Lisari B Lyk Math Kat

1
1.1
1.2
r
F5
1.

r
F4
r r r r r
B = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5 .
r
F2
r
F1
r
F3
2. (i) :
r r r r
+ = +
r r r r
=
BA = .
r
a
, .
(ii) :
r r r r
| |=| |
| A|=| B |
(A) = ( B )
, .
(iii) (i) (ii)
, .
8
r r r
3. (i) x = +
r r r r
(ii) x = +
r r r r r r r
(iii) x = + .
4. :
AB + A = A + AE
AB A = AE A
B = E
, .
5. :
AB = (OB OA) (O O )
= OB OA O + O
= OB (OA+ O ) + O
= OB+ O .
6. .

.
( AB) = ( B ) = ( ) = (OA) = (OB ) = (O ) = (O )

.
r r
= O O = B AB = .
r
a
7. :
P1 P3 + P2 P4 + P3 P5 + P4 P6 + P5 P1 + P6 P2 =
r
= OP3 OP1 + OP4 OP2 + OP5 OP3 + OP6 OP4 + OP1 OP5 + OP2 OP6 = 0 .
1.3

r
r
1
0 r ,
| |
r
r
1 r 1 r
| 0 |= r = r | |=1 .
| |
| |
2. (i) :
1 r r 1 r r
(x + ) = (x + )
2
3
r r
r r
3( x + ) = 2( x + )
r
r r r
3 x + 3 = 2 x + 2
r r r
x = 2 3
(ii) :
r
r r
r r
r
x + 3( + ) = 4( ) 3 x
r r r r r r
x + 3 + 3 = 4 4 3x
r r r r r r
x + 3 x = 4 4 3 3
r r r
4x = 7
r 1r 7r
x=
4
4
3. :
BM = 2 M
AM AB = 2( A AM )
r r
r r
x = 2( x )
r
r
r r
x = 2 2 x
r r r
3 x = + 2
r 1 r r
x = ( + 2 )
3
10
r r
4. (i) B = + .
E + EB = B
2 EB + EB = B
3 EB = B
1
EB = B .
3
1 r r
, EB = ( + )
3
r r
r r r
B = B = + 2 =
E = 2 EB
AE A = 2( AB AE )
AE A = 2 AB 2 AE
3 AE = 2 AB + A
r r
3 AE = 2
1
r r
AE = (2 )
3
E = 2 EB
E = 2(B E )
E = 2 B 2 E
3 E = + 2 B
r r
r
3 E = 2 + 2( )
r r
3 E = 2 4
r r
1
E = (2 4 )
3
1 r r 2 r r
E = (4 2 ) = (2 ) .
3
3
11
r r
2 r r
(ii) E = (2 ) AE = (2 ) , E = 2 AE
3
3
, .
r r
r r
r r
5. A = + E = 3 + 3 = 3( + ) . E = 3 A
, .
6. , , , ,
:
KA 3 KB 2( KA KB ) = ( K KB ) + 3( KM KA)
KA 3 KB 2 KA+ 2 KB = K KB + 3 KM 3 KA
K = 3 KM .
, , .
7.
8.
1 1
A + BE + Z = ( AB + A ) + ( B + BA) + (A+ B )
2
2
2
1
= ( AB + BA+ A + A+ B + B )
2
1 r r
= 0 = 0 .
2
1
OK + O + OM = (OB + O + O + OA+ OA+ OB)
2
1
= (2 OA+ 2 OB + 2 O )
2
= OA+ OB + O .
9.
AB + A + B + = ( AB + A ) + (B + )
= 2 AN + 2 N
= 2( AN + N )
= 2( NA+ N )
12
= 2 2 NM = 4 MN
AB = B A
10.
= AB + AB
= ( ) AB
AB = ( ) AB =1 .
E = AE A
11.
= ( AB + A ) ( AB + A )
= ( ) AB ( ) A
= ( )( AB A )
= ( ) B
= ( ) B .
E// B .

1. (i)
r
r r r
r
x + y = 0 x = y
r
r r
y r
x 0 , = , // ,
x
r r
. x = 0 , y = 0 y = 0 .
(ii)
r
r
r r
r
r
r
x1 + y1 = x 2 + y 2 ( x1 x 2 ) + ( y1 y 2 ) = 0 .
, ,
y1 y 2 = 0 , x1 = x 2 y1 = y 2 .
x1 x 2 = 0
13
r
r
r r
(iii) u v , u = v ,
r
r r
r r
r
r
( x 1) + = (2 + 3 x) 2 , , ( x 1 2 3x) + (2 +1) = 0 .
, , (i) , ,
x 1 2 3x = 0 2 +1= 0 , = 1/ 2 x = 0 .
EZ = AZ AE = AB A
2.
E = A AE = AB + A A = AB + (1 ) A .
1 1
+ =1 , =

AB A E = AB ( 1) A .
1
1
EZ . E // EZ , , ,
E =
EZ =
3. x KA+ y KB + z K = 0 x + y + z = 0 .
r
x(A K ) + y (B K ) + z ( K ) = 0
r
( x + y + z ) K + x A+ y B + z = 0
r
x A+ y B + z = 0
: x A+ y B + z = 0 x + y + z = 0 ,
r
x KA+ y KB + z K = 0 .
r
r
x KA+ y KB + z K = 0 x A+ y B + z = 0 .
r
( x KA+ y KB + z K ) ( x A+ y B + z ) = 0
r

x( KA A) + y ( KB B ) + z ( K ) = 0
r
x K + y K + z K = 0
r
( x + y + z ) K = 0
r
, K 0 , x + y + z = 0 .
14

MA = MB

OA OM = (OB OM )
4.
OA OM = OB + OM
OA+ OB = ( + ) OM
OM =
r r
r +
.
r=
+
OA+ OB
+
r r
r

MA= MB r =
.
5. G// G . ,
:
1
G = OG O = (OA+ OB + O ) O
(1)
3
1
G = OG O = (O + OE + OZ ) O
3
1
= (2 OK O + 2 O O + 2 OM O ) O
3
2
= (OK + O + OM ) 2 O
3
1
= 2 (OK + O + OM ) O = 2(OG O ) = 2 G .
3
G
E
B
G
G // G , G G .
15
6. ,
, :
4 MN = A B
4( AN AM ) = A ( A AB )
1 1
4 ( AB + A ) A = A A + AB
2
2 AB + 2 A 2 A = A A + AB
AB + A = A
AB + A = AB + B
A = B .
, .
7. , :
AA+ BB + = OA OA+ OB OB + O O
= (OA+ OB + O ) (OA+ OB + O )
= 3OG 3OG
= 3(OG OG ) = 3GG
8. :
3 MA 5 MB + 2 M = 3 AM 5( AB AM ) + 2( A AM )
= 3 AM + 5 AM 2 AM 5 AB + 2 A
= 2 A 5 AB .
9.
r
r r
r r
r = OB + BE = + y AB = + y ( )
r r
r r
r
r = O + E = 5 + x = 5 + x(3 5 ) .
r
r r
r r
r
+ y ( ) = 5 + x(3 5 )
r
r
(1+ y 3 x) = ( y + 5 5 x) .
16
r
r
,
1+ y 3x = 0 y + 5 5 x = 0 .
y = 3x 1
x = 2 y = 5 .
y = 5x 5
r r
r r
r
r r
r = + 5( ) , r = 5 + 6 .
1.4

1. (i) | x |= 2 x = 2 x = 2
-2
(ii) | x |< 2 2 < x < 2
-2
y
2
(i) | y |> 2 y < 2 y > 2
x
-2
y
y=-x
(i) | x |=| y | x = y x = y
y=x
17
2. K ( , ) x x y y | |
| | . :
y

: 2 1
K(,)

: 4 3
||

: 6 5
|v|
: | + 2| | 1|

: | y | | x | .
r r
3. (i) = 0 2 4 = 0 2 3 + 2 = 0 , = 2 .
r r
r
(ii) 0 // x x 2 4 0 2 3 + 2 = 0 ,
=1 .
4.
r r
=
2 3 + 2 = 2 5 + 6
2 = 4
2 2 3 2 = 32 + 7 2 . 2
,
5 10 = 0
=2 .
r r x 1
5. // =
= 0 x 2 4 = 0 x = 2 x = 2 .
4 x
r
r
r
r
r
x = 2 = (2,1) = (4,2) = 2(2,1) = 2 , .
r
r
r
r
r
x = 2 = (2,1) = (4,2) = 2(2,1) = 2 , .
x x = 2 .
r
r
6. u u
r
r
r
r
| u |= 2|u | . | ||u |= 2|u | . | |= 2
= 2 . , (6,8) (-6,-8).
1r
O = i ,
2
r r
OH = 2i + j .
7. ()
r r
O = i + j ,
1r 1 r
OE = i + j ,
2
2
r
OZ = 2 j ,
r 1r
OK = 2i + j ,
2
18
r 1r
KA = i j ,
2
r
r
r 3r
ZA = i 2 j , KZ = 2i + j .
2
()
1r r
2
= i + j ,
r
H = i ,
r 1r
K = i + j ,
2
1r
H = i ,
2
8. (i) M (x,0) x x
. :
( MA) = ( MB) | MA|=| MB || MA| 2 =| MB | 2 MA 2 = MB 2

( x +1) 2 + 6 2 = ( x + 9) 2 + 2 2 16 x = 48 x = 3 .
M (3,0) .
(ii) N (0, y ) y y .
(i) y = 3
N (0,3) .

1. A( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x 2 , y 2 ) , ( x 3 , y 3 ) , ( x 4 , y 4 ) E ( x 5 , y 5 )
, .
x1 + x 2 = 3
y1 + y 2 = 5
6
+
=
x
x
2 3
y 2 + y3 = 7
1 : x3 + x 4 = 8
2 : y3 + y 4 =5
x + x = 6
y + y =2
5
4 5
4
x 5 + x1 = 3
y 5 + y1 =1
1
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 =13 .
x 2 + x 3 = 6 x 4 + x 5 = 6 , x1 +12 =13 , x1 =1
x 2 = 2 , x 3 = 4 , x 4 = 4 , x 5 =1 .
2 y1 =1 ,
y 2 = 4 , y3 =3 , y 4 = 2 , y5 = 0 .
A(1,1) , B (2,4) ,
(4,3) , (4,2) E (1,0) .
19
2. A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x 2 , y 2 ) , x1 x 2
x 2 ( 2 4 + 3) x 17 = 0 .
x1 + x 2 2 4 + 3
=
2
2
2 4 + 3
= 4 2 4 5 = 0 = 5 = 1 .
2
3.
M1,M 2 ,M 3
M4
, , M 1 M 2 = M 4 M 3 .
.
M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4
,
M 1 M 2 M 3 M 4 ,
B
M1
M4
M 1 M 2 = M 4 M 3 .
M2
, M 1 M 2 = M 4 M 3 ,
M3
M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4
.
.
M 1 M 2 ,
M 1 , M 2
M 3 . M 4
, .
M 4 . , ,
M 1 M 2 = M 4 M 3 , M 4 M 3 = M 4 M 3 M 4 M 4
.
M 1 M 2 = M 4 M 3 ( 2 1 , 2 1 ) = ( 3 4 , 3 4 )
1 + 3 = 2 + 4
1 + 3 = 2 + 4 .
, :
1 + 3 = 2 + 4
1 + 3 = 2 + 4 .
4. A(1 , 1 ) , B ( 2 , 2 ) ( x, y ) .
:
20
(A) + (B) ( AB)
( x 1 ) 2 + ( y 1 ) 2 + ( x 2 ) 2 + ( y 2 ) 2 ( 2 1 ) 2 + ( 2 1 ) 2 .
r r
r
5. , r
r
r
r
OA = , OB = OP = r .
r
r
r
r
OA OB
.
r
r
O

O = x OA = x O = y OB = y ,
x, yR .
r r r
OP = O + O , r = x + y , .
x y .
r
r
r
r = x + y . :
r
r r
r
x + y = x + y
r
r
( x x ) = ( y y ) .
r y y r
r r
//
x x 0 , x x , =
x x
r
. x = x , y = y . r
r
r
.
1.5

1. (i)
r r
= (1) 2 + 35 = 2 +15 =13
r
r
r r
(2 ) (3 ) = 6 = 6 13 = 78
r r
r r
r
r r r r r
( ) (3 + ) = 3 2 + 3 2
= 3(12 + 3 2 ) 2 13 (2 2 + 5 2 )
= 30 26 29
= 25
21
r r
u = 0 ( , )(2,5) = 0 2 + 5 = 0 .
r
r
u .
(ii)
2.
r r r
r r r r
u (7v + w) = 7u v + u w = 7(4 + 4) + (6 + 0) = 56 + 6 = 62
r r r
|u | (v w) = 5 24 = 24 5
r r r
r
r
| (u v ) w|=|8w|= 8| w|= 8 6 = 48
rr r r r r
(|u | v ) w =|u | (v w) = 5 24 = 24 5
r r r
3. (i) ( + ) = 0 .
+1= 0 = 1 .
r r r r
r r
( + ) = 2 + =1+ 1= +1 .
r r r
r r r
1
(ii) ( + ) = 0 + 2 = 0 1+ 2 = 0 = .
2
r
4. v = ( x, y ) . :
r r
u v = 0 3x 2 y = 0
2
.
r
x + y 2 =1
| v |=1

2
2
3
3
( x, y ) =
.
( x, y ) =
,
,
13
13 13
13
5.
r r r r
u v u v = 0
r r
r r
r
r r rr r
(3 ) ( + 2 ) = 0 3 2 + 6 2 2 = 0
1
1
3 4 + 6 2 3 2 3 2 9 = 0 = 0
2
2
6. (i)
r r
3
= 0 4 + 3 = 0 =
4
(ii)
22
r r
2
| || | = 4 + 3 2 +1 4 2 + 3 2
= 4 + 3
4
2
5 2
2 +1 = 4 + 3
2
2 +1 5 2 = 8 + 6 .

7 2 + 48 7 = 0 =1/ 7 = 7 .
=1/ 7 . =1/ 7 .
r r 1
4
(iii) //
= 0 3 4 = 0 = .
4 3
3
r r
r
r
u v
7. u v , = r r .
|u || v |
r
r r
r r r r
r
r r r r
u v = (2 + 4 ) ( ) = 2| | 2 2 + 4 4| | 2
r
r
r r
1
= 2| | 2 +2 4| | 2 = 2 + 2 11 4 = 3 .
2
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
1
|u | 2 = (2 + 4 ) 2 = 4 2 +16 +16 2 = 4 +16 +16 =12 ,
2
r
|u |= 2 3 .
r
r r
r
r r r
1
| v | 2 = ( ) 2 = 2 2 + 2 =1 2 +1= 3 ,
2
r
| v |= 3 .
8.
9.
1
= ,
2
2 3 3
2
.
3
r r r
r r r
r r r
( ) ( ) = 0 2 = 0
r
r
r r
r r
r r | |
| | 2 =| || | ( , ) ( , ) = r .
| |
r r r r r r r r r r
u v = (| | + | | )(| | | | )
r r
r r
r r
r r
=| | 2 2 | | 2 2 =| | 2 | | 2 | | 2 | | 2 = 0 .
23
10.
11. (i)
r r r r r r r r r r r
r r r
v = ( 2 ( ) ) =| | 2 ( ) ( ) | | 2 = 0 .
AB = (6 3,4 + 2) = (3,2) = (11,2 5) = (2,3) .
AB = (3,2) (2,3) = 6 + 6 = 0 .

(ii) AB = 0 , AB .
r r r
r r
12. = + p , p .
r r r
r r
= 2 + p
r
r
r
= | | 2
2(8) + (4) 5 = 20
36= 20
36
9
=
=
20
5
r 9r r
= + p
5
r
r
9r
9
22 11
p = + = (8,5) + (2,4) = ,
5
5
5
5
r 9 r 22 11
= + , .
5 5
5
13.
r
r
r r
r r
r r
| (5 + 2 ) + ( 3 ) | | (5 + 2 ) ( 3 ) | .
r r
r r
r r
| (5 + 2 ) + ( 3 ) |=| 6 | ,
r r
r r
| 6 | 2 = (6 ) 2
r
r r r
= 36 2 12 + 2
r
r
r r
= 36 | | 2 12 45 0 + | | 2
= 36 8 12 2 2 3
= 288 72 + 9
= 225 ,
2
+9
2
r r
| 6 |=15 .

r r
r r
r r
| (5 + 2 ) ( 3 ) |=| 4 + 5 |= 593 .
24
AB A + AB = AB ( A + ) = AB A
14.
= A
AB = 53(1) = 15
:
15. (i)
AB A + AB = AB A = (3,4) (5,0) = 15 .
r r r r
r r
r r
| + |=| | + | || + | 2 = (| | + | |) 2
r r
r r
( + ) 2 = (| | + | |) 2
r
r r r
r
r r r
2 + 2 + 2 =| | 2 +2 | || | + | | 2
r
r r r
r
r r r
| | 2 +2 + | | 2 =| | 2 +2| | | | + | | 2
r r r r
=| || |
r r
r r r r
| || | ( , ) =| || |
r r
( , ) =1
r
r
.
(ii)
r r r r
r r
r r
| | | | =| + | (| | | |) 2 = ( + ) 2
r
r
r
r r r
r r
| | 2 + | | 2 2| | | |= 2 + 2 + 2
r r
r r
= | | | |
r r
r r
r r
| || | ( , ) = | || |
r r
( , ) = 1
r
r
.

r
r
r r
r r
2 2 + 2 ( ) + 2 2 0 ( + ) 2 0 , .
r
r r r
r
"=" , + = 0 , , = .
r r
r r
0 , =
, // , .
1.
25
r r
= 0 , = 0 = 0 .
"=" , = = 0 .
2. (i)
r
r r
r r
r r
| u + v | 2 + | u v | 2 = (u + v ) 2 + (u v ) 2
r
r r r r
r r r
= u 2 + 2u v + v 2 + u 2 2u v + v 2
r
r
r
r
= 2u 2 + 2v 2 = 2|u | 2 +2| v | 2
(ii)
1 r r2 1 r r2 1 r r 2 1 r r 2
|u + v | |u v | = (u + v ) (u v )
4
4
4
4
r r r2 1 r2
r r r
1 r2
= (u + 2u v + v ) (u 2u v + v 2 )
4
4
1r r 1r r r r
= u v + u v = u v .
2
2
r
r
r
r
3. (i) u 1
r
2 , :
r r r r r
u =| | + | |
r r r r
r r r
u =| || | 2 + | |( )
r r
r
r r
r
| ||u | 1 =| || | 2 + | | 2 | |
r
r r
|u |1 =| || | (1+ )
r r
| || |
1 = r (1+ ) .
(1)
|u |
r r r r r
u =| | + | |
:
r r r r r r r
u =| |( )+ | | 2
r r
r r r
r r
| ||u | 2 =| || || | + | || | 2
r
r r
|u | 2 =| || | (1+ )
r r
| || |
2 = r (1+ ) .
(2)
|u |
(1) (2) 1 = 2 , 1 = 2 .
(ii)
r r r r r r r r
r r
u v = (| | + | | )(| | | | )
26
r r
r r r r r r
=| | 2 2 | | 2 2 = 2 2 2 2 = 0 .
r r
r
uv u
r
r
r
, v
r

r
.
4. :
r r r r
2 + + = 0
r r r
2 + =
r
rr r r
4 2 + 4 + 2 = 2
rr
4 4 + 4 + 1 = 9
rr
= 2
(1)
, :
r r
r r
= 3 = 6 .
(2)
, (1) (2),
r r rr r r
+ + = 2 + 3 6 = 5 .
5. :
r r
r r
= 0
+ = 0
r
r

(1)
2 + 2 =1
(2)
2 + 2 =1 .
(3)
:
( 2 + 2 )( 2 + 2 ) ( + ) 2 = ( ) 2 ,
, (1), (2) (3),

11 0 = ( ) 2 ( ) 2 =1 .
( ) 2 =[( , ) (, )] 2 = 2 + 2 2 + 2 =11 2 ,
( , ) (, ) .
27
( , )
( , )
= ( + ) = 0 . , 2 =1
( ) 2 =1 .
r
r
6. = (, ) = (, ) .
r r r r
r r
r r
=| || | ( , ) = 2 + 2 2 + 2 ( , )
r r
= + .
r r
r r
+
( , ) =
-1 ( , ) 1
2 + 2 2 + 2
1
7. (i)
+
2
+ 2 2 + 2
1 .
r r
r r
MA = OA OM = = = .
r

r r r r r
r
r
(ii) = ( + )( ) = 2 2 =| | 2 | | 2 = 0 .
= 0 , .
.
8. (i)
r r r r
r r
AB = HB HA = , = = = = .

r r r r r r r
(ii) = ( ) = 0 = 0 ,
.

r r r r
r r r
= ( ) = 0 = 0 ,
.
r r r r
(iii) = :
r r r r
= 0
r r r
( ) = 0
( ) = 0
= 0
28
. :
. (
).
r r
r r
9. = = 2 1 = = 2 1 .
r r
r r
r r
= ( 2 1 ) ( 2 1 ) = 2 2 2 1 1 2 + 1 1
r r r r
r r
r r
= 2 2 + 1 1 =| 2 | | 2 | ZA + | 1 | 1 |
= ( )( ) ( ) + ( )( )
= ( )( ) + ( )( ) = 0 .
10. ,
B , , .
,
AB =
, =
+ =
= +
= ( + )
= = = .
11. ,
= 90 0 =
.
B
29
MA MB = MB MA = MB MB = (OB OM ) (OB OM )
= (OB OM ) ( OB OM )
= (OB + OM ) (OM OB)
= OM 2 OB 2
= OM 2 2 ,
1. , ,
AB A .
| | + | | + | | 0 , ,
, , .
:
r
+ + = 0
r
A + ( ) + ( ) = 0
r
+ ( + + ) = 0
r
+ = 0

, .
.
, ,
, = .
= ( )
30
+ = 0
r
( 1) +1 + ( ) = 0 .
1= , 1= = ,
+ + + + = 1+1 = 0
, , =1 0 .
1
2. = ( + ) .
2
= +
= ( + ) + ( ) .
= ( + ) + ( )
, ,
(1 ) = ( ) .
,
1 = 0 = 0 ,
= =
1
.
2
1 1 1
= + = ( + )
2
2
2
.
3. :
( 2 ) = 7
( )( 2 ) = 7
( )( + ) = 7
2 2 = 7
| | 2 | | 2 = 7
31
| | 2 9 = 7
| |= 4 .

4.
= 4 .
4. :

r
r r
| | , | || | ,
r
r
. ,
,
r
r r
r
| || | | || | 1 .
r
a
:
r r
| + |=1
r r
| + | 2 =1
r r
( + ) 2 =1
r
r
rr
2 + 2 + ( ) 2 =1
r
r r
r
| | 2 2 + (2 ) + (| | 2 1) = 0
2 ,
, . ,
. ,
r r
0 4( ) 2 4| | 2 (| | 2 1) 0
r
r
r
r
| | 2 | | 2 2 | | 2 (| | 2 1) 0
r
r
| | 2 2 | | 2 +1 0
r
| | 2 2 +1 0
r
| | 2 2 1
r
| | 1
( > 0 ).
32

( ) = ( ) ( ) .
r r
( ) ( ) =| + |=1 .

r
( ) ( ) =| | .
(1)
r
( ) =| |
,
(1),
r
a
5. (i)

= 0 ,
= 0
= 0 .
= ( )( )
r r r r r r
= ( + + )( )
r r r r
= ( + )( )
r
r
=| | 2 | | 2
=| | 2 | | 2 = 0
= 0 = 0 .
r

(ii) G GA+ GB + G = 0 .
r
OA OG + OB OG + O OG = 0
3OG = OA+ OB + O
1 r r r
OG = ( + + ) .
3
1 r r r
r r r
(iii) = + + G = ( + + ) .
3
2
O, G G
1/2.
= 3G OH OG = 2 OG GH = 2 OG OG = GH
33
r r r r r
6. (i) ( x ) = + x
((r xr) r ) r = (r + xr)r
r r r r r r r r
( x )( ) = + x
r r r r r r r r
( x )( ) x =
r r r r
r r
( x )( 1) =
(1)
r r
(ii) 1 0 , (1)
r r
r r
x = r r . ,
1
r r
r r r
x = r r .
1
7. (i)
r r
1
r r
r r r
r r = + x ,
1
1 1 r r
EK = ( EB + E ) = ( + )
2
2
1
1 r r
E = ( EA+ E ) = ( + ) .
2
2
r r

Z // A = ( )
r r
1 1 1 r
EM = EZ = ( E + Z ) = + x( ) ,
2
2
2
r r
r r
1 1 1 r
EM = EZ = ( EB + BZ ) = + y ( ) , BZ // B = .
2
2
2
r
r r
r r
r
,
+ x ( ) = + y ( )
r
r
(1+ x y ) = ( x + y ) .
r
r
,
1+ x y = 0 x + y = 0 .
x =
( 1)
1
y =
.
1 r 1 r r
EM = +
( ) .
2
(ii)
34
1 r r 1 r r
K = E EK = ( + ) ( + )
2
2
K =
r
r
1
(1 ) + ( 1)
2
r r
1 r 1 r r
KM = EM EK = +
( )
2
KM =
KM =
r
r
1
(1 ) + ( 1) .
2

K , ,
.
r r r
8. 4 28, , ,
, AB
r r r
, , ,
, :
r
r r
r + r
r +
=
, =
+
+
r
r r +
=
.
+
G AB
1 r r r
OG = ( + + ) .
3
G
r r r r
r r
1 + + +
OG =
+
+
+
+
3 +
r r r
1 ( + )( + + ) 1 r r r
=
= ( + + ) .
+
3
3
OG = OG , G G .
2.1

1. (i) :
=
64 2
= =1
1 (1) 2
(ii) :
=
20
2
= =2
0 (1) 1
(iii)
1
-1. = .
2
2. x x .
(i) =
64 2
= =1 . ,
1 (1) 2
=1 = 45 0 .
(ii) =
43 1
= =1 .
0 (1) 1
= 45 0 .
(iii) , ,
= 90 0 .
(iv) , ,
= 0 0 .
36
r
2
3. (i) = (3,2) = ,
3
r
,
. , , A(1,1) ,
:
2
y (1) = ( x 1) , ,
3
2 1
y = x .
3
3
r
(ii) (0,1) ,
. ,
A(1,1) , x =1 .
(iii) ,
= =1 . , : y +1=1( x 1) , ,
4
y= x2 .
42
2
1
=
= , ,
33 6
3
, A = 3 . , , A(1,0)
, y 0 = 3( x (1)) ,
y = 3x + 3 .
4. (i) B =
1
1
y = x + y = 2 x 2 .
2
2
(ii)
= 3 . , , ,
3 + (3) 2 + 4
:
,
= (0, 3) ,
2
2
y 3 = 3( x 0) y = 3x + 3 . (
, ;)

, , :
1
y = x + 3
2
y = 2 x + 3 .
1
1
B = , A // B . AB = 2
2
2
= 2 , AB // . ,
5. A =
37
. A = 1
B =1 , A B = 1 .
.
= 1 A(3,1) .
, y 1= 1( x 3) , y = x + 4 .
=1 B(5,5) .
, : y 5 =1( x 5) , y = x .
0 (1)
3 (1)
=1 A =
=1 . , AB = A ,
2 1
11

. , , , .
6. AB =
, Z ,
4
( )
=
=
. ,
( + ) +
7. 0
y =

( x ) ,
+
:
y=

x + +
+
+
y=
2 + + 2

x+
+
+
y=
x+
.
+
+
2
, Z , = =
,
2
4

0 , =
x=
2
2
x=
2
.
2
= 0 , , ,
.
38
8. ( x, y ) G ,
:
x=
2 4+3 1
=
3
3
y=
3+ 5 4 4
= .
3
3
1 4
, A(2,3) G = ,
3 3
4 5
3
= 3 = 3 =1
1 5
2
3 3
y 3 =1( x 2) , y = x +1 .

