrf GlJ!f
Ofi<;..!!)Ji'J!j!ifJiu

au.

(!JJ~plHiG'd'l6i.1

UEri'~[UIJI'J:..:...6lJ)L,rJi

ms;GI:JfL

L!l~~iufTll';

(yliUj)m~Gir
NUl

·""ffil,m,;,;>uur.:..@ 81

f!1,'.iJwa;t,li,s.":r

Gl5llf,}uulT~®;,i;fU~

~~'!Ta:r@i,&:®i1l.

•
~®Itu;e~@jI,UJ' ,,€)~I#':'Q!i\il6ihu~,@m :ilftlt.Ja')u;~w. ~au<1li.lItf}~ mull.jw LGm"rf tiDtllw - !&I~r;fu~w. ,!l!i,~,~G;nLIU ~!fiillJTtbrn,!V.ffi ,t]'§;fo~ "]\'iJJ~Ui, ,!lllii ~!.lITL.:..~,~ u~tq;GljY.uh,rfiHfi;kn-df uniJ-s;~Gu .cm6i~'_rrJjf liUG!fff6;o; (]ru-rnr(!~I..b.

foI:8IJ.iW~.rnW R<bPo;'lJIWPiIH.:.J.~.;i:t J!jwtr. 6Ul@.?IUGSl' ,iJOj (lj/D GUIT,cgJ,G'.~

~,@rum-

t1II®@sir6i1G!T

QUQ]'U)

irFtpJlii;rH-:1q.~b' fiVtTJP{i;;cprrii8i1iiI ~~n.J,~~@ maru,,·u'w!!l'. ~tIIWIT wmr.uIT@. ~~,§ E.irrL~if.G'" ~.(l)4;,@I~)ftliU 250 C!PPJYL..l-... il'i"lTgtlUJQftir'lcl...*f~' t!i~iI.iLi~Ufl'L-iT,$;, ' lDQ;O'i~r il\4!iJ9rr....:.~@ ftI~f.100G"aTGktJ~ ~'w, ~@ ~m'liI:mGir, il® .!IiW Gl<lJ>JT.,I_. ,am-,t]! ®§'GlGU~f$lJW <rn.JIJl6l1!§jJ@ ],9IJHi-ili u.ill G)J[J' Ji1,~u l,;r, r;:ir 6il'"1l'(_~; ;f!J.~', .. &!J-:iJ(ru'IT ~~i~,jJ/I+i1itJ',;;r @~il'l,!;r~~" La~gl.!la,gc and ,Liber1y iill Ceylon· ."ni'iirWlw ~'iifJ :@d;a;(!i~~ GlJ/bL/JDl.i;~UUL....@~1iiJti51. ~ISilfJ&ml!iJ<I;~ uur,fJ; .. .@)@tI;@!llilL.Qi1w .!irudi1@ Jj}~&.M"liii:l7~ ~/i{.JllI~lj.£I ';]'~J'I.p,I., o<a;~ Gtt)6'O~t......Ir iii. ~~lil.l!uHr1JJ' fj)tiJpifrLl1J..rill ~,~8'l G)wri~lUiT""~i'ill i .,~1:l.MIJ GlUJlFtPruWtT.flJ{UJ m®;dlftJtrliil~lT~r ~.WJW I1JJis;15ir ~@6lJrT!!JI
i •

1(;l)~:L.Qirf.
-il:ij1.GUIT !llGlllIT!p.4i:ma;u]lffiir

o'£r.rrrr~_.j
tT.lT",$SlJU!"
QJI'f'!1)J

.f1j iJlJ:..r.m:rUJTL..~L....ii;

~5lrfl'{u~. 81ff'filii!f. UlO;a;;fr {!jrrgwriJ)} OlfT'uWf ;DJDu .riurr{J'rf lJl:.1IDmliJulI:,fu1 .

tJjft~JTJ!Jl

Gl~tb,lDsa1iT.

G)Gl.J(jiiG$
~lGttl)'l).$Iiif).ru

w.s;,ai·(
S;ID~

,~GiI'I~Iil1')T0.!'!i

Gk.liib51ll.1fo~Gb- &GiIm-diJ';;fu UlQ;6'{~m. ~.m€llIT.~Ji'I~" j_}lG'Ufl~~1 .Gfu(;j'l.J!UlG'Dfl~ UITGitJ.!ii .l.1li!f.;6IJ(@lW jJ6li\-~'w !.J'ej~.diJ2i,I:I'®W
,~ifJ'~Wa..ffi,'T.g;

~.w

L1mrLlI'I"L.~ •.w8>fr

i.h

~1'tJ§;~firma'ir

Jru'wr1:!;!I)J

~@_got?;;lim!U

,j'/~Lj~~~~FJt.

d/Ju- i;Ji)
ulJ.SlOl

1J)mUl..i.ITGir~uwJ1.@'

ftiI

t!:;iil6ll1liil ~1'I."#.:.$tii'!6'ii:fm'·

tn91F

Gi9'"Ill.ml~ll· Gil

..rl)//i,'I·i:Jj~el"~jiPci1)~

.@~m1'w.

.mm..

GUQ'ljMl.,wwd'. f!illl !P~~l!; b Ga;!I..i~iN...1LL[Tt.fu GlaI·

:!Ji~;IDl-.