K THUT THIT K BI GING TRN POWERPOINT (PPT) T HIU QU CAO

Bin son: Phng Lan Cng Tn

1. Gii thiu. 1 2. Ni dung chnh. 1 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. S ra i v pht trin ca powerpoint. 1 Mt s quan im v vic dng powerpoint ging bi. 2 Nhng k thut cn nm trong vic thit k powerpoint 2

a. Tnh n gin. 2 b. Hnh k thut s. 4 c. S dng hnh nh trong PPT. 5 d. Ch trong PPT. 6 e. Mu sc v tng phn. 6 f. Nn c hay khng nhng hiu ng hnh nh. 8 g. B cc v cu trc. 8 h. ln ca file PPT. 9 3. Kt lun. 9 Ti liu tham kho. 10

1. Gii thiu Phn m u ca ch th ca b trng b gio dc v tng cng ging dy, o to v ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong ngnh gio dc ngy 30 thng 09 nm 2008 c nu r "Cng ngh thng tin l cng c c lc h tr i mi phng php ging dy, hc tp v h tr i mi qun l gio dc, gp phn nhm nng cao hiu qu v cht lng gio dc". Cng vi s bng n ca cng ngh thng tin, nhiu ging vin ng dng power point ging bi. Mt bi ging c thit k hp l trn powerpoint s gip t c nhng li ch sau y:

Lam cho sinh vin hng th hn, hiu bai hn, nh lu hn.

Lm cho ging vin mt hn, tin li trong vic chuyn i bi ging sang e-learning, lu tr, tham kho v dng li t liu trong bi ging mt cch tin li nhanh chng. Tuy nhin c th trnh by mt bi ging trn powerpoint c cht lng cao th ngoi ni dung hay, ph hp vi mc ch yu cu th vic xy dng bi ging cn cn phi m bo c mt s nguyn tc ch yu khi thit k trn powerpoint. Trong phm vi bi bo ny, ngi vit s trnh by tm tt v: S ra i v pht trin ca powerpoint, mt s quan im v vic dng powerpoint ging bi. Nhng k thut cn bit trong vic thit k powerpoint xy dng bi ging c hiu qu cao . Kt lun chung cho vic dng powerpoint ging bi

Ngi vit mong rng y s l ti liu b ch, gip cc thy c hon thin hn bi ging trn powerpoint ca mnh.

2. Ni dung chnh

2.1.

S ra i v pht trin ca powerpoint.

Ian Parker l nh truyn thng v thit k phn mm, khi vit ti liu ABSOLUTE POWERPOINT: Can a software package edit our thoughts? lc qua lch s pht minh v pht trin PPT nh sau: i khi ngy xa, ngi ta dng n chiu (my chiu, overhead) mang n lp mt s hnh hay biu phc tp m ngi dy khng th hay rt vt v mi a c ln bng en. u tin, cc nh lp trnh nh lm mt phn mm h tr vic in cc tm mn trong dng cho n chiu nhng mt ngi chp ly cng ngh ny v c sng kin lm thnh phn mm trnh chiu thng t my tnh ln tng. Ngay t u, nhng bc thy v thng tin v truyn thng d dt v phn i nhng ngi ny ni ti sinh ra trong th gii ny khng vi trch nhim lm cho n p hn m ch c trch nhim c sng trong n d n p hay xu. Qua li tuyn b trn cng thy nhng bt n c on trc ca cng ngh ny. Nhng tht bt ng l pht kin ny c hoan nghnh nhit lit v d ban u, n ch c thit k cho vic thuyt trnh mang tnh thng mi, sau ny, n thnh phng tin a thch trong cc trng i hc.

2.2.

Mt s quan im v vic dng powerpoint ging bi.