1. ,
A(1, 2) , y 2 = ( x +1) , 0 , 2 ,
:
y = x + + 2 , 0 , 2 .
x x ,
+2
,
, 0 ,

y y , , (0, + 2 ) . , (OB) =
+2
(O ) =| + 2| , , :
| + 2|
1
+2
=| + 2|
=| + 2| =1| |=1 =1 = 1 ,
2
| |
| |
,
:
y = x + 3
y = x +1 .
2. ,
. ,
1
3
. y = x + y = x + 2
2
2
39
. , A BE AB Z , : A BE = 1
AB Z = 1 , A = 2 A =1 .
, ,
y 4 = 2( x 1)
y = 2 x + 6
y 4 =1( x 1) ,
y = x+3
,
A : y = 2 x + 6
Z : y = x + 2
(4,2)

AB : y = x + 3
1
3
BE : y = 2 x + 2
,
y 0=
B =
(3,0)
2 0 2
,
=
4 (3) 7
2
6
2
( x + 3) , y = x .
7
7
7
3. (2,1)
x = 2 y 1= ( x 2), R .
x = 2 y = x +1 (2,3) y = x +1
(2, 1) .
2 + 2 3 + (1)
,
(2,1), .
2
2
, x = 2 .
y 1= ( x 2) , R , y = x +1 y = x +1
,
:
y = x +1
y 1= ( x 2)
y = x +1
y 1= ( x 2)
40
, y ,
:
x +11= x 2 ( 1) x = 2 .
, 1 , x =
2
3 1
2
, y = x +1=
+1=
.
1
1
1
2 3 1
,
,
.
1 1
, :
x + 1 1 = x 2 ( + 1) x = 2 .
, 1 , x =
2
+1
, y = x +1=
1
2
+1=
.
+1
+1
2 1
,
,
.
+1 +1
(2,1) ,
4 2
1 2
2
2 = 2 1
+
=2
2 =4

2 1 +1
1
2
2
1 3 1 + 1 =1 3 + 2 1 + 2 1 =
2
2
2 2 + 4 2 = 2 2
2 1 +1
2 1
,
R .
, x = 2 .
1
4. (i) ,

1
Q , , , 0 ,

1 1
1
1
= 1 .
y = ( x ) ,

y=
1
+
x+
(1)
41
+
, y = 0 , x = + .
PQ y y x x ,
:
(ii) (1), x = 0 , y =
+
B 0,

A( + , 0) .
:
2
1
1
( AP) = ( ) 2 + 0 = 2 + 2
1
1 +
2
( BQ) = ( 0) 2 +
= + 2 .
AP = BQ .
5. A(,0) B (0, )
= , :
0
y 0=
x y
( x ) y = x + y + x = + =1
( 0 ).
6.
2
y = x + , 0 . , y = 0 ,
3
3
x = , x = 0 , y = . ,
2
3
, 0 (0, ) ,
2
3
x A + y B =15 + =15 5 = 30 = 6 .
2
2
,
y = x+6 .
3
42
2.2

1. 1 x y
, R
. . :
// x x 1= 0 =1
// y y = 0 .
, (0,0),
, , :
( 1)0 + 0 + 2 = 0 2 = 0 = 0 .
2
.
3
3
, , ,
2
3
(-2,3), y 3 = ( x + 2) ,
2
3
y = x .
2
2. 2 x 3 y + 6 = 0
12 18
y= x

, , .
2
13 13
2 x 3 y + 6 = 0
3.
2 x 5 y + 3 = 0

, (44, 17) .
x 3 y 7 = 0
4 x + y =1 4 . ,

1
4
1
1
A(44, 17) , y +17 = ( x + 44) , y = x 6 .
4
4
43
1
4. (i) // , = B = .
3
1 14
1
y 6 = ( x + 4) , y = x + . ,
3
3
3
1 14
A : y = x +

3
3 ,
: x y + 2 = 0
(2, 4) .
(ii) =
6 1 5
,
=
4 +1 3
:
r
1 = ( 3, 5) .

, .
5 7
, , .
2 2
, =
7
4
1
= 2
= ,
5
9
2
2
:
r
2 = (9, 1) .
,
r r
1 , 2 :
r r
1 2
39 51
11
11 697
= r r =
=
=
0,416 .
697
| 1 | | 2 |
17 41
3 2 + (5) 2 9 2 +12
, 65 0 .
5. ( 1) x + y + 8 = 0
r
1 = ( , 1 ) , x + 3 y +1 2 = 0
r
2 = (3, ) . , ,
r r
1 2 . :
44
r r
r r
1 2 1 2 = 0 3 (1 ) = 0
2 + 2 = 0 ( + 2) = 0
= 0 = 2 .
6. 3 x + 4 y + 6 = 0
6 x + 5 y 9 = 0
3x + 4 y + 6 = 0
,
6 x + 5 y 9 = 0
22
, 7 .
22
3x + 3 y + = 0 , 7 ,
3
22
3 + 3(7) + , , = 1 .
3
, 1 .

1. (i)
x 2 y 2 + 4 y 4 = 0 x 2 ( y 2) 2 = 0 ( x y + 2)( x + y 2) = 0
x y + 2= 0
x + y 2= 0 .
y
2
-2
2
O
(ii)
x 2 y 2 4 x + 2 y + 3 = 0 ( x 2 4 x + 4) ( y 2 2 y +1) = 0
( x 2) 2 ( y 1) 2 = 0 ( x 2 y +1)( x 2 + y 1) = 0 .
( x y 1) ( x + y 3) = 0 x y 1 x + y 3= 0 .
45
2.
(2 2 + + 3) x + ( 2 +1) y + (3 +1) = 0
(1)
, ,
x y . ,
y .
( = 0 =1 )
:
3 x + y +1= 0
.
6 x + y + 4 = 0
( x, y ) = (1, 2) .
A(1, 2) . (1)
,
(2 2 + + 3) (1) + ( 2 +1) 2 + 3 +1= 2 2 3 + 2 2 2 + 2 + 3 +1= 0 .
, (1) (1, 2) .
3. x + 4 y = 5 3x 2 y =1
x + 4 y = 5
,
3x 2 y =1
( x, y ) = (1, 1) .
7 x 8 y +1= 0 x =1 , y =1
7 1 8 1+1= 0
, (1, 1) .
4. x y = 0 (1+ ) x + ( 1) y = 0 ,
r
r
: 1 = (1, ) 2 = (1 , 1+ ) .
:
r r
1 2
1(1 ) + (1+ )
1 + + 2
1
2
= r r =
=
=
=
.
| 1 | | 2 | 12 + 2 (1 ) 2 + (1+ ) 2
2 2
1+ 2 2(1+ 2 )
46
=
, .
4
4
x y
5. 1 : + =1

x y
2 : + =1

x y
+ =1 x + y =
x + y =1 x + y =

= 2 2 0 , , ,

. , , 0 ,
( x, y ) =
,
+ +
y = x . = = 1 2 .
, = , , =
.
6. 3x + y = 3 3 . ,
1
(1, 2) y 2 = ( x 1) . ,
3
3x + y = 3 ,
3x + y = 3
2 9
, , .
1
2
=
(
x
1
)
5 5
x y
7. y = 0 , : + =1 , x= . ,

x x ( , 0).
47

. ,
( , 0) y 0 =
( x ) , ,
x y 2 = 0 .
2.3

1. ( 2, 3 ) , :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
| 2 + 3 +1|
2
1 +1
= 2
| 2(2) 3 3| 10
=
=2 5
5
2 2 + (1) 2
2 3
+ 1
2 3
2
1 1
+
2 3
(iv)
1
13
36
1
13
6
6 13
13
|5(2) + 33 +1| | 10 +10|

=
=0 .
34
5 2 + 32
2. (i) 1 =
5
5
2 = . 1 // 2 .
8
8
(ii) (0, 0) 1
|5 0 8 0 51| 51 89
=
,
89
5 2 + (8) 2
O(0, 0) 2
|5 0 8 0 + 68| 68 89
=
.
89
5 2 + (8) 2
48
(iii) (0, 0) 1 2 ,
,
:.
68 89 + 51 89 119 89
=
89
89
3. (i) 1 =
4
2 = . 1 // 2 .
3
3
(ii) x = 0 , 1 , y = 3 . A(0, 3)
1 , 1 2
2 , :
| 4 0 3(3) 24| 15
= =3 .
5
4 2 + (3) 2
4.
2 x 3 y = 30 .
y 6 = (1)( x 4) , , y = x +10 . ,
2 x 3 y = 30
,
y = x +10
( x, y ) = (12, 2) .
5. y = 3x + ,
3x + y = 0 . , :
| 3 0 + 0 |
3 2 +12
= 5 | |= 5 10 = 5 10 .
.
:
3 x + y 5 10 = 0 3 x + y + 5 10 = 0
6. : 1 , 2 , ,
3 x 2 y + = 0 .
, , 1 2
8 ,
4 .
49
1
A 0, . ,
2
1
3 0 2 +
| 1|
2
=4
= 4 | 1|= 4 13 =1 4 13 .
2
2
13
3 + (2)
49
, :
1 : 3x 2 y +1+ 4 13 = 0 2 : 3 x 2 y +1 4 13 = 0 .
: M ( x, y ) 1 2 ,
4, ,
|3x 2 y +1|
3 2 + (2) 2
= 4 |3 x 2 y +1|= 4 13
3x 2 y +1= 4 13
3x 2 y +1= 4 13
3x 2 y + (1+ 4 13 ) = 0 3x 2 y + (1 4 13 ) = 0
(1)
(1) 1 2 .
7. (i) AB = (6, 0) A = (4, 3) .

1 6 0 1
1
|= |18|= 9 .
( AB ) = | det( AB, A ) | = |
2 4 3 2
2
(ii) AB = (4, 10) A = (7, 0) .
1 4 10 1
( AB ) = |
|= | 70|= 35 .
2 7 0
2
(iii) AB = (2, 2) A = (6, 6) .

2 1
1 2
( AB ) = |
|= | 0|= 0 .
2 6 6 2
, A(1, 2) , B(3, 4)
(5, 4) .
8. x x
( x, 0) , AM = ( x 5, 1) AB = (4, 2) .
50
1 x 5 1
( MAB) = 7 |
|= 7 | 2 x 14|=14
2 4 2
2 x 14 =14 2 x 14 = 14
x =14
x=0 .
, (14, 0) (0, 0).

9. M ( x, y ) , :
MA = MB (3 x) 2 + (4 y ) 2 = (5 x) 2 + (2 y ) 2
9 6 x + x 2 +16 8 y + y 2 = 25 10 x + x 2 + 4 + y 2 + 4 y
4 x 12 y = 4
x 3 y =1
4 y
1 3 x
( MAB) =10 |
|=10
5
(
2 + y)
x
2
| 6 x + 2 y 26|= 20
6 x + 2 y 26 = 20
6 x + 2 y 26 = 20
3x + y = 23
3x + y = 3
:
x 3 y =1
MA = MB
( MAB) =10 3x + y = 23
x 3 y =1
.
3x + y = 3
M 1 (7, 2)
M 2 (1, 0) .
10. A(3,1) , B (2, 3) , (4, 5)
, AB = (1, 2) A = (7, 6) .
( AB ) = 2 ( AB ) =|
7 6
|=| 6 14|= 20 .
51

1. (0,0)
y y , x = 0 y = x . ,
, B(0, 2) y y ,
. y = x ,
A(2, 0) B(0, 2) . ,
:
| (2) 1 0|
2
+ (1)
| 0 1 2|
2 + (1) 2
| 2 |=| 2|| |=1 = 1 .
, y = x y = x
.
2. M (, 0) x x (0, 0)
5 x +12 y 60 = 0 :
| |=
|5 +12 0 60|
2
5 +12
| |=
|5 60|
13| |=|5 60|
13
5 60 =13 5 60 = 13
=
15
2
10
.
3
15
10
x x , M 1
, 0 M 2 , 0
2
3
.
3. (
). , M (1, 2) ,

y 2 = ( x 1) , R * .
(1)
2
, x = 0 , y =2 . ,
2
, 0 B (0, 2 ) , :
(1) A

(1), y = 0 , x =
52
( 2) 2
1
1 2
.
( AOB) = (OA) (OB) =
| 2 |=
2
2
| 2 |
:
( AOB) = 4
( 2) 2
= 4 ( 2) 2 = 8| | .
|2 |
:
> 0 ,
( 2) 2 = 8 2 4 + 4 8 = 0 2 12 + 4 = 0 = 6 4 2
< 0 ,
( 2) 2 = 8 2 4 + 4 + 8 = 0 2 + 4 + 4 = 0 = 2 .
,
y 2 = (6 + 4 2 )( x 1) ,
y 2 = (6 4 2 )( x 1)
y 2 = 2( x 1)
.
4. A(1, 3) y y
| 1|=1 , y y ,
x = 0 .
y = x
O(0, 0) A(1, 3) 1
:
| (1) 3|
2 + (1) 2
=1| + 3|= 2 +1 2 + 6 + 9 = 2 +1 =
4
.
3
4
y= x .
3
5. x y + 2= 0 y = x + 2 . ,
, ( x, x + 2) . ,
12 x 5 y + 60 = 0 1,
:
53
|12 x 5( x + 2) + 60|
12 2 + (5) 2
=1
| 7 x + 50|
=1
13
7 x + 50 =13 7 x + 50 = 13
37
7
x=
x = 9 .
37 23
, M 1
,
M 2 (9, 7)
7
7
x y + 2= 0 1.
6. AB = ( , ) A = (, ) . , ,
, AB A . :
AB// A det( AB, A ) = 0
=0
+ = 0
= 0 .
. ,

= , , ,
2 2
:
7. :

= x ,
2 2
y=
, y = 0 , x =
y=
2 2
.
x+
2 2
, x = 0 ,
2
2 2
. , x x
2
P ( p, 0) , p =
2 2
, y y Q(0, q)
2
54
2 2
. p, q ,
2
:
q=
q + p =
(i)
(ii)
p + q =
( 2 2 ) ( 2 2 )
+
2
2
2 ( 2 2 ) + 2 ( 2 2 )
2
( 2 2 )( 2 2 )
= 2 pq .
2
( 2 2 ) ( 2 2 ) 2 2 + 2 2
+
=
=0
2
2
2
PQ AB

M , P, Q . , PQ AB = 0 det( MP, MQ) = 0
8. M ( x, y )
3x 4 y +1= 0 5 x +12 y + 4 = 0 ,
, ,
|3 x 4 y +1|
3 2 + (4) 2
| 5 x +12 y + 4|
5 2 +12 2
|3x 4 y +1| |5 x +12 y + 4|

=
5
13
13(3x 4 y +1) = 5(5 x +12 y + 4)
13(3x 4 y +1) = 5(5 x +12 y + 4)
39 x 52 y +13) = 25 x + 60 y + 20
39 x 52 y +13 = 25 x 60 y 20
2 x 16 y 1= 0 64 x + 8 y + 33 = 0 .
, : 2 x 16 y 1= 0 64 x + 8 y + 33 = 0 .
55
9.
2 x 3 y + 5 = 0
x y +1= 0
x y +1 = 0
,
2 x 3 y + 5 = 0
( x, y ) = (2, 3) .
, M (2,3) .
x = 2 A(3, 2) 1.
.
M (2, 3) y 3 = ( x 2) , R ,

x y + (3 2 ) = 0 , R .
A(3, 2)
7
. , :
5
|3 2 + 3 2 | 7
| +1| 7
=
=
2
2
5
+ (1)
2 +1 5
( +1) 2
2
+1
49
25
25 2 + 50 + 25 = 49 2 + 49
12 2 25 +12 = 0 =
, :
3
4
= .
4
3
4
1
3
3
x y + = 0 x y + = 0 .
3
3
4
2
10. M ( x, y ) ,
( MAB) = 8 . :

1
1 1 x 2 y 1
( MAB) = | det( MA, MB) |= |
|= | 3 x + 4 y + 5|
1 y
2
2 3 x
2
:
( MAB) = 8 | 3x + 4 y + 5|=16
3 x + 4 y + 5 =16 3 x + 4 y + 5 = 16
3 x + 4 y 11= 0
3 x + 4 y + 21= 0 .
, 3x + 4 y 11= 0
3 x + 4 y + 21= 0 .
56
1. M (1,0) , x =1 ,
y = x + 2 A(1,3) y = x B (1,1) .
( AB) = 3 1= 2 . x =1 .
, ,
M (1, 0) . y = ( x 1) , R ,
y = x
y = x , R .
y = x+2
y = x
,
y = x
. 1 .

+ 2 3

,
,

. , :
1 1
1 1
( ) = 2 ( ) 2 = 4
2
(2) 2 + (2 ) 2
+2
3

=4
+
=4
( 1) 2
1 1 1 1
4( 2 +1)
( 1)
= 4 2 +1= 2 2 +1 = 0
, y = 0 .
2.
x + ( 1) y = 2
,

( +1) x + y = 2 +1
D=
+1
= 2 2 +1=1 0 R .
, R ,
. :
Dx =
1
2
= 2 2 2 2 + 2 +1= +1
2 +1
57
Dy =
2
= 2 2 + 2 2 2 = .
+1 2 +1
D D y +1
=
( x, y ) = x ,
,
= ( +1, ) .
1
D D 1
, :
x = +1
x = +1
, R
, R x = y +1 y = x +1
y =
= y
y = x +1 .
3. K ( x 0 , y 0 ) , M 1 , M 2 , M 3
(1 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) ( 3 , 3 ) ,
( x 0 , y 0 ) (0, 0) , , :
1 x 0 + 1 y 0 =1
2 x 0 + 2 y 0 =1 ,
x + y =1
3 0
3 0
1 x 0 + 1 y 0 =1
( 2 1 ) x 0 + ( 2 1 ) y 0 = 0 .
( ) x + ( ) y = 0
3
1
0
3 1 0
, ( x 0 , y 0 )
( 2 1 ) x + ( 2 1 ) y = 0
.
( 3 1 ) x + ( 3 1 ) y = 0
( x 0 , y 0 ) (0, 0) , , , (0, 0)
( x 0 , y 0 ) . , ,
:
2 1
3 1
2 1
= 0 M 1 M 2 // M 1 M 3 M 1 , M 2 , M 3 .
3 1
4.
x y
+ =1 x + y =
x + y =1 x + y =

58

.
, , , ( x, y ) =
,

,
,
,
+ +
+
2 2
=
= 2
=
2
y =
2
2
( x ) , 2 x 2 y + ( ) = 0 .
5. 1 :
x y
+ = 1
A B
x y
2 : + =1 . 1 y y M (0, B )

2
B
1
d=
1
2
| B |
2 + 2
1 , 2 . ,
,
B
=
, , A = B ,
:
d=
| A |
2
| ( A )|
2
( A )
2 + 2
( > 0 A > 0 ).
6. (i)
x 2 4 xy + y 2 = 0 x 2 4 xy + 4 y 2 3 y 2 = 0
( x 2 y) 2 ( 3 y) 2 = 0
( x 2 y 3 y) ( x 2 y + 3 y) = 0
59
x (2 + 3 ) y = 0 x (2 3 ) y = 0
y=
1
2+ 3
y = (2 3 ) x
x 2 4 xy + y 2 = 0
y=
y = (2 + 3 ) x .
2 3
y = (2 3 ) x
y = (2 + 3 ) x .
r
r
(ii) 1 = (1, 2 3 ), 2 = (1, 2 + 3 )
r
= (1, 1)
r r
y = x . 1 , 1 2
r r
, 2 , :
r r
1
3 ( 3 1)
1+ 2 3
3 3
3
=
=
=
1 = r r =
2
2
2
2
2
2
| | | 1 | 1 +1 1 + (2 3 )
2 4 2 3 2 ( 3 1)
1 = 30 0 . 2 =
3
, 2 = 30 0
2
7. (i) x + y + = 0 ,
y
, , 0 .

A , 0 B 0, .
, ,

(OA) = (OB)
|| ||
= = | |=| | .
| | | |
,
, | |=| | 0 0 .
(ii) 1 = 2 = 0 , y y ,
x x .
60
1 , 2
, x x
.
y
1
1 , 2 0 , 1 , 2
1 =
1
1
2
,
2
y
,
x x :
2 =
2 = 1
x
2
1 2
=
1 2 + 1 2 = 0
1 2
y
8. (i) x + y + = 0
( )
, , 0 . , y = 0 , x = .
a
x
,

x x A , 0
Ox ,
> 0 , < 0 .
, x = 0 , y y
B 0, Oy ,
< 0 , > 0 .
(ii)
= 0 ,
(),
0 ,
x =
0 , 0
=0
61
= 0 ,
(),
y=
0 ,
0 ,
0 = 0 .
, 0

x x y y A , 0

B 0, ,
1 ,
0 0 ,
0 0 , 0 .
62
3.1

1. (i) = 12 + ( 3 ) 2 = 2
: x 2 + y 2 = 2 2
(ii) = ( ) 2 + ( + ) 2 = 2( 2 + 2 )
: x 2 + y 2 = 2( 2 + 2 ) .
(iii) O(0,0)
x y 2= 0 . =
| 2|
1 2 +1 2
= 2
: x 2 + y 2 = 2 .
(iv) O(0,0)
x + y ( 2 + 2 ) = 0 . , =
| 2 + 2 |
2 + 2
= 2 + 2 : x 2 + y 2 = 2 + 2 .
2. (i) A( x1 , y1 ) ,
xx1 + yy1 = 5
y = 2 x + 3
x1
= 2 . x1 = 2 y1 .
y1
A( x1 , y1 ) x12 + y12 = 5 . ,
A( x1 , y1 )
64
(1)
x1 = 2 y1
2
x1 + y12 = 5
( 2)
(2) (1)
(2 y1 ) 2 + y12 = 5 y1 =1
y1 = 1 ,
, (2,1)
(2,1)

2 x + y = 5 2 x y = 5 .
(ii) A( x1 , y1 ) ,

xx1 + yy1 = 5 ,
1
y = x ,
2
x1
= 2 .
y1
x1 = 2 y1 . A( x1 , y1 ) ,
x12 + y12 = 5 .
(1)
x1 = 2 y1
2
x1 + y12 = 5
( 2)
(2) (1)
4 x12 + y12 = 5 y1 =1
y1 = 1 ,
, (2,1) (2,1)

2 x + y = 5 2 x y = 5 .
(iii) M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
xx1 + yy1 = 5 A(5,0)
5 x1 + 0 y1 = 5 . x1 =1 . M 1 ( x1 , y1 )
x12 + y12 = 5 . M 1

x1 =1
2
x1 + y12 = 5
(1)
( 2)
65
(2) (1)
1+ y12 = 5 y1 = 2
y1 = 2 ,
, M 1 (1,2) M 2 (1,2)

x + 2 y = 5 x 2 y = 5 .
y
3.
2
2
x + y = 2 A, B,
:
1 : x + y = 2 ,
2 : x + y =2
3 : x y = 2
4 : x y =2 .

E (0,2) , Z (2,0) , H (0,2)
(2,0) .

(1,1)
(-1,1)
(-1,-1)
(1,-1)
4. ,
.

1
= = 1
1

1. ,

y +1=1( x 1) , ,
y= x2 .
5. (i) = ( 3 ) 2 +12 = 2
x 2 + ( y 1) 2 = 2 2 .
(ii)
2+8
1 + 7
= 3
= 5 ,
2
2
K (3,5) .
66
1
1
1
(7 +1) 2 + (8 2) 2 = 100 = 5 . ,
= AB =
2
2
2
( x 3) 2 + ( y 5) 2 = 5 2 .
(iii) K ( x 0 , y 0 )
KA = KB = 5 .
( x 0 1) 2 + ( y 0 0) 2 = 25
(1)
( x 0 7) 2 + ( y 0 0) 2 = 25
(2)
( x 0 1) 2 + y 02 = ( x 0 7) 2 + y 02 x 0 = 4 .
x 0 (1)
3 2 + y 02 = 25 y 0 = 4 y 0 = 4 .
( x 0 , y 0 ) = (4, 4) ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (4, 4) . ,

( x 4) 2 + ( y 4) 2 = 5 2 ( x 4) 2 + ( y + 4) 2 = 5 2 .
(iv) K ( x 0 , y 0 ) , :
y 0 = x 0
( x 0 4) 2 + ( y 0 0) 2 = ( x 0 8) 2 + ( y 0 0) 2 .
:
x 0 = y 0
x0 = 6
2
2
( x 0 4) = ( x 0 8)
y0 = 6
K (6,6)
= KA = (6 4) 2 + (6 0) 2 = 2 2 + 6 2 = 2 10 .
, : ( x 6) 2 + ( y 6) 2 = 40 .
67
8+ 4
= 6
2
2
2
, K 6,
.
2
2
(v)
2
2
+ 2
KA = K (6 4) 2 +
= ( 6 0) 2 +
2
2
2
4+
= 36 +
+ 4 + 2( 2)
2
2
= 16 .
K (6,9)
= KA = (6 4) 2 + (9) 2 = 4 + 81 = 85 . ,
( x 6) 2 + ( y + 9) 2 = 85 .
(vi) K ( x 0 , y 0 )
x x
.
3 +1 0 + 2

,
= (2,1)
2
2
20 2
=
= 1 . ,

1 3 2
y 1=1( x 2) , , y = x 1 .
x x x = 3 . ,

y = x 1
, ( x, y ) = (3,2) .
x = 3
,
= KA = (3 3) 2 + 2 2 = 2 .
( x 3) 2 + ( y 2) 2 = 2 2 .
K (3,2)
68
(vii) K ( x 0 , y 0 )
A(0,3) .
3

2
4
4
y 3 = ( x 0) , , y = x + 3 . ,
3
3

3
y = 2
9 3
, ( x, y ) = , .
4
8 2
y = x+3
3
y =
9 3 15
=OK = + = . ,
8
8 2

2
3 15
9
x + + y = .
8
2 8

6. (i) :
x 2 + y 2 + 4x 6 y 3= 0
( x 2 + 2 2 x + 2 2 ) + ( y 2 2 3 y + 3 2 ) = 3 + 2 2 + 3 2
( x + 2) 2 + ( y 3) 2 = 4 2 .
, K (2,3) = 4 .
(ii) :
x 2 + y 2 10 x +12 y 20 = 0
( x 2 2 5 x + 5 2 ) + ( y 2 + 2 6 y + 6 2 ) = 20 + 5 2 + 6 2
( x 5) 2 + ( y + 6) 2 = 9 2
, K (5,6) = 9 .
(iii) :
3 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 6 x 9 y +1= 0
1
x 2 + y 2 + 2x 3y + = 0
3
69
2
2
3 3
3 1
( x 2 + 2 1 x +12 ) + y 2 2 y + =12 +
2 2
2 3
2
3 35
.
( x +1) + y =
2 12
35
3
, K 1, =
.
12
2
(iv) :
x 2 + y 2 4x +10 y + 4 2 +16 2 = 0
[ x 2 2 2 x + (2 ) 2 ] + [ y 2 + 2 5 y + (5 ) 2 ] = (5 ) 2 16 2
( x 2 ) 2 + ( y + 5 ) 2 = (3 ) 2 .
, K (2,5 ) = 3| | .
7. (i) :
x 2 + y 2 2x + 4 y + 4= 0
( x 2 2 1 x +12 ) + ( y 2 + 2 2 x + 2 2 ) =12
( x 1) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 =12 .
, K (1,2) =1 .
A(1,1) .
. ,
y = 1 ,
A(1,1) .
(ii) :
x 2 + y 2 2x 2 y + 2 3 2 = 0
( x 2 2 x + 2 ) + ( y 2 + 2 y + 2 ) = 2 + 3 2
( x ) 2 + ( y ) 2 = (2 ) 2 .
, K (, ) = 2| | .
A(, ) .
,
y= .
70
y
8. C1 K 1 (0,0)
1 =1 , C 2
K 2 (1,0) 2 = 2 .
K 1 K 2 = 2 1 =1 , C1
C 2
A(1,0) .
B
1.
( x )( x ) + ( y )( y ) = 0

A, B, .
x 2 + y 2 ( + ) x ( + ) y + ( + ) = 0 ,
2
x + y + Ax + By + = 0 . ,
.
AB B = ( ,0)(0, ) = ( ) 0 + 0( ) = 0
AB = 90 0 , .
.
2. ( x + 2) 2 + ( y 4) 2 = 4 2 ,
K (2,4) = 4 .
x + y 4 + 2 4 = 0
d=
| 2 + 4 4 + 2 4|
2 + 2
=| 4|= 4 = .
, .
3. 1 ( x1 , y1 ) M 2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) .
M 1 xx1 + yy1 = 2 .
M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) , M 0
xx1 + yy1 = 2 x1 x 0 + y1 y 0 = 2 ,
71
xx 0 + yy 0 = 2 M 1 .
M 2 .
xx 0 + yy 0 = 2 1
M 1 M 2 ,
M 1 M 2 .
4. C x 2 + y 2 = (3 ) 2 . M ( x, y )
G (u , v) .
0+0+ y y
0 + 3 + x 3 + x
v =
=
=
3
3
3
3
x = 3u 3 y = 3v . M ( x, y ) .
G u =
x 2 + y 2 = 9 2 x y :
(3u 3 ) 2 + (3v) 2 = 9 2
9(u ) 2 + 9v 2 = 9 2
(u ) 2 + v 2 = 2 ,
G K (,0)
=| | , ( x ) 2 + y 2 = 2 .
5. M ( x, y )
,
x 2 + y 2 = 2
. ,

, ,
OM 2 = 2 + 2
A
(u,v)
x2 + y2 = 2 + 2
x 2 + y 2 = ( ( 2 ) 2 ,

x 2 + y 2 =( 2)2 .
6. M ( x, y ) ,
MA
= 2 ,
MB
72
MA = 2 MB
MA 2 = 4MB 2
2
( x + 3) + y 2 = 4[( x 3) 2 + y 2 ]
x 2 + 6 x + 9 + y 2 = 4 x 2 24 x + 36 + 4 y 2
3x 2 + 3 y 2 30 x = 27
x 2 + y 2 10 x = 9
( x 2 2 5 x + 5 2 ) + y 2 = 9 + 5 2
( x 5) 2 + y 2 = 4 2 .
,
K (5,0) = 4 .
7. x =1 . M ( x, y ) ,
d ( M , O) = 4d ( M , ) .
d ( M , O) = 4d ( M , ) x 2 + y 2 = 4| x 1|
x 2 + y 2 = 4( x 1), x 1
2
2
x + y = 4( x 1), x 1
(1)
( 2)
( x 2) 2 + y 2 = 0
x 2 4 x + y 2 = 4
(1)

x 1
x 1
( x + 2) 2 + y 2 = (2 2 ) 2
x 2 + 4 x + y 2 = 4
(2)

( x + 2) 2 + y 2 = 8 .
x 1
x 1
x = 2

y =0
A(2,0)
2
( x + 2) + y = 8 .
x=1
K(-2,0)
A(2,0)
73
8. M ( x, y ) ,
MA 2 + MB 2 + M 2 =107 , :
( x 3) 2 + ( y 5) 2 + ( x 2) 2 + ( y + 4) 2 + ( x + 5) 2 + ( y +1) 2 =107
3 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 27
x 2 + y 2 =32
,
O(0,0) = 3 .
3+ 2 5
5 4 1
= 0
=0 .
3
3
9.

x + y =
.
x y =
D=
Dx =
Dy =
x=
y=
= 2 2 = 1
=
-
= .
Dx
= +
D
Dy
D
= ,

x 2 + y 2 = ( + ) 2 + ( ) 2
= 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 2
= 2 ( 2 + 2 ) + 2 ( 2 + 2 )
74
= 2 + 2 .
x 2 + y 2 = ( 2 + 2 ) 2 , O (0,0) = 2 + 2 .
10. M ( x, y ) ,
A(2,4) . ,
OMA = 90 0 , ,

.

0+ 2 0+ 4
K
,
,
2
2
K (1,2) ,
= (2 1) 2 + (4 2) 2 = 1+ 4 = 5 .
B
A(2,4)
M(x,y)
K(1,2)
3.2

1. (i)
p
= 1 , p = 2
2
y 2 = 4 x .
(ii)
p 1
= , p = 1
2 2
y 2 = 2 x .
(iii) y 2 = 2 px .
A(1,2) , 2 2 = 2 p 1 p = 2 ,
y 2 = 4 x .
75
2. (i)
y 2 = 2 4 x . , E (2,0)
: x = 2
(ii) y 2 = 2(4) x . , E (2,0)

: x = 2
(iii) x 2 = 4 y = 2 2 y . , E (0,1)
: y = 1
(iv) x 2 = 4 y = 2(2) y . , E (0,1)
: y =1
(v) y 2 = 2 2 x . , E (,0)
: x =
(vi) x 2 = 2 2 y . , E (0, )
: y =
3.
p

2
M ( x, y ) x +
x +
p
.
2
p p
.
2 2
x+
p p
p
p2
p2 p2
y2
x+
x 2 + px +
x 2 + px 0 x 2 +
0 ,
2 2
2
4
4
4
2
4. A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x 2 , y 2 )
1
y1 = x12
4
1
y 2 = x 22
4
y1 = y 2 .
1 2 1 2
x1 = x 2 , x 2 = x1 . , A( x1 , y1 )
4
4
B ( x1 , y1 ) :
76
AOB = 90 0 OAOB = 0 ( x1 , y1 )( x1 , y1 ) = 0 x12 + y12 = 0
4 y1 + y12 = 0 y1 ( y1 4) = 0 y1 = 4
1
1
y1 = x12 , y1 = 4 , 4 = x12 x1 = 4 x1 = 4 .
4
4
, A(4,4) B (4,4) .
5. x 2 = 2 2 y
M 1 ( x1 , y1 )
xx1 = 2( y + y1 ) , y =
x1
x y1 .
2
x1
=1 ,
2
x1 = 2 . x12 = 4 y1 . y1 =1
y = x 1 .
(i) y = x +1 ,
(ii) y = 2 x ,
x1 =1 . x12 = 4 y1 . y1 =
x1
(2) = 1 ,
2
1

4
1
1
y = x .
2
4
(iii) A(0,1) ,
1= y1 , y1 =1 . x12 = 4 y1 . x12 = 4 , x1 = 2
x1 = 2 . , M 1 (2,1) M 2 (2,1) ,
y = x 1 y = x 1
.
6. x 2 = 2 2 y
1
A(4,4) B 1, 4 x = 2( y + 4)
4
x = 2 y + . y = 2 x 4
4
77
1
1
1
y = x
, 2 = 1 ,
2
4
2
.
B
1.
. :
( x 3) 2 + y 2 = 8 ( x 3) 2 + 4 x = 8 x =1
x =1
x =1

.
2
2
y = 4 x y = 2
y = 4 x
y = 4 x
y = 2
, , A(1,2) B (1,2) .
y 2 = 2( x +1) ,
,
x y +1 = 0 .
,
(3,0) = 8 .
d=
|3 0 +1|
1 2 +1 2
4
2
= 8
x x
(1,-2) (1,2) x x ,
.
x + y +1= 0 .
78
2. y 2 = 2 6 x

A(1,2 3 ) 2 3 y = 6( x +1) ,
, y = 3 x + 3 .
x x (-1,0).
y 2 = 2 6 x
(3,0). , :
( AE ) 2 = 2 2 + (2 3 ) 2
B
O
=16,
( AB) 2 = 2 2 + (2 3 ) 2 =16 ,
(BE ) 2 = 4 2 + 0 2
=16 ,
, ( AE ) = ( AB) = ( BE ) = 4 , .
3. y 2 = 2 2 x
(1,0) x = 1 .
A(3,2 3 )
78
2 3 y = 2( x + 3) , ,
y=
3
x+ 3 .
3
K (1,
2 3
.
B 1,

4 3
,
K 1,
3
B( 1,
A(3,2 3 )
4 3
)
3
2 3
)
3
E(1,0)
x=-1
2 3
= 4+ 4 = 4 = 4 3 .
= 2 +
3
3
3
3
p = 2 , (1,0).
KE =
4 3
=
3
KEx x
x x .
y
4.

p
, ME = x1 + .
2

p
1
= x1 + .
2
2
x1 p y1
2 + 4 , 2
y y
x
p 1
p
KH = 1 + = x1 + = ,
2 4 2
2
M(x1,y1)
H
K(
x1 p y1
+ , )
2 4 2
p
E ( , 0)
2
y y .
79
5.
y1
y=
x
x1
p y1 p
.
B ,
2 x1 2

yy1 = p ( x + x1 ) ,
p
.
y1

BE =
x=
p
2
A(x1,y1)
2
p y p
B ( , 1 )
2 x1 2
p
E ( ,0)
2
y1 p
x1 2 y1
y
y p p
=
= 1 2 = 12 = =
p
y1
2 x1
y
y1
2 1
2p
BE // .
6.

A( x1 , y1 )
yy1 = p ( x + x1 )
, A O ,
y y
px
K 0, 1
y1
p px1 p 2
.
B ,
2 y
2
y
1
1
(i)
A
K
AEB = 90 0 ,
EAEB = 0 .

px1 p 2
p
=0
EA EB = 0 x1 , y1 p,
2
y1 2 y1
80
p2
p2
+ px1
=0 ,
.
2
2

p px1
px
x1 , y1 1 = 0
EK KA = 0 ,
y1
2 y1
px1 +
(ii)
px1
p2x2
+ px1 2 1 = 0
2
y1
px1 p 2 x12
=0
2
2 px1
px1 px1
=0 ,
2
2
EKAB .
(iii)
( EK ) 2 = ( KB ) ( KA) .
7.
y 2 = 2 px A( x1 , y1 )
yy1 = p ( x + x1 )
x x
B ( x1 ,0) ,
x x
, y1 . ,
2

y1
0,
2
EKAB ,
p
,y )
2 1
A(x1,y1)
B(-x1,0)
p
E ( ,0)
2
y
0, 1 . , .
2
E AB = ( p, y1 )(2 x1 , y1 ) = 2 px1 + y12 = 2 px1 + 2 px1 = 0 ,
81
E AB . , ,
y
, K 0, 1
2
y y .
8. (i) C1 C2
1
y
C 2
A(2p,2p)

y 2 = 2 px
2
x = 2 py
(1)
( 2)
(2)
x4
4p2
p
B ( p, )
2
x2
.
2p
(1)
O
p
( , p )
2
y=
C1
= 2 px x 4 8 p 3 x = 0 x( x 3 8 p 3 ) = 0 x = 0 x = 2 p ,
y y = 0 , y = 2 p . ,
(0,0) (2p,2p).
(ii) 1 C1 (2p,2p)
1
y 2 p = p( x + 2 p) y = x + p
2
(1)
C 2 B p, .
2
2 C 2 (2p,2p)
x 2 p = p( y + 2 p) y = 2 x 2 p
p
C1 , p .
2
, C1 , p
2
p
p
y ( p ) = p x + y = x ,
2
2
(2)
82
p
C 2 B p,
2
p
p
x ( p ) = p y + y = x .
2
2
, , C 2
C1 . C1 , C 2 .
3.3

1. (i) 2 = = 8 2 =10 , = 4 = 5 . 2 = 5 2 4 2 = 9
x x , :
x2 y2
+
=1 .
25 9
(ii)
2 = E E =10
2 = 26 ,
=5
=13 .
2 =13 2 5 2 =144 y y ,

x2 y2
+
=1 .
144 169
12
(iii) =12 , = = , =13 . 2 =13 2 12 2 = 25 ,
13
:
x2 y2
+
=1 .
169 25
(iv) = 4 , 2 = 2 2 = 2 16 , 2 >16 .
:
83
x2
2
y2
2 16
=1 .
9
, , M 4, ,
5
. :
2
9

16
81
42 5
+ 2
=1 2 +
=1
2
25( 2 16)
16
400( 2 16) + 81 2 = 25 2 ( 2 16)
25 4 881 2 + 6400 = 0
2 =
881 369 25
=
10,24 < 16 ()
50
x2 y2
+
=1 .
25 9
(v) y y :
x2
2
y2
2
=1
( 2 > 2 ) .
1
, M 1 (1,1) M 2 2, ,
2
. , :
1
1
2 + 2 =1
4
2 + 42 =1

1
2
+ =1
=1
=1
1
4 + 4 =1 4(1 ) + 4 =1 16 16 + = 4
84
4
=1 5
= 4
5
=1
15 =12
, 2 =
1
= 5
.
= 4
5
5
2 = 5 , :
4
1 2 4 2
x + y =1 .
5
5
2. (i) x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4
x2
22
y2
12
=1 ,
= 2 =1 . 2 = 2 2 12 = 3 , = 3
3
= =
. , E ( 3 ,0) E ( 3 ,0) .
2
(ii) 169 x 2 +144 y 2 = 24336

x2 y2
+
=1
144 169
x2
12 2

y2
13 2
=13 ,
=1 ,
=12 ,
= 169 144 = 25 = 5
5
= = . y y
13
E (0,5) E (0,5) .
3. . ( x1 , y1 )
, , ( x1 , y1 ) ,
( x1 , y1 ) ( x1 , y1 ) . AB = A 2 x1 = 2 y1

85
y1 = x1
(1)
, ( x1 , x1 )
,
,
4 x12 + x12 = 4 5 x12 = 4 x1 =
2 5
( x1 > 0 ).
5

:
2 5 2 5
, B 2 5 , 2 5 , 2 5 , 2 5 , 2 5 , 2 5 .
,
A
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
x2 +2y2 =4
4.
y
B
x2
22
y2
=1
= 2 , = 2
= 2 . ,
B (0, 2 )
(0, 2 ) , E
( 2 ,0) ( 2 ,0) . , EBE B
, , .
x2
y2
=1 ,
2 2
M ( x1 , y1 ) ,
5. M ( x1 , y1 )
O(0,0) . ,
M ( x1 , y1 )
x1 x
y1 y
2
=1 ,
M ( x1 , y1 )
x1 x y1 y
+ 2 =1 . ,
2
, y1 0 , .
86
y1 = 0 , M , M A ,
,
x x .
6. 3 x 2 + y 2 = 4 M ( x1 , y1 )
3xx1 + yy1 = 4
3x1
.
y1
:
(i) y = 3 x +1 ,
3 x1
= 3 , ,
y1
y1 = x1 .
M ( x1 , y1 ) . , : 3x12 + y12 = 4
, y1 = x1 ,
3x12 + x12 = 4 4 x12 = 4 x12 = 1 x1 = 1 .
,
( x1 , y1 ) = (1,1) ( x1 , y1 ) = (1, 1) .
, ,
y = 3 x +1 . 3 x + y = 4
3 x y = 4 .
1
(ii) y = x ,
2
3 x1 1
3 x1
= 1 , , y1 =
. ,
y1 2
2
3x
x1 , 1 , , :
2
9x 2
4
3x
3x12 + 1 = 4 3 x12 + 1 = 4 21x12 = 16 x1 =
.
2
4
21
4
4
6
6
( x1 , y1 ) =
.
( x1 , y1 ) =
,
,
21
21
21 21
, :
87
3 4
21
x+
6
21
y = 4
3 4
21
6
21
y=4 ,

6 x + 3 y 2 21 = 0 6 x + 3 y + 2 21 = 0 .
(iii) M (0,4) ,
. ,
3x1 0 + y1 4 = 4 , , y1 =1 . M ( x1 , y1 )
, :
3x12 + y12 = 4 3x12 +1= 4 x12 =1 x1 = 1 .
( x1 , y1 ) = (1,1) ( x1 , y1 ) = (1,1)
,
M (0,4) , 3x + y = 4 3x + y = 4 .
7. x 2 + 4 y 2 =100 M 1 , M 2 , M 3
M 4 , , :
4 5 x + 4 5 y =100 y = x + 5 5
4 5 x + 4 5 y =100 y = x + 5 5
4 5 x 4 5 y =100 y = x 5 5
4 5 x 4 5 y =100 y = x 5 5
(-) (-)
(-), () y y .
.
.

1.
. :
88
2 (1 t 2 ) 2
2 (1+ t 2 ) 2
4 2t 2
2 (1+ t 2 ) 2
(1 t 2 ) 2 + 4t 2
(1+ t 2 ) 2
(1+ t 2 ) 2
(1+ t 2 ) 2
=1
2. M ( x1 , y1 ) 1 2 ,
y1 = ( + x1 ) y1 = ( x1 )
, ,
2 y12 = 2 ( 2 x12 )
2 y12 = 2 2 2 x12
x12
x12
2
y12
y12
2
( 0 )
=1 .
, M ( x1 , y1 )
x2
2
y2
2
=1 .
3. r = (ME ) r = ( ME ) , ,
,
r + r = 2
(1)
,
r = ( x + ) 2 + y 2
r = ( x ) 2 + y 2
,
r 2 r 2 = 4x
, ,
(r + r )(r r ) = 4x .
, (1),
r r = 2 x = 2x .
(1) (2)
r = + x r = x
4.
(2)
89
x =
y = , [0,2 )
( x1 , y1 ) M 1
x1 = 1
xx1
2
yy1
2
M 1 :
y1 = 1 , 1 [0,2 )
(1)
=1
x1 y1
+
=1
( 1 ) x + (1 ) y = 0
(2)
,
d = d ( , ) =
d = d ( , ) =
| 1 |
2 2 1 + 2 2 1
| 1 |
2 2 1 + 2 2 1
| 1 |
2 2 1 + 2 2 1
| 1 + |
2 2 1 + 2 2 1

d 2 + d 2 =
2 (1 ) 2 + 2 (1 + ) 2
2 2 1 + 2 2 1
2 2 ( 2 2 ) 2 1 + 2
2 2 1 + 2 2 1
) = 2
=
2
2 2 ( 2 2 1 + 2 )
2 2 1 + 2 2 1
( 2 2 1 + 2 2 1 )
2 2 1 + 2 2 1
= 2 2 .
5.
( M 1 N 2 ) 2 = ( x1 x 2 ) 2 + y12 = x12 + 2 x 22 2x1 x 2 + y12
( M 2 N 1 ) 2 = ( x 2 x1 ) 2 + y 22 = x 22 + 2 x12 2x1 x 2 + y 22
, ( M 1 N 2 ) = ( M 2 N 1 )
x12 + 2 x 22 2x1 x 2 + y12 = x 22 + 2 x12 2x1 x 2 + y 22
x12 +
x 22 + y12 = x 22 +
x12 + y 22
90
2 x12 + 2 x 22 + 2 y12 = 2 x 22 + 2 x12 + 2 y 22
( 2 2 ) x12 + 2 y12 = ( 2 2 ) x 22 + 2 y 22
2 x12 + 2 y12 = 2 x 22 + 2 y 22
x12
y12
x 22
y 22
2 2 2 2
, M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) M 2 ( x 2 , y 2 )
.
6. : P

.

,

P
.
,
( M ) = (ON ) =
( , )
B
P
( , )
( M ) = (OP) =
: ON
x x , (, ) ,
(, ) . ,

y = ( x , )
x x y y
(( ), 0) (0, ( )) .
( ) = 2 2 + 2 2 = 2 ( 2 + 2 ) =
( ) = 2 2 + 2 2 = 2 ( 2 + 2 ) = .
(1)
91
xx1
yy1
+
=1 ,
2 2
x =
x = . ,

x =
x =
xx1 + yy1 =1 xx1 + yy1 =1

2 2
2 2
7.
M1
x
B
: x=-a
: x=a
.
2
2 ( x1 )
, ( + x1 ) .
,
y1
y1
:
(i)
( A ) =
2 ( x1 )
| y1 |
( A )( A ) =
( A ) =
4 ( 2 x12 )
y12
= 2
2 ( + x1 )
| y1 |
2 2 2 x12
y12
= 2
2 y12
y12
= 2
(ii) E E , , E E = 0 .
:

2 ( x1 )
2 ( + x1 )
E = ( + ),
E = ,
y1
y1
E E = ( 2 2 ) +
4 ( 2 x12 )
2 y12
= 2 2 + 2
= 2 + 2
2 2 2 x12
2 y12
2 y12
2 y12
92
= 2 + 2 =0 .
E E .
xx1
8.
yy1
2
=1 . , x x
y y
2
, 0 0,
x1
y1
. p =
2
p2
2
q2
2
4
x12
2
2
q =
,
x1
y1
2
4
x12
2
y12
2
=1 ,
y12
M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) .
3.4
A
1. (i) =13 = 5 , = 2 2 = 169 25 =12 . ,

x2 y2
=1 ,
25 144
x x .
(ii) =10
3
5
= . , = = 6 , = 2 2 =
3
5
= 100 36 = 8 . ,
93
y2 x2
=1 ,
36 64
y y .
(iii) = 5 , 2 = 2 2 = 5 2 .

x2
2
y2
5 2
=1 .
93
M (2 2 ,1) ,
,
8
1
5 2
=1 8(5 2 ) 2 = 2 (5 2 )
4 14 2 + 40 = 0
2 =
14 6
2
2 =10
2 =4
2 = 4,
2 < 2 = 5 .
,
x2 y2
=1 .
4
1
(iv) :
) x x .
x2
2
y2
2
=1
(1)
4
4
, , y = x y = x ,
3
3
4
4
= , = . , (1)
3
3
x2
2
y2
x2 9y2
=1 2
=1
16 2
16 2
, , M (3 2 ,4) ,
(3 2 ) 2
9 4 2
16
=1
18
9
2
2 =9
=1
=3
, (2), :
x2 y2
=1 .
9 16
(2)
94
) y y .
y2
2
x2
2
=1 .
,
4
4
y = x , y = x
3
3
M (3 2 ,4) .
M (3 2 ,4)
Ox . ,
x x .
2. (i) :
9 x 2 16 y 2 =144
9 x 2 16 y 2
x2 y2
=1 2 2 =1
144 144
4
3
, = 4 = 3 , = 2 + 2 = 5 . ,
E (5,0) , E (5,0) , =
5

4
3
3
y = x , y = x .
4
4
(ii)
x 2 y 2 =4
x2
22
y2
22
=1 .
, = 2 = 2 , = 2 + 2 = 2 2 . ,
E (2 2 ,0) , E (2 2 ,0) , = 2
y = x , y = x .
(iii)
144 x 2 25 y 2 = 3600
144 x 2 25 y 2
x2 y2
=1 2 2 =1 .
3600 3600
5 12
, = 5 =12 , = 2 + 2 =13 . ,
95
E (13,0) , E (13,0) , =
y =
13

5
12
12
x , y = x .
5
5
3.
3
= 30 0 =
2 =
1
3
4
3
1
1
1=
3
3
2 3
3
4.
(,0)
x = . ,

x=a
(,)

y= x
,
x =
y=
(,0) (,0)
, , ( x, y ) = (, ) . ,
(O ) = 2 + 2 = 2 = = (OE ) .
5. C M 1 ( x1 , y1 )
xx1
2 x1
2 y1
=
M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) , .
yy1
2
=1
(1)
. ,
2 y1
2 x1
, ,
96
y y1 =
2 y1
2 x1
( x x1 )
(2)
, M 2 (0, ) M 3 (2 2 ,0) .
, (1) (2),
y1
2 =1
y1 =
2
2
y = y1 (2 2 x ) x1 = (2 2 x1 )
1
1
2 x1
y1 =
2
( + 2 ) x1 = 2 3 2
y1 =
2 3 2
x
=
1
2

x12
2
y12
2
(3)
M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) C,
=1 , , (3),
8 6
4 2
2
2
=1
8 4
4
= 2 4 4 = 4
4

= 4 4 = 4

=4 4 = 2 .
6.
: y = x
C :
x2
y2
=1 .

y=
x + ,
y=
0 .
y=
x +
97
C,

y = x +
2
2
x y =1
2 2
(1)
(2)
:
2
(1)
(2) 2 x 2 2 y 2 = 2 2 2 x 2 2 x + = 2 2
2

2 x 2 2 2 x 2 + 2 + 2 x = 2 2

2 x 2 2 x 2 2 2 2x = 2 2
2x = 2 ( 2 + 2 )
x=
( 2 + 2 )
.
2
, (1),
( 2 + 2 )
2 + 2
2 2
y =
+
=
+
=
.
2
2
2
, C ,
( 2 + 2 ) 2 2
.