Phi ni ngay l phng php ging bi bng PPT khng phi l gii php hon ho v khng c nhng li ph bnh gay gt dnh cho n. B qua nhng ph bnh mang tnh ch quan ca nhng ngi khng thch thay i, ngi nghin cu nhn thy kin sau y l xc ng v ng ghi nhn. Ian Parker v mt s nh truyn thng na cho rng, vic trnh by thnh tng slide, vi nhng t kha, s rt gn, bp nn thng tin vo nhng khung hn hp lm cho s giao tip gia ngi v ngi thnh ra kh khan, mt kiu p con ngi ph hp vi my mc (trong khi nhn bn hn th phi lm ngc li). - Tai hi th hai l PPT l phng tin cho ngi co gi hn, la phnh v thc p ngi km hn ng vi iu ma nu trnh bay bng li hay vn bn s d dang b pht hin ch bt hp l hay thiu st. - Tai hi th ba l, vi vic trnh chiu nhanh, nhiu hiu ng, ngi ni c th che y nhng sai st v s yu km v kin thc ca mnh. Nh , ngi ni th c v hon thnh nhim v nhng ngi nghe th khng nm bt c g nhiu. C ngi cn chm bim v vic s dng trnh chiu powerpoint qua cu chuyn hi sau: Mt anh gim c bn hng tm s vi bn mnh Ny cu, ti qua t ngh ra cch trnh by cc slide PPT ni vi v t ti sao nm nay gia nh mnh khng tin i ngh mt. Nhiu nh hot ng cng ng cho rng, lm khi, ng ra ngi thuyt trnh ch cn ng ln trnh by vn mt cch thn thin v biu cm th h li np sau cc slide v gn nh tch mnh ra khi nhng iu mnh ni. Cui cng, Ian Parker dn mt kin cho rng, k thut PPT lm cho ngi km trng km hn nhng cng lm cho bi ni ca ngi gii mt i nhiu iu. Ci mt nhiu nht l ci tin trnh (process). PPT dn ngi ta mt cch nhanh gn ti kt qu m lm lu m tin trnh. Mt ngi ni Thng thng ti qun ht nhng kt lun nghe, ch nh ngi ni, cch anh ta t duy v dn gii vn . Th m ngi ni th lu m sau cc slide v cc t duy, dn gii th c rt gn v nn cht, ng khun trong cc slide. Thay li kt, tc gi ni n mt xu hng ngc. Ngy nay ( nc ngoi), nhiu din gi c tnh th hin s t tin v vng vng kin thc ca mnh bng cch t chi s dng PPT. Nhng kin phn bc nu trn l xc ng v nhng ngi c nh ging dy bng powerpoint cn phi nghin cu lm sao trnh c hay hn ch nhng khim khuyt ny. Ngoi ra, nh hu ht cc k thut h tr ging dy, vic lm powerpoint cng c nhng k thut c trng ca n v mun s dng tt th phi hc, lm, v rt ta kinh nghim. 2.3. Nhng k thut cn nm trong vic thit k powerpoint

Sau y, l nhng c kt cc hng dn khc nhau trong vic lm powerpoint.

a. Tnh n gin Trong ti liu What is good PowerPoint design? ca Garr Reynolds, tc gi trnh by tm tt cch trnh by PPT trong mt bi vit rt ngn nhng th v v hu ch. Theo ng, cch to ra mt slide tt l hng ti s gin d tuyt i. S gin d c th hiu l t chi tit, t ch nhng hn ht, ngi thit k phi ch n hon cnh s dng slide ny. Hon cnh y c th hiu l ni dung cn chuyn ti v ai l nhng ngi nghe v h ch nht n ci g. Tc

gi bi vit a ra tin trnh ci tin mt slide khi mun trnh by ni dung: Qua kt qu kho st ca B lao ng cho thy c 72% ngi lm bn thi gian l ph n nh sau: y l slide u tin vi dng ch: Theo b lao ng, 72% ngi lm bn thi gian l ph n . Hinh 1: Slide c hnh nn rc ri lm ch khng r, ng thi hnh nh minh ha ch ni ln lao ng ni chung ch khng ni r l ph n

Phng n 2 nh sau: (Hinh 2)

Slide ny trnh by tng quan gia nam v n trong vic lm bn thi gian. Hnh v nn ha hp hn nhng phn trm nam v n lm bn thi gian khng c nhn mnh ng mc v ch nh, khng p mnh vo tr nh.

Tc gi bi vit xut phng n 3 tt hn phng n 2: (Hinh 3) y cu vn thay i, ngn gn hn: 72% lm bn thi gian l ph n cng vi hnh mt c gi trong trang phc cng s. Thm vo mu nn l en trng tng tnh gin d nhng thng ip th c nhn mnh hn rt nhiu.

Tc gi cn cho rng, mt din gi gii cn c th s dng phng n sau: (Hinh 4) Khng c li no nhng thng ip th mnh m v to iu kin cho din gi ni rng thm ra. Ch l slide cc k gin d, ch c 2 mu en trng, mt hnh v 3 k t.

Tc gi cng nhn mnh thm l nu ngi nghe ch nhiu hn n ngha thng k ton cc th phng n sau y l ti u: (Hinh 5) Tiu y khng nhc ti 72% na m khi qut ha vn ln: Phn ln ngi lm bn thi gian l ph n v

biu c s c th ri.