,
2
2
: y = - x ,
C .
4 x 2 y 2 =1
y = 2 x
y = 2 x .
, 2 x y =1 , y = 2 x 1 ,
y = 2 x , ,
98
1
1
4 x 2 y 2 =1 M ,1 , = ,
2
2
=1 = 1 .
7. x 2 4 y 2 = 12
M 1 ( x1 , y1 )
xx1 4 yy1 =12
(1)
x1
4 y1
(2)
:
(i) H : y = x +1 ,
= ,
x1
=1 , ,
4 y1
x1 = 4 y1
(3)
, M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) . ,
,
x12 4 y12 =12
(4)
(3) (4)
( x1 , y1 ) = (4,1) ( x1 , y1 ) = (4,1) .
,
y = x +1 . , (1),
4 x 4 y =12 4 x + 4 y =12 ,

y = x 3
y = x +3
.
(ii) : y =
= 1 ,
4
3
x ,
x1 4
= 1 , ,
4 y1
3
99
x1 = 3 y1 .
(5)
, M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) . ,
x12 4 y12 =12 .
(6)
(6), (5), 3 y12 4 y12 =12 , , y12 = 12 ,

. ,
4
: y =
x.
3
(iii) M (3,0) ,
(1), , 3x1 =12 ,
,
x1 = 4
(7)
, ,
x12 4 y12 =12 .
(8)
(7) (8),
( x1 , y1 ) = (4,1) ( x1 , y1 ) = (4,1) .
,
M (3,0) . , (1),
4 x 4 y =12 4 x + 4 y =12 ,

y = x 3
y = x +3

1.
. ()= ()=
(OK ) 2 = 2 + 2 = 2
(OK ) = = (OE ) .
E1OE ,

.
(OE1 ) = (OA) = ( EE1 ) = ( AK ) = .
100
2.
. M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
xx1
yy1
=1
(1)
,
x =
xx1 yy1 = 1
2 2
x =
xx1 yy1
2 2 =1
1(x1,y1)
o.

2 ( x1 )
,
,
y1
2 ( x1 + )
,
.
y1
,
( A ) =
2 | x1 |
| y1 |
( A ) =
2 | x1 + |
| y1 |
(2)
(i)
( A )( A ) =
2 2 | x12 2 |
2 y12
= 2
| 2 x12 2 2 |
= 2
2 y12
2 y12
2 y12
x12
y12
= 2 .
(ii) E E .
=1
101

2 ( x1 )
2 ( x1 + )
,
E E = ,
y1
y1
= ( 2 2 ) 2
= 2 2
2 ( x12 2 )
2 y12
2 x12 2 2
2 y12
= 2 2 1 = 0 ,
x12
y12
=1 .
E E .
3. M 1 M 2 M 3 M 4 ,
,
x1 + x 2 x 3 + x 4
=
2
2
y1 + y 2 y 3 + y 4
=
2
2
M 1 M 2
, x x
, .
(1)
y=
(2)
, M 1 , M 2

y = x +
2
(3)
y2
x
2 2 =1
M3(x3,y3)
M1(x1,y1)
M 1 M 2
,
y = x +
M2(x2,y2)
M4(x4,y4)
y=
y x + ,
2 x 2 2 ( x + ) 2 = 2 2
2 x 2 2 2 x 2 2 2 x 2 2 2 2 = 0
( 2 2 2 ) x 2 2 2 x 2 ( 2 + 2 ) = 0 .
102
x1 + x2
2
= 2 2 2
2

(4)
M 3 M 4
y = x +
y = x +
=
x
y
y = x
.
x3 =
x4 =

x3 + x 4
2
=
= 2 2 2
2
2( ) 2( + )
, (4) (5),
(5)
x1 + x 2 x 3 + x 4
=
.
2
2

y1 = x1 + ,
y 2 = x 2 + ,
y 3 = x3 +
y 4 = x 4 + .
x +x
y +y
y1 + y 2
x +x
= 1 2 += 3 4 += 3 4 .
2
2
2
2
4. 1 1 : y =

y y1 =
( x x1 ) ,
(1)
M3
M 1 ( x1 , y1 )
x M 1 ( x1 , y1 )
2 : y =
y y1 = ( x x1 ) .
(2)
M1(x1,y1)
x
M2
103
M 2 1 2 M 3
2 1 .
(OM 2 M 1 M 3 ) = 2(OM 1 M 2 ) =| det(OM 1 ,OM 2 ) |
(3)
M 2
2 : y =
x 1 : y y1 = ( x x1 )
, ,
x y1 = x x1 x y1 = x x1
2 x = x1 y1
x=
x1 y1
.
2
, y =
x1 y1
. ,
2
M 2
x2 =
x1 y1
2
y2 =
y1 x1
.
2
, (3), :
(OM 2 M 1 M 3 ) =|
x1
x2
x1
|=| x1 y1
y2
2
y1
y1
y1 x1 |
2
x1 y1 x12 x1 y1 y12
2
2
x1 y1 2 x12 x1 y1 + 2 y12
2
2 y12 2 x12
2
2 2
,
2
x12
y12
1
= .
2
, OM 2 M 1 M 3 .
=1
104
5. :
,
(OA) =
(OK ) = .
y
N
y=
, = AOK ,
(OA) 1
=
= =
(OK )
(1)
y=
KO = 2
= 2 2 1
=2
2 2
1 =
2
1 =
2
1 : y = x 2 : y = x
r
r
1 = ( , ) 2 = ( , ) . ,

r r
1 , 2 ,
r r
1 2
2 2
2 2
= 2
= r r =
2
| 1 | | 2 |
2 + 2 2 + 2 +
2
2
2 ( 2 2 ) 2 2 2
= 2 .
=
=
=
2
2
2
2
6.
y
2
1(,0) 2(,0)
C1
x
C2
A1 A2 ( ,0) ( ,0)
105
A2 C1 ,
C1 A2 .
M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) C1 , C1 M 1

xx1
yy1
2
=1
(1)
(1) A2 ( ,0) ,
x1 0 y1
2 1 , , x1 .
2
, | x1 | , | x1 | > x1 . ,
A2 C1 .
A1 C 2 ,
M 2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) C 2 C 2
A1 . C 2 M 2 ( x 2 , y 2 )
xx 2
yy 2
2
= 2
(2)
(2) A1 ( ,0) ,
x 2
x 22
y 22
0 y2
= 2 , , x 2 = 2 .
(3)
= 2 . , (3),
4 2
2
y 22
2
= 2 4 2 y 22 = 2 2
y 22 = 2 2 ( 2 1)
y 2 = 2 1 .
( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( 2 , 2 1) ( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( 2 , 2 1)
(4)
106
A(a,0) C 2

x 2
y 2 1
= 2
x 2
y 2 1
= 2
, :
2 x 2 1 y = 2
2 x + 2 1 y = 2 .
3.5 Ax 2 + By 2 + x + y + E = 0

1. (i) :
y 2 8 x + 8 = 0 y 2 = 8( x 1) y 2 = 2 4( x 1)
, X = x 1 Y = y ,
Y 2 = 2 4 X .
, O (1,0) .
O XY
( X ,Y ) = (2,0) , Oxy
( x, y ) = (3,0) .
(ii) :
x 2 + 4 x 16 y + 4 = 0 x 2 + 4 x + 4 =16 y ( x + 2) 2 = 2 8 y
, X = x + 2 Y = y ,
X 2 = 2 8Y .
, O (2,0)
E (2,4) .
107
107
(iii) :
y 2 + 4 y + 8 x 28 = 0 y 2 + 4 y + 4 = 8 x + 32 ( y + 2) 2 = 2 4( x 4)
, X = x 4 Y = y + 2 ,
Y 2 = 2 (4) X .
, O (4,2)
E (2,2) .
(iv)
x 2 8 x + 6 y 8 = 0 x 2 8 x +16 = 6 y + 24 ( x 4) 2 = 2(3)( y 4)
, X = x 4 Y = y 4 ,
X 2 = 2 (3)Y .
, O (4,4)
5
E 4, .
2
2. (i)
9 x 2 + 25 y 2 36 x 189 = 0
9( x 2 4 x) + 25 y 2 =189
9( x 2 4 x + 4) + 25 y 2 = 225
9( x 2) 2 + 25 y 2 = 225
( x 2) 2 y 2
+
=1
25
9
, X = x 2 Y = y ,
X2
52
Y2
32
=1 .
, O (2,0)
x = 2 y = 0 . O XY
108
A, A ( X ,Y ) = (5,0) ( X ,Y ) = (5,0)
, E , E ( X ,Y ) = (4,0)
( X ,Y ) = (4,0) . , Oxy
A, A (3,0) (7,0) ,
E , E (2,0) (6,0) .
(ii)
x 2 + 4 x +16 y 2 = 0
( x 2 + 4 x + 4) +16 y 2 = 4
( x + 2) 2 +16 y 2 = 4
( x + 2) 2 y 2
+
=1
1
4
4
, X = x + 2 Y = y ,
X2
2
Y2
1

2
=1 .
, O (2,0) ,
15
A(4,0) A(0,0) E 2
,0
15
E 2+
,0 .
(iii)
4 x 2 + 9 y 2 32 x 36 y + 64 = 0
4( x 2 8 x) + 9( y 2 4 y ) = 64
4( x 2 2 4 x +16) + 9( y 2 2 2 y + 4) = 64 + 64 + 36
4( x 4) 2 + 9( y 2) 2 = 36
( x 4) 2 ( y 2) 2
+
=1
9
4
109
, X = x 4 Y = y 2 ,
X2
32
Y2
22
=1 .
, O (4,2) ,
A(1,2) , A(7,2) E (4 5 ,2) , E (4 + 5 ,2) .
(iv)
9 x 2 +16 y 2 + 54 x 32 y 47 = 0
9( x 2 + 6 x) +16( y 2 2 y ) = 47
9( x 2 + 2 3 x + 9) +16( y 2 2 y +1) = 47 + 81+16
9( x + 3) 2 +16( y 1) 2 =144
( x + 3) 2 ( y 1) 2
+
=1
16
9
, X = x + 3 Y = y 1 ,
X2
42
Y2
32
=1 .
, O (3,1) ,

A(7,1) ,
A(1,1)
E (3 + 7 ,1) .
3. (i) :
21x 2 4 y 2 + 84 x 32 y 64 = 0
21( x 2 4 x) 4( y 2 + 8 y ) = 64
21( x 2 2 2 x + 4) 4( y 2 + 2 4 y +16) = 64 + 84 64
21( x 2) 2 4( y + 4) 2 = 84
( x 2) 2 ( y + 4) 2
=1
4
21
E (3 7 ,1) ,
110
, X = x 2 Y = y + 4 ,
X2
22
Y2
( 21) 2
=1 .
, O (2,4) .
O XY A ,
( X ,Y ) = (0,4) ( X ,Y ) = (4,4) , E , E
( X ,Y ) = (5,0) ( X ,Y ) = (5,0) . ,
Oxy (3,4) (7,4)
.
(ii)
2 y 2 3 x 2 8 y + 6 x 1= 0
2( y 2 4 y ) 3( x 2 2 x) =1
2( y 2 2 2 y + 4) 3( x 2 2 x +1) =1+ 8 3
2( y 2) 2 3( x 1) 2 = 6
( y 2) 2 ( x 1) 2
=1
3
2
, X = x 1 Y = y 2 ,
Y2
( 3) 2
X2
( 2)2
=1 .
, O (1,2) ,
A(1, 2 3 ) , A(1, 2 + 3 ) E (1, 2 5 )
E (1, 2 + 5 ) .
4. y = x 2 y = x 2 x + 2 ,
y = x 2
. :

y = x 2 x + 2
111
(1)
y = x 2
y = x 2
y = x 2
2
2
2
y = x x + 2 x x + 2 = x 2 x ( +1) x + 4 = 0
( 2)
, , (2)
, =0.
= 0 ( +1) 2 4 2 = 0 +1= 4 +1= 4

= 3
= 5 .
5. y 2 = 4 x
1
.
2
, , , ,

y y
y y . , ,
x 2 + y 2 =
: y = x +
(1)
1
,
2
O(0,0) , ,

x 2 + y 2 =
||
2
+1
1
2
, , 2 2 = 2 + 1 .
(2)
y 2 = 4 x ,
y = x +
. :
2
y = 4 x
y = x + y = x +
y = x +
2 2
2
2
y = 4 x
( x + ) = 4 x x + 2( 2) x + 2 = 0
(3)
, , (3)
,
0 = 0

0 0
0
1
2
2 2
=
0
4
+
4
=
0
4( 2) 4 = 0
, (2) (4),
(4)
112
2
2 2 = 2 +1 2 = 2 +1 4 + 2 2 = 0
1
1
= 1
=
=
2 = 1
1
=
=1
=1
= 1
.
= 1
, ,
:
y = x +1
y = x 1 .
1. (i) (1) :
( x 2 2x) + y 2 =1
( x 2 2x + 2 ) + y 2 = 2 +1
( x ) 2 + y 2 = ( 2 +1 ) 2
(1)
K ( , 0)

y
A(0,1)
K(,0)
x
B(0,-1)
= 2 +1 .
(ii)

(1) . =0, =1
:
C 0 : x 2 + y 2 1= 0 C1 : x 2 + y 2 2 x 1= 0
(2)
.
(2). :
x 2 + y 2 1= 0
x 2 + y 2 =1 y 2 =1 x = 0
x = 0
x + y 2 2 x 1= 0 2 x = 0
y =1
x = 0
y = 1
113
, C 0 C1 A(0,1) B (0,1) .
(1),
(1) R .
0 2 +12 2 0 1= 0 0 2 + (1) 2 2 0 1= 0 .
x = 0 .
2. (i) C1 : x 2 + y 2 =1 K 1 (0,0) 1 =1 ,
C 2 : ( x 2) 2 + y 2 = 2 2 K 2 (2,0) 2 = 2 .
, y = x + ,
d (K1 , ) =
| 0 0 + |
2 +1
| |
2 +1
(1)
| 2 0 + | | 2 + |
d (K 2 , ) =
=
2 +1
2 +1
(ii)
d ( K 1 , ) = 1 d ( K 2 , ) = 2
:
| |
=1
d ( K1 , ) = 1 (1) 2 +1
d ( K 2 , ) = 2 | 2 + | = 2
2 +1
| |= 2 +1
| 2 + |= 2 2 +1
| |= 2 +1
2 = 2 +1
| 2 + |=| 2 | 2 + = 2 2 + = 2
2 = 2 +1
= 2
2 1
=
3
= 2
2
3
4 2 2
= +1 ()
= 2
114
3
=
2 3
= 3
3
=
3
.
2 3
= 3
, C1 C 2 :
1 : y =
3
2 3
x+
3
3
2 : y =
3
2 3
x
.
3
3
(iii) 1 , 2 xx .
xx , 1 xx
30 0 ( 1 =
3
= 30 0 ), 1 , 2
3
60 0 .
3. (i) ( x1 , y1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 )
y = x +
. ,
2
y = 4 x
,
( x + ) 2 = 4 x 2 x 2 + 2 x + 2 = 4 x
2 x 2 + 2( 2) x + 2 = 0
(1)
, 0 ,
,
1
(2)

x=
x1 + x 2 2
=
2
2
(3)
y=
y1 + y 2
x +x
2
2
= 1 2 +=
+=
2
2
(4)
(ii) ) =1, (2), (3) (4),
x = 2 ,
y = 2
115
, ,
M 0 t : y = 2,
x 1,
M 0 (1,2) (. ).
) =0, (3) (4), :
2
x = 2
,
y= 2

R * ,
x = 2

= 2 , y 0
y
y 2 = 2 x
.
y 0
, ,
y 2 = 2 x (0,0) (. ).
y 2 =4x
y 2 =2x
y=2, x1
M0(1,2)
y 2 =4x
()
()
4. , (0,2 )
,
y
(0,2)
y = x + 2 .

B(0,)
M ,M
: y=x+2
A(a,0)
A(-a,0)
(, + 2 ) (, + 2 ) ,
x
B(0,-)
: x=-
: x=
116
y = x + 2
x =
y = x + 2

x =
.
(i) MM (0,2 )
= ( ) = 2 + ( ) 2 = 2 +1 . :
x 2 + ( y 2 ) 2 = 2 ( 2 +1)
(1)
(ii)
. , ,
2 + (0 2 ) 2 = 2 ( 2 +1)
(2)
(2) 2 + 4 2 = 2 2 + 2
2 2 = 2 2 + 4 2
2 2 = 2 + 4 2
2 2 = 3 2
, =
x2
y2
=1 =5 =4. =3,
52 42
E (3,0) E (3,0) . ,
5.
x2
y2
3.
=1 ,
2 + 2 = 32 = 9 .
y = x +1
y = x +1
2
y2
x
=1
2
2
(1)
117
. , ,
x2
( x +1) 2
2 x 2 2 ( x +1) 2 = 2 2
( 2 2 ) x 2 2 2 x 2 ( 2 +1) = 0
(2)
, (2) =0,

2 2 0 4 4 + 4 2 ( 2 +1)( 2 2 ) = 0
, ,
(2) 2 + ( 2 +1)( 2 2 ) = 0 (3)
2 + ( 2 +1)( 2 2 ) = 0 2 + 4 + 2 2 2 2 = 0
2 +1 2 = 0
2 2 =1
,
2 + 2 = 9
2
2
= 1 ,

2 = 5
2
= 4
,
x2 y2
=1
5
4
6. .
, t
A(4t,4t)
1 ,
= t , B1 ,
= t . ,
t
B (1,0)
1
A1(4,0)
B((-t),(-t))
118
OA = (4,4) = (4t ,4t ) ,
OB1 ,
OB = ((-), (-)) = (t ,t ) .
, OM OA OB
OM = OA+ OB = (4t ,4t ) + (t , t )

= (5t ,3t ) .
x2
52
y2
32
=1 .
7. (i) (,2 ) ( ,2 ) , , > 0 ,

M 1 M 2
( x, y ) ,
y=2x
M1(a,2a)
M(x,y)
+ = 2 x = y ,
O
2x + y
2
2x y
2
M2(,-2)
(1)
y=-2x
(ii) OM 1 M 2
1
(OM 1 M 2 ) = | det(OM 1 , OM 2 ) |
2
1
= |
2
2
|= 2 .
2
(OM 1 M 2 ) = 2 =1
2x + y 2x y
x2 y2
=1 4 x 2 y 2 = 4 2 2 =1 , (2)
2
2
1
2
. , > 0 , x > 0 .
M ( x, y ) (2).
119
8. 1
2 C1 C 2
1 2 :
1 :
xx1
yy1
=1
y=()x
1
C2
(1)
x
C1
2 : 2 xx 2 + 2 yy 2 = 1
(2)
1 2 1 2
1 =
2 x1
2 =
2 y1
2 x2
2 y2
1 2 =
x1 x 2
x1 x 2
1
=
=
y1 y 2 ( ) x1 ( ) x 2 2
y1 = ( ) x1 y 2 = ( ) x 2 .
9. (i) y = x , x > 0
xOy

M 1 ( x1 , x1 )
x1 =
2 + 2
y=x
M1(x1,x1)
y=x
M(t,t)
O
, 1
M 1 ( x1 , x1 )

xx1
1 =
yx1
2
=1
1
. 1 = ,
2
1
2
1
1 = 2 =
2
2
2 = 2 2
120
2 = 2( 2 2 ) 2 2 = 2
2
1
=
2
2
2
=
=
2
2
(ii) (t , t ) ,

xt
yt
2
=1
2 = 2 2 .
2 2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1 2
,
= 1 = ( 2 1) =
1 =
2
2
1
.
2
10. (i) r

C. :
d (M , K ) = R + r
(1)
M3
M1
12
4 4
3 r
R
d (M , ) = r .
12
4 4
3
R
M
r
C
M2
R
C1
d (M , K ) = d (M , ) + R .
, , ,
,
R ,
(1)
d (M , ) = R + r = d (M , K ) .
, C
.
121
(ii) r
C.
:
M1
r M
r
d ( M , K 1 ) = R1 r
M2
K1
C1
K2
d (M , K 2 ) = R2 + r .
,
d ( M , K 1 ) + d ( M , K 2 ) = R1 + R 2 ().
, C
K 1 K 2 2 = R1 + R 2 .
(iii) R1 > R 2 .
r C. :
d ( M , K1 ) = R1 + r
d ( M , K 2 ) = R2 + r
d ( M , K 1 ) d ( M , K 2 ) = R1 R2 > 0
().
M1
R1
, C

E = K 1 E = K 2
2 = R1 R 2 > 0 .
M
r
R2
K2
K1
11. (i)
x2
M2
y2
=1
( x1 , y1 ) = (, )
x y
+
= 1 ( ) x + () y = 0
2
2
(ii) (1) :
d ( E , ) d ( E , ) =
| |
2
| |
2 2 + 2 2
(1)
122
=
=
| 2 2 2 2 2 |
2 2 + 2 2
2 | 2 2 2 |
( 2 2 ) 2 + 2 2
= 2
=2
| 2 2 2 |
2 ( 2 + 2 ) 2 2
| 2 2 2 |
2 2 2
= 2 .
(iii) (1) x x y y

, 0 0 ,
A
,0 0,
A, A, B, B
.
1
1
(OAB ) = (OA)(OB) =
=
.
2
2 | 2|
, , | 2|=1
, 2 = 2 , Z , , ,
2
= , Z .
4
4.1

1. (i) P () .
1 2 3
, .
6
, P () , P ( +1)
, :
( +1)(2 +1)
(1),
12 + 2 2 + ... + 2 =
6
( +1)( + 2)(2 + 3)
12 + 2 2 + ... + 2 + ( +1) 2 =
.
6
, :
P () =1 , 12 =
(1)
12 + 2 2 + ... + 2 + ( +1) 2 =
( +1)(2 +1)
+ ( +1) 2
6
( +1)[(2 +1) + 6( +1)]

6
( +1)(2 2 + 7 + 6)
6
( +1)( + 2)(2 + 3)
.
6
, P () .
(ii) P () .
2
1 2
P () =1 , 13 =
, .
2
, P () , P ( +1)
, :
124
( +1)
13 + 2 3 + ... + 3 =
(1),
2
( +1)( + 2)
13 + 2 3 + ... + 3 + ( +1) 3 =
.
2
, :
(1)
13 + 2 3 + ... + 3 + ( +1) 3 =
2 ( +1) 2
+ ( +1) 3
4
( +1) 2 ( 2 + 4( +1))
4
( +1) 2 ( 2 + 4 + 4)
4
( +1) 2 ( + 2) 2
4
2
( +1)( + 2)
=
.
2
, P () .
(iii) P ()
P () =1 , 1 2 =
1 2 3
, .
3
, P () , P ( +1)
, :
( +1)( + 2)
(1),
1 2 + 2 3 + ... + ( +1) =
3
1 2 + 2 3 + ... + ( +1) + ( +1)( + 2) =
( +1)( + 2)( + 3)
.
3
, :
(1)
1 2 + 2 3 + ... + ( +1) + ( +1)( + 2) =

=
( +1)( + 2)
+ ( +1)( + 2)
3
( +1)( + 2)( + 3)
.
3
, P () .
125
(iv) P ()
1
1
=
, .
1 2 1+1
, P () , P ( +1)
, :
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
=
(1),
1 2 2 3
( +1) +1
P () =1 ,
+1
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
+
=
.
( +1) ( +1)( + 2) + 2
1 2 2 3
, :
(1)
1
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
+
=
+
1 2 2 3
( +1) ( +1)( + 2) +1 ( +1)( + 2)
( + 2) +1
( +1)( + 2)
( +1) 2
( +1)( + 2)
+1
.
+2
, P () .
2. P ()
x 1
, .
x 1
, P () , P ( +1)
, :
x 1
x +1 1
(1), 1+ x + x 2 + ... + x 1 + x =
.
1+ x + x 2 + ... + x 1 =
x 1
x 1
, :
P () =1 , 1=
(1)
1+ x + x 2 + ... + x 1 + x =
x 1
+ x
x 1
x 1+ x +1 x
x 1
x +1 1
.
x 1
126
, P () .
P () ,
x 1 + x 2 + ... + x +1
x 1 x 1 .
3. (i) P ()
P () = 3 , 3 2 > 2 3 +1 .
, P () , P ( +1)
, :
2 > 2 +1 (1), ( +1) 2 > 2( +1) +1 .
, :
(1)
( +1) 2 = 2 + 2 +1 > 2 +1+ 2 +1= 4 + 2
, 4 + 2 > 2( +1) +1 . :
1
4 + 2 > 2( +1) +1 4 + 2 > 2 + 3 2 >1 > ,
2
.
, P () 3 .
(ii) P ()
7
4
P () = 7 , > 7 , .
3
, P () , P ( +1)
, :
4
4
> (1),
3
3
+1
> ( +1) .
, :
4

3
+1
4 4 (1) 4
= > .
3
3 3
4
> +1 . :
3
127
4
> +1 4 > 3 + 3 > 3 ,
3
7 .
, P () 7 .
(iii) P ()
P () =1 , 51 > 5 1 , .
, P () , P ( +1)
, :
5 > 5 1 (1), 5 +1 > 5( +1) 1 .
, :
(1)
5 +1 = 55 > 5(5 1) = 25 5 .
, 25 5 > 5( +1) 1 . :
25 5 > 5( +1) 1 25 5 > 5 + 4 >
9
,
20
..
, P () .

1. P ()
P () = 4 , 4!> 2 4 , ,
24>16 , .
, P () , P ( +1)
, , !> 2 ( +1)!> 2 +1 .
:
!> 2
( +1) !> ( +1)2
( +1)!> ( +1) 2
128
( +1)!> 2 2 ,
+1> 2 4
( +1)!> 2 +1 .
, 4 .
2. P ()
P () =1 ,
1
2 , .
1
1
1
, P () , P ( +1)
, :
1
1
1
2
+ ... +
(1),
1
12
1
22
+ ... +
1
2
, (1)
1
1
1
2
+ ... +
1
( +1) 2
1
( +1) 2
1
1
.
2 +
( +1) 2
( +1)
2
,
1
1
1
2 +
2
,
2
( +1)
+1
. :
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 +
2
+
2
2
( +1)
( +1)
( +1)
( +1)
( +1) 2 + ( +1)
0 ( +1) + ( +1) 2
0 2 + 2 + 2 +1
..
, P() .
1
.
+1
01 ,
129
+1
3.
< 3 , ,

1
1 + <

3 .
P()
3
4
P() = 3 , < 3 ,
3
, 64< 81 , .
, P() , P( +1)
, :
1
1
1+ < (1), 1+
+1
, 1< 1+
+1
< +1 .
1
1
<1+
+1
1 +
+1
+1
1
< 1 +

+1
1 1
= 1 + 1 +

1
< 1 +

= +1 .
, P() 3 .
4.2

1. (i) :
83 = 7 11+ 6
7 6.
83 = (7)11 6 = (8)11+ 5
(ii) :
8 5.
( (1))
130
(iii) :
83 = (7)(11) + 6
7 6.
(iv) :
83 = 7 (11) 6 = 8(11) + 5
8 5.
2. (i) , ,

= 3 = 3 +1 = 3 + 2 , Z .
= 3 ,
2 = 9 2 = 332 = 3 , = 32 Z .
= 3 +1 ,
2 = 9 2 + 6 +1= 3(3 2 + 2 ) +1= 3 +1 , = 32 + 2 Z .
= 3 + 2 ,
2 = 9 2 +12 + 4 = 9 2 +12 + 3 +1= 3(3 2 + 4 +1) +1= 3 +1 ,
= 3 2 + 4 +1Z .
(ii) = 6 + 5 = 6 + 3 + 2 = 3(2 +1) + 2 = 3 + 2 , = 2 +1 .
, 3 + 2 , = 2
6 + 2 6 + 5 . ,
8, 3 + 2 = 2 ,
6 + 5 , 8 = 6 + 2 =1 .
3. = 2 +1 , Z .
:
2 + ( + 2) 2 + ( + 4) 2 +1 (2 +1) 2 + (2 + 3) 2 + (2 + 5) 2 +1 12 2 + 36 + 36
=
=
12
12
12
= 2 + 3 + 3Z .
4. ,
. , 1,3
5 . ,
1 3 5,
25.
131

1. 660 ,
660 =17 + , 0 < ,
= 66017 0 <
(1)

0 660 17
0 660 17 <
660 17 <
17 660
660 < 18
660
660
<
18
17
36 +
12
14
< 38 +
18
17
= 37 = 38 .
= 37 , (1) = 31 ,
= 38 , (1) =14 .
2. , x = .

2 + + = 0
(1)
, 2 , 2 +
. , 2 + + , .
, (1).
, 2 , , ,
, 2 . 2 +
, 2 + + , . ,
, (1).
3. 2, 2 2
132
2 = 8 +1 , Z
2 = 8 +1 , N
(1)
(i)
2 2 (8 +1) (8 +1) 8 8
=
=
= ( )Z
8
8
8
(ii)
4 + 4 2 (8 +1) 2 + (8 +1) 2 2
=
=
16
16
=
64 2 + 64 2 +16 +16
= (4 2 + 4 2 + + )Z .
16
4. = 5 + , = 0,1,2,3,4
5,
3 + 4 3(5 + ) + 4 15 + 3 + 4
3 + 4
.
=
=
= 3 +
5
5
5
5
3 + 4
3 + 4
,
.
5
5
, , :
= 0 ,
3 + 4 4
= Z
5
5
=1 ,
3 + 4 7
= Z
5
5
= 2 ,
3 + 4
= 2Z
5
= 3 ,
3 + 4 13
= Z
5
5
= 4 ,
3 + 4 16
= Z .
5
5
3 + 4
, = 2 , ,
5
= 5 + 2 , Z .
http://www.pischools.gr/content/index.php?lesson_id=12&ep=93

(' ' T) (23 )
(' T )
(2,4 )
(' T )
- (2 )
(' )
(7,5 )
(' )
- (0,5 )
(' )
(1,5 )
(' )
- (0,1 )
143
| 2 + 3
, |[5(2 + 3) 2(5 + 7)] . |1 , =1 . ,
|5 + 7
2 + 3
N * .
5 + 7
4. (, ) =[, ] = x . x = (, )
x| x|
(1)
| x
(2)
x =[, ] ,
| x
, (1) (2), x = x = , = .
, = , (, ) = (, ) = [, ] =[, ] = ,
( , ) = [ , ] .
5.
( , ) = 3 2 ,
( , ) = 2 3 5
( , ) = 2 2 3 .
, 2| ,
2| . , 2|(, ) , 2|3 2 , .
6.
+ = + =1
+ =1 , = Z = Z .
, 1, , .
7. (i) = (, ) = (, ) .
|
|
,
. | (, ) ,
|
|
(1).
(, ) =1 , x, yZ , x + y =1 ,
x + y = .
(2)
144
|
|
, |( x + y ) , (2), | .
,
|
|
|(, ) ,
| .
(3)
(1) (3) = , (, ) = (, ) .
(ii) :
[, ] =
(1)
=
= [ , ] .
(, )
( , )
8. :
[, , , ] = [[, ],[ , ]]
= [[, ],[, ] ]=[, ][, ] .
4.5

1. 10 < 101 <11 . , 101
11.
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 101
. ,
103, 107 113 , 111 121 .
2.
(i) = 8 8, 9, 10
.
(ii) = 24 , 24, 25, 26, 27
.
3. (i) + >
=1 2 = 4 = 2
.
( )( + ) = 3
+ = 3 2 = 2 =1
145
(ii) 2 4 = ( + 2)( 2) + 2 > 2
2 =1
= 3
2 4 = p ( 2)( + 2) = p
.
+ 2 = p p = 5
(iii) a 2 1= (a 1)(a +1) a +1> a 1 p > 3 ,

1=1
= 2
( 2 1) p =15 ( 1)( +1) p =135 +1= 3

.
p =5
p =5
4.
3 p +1= 2 3 p = 2 1
3 p = ( 1)( +1)
1= 3
1= p

+1= p
+1= 3
= 4
= 3
p =5
p =1
= 4
.
p =5
5.
3 1= p ( 1)( 2 + +1) =1 p
1=1
,
2
+ +1= p
= 2
p =7
2 + +1>1
3 +1= p ( +1)( 2 +1) =1 p

+1= p
2
,
+1=1
+1= p
2
= 0
p=2
.
=1
+1>1
146
6. ,
= 2 +1
, N * .
= 2 +1 ,
2 + 2 = (2 +1) 2 + (2 +1) 2 = 4 2 + 4 +1+ 4 2 + 4 +1= 4 2 + 4 2 + 4 + 4 + 2

= 2(2 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 +1) ,
2
2
= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 +1>1 .
2 ,
7. p| , p| , = p , Z . = p ,
p | .
( , ) >1 .
8. :
p ( , ) .
p |
p |
,
. p | (, ) , p |1 p =1 ,
p |
p|
.
(, ) =1 ,
.
, ( , ) =1 .
9. :
490
1125
2728
245
375
1364
49
125
682
25
341
11
31
31
,
490 = 257 2 ,
1125 = 3 2 5 3 ,
2728 = 2 3 1131 .
147
, 167,
(490,1125,2728) =1
[490,1125,2728] = 2 3 5 3 7 2 1131 .
10. ,
1 = 2 1 , 2 = 2 2 , ..., = 2 ,
1 , 2 ,..., N *
a = p12 1 p 22 2 ... p 2 = p11 p 22 ... p
) =
2
= p11 p 22 ... p .
, = 2 , N * .
. ,
= p11 p 22 ... p .
= 2
p11 p 22 ... p = p11 p 22 ... p
) =p
2
2 1
1
p 22 2 ... p 2
1 = 21 , 2 = 2 2 , , = 2 .
.

1. (i) ( + , ) >1 . ( + , ) ,
, , p. ,
p | ( + )
p | ( + )
p | ( + )
,

p |
p |
p|
p| p| , p | (, ) ,
p |1 , .
(ii) ( 2 + 2 , ) >1 . ( 2 + 2 , ) ,
, , p. ,
p | ( 2 + 2 )
p | ( 2 + 2 )
p | ( 2 + 2 )
,

.
p |
p |
p |
p | 2
p |
p | 2

p |
p|
p|
p |
.
p|
148
, p | (, ) , p |1 ,
.
2. (, ) =1 (, ) =1 (, ) =1 .
(, ) >1 . (, ) , ,
, p. ,
p |
p |
,
. p | (, ) , p |1 , .
|
p
p |
(, ) =1 .
(, ) = (, ) =1 (, ) =1 .
(, ) >1 . (, ) , , ,
p. ,
p |
p |
p |
,

. p |(, ) p | (, ) , p |1 ,
p |
p|
p|
.
3. (, p 2 ) = p ( , p 3 ) = p 2 , :
= pA
p /| A
= p2B
p /| B
,
(1)
( , p 4 ) = ( p 3 AB, p 4 ) = p 3 ( AB, p ) = p 3 1= p 3 , p /| AB
( + , p 4 ) = ( pA + p 2 B, p 4 ) = p ( A + pB, p 3 ) = p 1= p , p /| ( A + pB )
4.
4 + 4 = ( 4 + 4 2 + 4) 4 2 = ( 2 + 2) 2 (2) 2 = ( 2 2 + 2)( 2 + 2 + 2)
=[( 1) 2 +1][( +1) 2 +1]
4 + 4 , ( 1) 2 +1>1 ( +1) 2 +1>1 .

8 +1= (2 3 ) +1= (2 ) 3 +1= (2 +1)(2 2 2 +1)
8 +1= (2 +1)(2 2 2 +1) .

1< 2 +1< 8 +1 . 8 +1 .
(1)
149
5.
43
= , 34 = 43
34
(1).
, 34| 43 (34,43) =1 , 34| . ,

N * , = 34 , , (1), = 43 .
= 43
= 34 ,
N * ,
+ = 43 + 34 = 77 = 7 11 .
, + .
6. p . p :
p = 3
p = 3 +1
p = 3 + 2 , N * .
p = 3 , N * , p , =1 ,
p = 3 , p + 2= 5 p + 4= 7 . , ,
p, p + 2, p + 4 .
p = 3 +1 , N * , p + 2 = 3 + 3 = 3( +1) ,
p + 2 . , p, p + 2 p + 4
.
p = 3 + 2 , N * , p + 4 = 3 + 6 = 3( + 2) ,
p + 4 . , p, p + 2 p + 4
. , p,
p, p + 2 p + 4 , p = 3 .
7. (i) : x 3 + x 2 + x 3 = 0 x( x 2 + x +1) = 3
x =1 x 2 + x +1= 3 , x 2 + x +1> x
x =1
:
3, 1 3.
x =1 .
(ii)
x 2 + x + p =112 p =112 x( x +1) .
150
,
,
x( x +1)
. , p
p = 2 .
x 2 + x + 2 =112 x 2 + x 110 = 0
x =10 x = 11
, x =10 .
8. p1 , p 2 ,..., p
,
= p11 p 22 ... p
= p11 p 22 ... p
(1)
1 , 2 ,..., , 1 , 2 ,..., . ,
2 = p121 p 222 ... p 2
2 = p12 1 p 22 2 ... p 2
(2)
2 | 2 , (2),
2 1 21 , 2 2 2 2 , , 2 2
,
1 1 , 2 2 , , .
, (1), | .
4.6

1. (i) (4,6)=2, (4,6) /| 5 . 4 x + 6 y = 5
.
(ii) (4,6) = 2 , (4,6)| 2 . 4 x 6 y = 2
.
(iii) (3,5) =1 , (3,5)| . 3 x +5 y =
.
151
(iv) ( , +1) =1 , ( , +1)| . x + ( +1) y =
.
(v) x, y
, .
2x + 4 y = 2 +1 .
2. (i) ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1,1) . ,
, ( x, y ) ,
x =1+ 3t
y =1 2t , tZ .
(ii) 6 x 4 y = 8
3x 2 y = 4
( x 0 , y 0 ) = (2,1) . ,
( x, y ) ,
x = 2+ 2t
y =1+ 3t , tZ .
(iii) ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (2,1) . ,
, ( x, y ) ,
x = 2+ 5t
y = 1+ 7t , tZ .
(iv) ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (2,1) . ,
, ( x, y ) ,
x = 2+ 3t
y =1+ 5t , tZ .
3. (i)
111x + 78 y = 300 3(37 x + 26 y ) = 3100
37 x + 26 y =100
(1)
( x 0 , y 0 ) = (2,1) . ,
, ( x, y ) , (1)
x = 2+ 26t
y =1 37t , tZ .
152
x > 0 2 + 26t > 0
1
1
<t < t =0 .
0
1
37
0
>
y
>
t
13
37
, ( x, y ) = (2,1) .
(ii) 47 x 31 y = 78
( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1,1) . , ( x, y ) (1)

x =1+ 31t
y = 1+ 47t , tZ .
,
1
t >
x > 0 1+ 31t > 0
31
t N * .
y > 0 1+ 47t > 0 t > 1

47
, ( x, y ) .

x =1+ 31t
y = 1+ 47t , tN * .
4. (i) 3 x + 5 y = 15 ,
x, y
, .
(ii) 111x + 78 y = 50 ,
x, y :
111x + 78 y 1111+ 781=189 > 50 .
(iii) 5 x + 7 y = 5 ,
x, y :
5 x + 7 y 51+ 7 1=12 > 5 .
5. 10.000 . x y
. 1000 x + 500 y =10000 , ,
2 x + y = 20
(1) ,
x 0, y 0 .
153
, , (1).
(1) ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (0,20) . , ,
( x, y ) , (1)
x =0 + t
y = 20 2t , tZ .
153
x 0 t 0
0 t 10 t = 0,1,2,...,10 .
y 0 20 2t 0
, (1) :
(0,20) , (1,18) , (2,16) , (3,14) , (4,12) , (5,10)
(6,8) , (7,6) , (8,4) , (9,2) , (10,0) .

1. x
y ,
19 x + 3 y = 224 x > y > 0
(1)
, , (1).
(19,3) =1 , (1) .
(1) :
(19,3) =1 19 3:
19 1+ 3(6) =1
(2)
(2) 224:
19 224 + 3(1344) = 224
(1) ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (224,1344) .
(1)
x = 224+ 3t
y = 134419t ,
tZ
(3)
x > 0 y > 0 .
224
t > 3
x > 0 224 + 3t > 0
74,6 < t < 70,73
y > 0 1344 19t > 0 t < 1344

19
t = 71 t = 72
t = 73 t = 74 .
, x y
154
x
11
24
43
62
x> y , ( x, y ) = (11,5) .
2. x y
7 x +11 y =100
(1)
(7,11) =1 , (1) .
(1) :
(7,11) =1 7 11:
7(3) +11 2 =1
(2)
(2) 100:
7(300) +11 200 =100
(1) ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (300,200) .
(1) :
x = 300+11t
y = 200 7t , tZ
(3)
(1).
x > 0 300 +11t > 0 300
200
<t <
t = 28 .
y
t
>
0
200
7
>
0
11
7
, ( x, y ) = (8,4) .
100 = 7 8 +11 4 = 56 + 44 .
3. = (, ) . | . ( x 0 , y 0 )
, , ( x, y ) ,

x = x0 t
y = y 0 + t , tZ .
( x1 , y1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 ) .
155
x1 = x 0 t1
y = y + t
1 0 1
x 2 = x 0 t 2
(1)
y = y + t
0
2
2
t1 , t 2 Z
(2),
, A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x 2 , y 2 )
( AB) = ( x 2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2 =
2
2
(t 2 t1 ) 2 +
=|t 2 t1 |
2
2
2 + 2
(t 2 t1 ) 2
, () ,
|t 2 t1 | . |t 2 t1 |=1 ,
x + y =

2 + 2
4. (i) x + y = , (, ) =1 .
( x 0 , y 0 ) = ( ,0) . , , ( x, y ) ,

x = + t
y = t , tZ .
,
x > 0 + t > 0 t > 1
1< t < 0 ,
y > 0 t > 0
t < 0
, tZ . ,
.
(ii) x + y = 2 , (, ) =1 .
( x 0 , y 0 ) = ( , ) . , ,
( x, y ) , :
x = + t
y = t , tZ .
.
x > 0 + t > 0 t > 1
1< t <1 t = 0 .
y > 0 t > 0 t <1
, ( , ) .
156
5. x, yN * .
x y 33
+ = , , , 13 x + 7 y = 33 .
7 13 91
(1)
, , (1).
(13,7) =1 , (1) . (33,66) .
, , ( x, y ) , (1)
x = 33+ 7t
y = 6613t , tZ .

x > 0 33 + 7t > 0 33
66
<t < t =5 .
0
66
13
0
>
y
>
t
7
13
x = 2 y =1
33 2 1
= + .
91 7 13
4.7

1. :
33 = 4 7 + 5 ,
17 = (3)7 + 4 ,
23 = 3 7 + 2 ,
35 = 5 7 + 0 ,
41= 5 7 + 6 ,
20 = (3)7 +1 ,
33 5(mod 7)
17 4(mod 7)
23 2(mod 7)
35 0(mod 7)
41 6(mod 7)
201(mod 7)
2. (i) Z , (15 +1) 1=15 = 3
(ii) Z , (15 +1) + 4 =15 + 5 = 5

(iii) Z , ( 2 + 5) 1= 2 + 4
4 .
157
(iv)
3
mN * . m +11(mod m)
(m +1) 1 1(mod m) .
3.
6(mod11) =11 + 6,
10 <100
10 <100
(1)
( 2)
(2), (1)
10 11 + 6 <100 4 11 < 94
4
94
<
11
11
=1,2,...,8 ,
, (1)
=17, 28, 39, 50, 61, 72, 83, 94 .
4. (i) .
2(mod 3) 1(mod 4)
(1)
x, yZ
= 3x + 2 = 4 y +1
(2)
3x + 2 = 4 y +1
3x + 4 y =1
(3)
(3) ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (1,1) . ,
, ( x, y ) ,
x =1+ 4t
y =1+ 3t , t Z .
, (2),
=12t + 5 , t Z .
.
10 <100 10 12t + 5 <100
5 12t < 95
5
95
t <
12
12
t =1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
158
,
17, 29, 41, 53, 65, 77, 89 .
, (2).
(ii) 3(mod 4) 4(mod 6) ,
= 4 x + 3 = 6 y + 4 , x, yZ
4 x + 3 = 6 y + 4 , ,
4 x 6 y =1
, , (4,6) = 2 2 /| 1 . ,
.
5. (i) 2 3 = 8 1(mod 7) 100 = 333 +1 ,
2100 = 2 333+1 (2 3 ) 33 2 133 2 2(mod 7)
2.
(ii) 91(mod 8) , 9100 1100 1(mod 8) .
1.
(iii) 3 3 = 27 1(mod 7) 1998 = 3 666 ,
31998 = (3 3 ) 666 (1) 666 1(mod 7)
1.
(iv) 5 2 = 25 1(mod 26) 2004 = 2 1002 ,
5 2004 = (5 2 )1002 (1)1002 1(mod 26)
1.
6. (i) 5 2 = 25 1(mod 8) ,
5 2 + 7 = (5 2 ) + 7 1 + 7 1+ 7 8 0(mod 8) .
8| (5 2 + 7) .
159
(ii)
2 +1 + 3 3 +1 = 2 2 + 3 27
2 2 + 3 2 (mod 5) , 27 2(mod 5)
5 2 (mod 5)
0(mod 5) .
5| (2 +1 + 3 3 +1 ) .
(iii) 2 4 =16 1(mod15) . 2 4 1= (2 4 ) 11 1 0(mod15) .
(iv)
2 2 + 4 + 5 2 +1 =16 4 + 5 25
16 5(mod 21)
(5) 4 + 5 4 (mod 21) ,
25 4(mod 21)
0 4 (mod 21)
0(mod 21) .
21| (2 2 + 4 + 5 2 +1 ) .
7. (i) 31998 10.
3 2 = 9 1(mod10) 1998 = 2 999 .
31998 = (3 2 ) 999 (1) 999 1 9(mod10) .
31998 9.
(ii) 7 2003 100.
7 4 = 22011(mod100) 2003 = 4 500 + 3 .
7 2003 = 7 4500 + 3 = 7 3 (7 4 ) 500
431500 (mod100) , 7 3 = 343 43(mod100)

43(mod100)
, 7 2003 43.
160

1. Z 3 1= 2 .
2 1(mod 3) ,
2 2(mod 3)
(1)
, 0,1,2(mod 3) , 2 0,1(mod 3) , (1).

2. p p =10 + , = 0,1,..., 9 . , ,
5, p =10 +1 p =10 + 3
p =10 + 7 p =10 + 9 , N . , p 1, 3, 7, 9(mod10)
p 2 1, 9(mod10)
, ,
p 2 1, 1(mod10) ,

p 2 1 0(mod10)
10| ( p 2 1)

3. :
p 2 +1 0(mod10)
10| ( p 2 +1) .
2 + 6 = ( + 3)( 2) .
5| ( 2 + 6) 5| ( + 3)( 2)
5| ( + 3) 5| ( 2)
+ 3= 5 , Z 2= 5 , Z
= 5 3 , Z = 5 + 2 , Z
= 5 + 2 , Z ,
= 5 3 , Z = 5( 1) + 2 = 5 + 2 , = 1 .
:
5 (mod 5) ,
2 + 6 2 + 6(mod 5) .
= 0 , 2 + 6 6 4(mod 5) , 5 /| ( 2 + 6)
=1 , 2 + 6 4 1(mod 5) , 5 /| ( 2 + 6)
161
= 2 , 2 + 6 0(mod 5) ,
5| ( 2 + 6)
= 3 , 2 + 6 6 1(mod 5) ,
5 /| ( 2 + 6)
= 4 , 2 + 6 14 4(mod 5) , 5 /| ( 2 + 6)
, 5| ( 2 + 6) 2(mod 5) , ,
= 5 + 2, Z .
4. :
x 1(mod 2) x 2(mod 3) ,
x +1 2 0(mod 2) x +1 0(mod 3) .
, 2| ( x +1) 3| ( x +1) , 2 3| ( x +1) , (2,3) =1 .

6| ( x +1) , x +1= 6 , Z x 6 1 , Z .
( 4(i) ).
5. (i) : 3 0(mod 6) . ,
(mod 6) , = 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,
3 3 (mod 6)
:
= 0 , 3 a 0(mod 6)
=1 , 3 a 0(mod 6)
= 2 , 3 a 6 0(mod 6)
= 3 , 3 a 24 0(mod 6)
= 4 , 3 a 60 0(mod 6)
= 5 , 3 a 120 0(mod 6)
3 0(mod 6) .
6 | ( 3 ) . 6 = 2 3 (2,3) =1 ,
2| ( 3 ) 3| ( 3 ) , .
(ii) 10| ( 5 ) . 10 = 2 5 (2,5) =1 ,
2| ( 5 ) 5| ( 5 ) .
162
(mod 2) , = 0,1 , 5 5 0(mod 2) .
2| ( 5 ) ,
= 0 , 5 a 0(mod 2)
=1 , 5 a 0(mod 2)
(mod 5) , = 0,1, 2, 3, 4 , 5 5 0(mod 5)
:
= 0 , 5 a 0(mod 5)
=1 , 5 a 0(mod 5)
= 2 , 5 a 30 0(mod 5)
= 3 , 5 a 240 0(mod 5)
= 4 , 4 a 1020 0(mod 5)
5 a 0(mod 5) , 5| ( 5 ) .
6. (i)
(mod m)
m | ( )
,
.
n | m
n | m
n | ( ) , (modn) .
(ii)
n n (mod m)
m | n ( )
,
.
(m, n) =1
(m, n) =1
m | ( ) , (modm) .
7. (modm) ,
m + , Z .
(, m) = ( m + , m) = ( m + m, m) = ( , m) .
163
8. (i) 39 = 313 (3,13) =1 ,

3| (53103 +103 53 ) 13| (53103 +103 53 ) .
53 = 318 1 103 = 334 +1 ,

53 1(mod 3) 1031(mod 3)
53103 +103 53 (1)103 +153 0(mod 3) . 3| (53103 +103 53 ) .

53 =13 4 +1 103 =138 1 ,
531(mod13) 103 1(mod13)
53103 +103 53 1103 + (1) 53 0(mod13) . 13| (53103 +103 53 ) .

(ii) 111= 7 16 1 333 7 47 + 4 ,
111 1(mod 7)
333 4(mod 7)
111333 + 333111 (1) 333 + 4111 (mod 7)
1+ (4 3 ) 37 (mod 7)
1+ 64 37 (mod 7)
1+137 (mod 7) , 641(mod 7)

1+1(mod 7)
0(mod 7) .
7 | (111333 + 333111 ) .
9. (mod 5) , = 0,1, 2, 3, 4 , 2 2 (mod 5) ,

2 = 0, 1, 4(mod 5)
5 + 2 Q ,
5 + 2 = 2 , N *
2 2(mod 5) , , (1).
(1)
164

5 +3 Q ,
5 + 3 = 2 , N *
2 3(mod 5) , , (1).
10. p 3,
:
p = 3 +1 , N *
p = 3 + 2 , N * ,

p 1(mod 3)
p 2(mod 3) .
,
p 2 12 1(mod 3)
p 2 2 2 1(mod 3) .
p 2 1(mod 3) . :
p 2 + 2 1+ 2 0(mod 3) , p 2 + 2 = 3 . p 2 + 2
, 3 3.
p12 + p 22 + p 32 1+1+1 0(mod 3) , p12 + p 22 + p 33 = 3 .
p12 + p 22 + p 32 , 3
3.
11. 24 = 38 (3,8) =1 , 8| ( p 2 q 2 )
3| ( p 2 q 2 ) .
2 1.2, p, q

p 2 = 8 +1 , N * q 2 = 8 +1 , N * .
, p 2 1(mod 8) q 2 1(mod 8) ,
p 2 q 2 0(mod 8) 8| ( p 2 q 2 ) .
, p, q
3, p 2 1(mod 3) q 2 1(mod 3) ,
165
p 2 q 2 0(mod 3) 3| ( p 2 q 2 ) .
12. 77 7(mod10) ,
77 77 7 77 (mod10) .
7 2 = 49 1(mod10) 77 = 2 38 +1 .
7 77 = 7(7 2 ) 38 7(1) 38 7(mod10)
77 77 7(mod10) .
, 77 77 7.
333 3(mod10) ,
333 333 3 333 (mod10) .
3 2 = 9 1(mod10) 333 = 2 166 +1 .

3 333 = 3(3 2 )166 3(1)166 3(mod10)
333 333 3(mod10) .
, 333 333 3.
13. 2 1(mod 3) ,
21999 + 21997 1 (1)1999 + (1)1997 1(mod 3)
111(mod 3)
3 0(mod 3)
21999 + 21997 1= 3
21999 + 21997 1 .
21999 + 21997 1> 3 ,
1. , +1, + 2, ..., + ( 1) , - .
. = + , 0 <
.
166
= 0 , , =
0 , + ( ) ,
+ ( ) = + + = ( +1) .
, ,
, +1, + 2, ..., + ( 1) .
.
,
+
+ , 0 < 1 .
| ( + ) v | ( + ) , |[( + ) ( + )] , | ( ) ,
, 0 < < .
2.
+ 2 +3
=
, 6( + 2) = 8( + 3) , 3( + 2) = 4( + 3)
8
6
(1)
3| 4( + 3) , 3| ( + 3) 3| . , = 3 , N * ,
(1) = 4 + 2 , N * .
= 4 + 2
= 3 , N *
(1)
+1 10

=
2 +4
( +1)( + 4) = 20 .
(2)
1 1 +1 2 + 4 5 , (2),
:
+ 1 = 4
+ 1 = 2
.

+ 4 = 5
+ 4 =10
=1
= 3

= 6
=1
, (1),
(, , ) = (6,3,6)
(, , ) = (14,9,1) .
3. - :
, + 2, + 4, ..., + 2( 1) ,
167
, S
S = + ( + 2) + ( + 4) + ... + ( + 2( 1))
=
[ + ( + 2( 1))]
2
= ( + ( 1))
>1 + 1>1 ( 1 2 ), S = ( + 1)
.
4. (i) ( 2 + 2 , ) 1 . ( 2 + 2 , )
p,
p | ( 2 + 2 )
p |
p | ( 2 + 2 )

.
p | p |
p| , p | ( 2 + 2 ) , p | 2 , p| . p|
p| , p | (, ) , p |1 , .
p| , .
( 2 + 2 , ) =1 .
(ii)

+ = vN * ,

2 + 2 = v
(1)
(, ) =1 , (i),
(1)
1= ( 2 + 2 , ) = (v , ) = (v,1) = .
=1 , , N * , = =1 , , .
5. (i) ( + , ) 1 . ( + , )
p,
p | ( + )
p |
p | ( + )

.
p| p|
p|
, p | (, ) , p |1 ,
,
p|
.
168

(, ) = . , =1 , , = A = B ,
= ,
[, ] =
= , (, ) =1 .
(1)

=
= ,
(1)
( + ,[, ]) = ( + , ) = ( + , ) = 1= = (, ) .
(ii) (i)
(, ) = ( + ,[, ]) = (114,360) = 6
= (, )[, ] = 6 360 = 2160 .