Mt phng n na:

Hnh bn tri y c th thc hin nu hon cnh trong c slide ny l ni v ph n. (hnh 6)

Tm li, n gin l yu t ti cn thit trong vic thit k slide. iu ny cho php chng ta thu ht ti a ch ngi nghe vo thng ip mun gi i ty theo hon cnh v ni dung ca bi ging. Ngoi ra, Mt tm hnh bng nghn li ni nn vic s dng hnh nh trong ging dy l khng th thiu.

b. Hnh k thut s Hnh nh trong k thut s l mt ch kh v phc tp, trong phm vi bi vit ny, ch nu ngn gn nhng im cn bn nht. - File nh dng im nh: Nhng file nh kiu ny thng c c qua my scan, my nh k thut s. V bn cht, file cha thng tin mu ca tng im nh. C nhiu cp mu: 256 mu, 16 triu mu v mu 32 bit hay cn gi l true color v cp ny, v l thuyt l c kh nng din t tt c cc mu m con ngi nhn thy c. Nhng file nh kiu ny c nhc im l dung lng ln v khi phng to th hnh b rng ca hay n ht. - File nh dng vector: l nhng file hnh nh c lu tr di dng nhng ng cong ton hc. V bn thn l nhng ng cong nn c kh nng phng ln v thu nh ty m hnh khng b n ht hay rng ca. Nhng chng trnh ph bin to ra nhng hnh ny Autocade, Corel, Illutrator u im l d dng chuyn sang dng hnh im nh v dung lng nh, tuy nhin, khng th dng cho nhng hnh nh phc tp v phi mu nh hnh chp, phong cnhvv Nhn chung, ngoai dng hnh ma PPT cho php v ngay ln slide th nhng hnh dng cho bai ging thng la hnh

dng im nh. Nhng loi file im nh ph bin l .jpg, .gif v .png. nh ni trn, nguyn thy file im nh c dng .bmp nhng file ny cha c nn v thng c dung lng rt ln, bt tin trong vic s dng vi PPT. Cc dng file .jpg, .gif v .png l nhng file c nn nhng vi nhng thut ton khc nhau. iu ny c ngha l nu dng trnh nn file nh zip, rar th cng khng lm nhng file ny nh li ng k. Sau y l u khuyt im ca nhng file trn:

.jpg: thch hp cho nhng file dng nh chp, c nhiu mu v mu sc chuyn i nhiu trn hnh (gradient). Mt s trnh bin tp nh cho php nn hnh theo nhiu cp khc nhau vi tnh nng xem trc. Nhn chung, trong trnh chiu, cht lng nh khng cn cao do c th nn nhiu gim dung lng lu tr v thi gian ti file. Khng c kh nng to nh c nn trong sut. .gif: Hnh dng ny thch hp cho nhng hnh nh c v ra trn my bng cc phn mm dng hnh vector nh ni trn. Khng thch hp dng cho nh chp. C u im l c th to hnh trong sut, ng thi cng c th chn s lng mu hin th. Nu trong hnh ch c vi chc mu th vic hn ch s lng mu hin th s lm cho nh gim dung lng i ng k. .png: l loi file c cng ngh nn tng hp u im ca 2 loi trn: va c th to hnh trong sut nhiu cp , cho chi tit tt trong mi trng hp. Loi file ny cha c h tr rng ri v khi to file cn c kin thc tt v hnh s.

Ngi thit k file trn PPT, nht l trong trng hp cn a ln mng cn nm r c tnh ca nhng cng ngh nn file ny to ra hnh r, p vi dung lng ph hp cho s dng. Nhiu ngi hin nay b nguyn hnh nh ly t my k thut s n vo file PPT, hoc nguyn mt hnh ln vo PPT ri nm gc ko cho nh li th s lm cho file PPT c dung lng ln khng cn thit.

c. S dng hnh nh trong PPT Cng trong ti liu What is good PowerPoint design ca Garr Reynolds, tc gi cho rng vic s dng hnh nh hp l s h tr tt cho vic ging dy. Trong khi nhiu ngi thng lm mt tm hnh nh cho ch chnh v thm vo nhiu li thuyt minh bn cnh, ng cho rng, s tt hn nu a ra mt hnh ln cn phn thuyt trnh th dnh cho ging vin. Nhn chung, cng thc thng dng l mt tm hnh tht s n tng v mt vi t ngn gn trn slide. Nhng li thuyt minh dai dng khi c mt tm hnh din t kh y la khng cn thit. Vic a vo nhng tm hnh xa ch , lc theo kiu c cn hn khng thng c tc dng ngc. Ngoi ra, hnh phi d nhn, khng nn a tm hnh m ngi hc khng hiu hoc qu m khin cho nhiu ngi kh chu v khng thy g. Vic tm kim hnh nh ph hp l rt kh khn. Ging vin c th c c hnh nh t cc ngun sau:

Scan li t nhng ti liu truyn thng. V ra bng cc phn mm ha. T chp bng my nh s.