+ =114
= 2160 .
( = 90 = 24 ) ( = 24 = 90 ).
6. , , , N *
p + q = p + q , 1 , q
1 , p .

( ) p = ( )q
(1)
0 < p
,
p | ( )q ( p, q ) =1 , p | ( ) .
0 < p
0 < p

. p < < p , = 0 . =
p < 0
, (1), = .
7. (i) P () .
= 3 , 2 3 > 2 3 .
, P () ,
P ( +1) , :
169
2 > 2
(1),
2 +1 > 2( +1) .
, (1),
2 2 > 2 2
2 +1 > 4
, 4 > 2( +1) 3 .
4 > 2( +1) 4 > 2 + 2

2 > 2
>1
, 3 .
, P () 3 .
(ii) x = ,
2 = 2
(1)
, 2,
= 2 , N * . (1)
2 2 = (2 ) 2 2 2 = 2 2 2 = 2 .
, (1), < 3 . ,
=1 = 2 .
=1 , = 2 ,
= 2 , = 4 , .
, 2 x = x 2 2
4.
8. (i)
1= ( 1)( 1 + 2 + ... + +1) .
1 1 + 2 + ... + +1>1 ( 2 ),
1=1 , = 2 . 1= 2 1 .
, , ,
= , , 1.
,
170
1= 2 1= (2 ) 1
= 1 ,
= 2 > 2
= ( 1)( 1 + 2 + ... + +1) .
1 + ... + +1> 0 , ( >1 )
1= 2 1>1
1= ( 1)( 1 + ... + +1) 1 ,

.
(ii) 2 .
= 2 , , N 1.
+1= ( 2 ) +1
= +1 ,
= 2
= ( +1)( 1 2 + ... +1) , .
+1 +1= 2 +1 ,
1< 2 +1< +1 , = 2 > 2
>1 .
, +1 , .
9. (i) 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7(mod 8) .
2 0 2 ,12 , 2 2 , 3 2 , 4 2 , 5 2 , 6 2 , 7 2 (mod 8) , 2 0,1, 4(mod 8) .

(ii) (, ) ,

2 + 2 =1998
, (i),
2 0,1, 4(mod 8)
2 0,1, 4(mod 8) .
,
2 + 2 0,1, 2, 4, 5(mod 8)
, (1)
(1)
171
1998 0,1, 2, 4, 5(mod 8)
(2)
1998 8 6,
1998 6(mod 8) , (2). x 2 + y 2 =1998
.
10. (i) 9 = 4 2 +1 , 9 1(mod 4) , 910 14 1(mod 4)
4| (910 1)
(1)

91 9(mod 25) ,
9 2 81 6(mod 25) ,
9 4 4 9 11(mod 25) ,
9 3 6 9 4(mod 25)
9 5 99 1(mod 25) .
910 (9 5 ) 2 (1) 2 1(mod 25) ,

25| (910 1)
(2)
(4,25) =1 , (1) (2),

4 25| (910 1) 100 | (910 1) 910 1(mod100)
(ii) 2002 =10 200 + 2 ,

9 2002 = 9 2 (910 ) 200 = 81(910 ) 200
811200 (mod100) , 910 1(mod100)

81(mod100) .
, 9 2002 81.
11. (i)
2
. :
2
2 2( 2) + 4
4
=
=2+
.
2
2
2
4
, ,
2
( 2) | 4 , , 2 =1 2 = 2 2 = 4 , ,

=3 = 4 =6 .
y
x
172
(ii) x, y
,
xy = 2 x + 2 y xy 2 x = 2 y x( y 2) = 2 y
(1)
( y 2)| 2 y , , (i) , y = 3 y = 4 y = 6 .
, (1), :
(6, 3) ,
(4, 4)
(3, 6) .
2
180 0 ,
-,
(iii) -
2
2
180 0 = 360 0 =
2

2v
, , (1), = 3
v2
= 4 = 6 . , 3
4 6 .
,
12. x y
.
x 2 = y 2 + 2412
( x y )( x + y ) = 24
(1)
0 < x y < x + y . ,
x y = 4
x y =3
x y = 2
x y =1

x
+
y
=
8
x
+
y
=
12
x
+
y
=
24
x + y = 6
x = 7
x, y y >1 ,
.
y =5
7, 49,
25 24 1
5.
13. x1 y1 , x 2 y 2 , ..., x y z1 , z 2 , ..., z
. :
x1 y1 + x 2 y 2 + ... + x y + z1 + z 2 + ... + z =100
173
(10 x1 + y1 ) + (10 x 2 + y 2 ) + ... + (10 x + y ) + ( z1 + z 2 + ... + z ) =100 .
10( x1 + x 2 + ... + x ) + ( y1 + y 2 + ...+ y + z1 + z 2 + ...+ z ) =100
(1)
x1 , x 2 ,..., x , y1 , y 2 ,..., y , z1 , z 2 ,..., z

0, 1, 2, ..., 9 , ,
0 +1+ 2 + ... + 9 = 45 . ,
S,
45 S . , (1) 10S + 45 S =100 , 9S =100
100
Z . , .
S =
9

14. (i) (, ) = 2 , , =1 , , =
2
2 2
= ,
2
= 2
= 2 , (, ) =1 > > 0
(1)
, + =10 :
(1) = 4
= 3
2 + 2 =10 + = 5

.
=1
= 2
= 6
= 8
.

=
2
=4
(ii)
( , ) = 4 ,

, =1 , , =
4
4
4
,
4
a = 4 A
= 4 B , ( A, B ) =1 A > B > 0
, = 96
( 2 ) = 6
4 4 = 96 = 6
=1
= 3

.
= 2
(2)
174
=12
= 24
.

=8
=4
(iii) (, )[, ] = , , (, ) 24 = 96 ,
(, ) = 4 . = 96 (, ) = 4 , (ii)
.
(iv) (, )[, ] = , 424 = .
= 96 (, ) = 4 , (ii) .
(v) (, ) = . + = 7 ,

+ = 7 , =1 .

= Z = Z ,
(3)
+ = 7
(, ) =1, > > 0
(4)
= 5
= 4
= 6

.

= 2
= 3
=1
= 6 =1 , = 6 = , [, ] = 60
:
[6 , ] = 60 [6,1] = 60 6 = 60 =10
= 60 =10 .
= 5 = 2 , = 5 = 2 , [, ] = 60
:
[5 ,2 ] = 60 [5,2] = 60 10 = 60 = 6
= 30 =12 .
= 4 = 3 , = 4 = 3 , [, ] = 60
:
[4 ,3 ] = 60 [4,3] = 60 12 = 60 = 5
= 20 =15 .
15. p1 , p 2 ,..., p
,
175
= p11 p 22 ... p
= p11 p 22 ... p
1 , 2 ,..., , 1 , 2 ,..., .
2 = p121 p 222 ... p 2
2 = p12 1 p 22 2 ... p 2 .
,
(, ) = p11 p 22 ... p , i = min{ i , i } , i =1,2,...,
( 2 , 2 ) = p1d1 p 2d 2 ... p d , d i = min{2 i ,2 i } , i =1,2,..., .
, d i = min{2 i ,2 i }= 2 min{ i , i }= 2i , i =1,2,..., . , :
( 2 , 2 ) = p121 p 222 ... p 2 = p11 p 22 ... p
) = ( , )
2
16. (, ) =1 ,
. ,
= p11 p 22 ... p
= q11 q 22 ...q
(1)
p1 , p 2 ,..., p , q1 , q 2 ,..., q , ,
1 , 2 ,..., , 1 , 2 ,..., .
,
= p11 p 22 ... p q11 q 22 ...q
(2)
,
1 , 2 ,..., , 1 , 2 ,..., ,
a i = 2 i
j = 2 j , 1 , 2 ,..., , 1 , 2 ,..., N * .
, (1),
= p12 1 p 22 2 ... p 2 = p11 p 22 ... p
= q121 q 222 ...q 2 = q11 q 22 ...q
) =
2
) =
2
N *
N * .
176
5.1
5.2 C

1. z = (2 + 3) + (6 )i , :
) 6 = 0 , = 6
) 2 + 3 = 0 , =
2.
3
.
2
) :
x + y = 3
( x + y ) + ( x y )i = 3 i
( x, y ) = (1,2)
x y = 1
) :
3x 2 + x 6 = 2
3x 2 + x 6 + ( x 2 3)i = 2 + i
x 2 3 =1
(1)
:
x 2 3 =1 x 2 = 4 x = 2 x = 2 .
x = 2 , x = 2
(1).
) :
9 54
3x + 2 y = 9 x =
9 27i = (3x + 2 y ) yi
3
27 = y
y = 27
45
x =
( x, y ) = (15,27)
3
y = 27
178
3.
y
5
4
3+4i
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-2i
2
1
1+i
0
-1
-2
2 3
x
4
-3
4.
-4
-5
3-4i
) z = 0 + yi . , z M (0, y ) ,
y y .
) z = x + 0i . , z M (x,0) ,
x x .
) z = x + xi . , z M ( x, x) ,
y = x , 1 3
.
5.
) ( 4 + 6i ) + (7 2i) = ( 4 + 7) + (6 2)i = 3 + 4i
) (3 2i ) (6 + 4i ) = (3 6) + (2 4)i = 3 6i
) (3 + 4i) + (8 7i) + (5 + 3i) = (3 8 + 5) + (4 7 + 3)i = 0 + 0i = 0
) (3 + 2i)(4 + 5i) = 3 4 + 3 5i + 4 2i + 2 5i 2 = 12 10 + 15i + 8i = 2 + 23i
) 3i (6 + i) = 3 6i + 3i 2 = 3 + 18i
) (4 + 3i)(4 3i ) = 4 2 (3i ) 2 = 16 9 i 2 = 16 9(1) = 16 + 9 = 25
) i(3 + i )(2 i) = i(6 3i + 2i i 2 ) = i(6 + 1 i) = 7i i 2 = 1 + 7i .
6. )
1(1 + i )
1
1+ i 1+ i 1 1
=
=
=
= + i
1 i (1 i)(1 + i) 1 i 2 1 + 1 2 2
i 6 = i 4 i 2 = 1(1) = 1 = 1 + 0i
i 2 + 2i + 1 = 1 + 2i + 1 = 0 + 2i
179
)
)
(1 + i 3 ) 2 = 1 + 2i 3 + i 2 3 = 1 3 + 2 3i = 2 + 2 3i
3 + i (3 + i) (2 + i) 6 + i 2 + 5i 5 + 5i 5(1 + i )
=
= 2 2 =
=
=1+ i
2 i (2 i)(2 + i )
4 +1
5
2 i
6 i 2
1+ i 2
(6 i 2 ) (1 i 2 )
(1+ i 2 ) (1 i 2 )
6 + 2i 2 7 2i
1 2i
6 2 7 2i 4 7
=
2i .
1+ 2
3 3
7. ) :
(3 2i ) 2 ( x + iy ) = x yi 9 12i + 4i 2 x yi = x yi
9 4 x 12i = x (5 2 x) 12i = 0
, 12 0 .
2
1 1 + 2i
1 + i
) :
= 1 . :
=
i
1
1 1 2i
1+
1
1
=1+ i
=2+i
x + iy
x + iy
x + yi =
1
2+i
x + yi =
2i
5
x=
2
5
y =
1
.
5
) :
(3 2i )(2 x iy ) 2(2 x iy ) + 2i 1 (3 2i)(2 x iy ) 2(2 x iy ) = 1 + 2i
(1 2i)(2 x iy ) = (1 2i )
2 x iy = 1
x=
8.
)
)
1
2
y =0.
i 6 + i16 + i 26 + i 36 + i 46 + i 56 = i 2 + i 0 + i 2 + i 0 + i 2 + i 0 = 0 .
1
i
11
1
i
41
1
i
75
1
i
1023
1
i
1
i
1
i
1
i
1 1 2
= = 2i .
i i i
180
9.
) z = 5 + 7i z = 5 7i
) z = 4 9i z = 4 + 9i
) z = 4i
z = 4i
) z = 11
z = 11
) z = i
z = i
) z = 0
z = 0 .
10. M ( x, y ) z = x + yi ,
z = x yi M 1 ( x, y ) , z = x yi
M 2 ( x, y ) , ,
z = x + yi
y
M 3 ( x, y ) . ,
M(x,y)
M3(-x,y)
z
z
:
z z
x
x
x x .
z
z
z z
M1(x,-y)
M2(-x,-y)
O(0,0) :
y
z z
y y .
5 9i 5 + 9i 5 9i 5 9i
+
=
+

7 + 4i 7 4i 7 + 4i 7 + 4i
.
z1 z 2
.
11. :
z1 + z 2 =
12. z = x + yi :
) z z = 6i x + yi x + yi = 6i 2 yi = 6i yi = 3i y = 3 .
,
y = 3 .
)
z 2 = z 2 ( x + yi) 2 = ( x yi) 2 ( x + yi) 2 ( x yi) 2 = 0

( x + yi + x yi)( x + yi x + yi) = 0
2 x 2 yi = 0
x =0
y =0 .
181
, y y
x x .
)
z 2 = z 2 ( x yi ) 2 = ( x + yi ) 2
x 2 + ( yi ) 2 2 xyi = ( x 2 + y 2 i 2 + 2 xyi)
x 2 y 2 2 xyi = x 2 + y 2 2 xyi
2( x 2 y 2 ) = 0
y =x .
,
.
)
z = 2 z x + yi = 2 ( x yi)
x + yi = (2 x) + yi
x = 2 x
y = y
x = 1, y R
z =1+ yi .
,
x =1.
13. )
x 2 3x + 2 = 0 x =
3 9 8 3 1
=
x =2 x =1.
2
2
x 2 2x +3 = 0 x =
2 i 8 2(1 2 )
=
= 1 i 2
2
2
1
1 i 3
x + = 1 x 2 +1 = x x 2 x +1 = 0 x =
.
x
2
14. 2 x 2 + x + = 0
3 + 2i , 3 2i ,
:

x1 + x 2 = 2 6 = 2 = 12
= 26
x x =
13 =
1 2 2
182

1.
z=
+ i ( + i )( i ) ( + ) + ( )i
=
=
. :
+ i ( + i)( i )
2 + 2
zR = 0 = 0
2.
z 2 =
3.
1
2
z z
5.
=0 .
10
= (2i )10 = 210 i 10 = 210 i 2 = 210 .
(1 i) 20 = (1+ i) 20 = (1+ i ) 20 = 210 .
(1+ i ) 20 (1 i ) 20 = 0 .
1
=2 .
1
2
(1+ i ) 20 = (1+ i ) 2
4.
2 i 3 1 i 3 2 i 3 1+ i 3 1
=
= .
2
2
2
2
(1+ i ) 2 = 11+ 2i = 2i ,
1+ 3 2 3i 2 i 3
=
, :
4
2
z2 z =
A = i + i = i +
1
i
. :
= 4 ,
i =1 ,
A = 1+1 = 2
= 4 +1 , i = i ,
1
A=i + =i i =0
i
= 4 + 2 , i = 1 ,
A = 11 = 2
= 4 + 3 , i = i ,
A = i +
1
= i + i = 0 .
i
) z = x + yi :
z = z 2 x yi = ( x + yi ) 2
x yi = x 2 y 2 + 2 xyi
x yi = x 2 + ( yi) 2 + 2 xyi
( x 2 y 2 x) + (2 x +1) yi = 0
183
(2 x +1) y = 0
2
x y 2 x = 0
2 x +1= 0 y = 0
2
x y 2 x = 0
2 x + 1 = 0 , x =
(1)
(2)
1
, (2) :
2
1
1
3
3
y2 + = 0 y2 = y =
.
4
2
4
2
z=
1
3
1
3
+
i z=
i.
2
2
2
2
y = 0 , (2) :
x 2 x = 0 x( x 1) = 0 x = 0 x = 1 .
z=0
z =1 .
) z = x + yi , :
z = z 3 x yi = ( x + yi ) 3 x yi = x 3 + 3x 2 yi + 3 x( yi) 2 + ( yi ) 3
x yi = x 3 + 3x 2 yi 3 xy 2 y 3 i
x yi = ( x 3 3 xy 2 ) + (3 x 2 y 2 ) yi
x 3 3xy 2 = x
x( x 2 3 y 2 1) = 0

(3x 2 y 2 ) y = y
y (3x 2 y 2 +1) = 0
x = 0 x 2 3 y 2 1= 0
y (3 x 2 y 2 +1) = 0
x = 0 , (2) :
y (1 y 2 ) = 0 y = 0 y = 1 .
z = 0 z = i z = i .
x 2 = 3 y 2 +1 , (2) :
y[3(3 y 2 +1) y 2 +1] y (8 y 2 + 4) = 0 y = 0 .
x 2 =1 , x = 1 x = 1 z =1 z = 1 .
(1)
(2)
184
6.
z = x + yi , :
z z x + yi x yi ( x + yi) 2 + ( x yi) 2
=
+
+ =
z z x yi x + yi
x 2 ( yi) 2
=
x 2 + ( yi) 2 + 2 xyi + x 2 + ( yi) 2 2 xyi 2( x 2 y 2 )

.
= 2
x2 + y2
x + y2
, 2
2( x 2 y 2 )
x2 + y2
2( x 2 y 2 )
x2 + y2
2 1
2 . :
x2 y2
x2 + y2
( x 2 + y 2 ) x 2 y 2 x 2 + y 2
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 0 2 x 2
2
0 2 y 2
x y 2 x 2 + y 2
. .
7.
:
( + i ) 2 = 2 2 + 2i = z ( i ) 2 = 2 2 2i = z .
( + i )10 + ( i )10 = ( + i ) 2
) + (( i) ) = z
5
2 5
+ ( z ) 5 = z 5 z 5 = 0 .
:
i = i ( + i ) . :
( + i )10 + ( i ) 10 = ( + i ) 10 + i 10 ( + i )10 = ( + i )10 ( + i )10 = 0 .
8.
) : z = z x + yi = x yi 2 yi = 0 y = 0 z R
z = z x + yi = x + yi 2 x = 0 x = 0 z
) u = u v = v .
:
z1 =
z1
z2 =
1
z2
185
z 2 + z1
1 1
+
z +z
z z2
z z
z +z
u= 1 2 = 1
= 1 2 = 1 2 =u .
+
1
1
1
z
z
1+ z 1 z 2
1+ z1 z 2
1 2
1+
z1 z 2
z1 z 2
z 2 z1
1 1
z1 z 2
z1 z 2
z z
( z1 z 2 )
v=
=
= 1 2 =
= v .
1 1 z 1 z 2 + 1 1+ z 1 z 2
1+ z1 z 2
1+
z1 z 2
z1 z 2
9.
) z = x + yi .
y
x
1
i . :
=
z x2 + y2 x2 + y2
x
1
Re z + = 5 Re( z ) x + 2
=5x
x + y2
z
1
x 2
4=0 x =0
x + y2
1
x2 + y2
=4
x =0
1
x 2 + y 2 = .
2
, y y O(0,0)
1
O(0,0) = .
2
) :
y
1
Im z + = 3Im( z ) y 2 2 = 3 y
z
x +y
4y
y
2
x + y2
=0
1
y 4 2
x + y2
y =0
=0
1
2
x + y2
=4
2
1
y =0 x 2 + y 2 = .
2
186
, x x O(0,0)
1
O(0,0) = .
2
5.3

1. :
|1+ i |= 12 +12 = 2 =|1 i | , | z |=| z |
|3 + 4i |= 3 2 + 4 2 = 25 = 5 =|3 4i |
| 5i |= 0 2 + (5) 2 = 25 = 5
1+ i |1+ i |
=
=1 , |1+ i |=|1 i |
1 i |1 i |
| 4|= 4 ,
| (1 i) 2 (1+ i) 4 |=|1 i | 2 |1+ i | 4 = 2 2 = 2 2 2 = 2 3 = 8

2
| (2 i ) (1+ 2i ) =| 2 i ||1+ 2i |= 2 2 + (1) 2 12 + 2 2 = 5 5 = 5 = 5
3+ i
|3 + i |
3 2 +12
10
10
=
=
=
=
.
2
2
4 3i | 4 3i |
5
25
4 + (3)
2.
2
| (1+ i ) 2 |=|1+ i | 2 = 2 = 2
2
|1+ i |
1+ i
1+ i
=12 =1
=
i
1
1
|
1
|
|1 i |
1 i
1 i
=12 =1
=
=
+
i
+
i
1
|
1
|
1
i
+
+ i
| + i |
+ i
=
=12 =1
=
|
|
187
3. )
| z 2 |= z 2 | z | 2 = z 2 zz = z 2 z ( z z ) = 0
z =0 z = z
z R
) : | z 1|= z , z ,
| z 1| . z = x , x 0 ,
:
| z 1|= z | x 1|= x
x 1= x
x 1= x
1
x= .
2
1
z= .
2
z = x + yi , :
| z 1|= z | ( x 1) + yi |= x + yi ( x 1) 2 + y 2 = x + yi
1
( x 1) 2 + y 2 = x
| x 1|= x x =
2 .
y = 0
y =0
y = 0
1
z= .
2
) : | z + i |= 2 z , 2 z .
z = x , x 0 , :
| z + i |= 2 z | x + i |= 2 x x 2 +1 = 2 x x 2 +1= 4 x 2
3 x 2 =1 x 2 =
z=
1
3
x=
3
,
3
x0
3
.
3
3).
4. ) | z |=1 , z O(0,0) 1. , z
=1,
x 2 + y 2 =1 .
188
) | z i |=1 , z i (
(0,1)) 1. , z
(0,1) =1 , : x 2 + ( y 1) 2 =1 .
) , | z +1+ 2i |= 3 , | z (1 2i )|= 3 , z
1 2i 3. , z
K (1, 2) = 3 ,
( x +1) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 = 9 .
) 1<| z |< 2 , z
O(0,0) 1 =1 2 = 2 .
) | z | 2 , z
O(0,0) =2 .
5. )
| z +1|=| z 2i || z (1) |=| z 2i | .
, z 1+ 0i 0+ 2i ,
A(1,0) B (0,2) . z
.
)
| z i |>| z +1|| z i |>| z (1)| .
, z i,
1+ 0i . z
,
(0, 1) (1, 0) .
1+ xi |1+ xi | 1+ x 2
1+ xi
, | z |=
=
=1 . | z |=1 ,
=
x +i
x + i | x + i|
x 2 +1
z .
6.
z=
7. | z 4i |= 2 M (z )
K (0,4) 2.
K (0,4) = 2 .
189
2 (. 199),
z1 = 2i

z 2 = 6i .
(0,6)
(0,4)
(0,2)
O
8. :
| w 1|=| 2 z || w 1|= 2| z || w 1|= 2 .
, w (1,0)
=2.
9. :
z1 = x1 + y1i z 2 = x 2 + y 2 i . :
z1 + z 2 = ( x1 + x 2 ) + ( y1 + y 2 )i
z1 z 2 = ( x1 x 2 ) + ( y y 2 )i .
:
| z1 + z 2 | 2 + | z1 z 2 | 2 = ( x1 + x 2 ) 2 + ( y1 + y 2 ) 2 + ( x1 x 2 ) 2 + ( y1 y 2 ) 2
= 2( x12 + y12 ) + 2( x 22 + y 22 ) = 2| z1 | 2 +2| z 2 | 2 .
:
:
| z1 + z 2 | 2 + | z1 z 2 | 2 = ( z1 + z 2 )( z1 + z 2 ) + ( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 )
= z1 z1 + z1 z 2 + z 2 z1 + z 2 z 2 + z1 z1 z1 z 2 z 2 z1 + z 2 z 2
= 2 z1 z1 + 2 z 2 z 2
= 2| z1 | 2 +2| z 2 | 2 .

1. z = x + yi , :
2 | z |= 2 x 2 + y 2 = 2( x 2 + y 2 ) | Re( z )| + | Im( z )|=| x | + | y | .
190
2 | z || Re( z )| + | Im( z ) 2( x 2 + y 2 ) | x | + | y |
2( x 2 + y 2 ) x 2 + y 2 + 2| x | | y | x 2 + y 2 2| x | | y |
| x | 2 + | y | 2 2| x | | y | 0 (| x | | y |)2 0 ,
2. :
w w = w
z 1
z 1
=
z +1
z +1
( z 1)( z +1) = ( z 1)( z +1)
zz + z z 1= zz z + z +1
2 zz = 2
zz =1
| z | 2 =1
| z |=1 .
3.
:
wR w = w
1
1
z+ =z+
z
z
z 2 z + z = zz 2 + z
zz ( z z ) ( z z ) = 0
( zz 1)( z z ) = 0
zz =1 z = z
| z |=1
4.
zR .
:
w w = w
z i ( z + i )
=
iz +
iz +
izz + z + z 2 i = izz z z 2 i
2z = 2z
z =z
z
191
5.
z = x + yi , z O(0,0)
1, | z |=1 , , x 2 + y 2 =1 . , :
| w|=
2 z i | 2 z i | | 2 x + (2 y 1)i |
=
=
iz + 2 |iz + 2| | ( y + 2) + xi |
=
4 x 2 + (2 y 1) 2
(2 y ) 2 + x 2
4( x 2 + y 2 ) 4 y +1
(x 2 + y 2 ) 4 y + 4
4 x 2 + 4 y 2 4 y +1
4+ y 2 4y + x 2
4 1 4 y +1
1 4 y + 4
=1 .
6. :
| 2 z 1|=| z 2|| 2 z 1| 2 =| z 2| 2
(2 z 1)(2 z 1) = ( z 2)( z 2)
4 zz 2 z 2 z +1= zz 2 z 2 z + 4
3 zz = 3
zz =1
| z | 2 =1| z |=1 .
, z .
y
7. :
A = (1+ z )(1+ z ) + (1 z )(1 z )
M(z)
=1+ z + z + zz +1 z z + zz
= 2(1+ zz )
= 2(1+ | z | 2 )
K(-1)
(1) x
= 22 = 4 .
,
z, 1 1, , :
|1+ z | 2 = MK 2 ,
|1 z | 2 = M2 4 = K2 .
, |1+ z | 2 + |1 z | 2 = 4 , ,
MK 2 + M2 = K2 ,
.
,
.
192
y
8. z = x + yi , :
| z +1|=| z + 4i ||( x +1) + yi |=| x + ( y + 4)i |
(-1,0) O
( x +1) 2 + y 2 = x 2 + ( y + 4) 2
2 x +1= 8 y +16
1 15
y = x .
4
8
15 60
, )
34 34
(0,-4)
,
1 15
: y = x
4
8
.
y = 4 x

y = 4 x
15 60
1 15 , , .
34 34
y= 4 x 8
9. z1 = x1 + y1i z 2 = x 2 + y 2 i . M 1
x 2 + y 2 = 4 2
x12 + y12 =16 .
, z 2 = z1 +
(1)
4
:
z1
x 2 + y 2 i = x1 + y1i +
x 2 + y 2 i = x1 + y1i +
4
x1 + y1i
4( x1 y1i)
x12 + y12
x 2 + y 2 i = x1 + y1i +
4( x1 y1i)
16
x 2 + y 2 i = x1 + y1i +
x1 y1
i
4 4
5 x1 3 y1i
+
.
4
4
3y
y 2 = 1 ,
4
4x2
4y
y1 = 2
x1 =
5
3
( (1))
x2 + y2i =
, x 2 =
5 x1
4
(2)
193
x1 y1 (1) :
2
16 x 22 16 y 22
x2 y2
4x2 4 y2
+
=16 2 + 2 =1 .
+
=16
25
9
25 9
5 3
, M 2 2 =10
E (4,0) , E (4,0) .
10. )
| z |=1| z | 2 =1 zz =1 z =
1
z
) | z1 |=| z 2 |=| z 3 |=... =| z |=1

z1 =
1
1
1
1
, z 2 = , z 3 = ,..., z =
.
z1
z2
z3
z
1 1
1
+ + ...+
=| z1 + z 2 + ... + z |
z1 z 2
z
= z1 + z 2 + ... + z
=| z1 + z 2 + ... + z |
( | z |=| z | ).
5.4

1.
= 2
= 12 + ( 3 ) 2 = 4 = 2
.
= 3
2
.
3
1+ 3i = 2 + i
3
3
194
= 2
= 12 + ( 3 ) 2 = 4 = 2
.
= 3
. :
3

1 3i = 2 + i .
3
= 2
= (1) 2 + ( 3 ) 2 = 4 = 2
.
= 3
4
= + =
. :
3 3
4
4
1 3i = 2 + i .
3
3
= 2
= (1) 2 + ( 3 ) 2 = 2
.
= 3
2
= =
. :
3 3
2
2
1+ 3i = 2 + i .
3
3
4 = 41= ( 0 + i 0) .
4 = 4( + i ) .
2. )
4(15 0 + i15 0 ) 6(30 0 + i30 0 ) = 24( 45 0 + i 45 0 )
2 i 2
=12 2 +12 2i
= 24
+
2
2
195
)
3
3
5 + i 2 + i =10 + i =10(0 +1i ) =10i

8
8
8
8
2
2
2
2
3
3
5
5
+ i + i =11 + i
10
10
10
10
10
10
= + i = 0 + i 1= i .
2
2
3. :
1 i 3 5 5 3
= +
i
= 5( 60 0 + i 60 0 ) = 5 +
2 2 2
2
5(100 + i100 )
25(160 0 + i160 0 )
0
5
5
6 + i
6
6
5
5
= 6 + i
6 3
6 3
+ i
3
3
= 6 + i = 60 + 6i 1= 6i
2
2
7(130 0 + i130 0 )
1
= ( (150 0 ) + i(150 0 ))
14( (20 ) + i(-20 )) 2
0
1 3 1
3 1
=
+i =
+ i.
2 2
2
4 4
4. de Moivre :
(2(20 0 + i 20 0 )) 3 = 2 3 ((3 20 0 ) + i(3 20 0 ))

1
3
= 8( 60 0 + i 60 0 ) = 8 +
i = 4 + 4 3i
2 2
5
5
5
5
8
3( + i = 3 8 + i 8
4
4
4
= 38 ((5 2 ) + i(5 2 ) )= 38 (1+ i 0) = 38
196
16

+ i = ( 4 )+ i ( 4 )=1 .
4
4
1+ i
5.
1+ i
6. z =
2
6
2
2
+i
= + i .
2
2
4
4
= + i
4
4
3
3
= + i = i (1) = i .
2
2
1+ i 3
, z = + i . :
2
3
3
z 2000 = 2000 + i 2000

3
3
2
2
= 333 2 + + i 333 2 +
3
3
2
2 1 i 3 1+ i 3
= + i = +
=
2
2
3
3 2
7. z1 = 3 + i = 2 + i , z1 = 2 + i .
6
6
6
6
z1 + z 2 = z1 + z1 = z1 + z1 = 2 2
+1
= 2
.
6
6
8. z = ( + i) . i = + i ,
2
2
z i z
.
2
9. :
z 1+ i 3 (1+ i 3 )(1 i)
3 +1
3 1
.
=
=
=
+i
w 1+ i
(1+ i)(1 i )
2
2
, z = 2 + i w = 2 + i . :
3
3
4
4
(1)
197
z
=
w
2 + i
3
3
= 2 + i = 2 + i 2
12
12
12
12
2 + i
4
4
, (1) (2), :
2 ( 3 +1)
3 +1
3 +1
=
=
2 =
12
4
2 2
12
2 ,
.
2 ( 3 1)
3 1
3 1

=
2 12 = 2
12 =
4
2 2
10.
z = x + yi , :
z 2 = z x 2 y 2 + 2 xyi = x yi
x 2 y 2 = x
2 xy = y
x 2 y 2 x = 0
y (2 x +1) = 0
2 3
y = 4
x 2 x = 0

y = 0
x = 1
2
1
1
x = 2
x = 2
z 0 x =1

y =0
y= 3
y= 3
2
2
x 2 y 2 x = 0
1
y =0 x=
2
1
3
1
3
z 3 = i
.
, z1 =1 , z 2 = + i
2
2
2
2
z1 :
| z1 |=1
Argz1 = 0
| z 2 |=1
Argz 2 =
| z 3 |=1
Argz 3 =
z 2 :
2
3
, z 3 :
z2 = z3 .
4
,
3
(2)
198
1+ + i (1+ + i )
=
1. ) w =

1+ i (1+ i )
1. w
1+ + i
w1 =

1+ i
w1 =
=
(1+ + i ) 2
(1+ i )(1+ + i )
(1+ ) 2 2 + 2i (1+ )
(1+ ) 2 + 2
1+ 2 + 2 2 + 2i (1+ )
1+ 2 + 2 + 2
2 2 + 2 + 2i (1+ )
2 + 2
2 (1+ ) + 2i (1+ )
2(1+ )
2(1+ )( + i )
= + i .
2(1+ )
,
w = w1 = ( + i ) = + i .
, w 1 .
)
:
2+ 2 +i 2
2+ 2 i 2
100
1+
=
1+
2
+i
2
2
i
2
2
2
2
2
100
1+ + i
4
4
=
1+ i
4
4
100
()
100
100
+ i
= 25 + i25 = 1 .
4
4
199
2. )
1+ i = 2 + i 1 i = 2 i .
4
4
4
4

(1+ i) = (1 i) 2 + i = 2
+ i
4
4
4
4
= 2 , Z
4
4
= 4 , Z .
1 + i 1 i ( )
+
= + i + + i = 2 ,
f () =

4
4
4
4
4
2 2
f ( + 4) = 2
( + 4)

= 2 + = 2 = f () .
4
4
4
f ( + 4) + f () = 0 .
3. OM 1 OM 2
z1 z 2 , :
| z1 + z 2 |=| z1 | + | z 2 ||OM 1 + OM 2 |=|OM 1 | + |OM 2 |
OM 1 OM 2 ( 15 . 48)
Argz1 = Argz 2 .
4. z = x + yi . :
) z i = x + ( y 1)i ,
x > 0
x > 0
x > 0

Arg ( z i ) = y 1
.
y 1 3
3
6
=
=
y=
x +1
6 x
x
3
3
200
3
x +1 , x > 0 .
3
, y =
)
z +1= x +1+ yi ,
Arg ( z +1) =
y >0
y = x +1
y
.

4
y >0
x +1 = 4
, y = x +1 , x > 1 .
)
x + yi
x 2 + y ( y 1)
z
x
=
= 2
+
i ,
z i x + ( y 1)i x + ( y 1) 2 x 2 + ( y 1) 2
2
2
x 2 + y 2 y = 0 x 2 + y 1 = 1
2 2 .
x > 0
x > 0
y
,

z
Arg
=
z i 2
1
K (0, )
2
1 1
x + y = , x > 0 .
2 2
5. :
| z + 2 5i | 2 | z (2 + 5i) | 2 .
, (1)
C K (2,5)
= 2 .
OM 1 OM 2
C .
(1)
y
K(-2,5)
M
M1
M2
OM ,
,
x x OM 1 ,
x
-2
201
OM 2 . , z
(1) z1
M 1 z 2
M 2 . y y C M 1 z1 = 5i .
z 2 :
OM 2 y = x, R , C,

y = x
( )
( x + 2) 2 + ( y 5) 2 = 4
. :
y = x
y = x
( )
2
2
2
( x + 2) + ( x 5) = 4
( +1) x 2 2(5 2) x + 25 = 0
(1)
( 2)
, (2) ,
4(5 2) 2 4 25( 2 +1) = 0 10 21= 0 =
21
20
100 105
( x, y ) =
,
.
29 29
100 105
+
i.
, z 2 =
29 29
6. z = + i z = (- ) + i(- ) . :
z + z = 2
z z = 2i .
7. )
| w|=|( 3 i) z |=| 3 i || z |= 3 2 + (_1) 2 1= 4 = 2 .
202
, w O(0,0)
= 2 .
) | w|= 2 Argw= ,
4
2
2
w = 2 + i = 2
+i
= 2 +i 2
2
4
4 2
8.
2
1+ 2 =
3
1 2
(1)
Im( z ) =
2
1+ 2
>0 .
(2)
1+ 2
, (1) :
2
1
= 3 2 = 3 3 2 3 2 + 2 3 = 0 = 3 =
=
, (2),
z=
9.
1
3
1+
3
+i
1+
3
,
3
3
. :
3
3
1
2
1
3
3
3
=
+i
= +i
.
2
1
1
2
2
3 1+
1+
3
3
3
3
3
f ( x) 0 xR 0 .
:
0 (2| z1 z 2 |) 2 41(1+ | z1 | 2 )(1+ | z 2 | 2 ) 0

| z1 z 2 | 2 (1+ | z1 | 2 )(1+ | z 2 | 2 )
( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 ) (1+ z1 z1 )(1+ z 2 z 2 )
( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 ) 1+ z 2 z 2 + z1 z1 + z1 z 2 z1 z 2
z1 z1 z1 z 2 z 2 z1 + z 2 z 2 1+ z 2 z 2 + z1 z1 + z1 z 2 z1 z 2
1+ z1 z 2 + z1 z 2 + z1 z 2 z1 z 2 0 (1+ z1 z 2 ) + z1 z 2 (1+ z1 z 2 ) 0
203
(1+ z1 z 2 )(1+ z1 z 2 ) 0 (1+ z1 z 2 )(1+ z1 z 2 ) 0
|1+ z1 z 2 | 2 0 ,
5.5 C

1. )
z =
2
2
+ i
,
3
3
z1
= 0,1,2 ,
3
1
z 0 =1 , z1 = + i
,
2
2
1
3
.
z2 = i
2
2
z2
)
2
2
z =
+ i
,
4
4
z0=1
x
z1
= 0,1,2,3 ,
z 0 =1 , z1 = i , z 2 = 1 ,
z0=1
x
z2
O
z 3 = i .
z3
)
z =
2
2
+ i
,
6
6
z 0 =1 ,
z2
= 0,1,2,3,4,5 ,
1
3
z1 = + i
,
2
2
1
3
1
3
z2 = +i
, z 3 = 1 , z 4 = i
,
2
2
2
2
z3
z1
z0=1
x
z4
z5
204
1
3
z5 = i
.
2
2
204
2. )
z 3 = i z 3 =
3
3
+ i . ,
2
2
2 +
2
z =
2 +
2
+ i
= 0,1,2
z 0 = + i = i
2
2
3 1
7
7
z1 = + i = i =
i
6
6
2 2
6
6
3 1
11
11
z 2 =
i.
+ i
= i =
6
6 2 2
6
6
4
4
2 +
2 +
4
4
3
3
+ i
z =16 + i z = 4 16
3
3
4
4
3 + 2
3 + 2
z = 2
+ i
,
6
6
= 0,1,2,3
5
5
2 +
2 +
5
5
6 + i
6
) z 5 = 243 + i z = 5 243
6
6
5
5
2 + 5
2 + 5
z = 3
+ i
,
30
30
3. ) ,
2 (1+ i )
2
2
=
+i
= + i .
2
2
2
4
4
= 0,1,2,3,4 .
205
2 +
2 +
4
4
+ i
z = 1
3
3
= 8 + + i 8 + ,
12
12
= 0,1,2 ,

z 0 = + i
12

12
2
2
3
3
z1 = + i =
+i
4
4
2
2

5
5
17
17
.
z 2 =
+ i
= i
12
12
12
12
1 i 3 1
3
5
5
. ,
= i
= + i
2
2
2
3
3

2 +
3
z =
2 +
3
+ i
= 0,1,2,3 .
z 6 = 64( + i ) . ,
2 +
2 +
z = 6 64
+ i

6
6
(2 +1)
(2 +1)
= 2
+ i
,
6
6
= 0,1,2,3,4,5 .
4. )
z 3 + 3z 2 + 4 z = 8 z 3 + 3z 2 + 4 z 8 = 0 . Horner
z =1 :
( z 1)( z 2 + 4 z + 8) = 0 z =1 z =
4 i 4
= 2 2i .
2
) z 4 + 5 z 2 + 4 = 0 , , z 2 = w
:
w 2 + 5w + 4 = 0 w =
5 9
w = 4 w = 1 .
2
206
w = 4 , z 2 = 4 , z = 2i z = 2i
w = 1 , z 2 = 1 , z = i z = i .
5. 3x 3 10 x 2 + 7 x +10 = 0 ,
2 + i , 2 i .
( x 2 i )( x 2 + i ) = x 2 4 x + 5 .
3x + 2 0.
:
(3 x + 2)( x 2 4 x + 5) = 0 3 x + 2 = 0 x 2 4 x + 5 = 0
2
x=
x =2 i .
3
w 3 =1 ,
6.
1+ w + w 2 =
w 3 1
=0 ,
w 1
1+ w 2 = w
1+ w = w 2 . , :
(1 w + w 2 )(1+ w w 2 ) = (2 w)(2 w 2 ) = 4 w 3 = 4 , w 3 =1
7. :
1+ x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 = 0
x 6 1
=0
x 1
x 6 1= 0 x 6 =1
x 1
x 1
:
x =
2
2
+ i
,
6
6
=1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ,
, = 0 , x 0 =1 , .
8. :
z 3 + 3z 2 + 3 z + 9 = 0 z 2 ( z + 3) + 3( z + 3) = 0
( z + 3)( z 2 + 3) = 0 z + 3 = 0 z 2 + 3 = 0
z = 3 z = i 3 .
A(3,0) , B(0, 3 ) , (0, 3 ) 3,

i 3
i 3
AB = B = A = 2 3 .
207

1. ) z 3 =1 i z 3 = 2 + i
4
2
2
4 + i
4 ,
z = 6 2
3
3
= 0,1,2 .

( z 1) 3 = (1 i )( z +1) 3
(1)
z = 1 ,
3
z 1
=1 i .
z +1
(2)
z 1
=w ,
z +1
(3)
(2)
w 3 =1 i .
, (),
2
2
4 + i
4
w = 6 2
3
3
= 0,1,2 .
, (3),
z 1
= w z 1= zw + w
z +1
z (1 w) =1+ w
z=
1+ w
,
1 w
, :
( 4)
w 1 .
(4)
208
2
2
1+ w
4
4
6
, w = 2
z =
+ i
3
3
1 w
2. :

= 0,1,2 .
z 6 + 2 z 5 + 2 z 4 + 2 z 3 + z 2 + ( z +1) 2 = 0
z 6 + 2 z 5 + 2 z 4 + 2 z 3 + 2 z 2 + 2 z +1= 0
z 6 + 2( z 5 + z 4 + z 3 + z 2 + z +1) 1= 0
z6 +2
z 6 1
1= 0
z 1
( z =1 )
z 7 + z 6 z 1= 0, z 1
z 6 ( z +1) ( z +1) = 0, z 1
( z +1)( z 6 1) = 0, z 1 .
, z = 1 ( z 6 =1 , z 1 ). z 1 , :
z 6 1= 0 ( z 3 1)( z 3 +1)
( z 1)( z 2 + z +1)( z +1)( z 2 z +1) = 0
z 2 + z +1= 0 z +1= 0 z 2 z +1= 0
z=
1 i 3
2
z = 1
z=
1 i 3
2
, :
1 (),
1 i 3
2
1 i 3
.
2
z = 1 . ,
Horner, :
( z +1)( z 5 + z 4 + z 3 + z 2 + z +1) = 0 z +1= 0 z 5 + z 4 + z 3 + z 2 + z +1= 0
z +1= 0
z 6 1
=0
z 1
209
z = 1
z = 1
( z 6 =1 z 1 )
z =
z = 1 () z =
2
2
+ i
,
6
6
=1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1 i 3
1 i 3
z=
.
2
2
3. :
z 7 +1= 0 z 7 = 1= + i z = z ,
= 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,
+ 2
+ 2
z =
+ i
.
7
7
z 0 = + i ,
7
7
z4 = z2 ,
z1 =
3
3
+ i ,
7
7
z 5 = z1 ,
z 2 =
5
5
+ i
7
7
z6 = z0 .
z 3 = + i = 1 ,
z 7 +1
z 7 +1= ( z +1)( z 6 z 5 + z 4 z 3 + z 2 z +1)
(1)
z 7 +1= ( z z 0 )( z z1 )( z z 2 )( z z 3 )( z z 4 )( z z 5 )( z z 6 )
= ( z z 0 )( z z1 )( z z 2 )( z +1)( z z 2 )( z z1 )( z z 0 )
= ( z +1) [( z z 0 )( z z 0 )][( z z1 )( z z1 )][( z z 2 )( z z 2 )]
(2)
(1) (2) :
z 6 z 5 + z 4 z 3 + z 2 z +1= [( z z 0 )( z z 0 )][( z z1 )( z z1 )][( z z 2 )( z z 2 )] .

. ,
( z z 0 )( z z 0 )
210
( z z 0 )( z z 0 ) = z 2 ( z 0 + z 0 ) z + z 0 z 0
= z 2 2 z +1 .
7
( z z1 )( z z1 ) = z 2 ( z1 + z1 ) z + z1 z1
= z 2 2 z
3
+1
7
( z z 2 )( z z 2 ) = z 2 ( z 2 + z 2 ) z + z 2 z 2
= z 2 2 z
5
+1 .
7
4.
( z 2 +1) 2 + z 3 + z = 0 ( z 2 +1) 2 + z ( z 2 +1) = 0 ( z 2 +1)( z 2 + z +1) = 0
z 2 +1 = 0 z 2 + z +1 = 0
z 2 +1= 0 ( z 3 =1 , z 1 )
z = i z = z = ,
2
2
+ i
, z 1 .
3
3
, , z 16 + 2 z 14 =1= 0
. :
z = i :
z 16 + 2 z 14 +1= i 16 + 2i 14 +1=1 2 +1= 0 .
, i z 16 + 2 z 14 +1= 0 .
, i, i
. , i i
.
z = , 3 =1 , :
16 + 214 +1= 15 + 212 2 +1
= + 2 2 +1= (1+ + 2 ) + 2 = 0 + 2 = 2 0
, ,
.
, , i i .
211
5. :
: z 7 z 3 =1
z 4 ( z z ) 3 =1 z 4 (| z | 2 ) 3 =1 z 4 | z | 6 =1 .
(1)
:
z 4 | z | 6 =|1|| z | 4 | z | 6 =1| z |10 =1| z | 2 =1 zz =1 ( zz ) 3 =1 .
(1) :
z 4 ( zz ) 3 =1 z 4 =1 z = 1 z = i .
:
z = ( + i ) z .

7 (7 + i7 ) 3 ((-3 ) + i(-3 )) =1 10 (4 + i4 ) =1
=1 4 = 2 , Z
=1 =
, Z .
2
,
z 0 =1 ,
z 2 = + i = 1
z1 = + i = i ,
2
2
z 3 =
3
3
+ i = i .
2
2
6. . (1+ i ) = p(1 i ) ,
p=
(1+ i )
(1 i )
7. )
. | p |=
(1+ i )
|1+ i |
1+ i
1+ i
=1 =1 .
=
=
=
1
1
|
1
|
i
(1 i )
:
x1 + x 2 =
(2)
4
= 2 x1 x 2 = = 4 .
1
1
,
x12 + x 22 = ( x1 + x 2 ) 2 2 x1 x 2 = 2 2 2 4 = 4
x12 x 22 = ( x1 x 2 ) 2 =16
212
) x 2 + px + q = 0 1 = x12 2 = x 22
:
p = ( 1 + 2 ) = ( x12 + x 22 ) = 4
q = 1 2 = x12 x 22 =16 .
8. ) 2 z 2 2 z + (5 4 2 ) = 0
z :
= (2 ) 2 4 2 (5 4 2 )
= 4 2 (1 5 + 4 2 ) = 4 2 (4 + 4 2 )
= 16 2 (1 4 2 ) = (4 ) 2 < 0 .
:
z1, 2 =
2 i 4 1 2i
1
=
=
2i .
2 2

, , ,
2 2
, 2 . , :
( x, y ) =
1
2
1
x =
x =
2
2
y = 2
y 2 = 4
1
2
x =
2
2
.
2
y =
4 2
y 2 1 2 2
=
=
=1 . ,
12 2 2 2 2

x2
x2
1
y2
22
=1 .
9.
x 9 x 5 + x 4 1= 0 x 5 ( x 4 1) + x 4 1= 0
( x 4 1)( x 5 +1) = 0 x 4 1= 0
(1) x 5 +1= 0
(2)
x 4 1= 0 ( x 2 1)( x 2 +1) = 0 x 2 =1 x 2 = 1 x = 1 x = i
213
x 5 +1= 0 x 5 = 1 x 5 = + i
x =
2 +
2 +
+ i
, = 0,1,2,3,4 .
5
5

1. )
1 1 (1+ z ) ( z 1)
1 +1
1 z z
z
z
f =
=
1 1
1 1
z

+
z z
z z
( z 1) ( z +1)
zz
( z 1)( z +1)
=
= f ( z) .
=
(z + z)
z+z
zz
:
f ( z) =
z z + z z 1 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 yi 1 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 1 y
=
=
+ i.
2 x
2x
x
z+z
:
Re( f ( z )) = 0 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 1= 0 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 =1
, M ( x, y )
2.
x2
1

x2
1

z = x + yi , w= w1
y2
1

y2
1

=1 .
=1 ,
214
1
z zi = i
1
x + yi ( x + yi)i = i
1
( x + y ) ( x y )i = i
x + y =
x y =
x 2 y 2 =1 .
3. )
z = x + yi ,
x = + 2
= x 2
y = 3( x 2) 1 y = 3 x 7 .
y = 3 1 y = 3 1
, z y = 3x 7 .
)
:
w = z +1+ i w = ( + 3) + 3i .
, w = x + yi , :
x = + 3 = x 3
y = 3( x 3) y = 3x 9 .
y = 3
y = 3
, w
y = 3x 9 .
() : y = 3x 7 O(0,0)
O(0,0) . = 1 ,
1
1
= . , y = x . ,
3
3
.
y = 3x 7
y = 3 x
215
21 7
( x, y ) = , . ,
10 10
21 7
A , .
10 10
4. ) z = x + yi ,
| 2 z + 1|<| z + i || (2 x + 1) + 2 yi |<| x + ( y + 1)i |
(2 x +1) 2 + (2 y ) 2 < x 2 + ( y +1) 2

2
4 x + 4 x +1+ 4 y x y 2 y 1< 0
2
1/3
-2/3
3x + 4 x + 3 y 2 y < 0
2
2
2
2
1 1 2 1
2 2
x 2 + 2 x + + y 2 2 y + < +
3 3 3 3
3 3
2
2
2 1 5
.
x + + y <
3 3 3
, z

5
2 1
K , =
.
3
3 3
y
y 2 =4 x
z = x + yi ,
| z 1|=1+ Re( z ) | ( x 1) + yi |=1+ x

( x 1) 2 + y 2 =1+ x
y 2 = 4 x
1+ x 0
( x 1) 2 + y 2 = (1+ x ) 2
1+ x 0
y 2 = 4x .
,
y 2 = 4 x .
5. z = x + iy ,
=1,2,..., ,
216
z1 + z 2 + ... + z = ( x1 + x 2 + ... + x ) + i ( y1 + y 2 + ... + y )
, z1 + z 2 + ... + z = 0 ,
x1 + x 2 + ... + x = 0 y1 + y 2 + ... + y = 0
, ,
y
z1 , z 2 ,..., z
y = x , R
y
,
( y > x )
( y < x ),
(1)
z
()

y1 + y 2 + ... + y > ( x1 + x 2 + ... + x )
y1 + y 2 + ... + y < ( x1 + x 2 + ... + x ) .
, (1), 0 > 0 0 < 0 , .
6. , (1 z ) = z ,
:
| (1 z ) |=| z ||1 z | =| z |
|1 z |=| z |
z = x + yi ,
x O
1/2 1
x=1/2
| (1 x) yi |=| x + yi |
(1 x) 2 + y 2 = x 2 + y 2
1 2 x = 0
x=
1
.
2
1
, x = .
2
7. ) f ( x) = x 2 + x + , , R 0
, , xR
. f ( ), f ( ) ,
, f ( ) f ( ) > 0 , ( 2 + + )(2 + + ) > 0 .
)
z 2 = z1 , :
( az12 + z1 + )(z 22 + z 2 + ) = (az12 + z1 + )(z12 + z1 + )
217
= (az12 + z1 + )(z12 + z1 + )
=| az12 + z1 + | 2 > 0 ,
z1 z 2 + z + .
8. z =1 :
z =
2
2
+ i
,
= 0,1,2,..., 1 .
1+ z1 + z 2 + ... + z 1 = 0
2( 1) 2
2( 1)
2
4
4
1+ + + ... +
+ i + + ... +
=0 .
2( 1)
2
4
+ + ... +
=0
2( 1)
2
4
+ + ... +
= 1 .
1
1.1, 1.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.3
r r r r r
B = ( F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5 ) .
(i) , (ii)
, (iii) .
r r r
r r
(i) + , (ii) ,
r r r r r r
(iii) + .
1.
2.
3.
B = E .
AB = (OB OA) (O O ) .
r r
.
.
4.
5.
6.
1.3
1.
2.
3.
4.
r
1, .
r
r
1r 7 r
(i) 2 3 , (ii) .
4
4
BM = 2 M .
r r 1 r r
r r 1 r r
(i) + , ( + ) , , (2 ) ,
3
3
2 r r
(ii)
( 2 )
3
5.
E = 3 A
6.
K = 3 KM
7.
8.
1
A = ( A + A ) .
2
1
OK = (O + O ) .
2
9.
AB + A = 2 AN .
10.
AB = A .
11.
E = AE A .
r
r
(i) x = y . (ii) (i)
(iii) x = 0
1
E =
EZ
x KA + y K + z K = 0