Tm kim hnh nh bng chc nng tm kim hnh nh theo t kha trn google hay cc trang search khc. Nu lm nh vy, ging vin phi ch vn bn quyn. Tm kim trong nhng kho hnh nh trn mng. C nhng trang web c th vin hnh nh khng l mi ti. Ngi ta c th dng hnh phn gii thp min ph nhng hnh cht lng cao th phi tr tin. Nhiu trng i hc thanh lp nhng th vin hnh nh cho ging vin s dng. Hnh nh c su tm bi ging vin va sinh vin qua nhiu th h nn rt phong ph. y la m hnh ng hc tp.

d. Ch trong PPT Nhiu din gi a ra nhng qui lut khc nhau trong vic dng ch trong PPT. S lng v kch thc ch c qui nh nh sau: - C 7 ti 10 hng trong side v t 4 n 8 t trong mt hng. - Font size ca ta : 38-44pt - Font size ca cc ch khc: 28-30pt. Di nhin, t c hiu qu , ngi ta phi dn nn, ct ct mnh mun ni, ch cha li nhng t kha ma thi. Ngi dy cn cung cp t liu y cho sinh vin trnh tnh trng sinh vin khng ghi kp li ging. Ngoi ra, c nhng trng hp sau phi ghi y :

Trch dn nguyn vn. nh l, nh ngha, khi nim. Cng thc. Hng dn thc hin mt cng vic no theo tng bc. Theo nhiu tc gi, trong trnh chiu nn dng font ch khng c chn v nt to (nh Arial, Tahoma ), trnh nhng font ch qu rm r tr phi c thit k c bit. Ch khi trnh by nhng ch c tnh thn thin, tnh cm mi nn dng nhng kiu ch c chn (Times, Roman).

e. Mu sc v tng phn tng phn s cao khi m mu nn v ch c s khc bit ln v ti (shading) ch khng nht thit l khc hn nhau v gi tr mu (Hue). Hy xem v d di y: Trong v d ny, mu ch v nn nh nhau nhng khc v sng to cm gic du mt hn l khc mu, ngay c khi cng sng cng gy ra tng phn cao, d moi mt.

Hinh 7 Slide minh hoa v phng ch va tng phan:

Trong nh hng chn mau, c th dng vng trn mau nh sau chn tp hp mau d chu hn cho ngi xem: - Mu Complimentary: dng 2 mu tng phn nhau, tc i din nhau trn vng trn mu. Cch lm ny gy n tng nhng to tng phn cao, gy cng thng nu nhn lu. - C th dng phng n split complimentary gim tng phn. - C th chn mu theo tam gic u: y l phng n ti u nht cho PPT. - Dng nhng mu tng t: cch ny i hi kho lo v nm vng bn cht ca mu sc.

Hinh 8 Bang mau

Hinh 9 Mau tng phan, giam tng phan va bang mau tam giac u

f. Nn c hay khng nhng hiu ng hnh nh Qua kt qu thm d, nhng hiu ng nhiu lp cng c hoan nghnh trong chng mc nht nh. Vn la nhiu chuyn gia cho rng nhng hiu ng ny nhiu khi gy phn cm v mt thi gian. Theo nhng kin ca cc ti liu dn, vic thc hin cc hiu ng ny c bit c ch khi cn nhn mnh mt tng no . Vic dng cc hiu ng trn tt c cc slide l khng nn. Vic cho mt vt th no trn slide chp tt lin tc khi ging la khng nn v s lam cho sinh vin moi mt va mt tp trung.

g. B cc v cu trc Khi trnh by mt slide ngi ta ng trc mt bi ton v thit k ha, tc l trang tr hnh ch nht, nh l trang tr ba sch, ba tp ch, v l cng vic ca mt ha s. Nh vy nhng vn v b cc thng tin cn c xem xt. C vi qui lut v b cc m ging vin nn nm khi thit k slide: Lut tam phn:

Nu c th, hy chia slide thnh 3 phn theo chiu dc hay theo chiu ngang. Vi b cc nh vy, ngi nhn s thy d chu v c cun ht hn. Ch l vic phn chia ny khng hon ton chnh xc theo ton hc. Chnh s khng chnh xc ny l ngh thut. Hnh bn tri y l mt v d (hnh 10): (1/3 mng bn tri c mu sm) Lut ng cho

Mt ngi c thi quen qut theo ng cho trn khung hnh hnh ch nht. Chnh v vy sp xp cc vt th theo hnh ch Z hoc theo ng cho cng l mt cch lm cho slide p hn. (xem hnh bn tri - hnh 11):

h. ln ca file PPT Nhiu tc gi cho rng file PPT khng nn qu di. Nguyn nhn l v thi gian tp trung ca sinh vin khng lu, nhiu c nhn l khng qu 20 pht. Chnh v vy nn mt file PPT qu di nhiu khi lm cho sinh vin ngao ngn. Nhn chung, nn lm tng file c di khng qu 30 slide v trong mt bi ging, c th c nhiu file. Mi file mang mu sc v trnh by khc s nh thc sinh vin hiu qu hn. V, nu t chc nh vy, vic cp nht cng nhanh va d dang hn, trnh tnh trng treo my v file qu nng. Ngoai ra, nhng phn tham kho hay cc nh nghia, khi nim nn c file ring. V d: trong mn hc T chc sn xut vin thng, chng 1 la chng nhng vn chung, trong c ni v cht lng sn phm vin thng. Trong chng 6 la chng t chc trong cc doanh nghip vin thng li c nhc v phn qun l cht lng. Nn chng, phn ni v cht lng sn phm vin thng la mt file ring. Nh vy, khoi phi lu hai phin bn ni v cht lng sn phm vin thng trong nhiu chng khc nhau. y khng phi la vn dung lng ma la khi cp nht, ngi ta ch phi cp nht mt ln. Ngoai ra, khi ging ti phn cht lng sn phm, ging vin m mt file khc ra. iu nay, lm tng ch v cng gi cho sinh vin mt thng ip v cu trc bi ging rng l: phn ny c tnh tham kho hay b sung.

3. Kt lun D c nhiu li phn bc nhng cng c trnh chiu h tr c lc cho ging vin trong cng tc ging dy: vic phi v hnh ln bng bng tay i vo qu kh v vi mt c click chut, nhng bng biu phc tp s xut hin ln mn nh. Tuy nhin, mt cng c tt cng cn phi c s dng tt v nht l khng qu lm dng n. Khi m vic truyn t ti liu di dng file qu nhanh v d dng nh cng ngh thng tin nh hin nay th vic hin nhiu ch trong slide khng cn cn thit na. Thay vo , tn dng kh nng hin th hnh nh ca cng c trnh chiu trong ging dy gn nh tr thnh yu cu bt buc v cn c thc hin vi s ch nht nh ti nhng nguyn tc cn bn ca m thut nhm thu ht s lng nghe ca hc vin mt cch tt nht, gip hc vin tip thu vi hiu qu cao hn.

Ti liu tham kho [1] Challenging The Primacy Of Lectures: The Dissonance Between Theory And Practice In University Teaching: Rob Phillips - Journal of Univer s i t y Teaching and Learning Practice [2] Persistent technologies: Why can't we stop lecturing online? Stephen Sheely Usyd e-Learning University of Sydney [3] A Guide to the Selection of Instructional Methods - Professor Henry Ellington, EDU Director and Shirley Earl, EDU Staff Development Coordinator. [4] Twenty terrible reasons for lecturing - G.Gibbs - SCED Occasional Paper No. 8, Birmingham. 1981. [5] Some Potentially Unwarranted Assumptions about Lecturing By Marilla D. Svinicki, Ph.D. Center for Teaching Effectiveness The University of Texas at Austin. [6] http://www.vcu.edu/cte/resources/nfrg/11_02_effective_lecturing.htm [7] Giving Effective Lectures - Educational Initiative Centre, University of Westminster (2004). [8] HOW STUDENTS LEARN - A REVIEW OF SOME OF THE MAIN THEORIES - Professor Henry Ellington, EDU Director, and Shirley Earl, EDU Staff Development Coordinator [9] An international comparative survey on the current and future use of ICT in Higher Education - Betty Collis & Marijk van der Wende. [10] ABSOLUTE POWERPOINT: Can a software package edit our thoughts? - Ian Parker [11] What is good PowerPoint design? Garr Reynolds -http://presentationzen.blogs.com/presentationzen/2005/09/whats_good_powe.html [12] What Makes You Different? Jon Thomas - http://www.squidoo.com/presentationadvisors [13] Lecture Delivery Using MS PowerPoint: Staff and Student - Dr Dawn T. Nicholson - Manchester Metropolitan University