MA = MB , MA= MB .
G = OG O G = 2 G
A = B
7.
8.
.
r r
r
r r
r
r
r
r = + y( ) ,
r = 5 + x(3 5 )
9.
.
1.4 A
2,1 4,3 6,5 | + 2 |, | 1|
| y |, | x |
(i) 2
(ii) 1
2
2
2 (3,4)
r
r 1r
1r r r 1r 1 r
7. () i , i + j , i + j , 2 j , 2i + j ,
2
2
2
2
r r
2i + j
r
r 1r
r 1r
1r r
() i + j , i j , i , i + j ,
2
2
2
r 3r
1r r r
i , i 2 j , 2i + j
2
2
8. (i) (3,0)
(ii) (0,3)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
228
1.4
1. (1,1), (2,4), (4,3), (4,2) (1,0)
2. 5 -1
3. M 1M 2 = M 4 M 3
4.
A(1 , 1 ) , B (2 , 2 ) ( x, y ) .
r r
r
5. , r
.
1.5
1. (i) 13, -78, -25
(ii) 2 + 5 = 0
2. 62, 24 5 , 48, 24 5
1
3. (i) -1
(ii)
2
2
3 2 3
,
4.
,
,

13 13 13 13
5. 0
3
1
4
(ii)
(iii)
6. (i)
4
7
3
2
7.
3
r r r
8. ( ) = 0
r r
9. u v = 0
r r
10. v = 0
11. AB = 0
r 9 r 22 11
12. = + ,
5 5 5
13. 15,
14. -15
593
r
r
15. (i)
r
r
(ii)
1.5 B
1.
r r
3. (i) u
r r
r r
u ,
(ii) u v = 0 .
r r
r
4. (2 + ) 2 = ( ) 2 .
5. :
( x 2 + y 2 )( 2 + 2 ) (x + y ) 2 = ( x y ) 2 .
6.
r
r
u = (, ) v = (, ) .
r r
r r
(ii) 0.
7. (i) ( + ) , ( ) ,
r r r r r r
8. (i) , , .
r
r
( + ) 2 0 , = = 0 .
r r
2. | |2 = 2 .
9. B Z = 0
10. .
11. .
1. AB// A .
1
2. AM = ( AB + A ).
2
3. | AM |= 4
r
r r
4. | | | | | | ,
r r
, .
5. (i)
AH B = H A = 0 = H AB ,
1
1 r r r
(ii) ( + + ) , (iii) OG = GH .
2
3
r r
r
r
r
6. x = r r .
1 r r
1 r r
EK = ( + ) ,
E = ( + ) ,
7. (i)
2
2
1 r 1 r r
EM = +
( ) ,
2
8.
, . 28.
(ii) KM =
4,
229
2
2.2
2.1
1. (i) 1,
(ii) 2,
(iii)
1
.
2
,
(ii) = ,
4
4
(iv) = 0 .
(iii) = ,
2
2 1
3. (i) y = x , (ii) x =1 , (iii) y = x .
3
3
1
1
4. (i) y = 3x + 3 , y = x + , y = 2 x 2 ,
2
2
1
(ii) y = 3x + 3 , y = x + 3 , y = 2 x + 3 .
2
5. (i)

,
(ii) y = x + 4 , y = x .
2. (i) =
6.
AB = A =1 .
7.
y=
8.
y = x +1 .
x+
.
+
+
2.1
1.
y = x + 3 , y = x +1 .
2.
y = x + 3 , y = 2 x + 6 , B( 3,0) , (4,2) ,
2
6
y= x .
7
7
3. x = 2
1
+
,
x+
y = x .
4. (i) y =
5.
6.
2
y= x+6 .
3
AP = 2 +
1
= BQ
2
1. R
x y.
=1 ,
=0 ,
=0 .
12 18
(ii) , .
13 13
3
2. (i) y = x ,
2
1
y = x 6 .
4
4. (i) (2,4) ,
(ii) 0,416
5. = 2 = 0 .
6. = 1
3.
2.2
1. (i)
(ii) .
2. (-1,2).
3. (1,1).
4. = 450 .
5. y = x =
.
+
6.
2 9
K , .
5 5
7.
y=
2
.
x
2.3
1. (i)
2 , (ii) 2 5 , (iii)
2. (i)
1 = 2 =
6 13
13
89
5
, (ii) 51
,
8
89
119 89
.
89
4
3. (i) 1 = 2 = ,
3
4. M(12,-2).
(iii)
5.
y = 3 x 5 10 .
(ii) d = 3 .
(iv) 0.
68 89
89
230
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
3
1
3
1
y = x + 2 13 , y = x + + 2 13 .
2
2
2
2
(i) 9, (ii) 35, (iii) 0.
M (0,0) M (14,0) .
M (7,2) M (1,0) .
E = 20 .
2.3
5.
d=
( )
2 + 2
6. (i) x ( 2 + 3 ) y = 0 , x (2 3 ) y = 0 .
(ii) 1 2 + 2 1 = 0 .
7. (i) | |=| | ,
8. (i) < 0 > 0 , (ii) , , .
1.
y=x
2.
15
10
M
,0 M ,0 .
2
3
3.1
3.
y = (6 + 4 2 ) x 4 4 2 ,
1. (i) x 2 + y 2 = 4 ,
4.
5.
6.
7.
y = x
y = (6 4 2 ) x 4 + 4 2 ,
y = 2 x + 4 .
4
yy y = x .
3
37 23
M , M (9,7) .
7
7

0.

(i) M , ,
2 2
PQ 0.
(ii) AB PQ = 1 ,
(iii) p =

.
, q=
2
2
2
8. 2 x 16 y 1 = 0 , 64 x + 8 y + 33 = 0 .
3
4 1
y = x+3 .
9. y = x +
3
3
2
10. 3 x + 4 y 11= 0 , 3 x + 4 y + 21= 0 .

1. x =1 y = 0 .
2. x + y =1
3.
.
4.
2 x 2 y + ( ) = 0 .
(ii) x 2 + y 2 = 2( 2 + 2 ) ,
(iii) x + y = 2 ,
2. (i) y = 2 x + 5
(ii) y = 2 x + 5
(iii) x + 2 y = 5
2
(iv) x 2 + y 2 = 2 + 2 .
y = 2x 5
y = 2 x 5
x 2y =5 .
3. .
4.
y= x2 .
5. (i) x 2 + ( y 1) 2 = 4
(ii) ( x 3) 2 + ( y 5) 2 = 25
(iii) ( x 4) 2 + ( y 4) 2 = 52
( x 4) 2 + ( y + 4) 2 = 5 2
(iv) ( x 6) 2 + ( y 6) 2 = 40
(v) ( x 6) 2 + ( y + 9) 2 = 85
(vi) ( x 3) 2 + ( y 2) 2 = 22
2
3 15
9
(vii) x + + y = .
2 8
8
6. (i) K (2,3), = 4
(ii) K (5,6), = 9
35
3
(iii) K 1, , =
2
12
(iv) K (2,5 ), = 3| | .
7. (i) y = 1
(ii) y = .
8.
A(1,0) .
231
3.1
1.
.
2.
.
3.
M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) M 2 ( x2 , y2 )
( x0 , y0 ) .
4.
x 2 + y 2 = 9 2 .
3.
2 3
B 1,
4.
yy
.
p
5. BE = = .
y1
5. x 2 + y 2 = ( 2 ) 2 .
6. (i) EA EB
6. ( x 5) 2 + y 2 = 42 .
7. K (2,0)
7.
(2,0) = 2 2 .
8.
O(0,0) .
9.

x = + y =
10. ( x 1) 2 + ( y 2) 2 = 5 .
B ( x1 ,0) ,
(ii) EK AB = 0
p
, y1 .
2
,
.
8. (ii)
.
3.3
x2 y2
x2
y2
+ =1 ,
(ii)
+
=1
25 9
144 169
x2 y 2
x2 y2
(iii)
+ =1 , (iv)
+ =1
169 25
25 9
x2 y 2
+ =1 .
(vi)
5 5
4
2. (i) = 2, =1 ,
1. (i)
3.2
1. (i) y 2 = 4 x , (ii) y 2 = 2 x , (iii) y 2 = 4 x .
2. (i) E (2,0), : x = 2 , (ii) E ( 2,0), : x = 2 ,
(iii) E (0,1), : y = 1 , (iv) E (0,1), : y =1
(v) E (,0), : x = , (vi) E (0, ), : y =
4. A(4,4), B(-4,4).
1
1
(ii) y = x
5. (i) y = x 1
2
4
(iii) y = x 1 y = x 1 .
6. :
1
1
y = 2x 4 ,
y= x
2
4
3.2
1. (1,2)
(1,-2).
2. (-1,0)
(ii) =13, = 6 ,
3.
2 5 2 5
.
K
,
5
5
4. .
5. .
6. (i) y = 3 x + 4
y = 3x 4
2 21
2 21
y = 2 x
3
3
(iii) y = 3 x + 4 y = 3x + 4
7. .
(ii) y = 2 x +
232
3.3
1.
.
2. .
3. ( ME ) + ( ME ) = 2
( ME ) 2 ( ME ) 2 = 4x .
4. x1 = 1 y1 = 1
.
5. ( M 1 N 2 ) 2 = ( M 2 N1 ) 2 ,
=
6.
(, )
7. (i) y = x 3 y = x + 3
(ii)
(iii) y = x 3 y = x +12 .
3.4
1.
, 1
.
x
2. (i) ( A ) = 2 1
y1
( A ) = 2
(, ) .
7. (i) ( ) = 2
( x1 )
| y1 |
( ) = 2
3.
( + x1 )
| y1 |
(ii) .
2
2
8. p =
q =
.
x1
y1
3.4
2
x
y
y
x
=1 , (ii)
=1
25 144
36 64
x2
x2 3 y 2
2
(iii)
y =1 ,
(iv)
= 1 .
4
111 592
2. (i) = 4 , = 3 ,
(ii) = = 2 ,
4.
5.
6.
5.
6.
1. (i)
3.
4.
(iii) = 5 , =12 ,
= 300 ,
()=.

.

y = x y = x + .
x1 +
.
y1
(ii) .
M 1M 2 M 3 M 4
.

M 2 1 2

OM 1M 2 .

r
r
1 = (, ) 2 = (, ) .

C1 M 1 ( x1 , y1 )

( ,0) A2 .
3.5
1. (i) (1,0), (3,0)
(ii) (-2,0), (-2,4)
(iii) (4,-2), (2,-2)
11
(iv) (4,-4), 4, .
2
2. (i) O( 2,0) , = 5 , = 3
1
2
(iii) O( 4,2) , = 3 , = 2
(ii) O(2,0) , = 2 , =
233
(iv) O(3,1) , = 4 , = 3 .
3. (i) O(2,4) , = 2 , = 21
4.
5.
(ii) O(1,2) , = 3 , = 2 .
= 3 = 5 .
y = x + 1 y = x 1 .

1. (i) C K (,0)
2 +1 .
(ii) C
(0,1) (0,-1).
| |
| 2 + |
, d ( K 2 , ) =
2. (i) d ( K1 , ) =
2
+1
2 +1
3
2 3
(ii) =
=
3
3
= 3 = 2 3 .
3
3
y =2
3. (ii) ()
x 1
() y = 2 x
.
4. (i) x 2 + ( y 2 ) 2 = 2 (1 + 2 )
(ii) =
3
x2 y 2
5.
=1 .
5 4
6. t
4 x 2 y 2 = 4 .
2
1
(ii) = .
2
2
10. C,
(i) d ( M , K ) d ( M , ) = R
()
(ii) d ( M , K ) + d ( M , ) = R + ()
(iii) d ( M , K ) d ( M , ) = R ().
x y
+
=1
11. (i)
9. (i) =
(ii)
3 5 7
.
,
,
,
4 4 4 4
4
4.1
+1
3.
<

3 .
4.2
OA1 OA2
(4t ,4t ) ((-t ),(-t ))
.
7. ( x0 , y0 )
,
2x + y
M 1 0 0 , y0 + 2 x0 ,
2
2x y
M 2 0 0 , y0 2 x0 .
2
1. (i) = 7 = 5
(ii) = 8 = 5
(iii) = 7 = 6 (iv) = 8 = 5 .
2. (ii) 2 = .
3. = 2 +1 , Z .
4. .
4.2
1. ( = 37 = 31 ) ( = 38 =14 )
2. x .
3. 2 , 2 2 = 8 +1
2 = 8 +1 , , N .
4. =5 + ,
= 0,1,2,3,4 .
5. (ii) (i) , , x.
(iii)
4 + 2 , Z
.
234
4.3 A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(i) 200, (ii) 40, (iii) 8, (iv) 1.

= = .
11 .
= + 2 .
.
:
) , ,
,
) , ,
.
4.3
1. (ii)
2 = 4 +1 ,
N
( +1)( + 2) = 2 , N .
2. = 2 = 2 +1 ,
Z .
3. = 2
+1 = 2 , , Z .
4. = .
5. (i) =6 + ,
= 0,1,2,3,4,5 ,
(ii) : 2 +1= ( + 2) + ( 1) ,
(iii) : 3 + 3 2 4 = ( 1) ( + 4) = ...
6.
7.
( + ) ( + ) .
(ii) 12
(iii) 12
1 |1 2 |1 .
4.4
1. (i)
= ( + , )
| 2
= (2 + , + 2 )
(ii)
| 3 .
2. = 4 + 2 , Z = 4 + 2 ,
Z .
3. (2 + 3,5 + 7) =1 .
4. x = (, ) = [, ] x | ,
x | , | x | x .
5. ( ,) = 30 (, ) =12
2 | (, ) , .
6. .
7. (i) = (, ) = (, )
| |

= ... .
(ii) [, ] =
(, )
8. [, , , ] = [[, ],[ , ]]= ...
4.4
1. (i) 1
5,6.
,
.
7. = (, ) = (, , + )
| | .
8. (i) (ii) = .
9. 1 = (, ) 2 = ( , )
4.5
(iv) 12.
2. (i), (ii)
( , ) = ( , ) ,
(iii) I (ii),
(iv) = ( + 2,2) ,
(v) (, +1) =1 .
4. = ( + , x + y )
|1 .
1. 4.
2. (i) = 8
(ii) = 24 .
3. (i) =1 , + = 3
(ii) 2 =1 + 2 = p
(iii) 1=1 , +1= 3 p = 5 .
4. 3 p = ( 1)( +1) .
235
5. 3 1= ( 1)( 2 + +1)
+1= ( +1)( +1) .
3
6. 2 = 4 +1 2 = 4 +1 .
7. p | = p , Z .
( , ) 1
8.
p (a ,a ) .
10. = 2 ,
= p p ... p
1
1
2
2
3. (i) x = 2 26 , y =1+ 37 , Z ,
(ii) x = 31 +1 , y = 47 1 , Z .
4. (i)
3x + 5 y 3 + 5 = 8 15 , (ii), (iii)
.
5. (1,18), (2,16), (3,14),(9,2), (10,0).
4.6
.
1. (11,5) .
2. 100 = 56 + 44 .
4.5
2 +2
, = (, ) .
4. x > 0
y >0 .
33 2 1
5.
= + .
91 7 13
1.
,
p,
.
2. 1.
3. = pA p /| A = p 2 B
p /| B .
3.
4. (i) 4 + 4 = ( 4 + 4 2 + 4) 4 2
4.7
= ( 2 + 2) 2 (2 ) 2 = ...
(ii) 8 +1= (2 )3 +1= x 3 +1= ( x +1)( x 2 x +1)

x = 2 .
5. 34 = 43 , 34 | .
6. p
= 0,1,2 .
p = 3 + ,
7. (i) x( x 2 + x +1) =1 3
(ii) p =112 x( x +1) .
8. ,
= p11 ... p
= p11 ... p
p1 , p2 ,..., p
.
2. (i), (ii), (iv).

3. O =11 + 6, Z .
4. (i) = 3 + 2 = 4 +1
(ii) .
5. (i) 23 1(mod7) , (ii) 9 1(mod8)
(iii) 33 1(mod7)
(iv) 52 1(mod 26) .
6. (i) 52 1(mod8) , (ii) 33 2(mod5) ,
(iii) 2 4 1(mod15) , (iv) 52 4(mod 21) .
7. (i) 9 (ii) 43.
4.7 B
4.6
1. (ii), (iii), (iv).
2. (i) x =1+ 3t y =1 2t , t Z ,
(ii) x = 2 + 2t y =1+ 3t , t Z ,
(iii) x = 2 + 5t y = 1+ 7t , t Z ,
(iv) x = 2 + 3t y =1+ 5t , t Z .
1. xZ x 2 0,1(mod3) .
2. p 1,3,7,9(mod10) .
3. = 5 + 2 , Z
4. x = 2 +1= 3 + 2 ( ).
5. (i) 0,1,2,...,5(mod6)
(ii) 5 (mod 2) 5 (mod5) .
236
6. (i) m | ( ) , (ii) m | n( )
7. = + m , Z .
8. (i) 39 = 313 (3,13) =1 .
(ii) 111 19mod7) 333 4(mod7) .
9 (ii) .
10. p 1,2(mod3) .
11. 3| ( p 2 q 2 ) 8| ( p 2 q 2 ) .
12. 77 7(mod10) 333 3(mod10) .
13. 2 1(mod3) .
1.
, +1,..., + ( 1) .
2. = 6, = 3, = 6 =14 , = 9
=1 .
3.
, + 2, + 4,..., + 2( 1) ,
.

+ = Z
4. (ii)

2 + 2 = .
5. (i) . (, ) =

, =1... .

(ii) (i).
6. .
7. (i)
(ii) x 2 .
8. (i) 1= ( 1)( 1 + ... + +1)
(ii) = 2 ,
>1.
9. (i) (mod8) , = 0,1,...,7
(ii)
(i)
10. 100 = 4 25 , (4,25) =1 .
11. 2 = 2( 2) + 4 .
12. x 2 = y 2 + 24
13. .

14. (i) , =1 (ii) , =1
2 2
4 4
(iii) (, ) = 4 (iv) = 96

(v) (, ) = , , =1 .

15. , = p11 ... p

= p11 ... p i ,i 0 .
16. ,
.
5
5.1, 5.2
3
.
2
) x =1 , y = 2 ) -2
)
x = 15 ,
y = 27 .
) xx
) y = x .
) yy
) 3 + 4i
) 3 6i
) 0 ) 2 + 23i
) 25
) 1+ 7i .
) 3 +18i
1 1
) + i
) -1
) 2i
2 2
1. ) 6
2.
4.
5.
6.
4 7 2
i
3
3
1
2
) x = , y =
5
5
) 2 + 2 3i ) 1+i )
7. )
1
) x = , y = 0
2
8. ) 0
) 2i
9. ) 5 7i ) 4 + 9i
) 11
) i
) 4i
) 0
10. ) xx )
O(0,0) ) yy .
11. z2 = z1 .
12. ) y = 3
) x =1 .
) xx yy
237
13. ) 1,2
) 1 i 2
14. = 12 ,
= 26 .
1
3
i
2
2
5.3
5.1, 5.2
1.
=0 .
2. 2
3. 0
4. -2, 0, 2
1
3
5. ) 0, 1,
i
) 0, 1 , i .
2 2
6. z = x + yi .
7. i = i ( + i ) .
8. ) z = x + yi . )
u = u , v = v
1
9. ) x + y = yy O(0,0)
4
1
2
2
) x + y = xx O(0,0)
4
2
2,
2 , 5, 5, 5, 4, 1, 8, 5,
10
.
5
2. 2, 1, 1, 1.
3. ) z R
4. ) x 2 + y 2 =1
5.
6.
7.
8.
1. z = x + yi , Re( z ) = x , Im( z ) = y
.
2. w = w .
3. w= w .
4. w = w .
5. | w|=1
6. | z |=1
7. 4
1 15 15 60
8. y = x , ,
4
8 34 34
3
1
)
2
3
) x 2 + ( y 1) 2 =1
) ( x +1) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 = 9
)
) x 2 + y 2 = 2 .
)
(-1,0), (0,2).
)
(0,1)
(-1,0).

2i, 6i
| w 1|= 2 .
x22 y22
+ =1 .
52 32
1
1
)
= z1 ,
= z2 .
z1
z2
9. z2 = x2 + yi ,
10. ) | z |2 =1 zz =1
5.3
1.
9. | z |2 = zz .
5.4
1. ) 2 + i
3
3

) 2 - + i -
3
3
4
4
) 2 + i
3
3
2
2
) 2 + i
3
3
) 4( 0 + i 0)
) 4( + i ) .
2. ) 12 2 (1+ i )
) 10i
) i
3. )
5 5 3
3 1
+
i ) 6i )
+ i.
2
2
4 4
4. ) 4 + 4 3i
5. i .
) 38 ) 1.
238
6.
7.
2 +
3
) z = 2
1 + i 3
.
2
2 +1 .
6
8.
9.
3 1
2 2
10. 2
3 +1
.
2
2 2
2
4
2
.
3
3
5.4
1. ) 1
) -1
2. 1+ i , 1 i
.
3. .
4. ) y =
) y =
3
x +1 , x > 0
3
2
2
x+
, y >0
2
2
2
1 1
) x 2 + y = , O(0,0) .
2 4
100 105
)
5. ) 5i
+
i.
29 29
6. De
Moivre.
7. ) | w|= 2
2 +i 2 .
3
8.
.
3
9. 0 .
5.5
1. )
)
) .
3
3
.
2. ) i = + i
2
2
2 +
3
+ i
2 +
6
+ i
= 0,1,2,3
2 +
6
) z = 3
= 0,1,2,3,4
3. )
2 (1+ i )
= + i .
2
4
4
5
5
1 i 3
.
= + i
3
3
2
) 64 = 64( + i ) .
)
4. ) z 3 + 3z 2 + 4 z = 8 ( z 1)( z 2 + 4 z + 8) = 0
.
) z 2 = w , i , 2i .
2
5. 2 i ,
3
6. 4
7. : x 6 =1 ,
x 1 .
8. -3 i 3 .
5.5

1. ) 1 i = 2 + i
4
4
z 1
)
=1 i .
z +1
2.
( z +1) 2 ( z 2 + z +1)( z 2 z +1) = 0 .
3. z 7 +1= 0 z 7 = + i .
4.
5. 1, i, -1, -i
6.
.
7. ) 2, 4, -4,
) p=4, q =16 .
239
8. )
1
2i
) x 2
y2
=1
22
9.
( x 4 1)( x 5 1) = 0 .

1. )
2.
x2
1

y2
1

=1 .
x 2 y 2 =1 .
27 9
3. ) y = 3x 7 ) y = 3x 9 ) A ,
10 10
4. )
5
2 1
K , =
3
3
3
) y 2 = 4 x .
6.
.
7. )

)

.
8.

1+ z1 + z2 + ... + z 1 = 0 .

Lisari B Lyk Math Kat

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1

(ii) | x |< 2 2 < x < 2

(i) | y |> 2 y < 2 y > 2

( MA) = ( MB) | MA|=| MB || MA| 2 =| MB | 2 MA 2 = MB 2

AB = (6 3,4 + 2) = (3,2) = (11,2 5) = (2,3) .

, (1), (2) (3),

= (OB + OM ) (OM OB)

((r xr) r ) r = (r + xr)r

|5(2) + 33 +1| | 10 +10|

7. (i) AB = (6, 0) A = (4, 3) .

(ii) AB = (4, 10) A = (7, 0) .

(iii) AB = (2, 2) A = (6, 6) .

, (14, 0) (0, 0).

| 2 |=| 2|| |=1 = 1 .

AB// A det( AB, A ) = 0

M , P, Q . , PQ AB = 0 det( MP, MQ) = 0

|3x 4 y +1| |5 x +12 y + 4|

13(3x 4 y +1) = 5(5 x +12 y + 4)

13(3x 4 y +1) = 5(5 x +12 y + 4)

(ii) y 2 = 2(4) x . , E (2,0)

AOB = 90 0 OAOB = 0 ( x1 , y1 )( x1 , y1 ) = 0 x12 + y12 = 0

E AB = ( p, y1 )(2 x1 , y1 ) = 2 px1 + y12 = 2 px1 + 2 px1 = 0 ,

(ii) 169 x 2 +144 y 2 = 24336

2 x12 + 2 x 22 + 2 y12 = 2 x 22 + 2 x12 + 2 y 22

xx1 + yy1 =1 xx1 + yy1 =1

(6), (5), 3 y12 4 y12 =12 , , y12 = 12 ,

(OM 2 M 1 M 3 ) = 2(OM 1 M 2 ) =| det(OM 1 ,OM 2 ) |

= 0 ( +1) 2 4 2 = 0 +1= 4 +1= 4

(ii) ) =1, (2), (3) (4),

OA = (4,4) = (4t ,4t ) ,

OM = OA+ OB = (4t ,4t ) + (t , t )

7. (i) (,2 ) ( ,2 ) , , > 0 ,

( +1)[(2 +1) + 6( +1)]

1 2 + 2 3 + ... + ( +1) + ( +1)( + 2) =

( +1) 2 = 2 + 2 +1 > 2 +1+ 2 +1= 4 + 2

(iii) a 2 1= (a 1)(a +1) a +1> a 1 p > 3 ,

( 2 1) p =15 ( 1)( +1) p =135 +1= 3

3 +1= p ( +1)( 2 +1) =1 p

2 + 2 = (2 +1) 2 + (2 +1) 2 = 4 2 + 4 +1+ 4 2 + 4 +1= 4 2 + 4 2 + 4 + 4 + 2

a = p12 1 p 22 2 ... p 2 = p11 p 22 ... p

p11 p 22 ... p = p11 p 22 ... p

4 + 4 , ( 1) 2 +1>1 ( +1) 2 +1>1 .

8 +1= (2 +1)(2 2 2 +1) .

, 34| 43 (34,43) =1 , 34| . ,

x 2 + x + p =112 p =112 x( x +1) .

y > 0 1+ 47t > 0 t > 1

y > 0 1344 19t > 0 t < 1344

y > 0 t > 0 t <1

2. (i) Z , (15 +1) 1=15 = 3

(ii) Z , (15 +1) + 4 =15 + 5 = 5

431500 (mod100) , 7 3 = 343 43(mod100)

, 0,1,2(mod 3) , 2 0,1(mod 3) , (1).

, 2| ( x +1) 3| ( x +1) , 2 3| ( x +1) , (2,3) =1 .

8. (i) 39 = 313 (3,13) =1 ,

53 = 318 1 103 = 334 +1 ,

53103 +103 53 (1)103 +153 0(mod 3) . 3| (53103 +103 53 ) .

53103 +103 53 1103 + (1) 53 0(mod13) . 13| (53103 +103 53 ) .

111333 + 333111 (1) 333 + 4111 (mod 7)

1+137 (mod 7) , 641(mod 7)

9. (mod 5) , = 0,1, 2, 3, 4 , 2 2 (mod 5) ,

3 2 = 9 1(mod10) 333 = 2 166 +1 .

333 333 3(mod10) .

21999 + 21997 1> 3 ,