18-759: Wireless Networks Lecture 17: Cellular

Peter Steenkiste Departments of Computer Science and Electrical and Computer Engineering Spring Semester 2010
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/wirelessS10/
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Outline
Cellular landscape p AMPS GSM
HSCSD GPRS EDGE

CDMA OFDM Some slides provided by Rui Aguiar University of Aveiro

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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The Cellular Landscape

FDMA 5-10 bps/Hz 0.15bps/Hz 0.30 bps/Hz Max. rate ~ Max.rate 64Kbps Max.rate 2 Mbps 100Mbps/1Gbs p TDMA &CDMA TDMA CDMA and WCDMA TDMA,CDMA d WCDMA
2G Digital Modulation Convolution coding Power Control 2.6G/3G Hierarchical cell structure Turbo-coding 4G Smart antennas? MIMO? Adaptive Systems OFDM Modulation

1G Analog

AMPS TACS NMT C-450

PDC GSM HSCSD GPRS IS-54/IS-136 IS-95/IS-95A/IS-95B PHS

EDGE Cdma2000 WCDMA/UMTS 3G 1x EV-DO 3G 1X EV-DV 3

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Cellular Standards
2G systems: digital voice y g
GSM - FDMA/TDMA, most widely deployed, 200 countries, a billion people IS-95 - rst CDMA-based cellular standard, developed by Qualcomm IDEN - TDMA, Nextel, merged with Sprint, being phased out for CDMA2000 IS-136 - uses FDMA/TDMA, North America, Cingular and US Wireless, being phased out for GSM, CDMA2000

2.5G systems: voice and data channels

GPRS - evolved from GSM, packet-switched, 170 kbps (30-70 in practice) CDMA2000 1xRTT - evolved from IS-95, 144 kbps 4

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Cellular Standards
2.75G - almost 3G in speed p
EDGE - another enhancement of GSM, 384 kbps, 2.75G Thanks to new modulation scheme (8PSK) may coexist with GMSK

3G: voice (circuit-switched) and data (packetswitched)

UMTS - W-CDMA, successor to GSM networks, 384 kbps - 2 Mbps, European, some Japan, Cingular in U.S. CDMA2000 1xEV - CDMA2000 with high data rates - 3.1 Mbps up, 1.8 Mbps down, U.S., Japan, Korean, Canada Verizon, Sprint

4G: 10 Mbps and up, seamless mobility between dierent cellular technologies, mesh, etc.
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

GSM Evolution
Messages
SMS Short Message Service News USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data

Data:
HSCSD High Speed Circuit-Switched Data GPRS General Packet Radio Service Edge Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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HSCSD
Based on fast circuit switching, introduced in phase 2+ (1997). (1997)
Non optimum solution for packets (cost/capacity)

Same GSM layers

Same interoperation function in MSC, same transport network

Uses multiple time slots per user (max 6)

Changes link level protocol Bitrates: 19.2 ; 28.8 ; 28.4 ; 48 ; 56 and 64 kb/s. Asymmetric configurations (n slots on the uplink and m slots on the downlink). Increases blocking probability of the system
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

GPRS
General Packet Radio Service Packet-oriented transport service, for data network connections (Internet) GPRS features:
Better transmission bit rates(max 150kbps). Allows burst communications (immediate: connections in <1s) New network applications New billing mechanisms (user-oriented: by traffic p ex ) traffic, p.ex.)

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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GPRS principles
Transmission of non-periodic and bursty data (e.g.: mails),
Frequent small packets (e.g.: t l F t ll k t ( telematic, billi and micro-payments), ti billing d i t ) Large but unfrequent packets (e.g.: ftp).

Higher bit-rates per TCH (9.05 ; 13.4 ; 15.6 ; 21.4 kb/s), Higher bit-rates with up to 8 time slots per user, Channel sharing by active terminals, Separate allocation of uplink and downlink channels, Separate packet transmission network between the BSC and external packet transmission networks: GSS (based on SGSN and GGSN).
GSS: GPRS SubSystem 9

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

GPRS Architecture
New entities are defined
SGS SGSN serving G S support node g GPRS pp GGSN gateway GPRS support node Interfaces between entities GPRS, GSM, core, e PSTN

Transmission plane
Data packets are transmitted by a tunnel mechanisms

Control plane
GTP: a protocol for tunnel management (create remove etc ) (create, remove, etc..) GPRS Tunnel Protocol

Radio interface
Changes the logical channels and how they are managed Keeps the concept of master-slave
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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GPRS Architecture
SGSN
BSC BTS BTS EIR Gb Gf Gs Gp Gn Gr Gc GGSN D MSC/VLR HLR Other GPRS networks GGSN

MT

Gi

PDN

SGSN serving GPRS support node GGSN gateway GPRS support node
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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GPRS introduction in a GSM network

IN Plate-form BTS Abis A BTS BSC PCU Gb SGSN Gs G r, G d, G f Gn GPRS backbone SS7 Network EIR Gf Gr MSC/VLR HLR PSTN TRAU
... .. .
< ^>

..

Border Gateway

Gc

Service WAP S i WAP, plate-form WWW, ... Router LAN

GGSN Inter-operator GPRS backbone

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Internet PDN

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GSM to GPRS Evolution

BSS Evolution: Replace/Upgrade existing elements: BTS, BSC, O&M, Network planning, Links (Abis, Ater, ). New element: PCU (Packet Controller Unit). NSS Evolution A new core network (GSS) dedicated to GPRS: IP/ATM based, network packet nodes (SGSN,GGSN), Internet equipment (DNS servers, Firewalls, ). Evolution of the network elements: HLR, MSC/VLR, SS7.
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) Functions

Gateway:
All Allows th connection t other IP or GPRS networks. the ti to th t k

Routing:
IP router which supports dynamic or static routing,

Mobility management:
Use of routing areas. Handover management between the BSCs and other SGSNs. All Allows th routing of th packets t the ti f the k t towards th users SGSN d the SGSNs, according to their mobility.

Sessions management:
At each session, the SGSN activates a PDP (Packet Data Protocol) context, and allocates an IP address to the MT.
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GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) Functions

Security:
Ciphers the communications towards or from the mobiles. Includes firewalls for filtering the packets coming from external IP networks.

Authentication:
At Attach and inter-SGSN RA updates.

Billing:
Production of the CDRs according to the quantity of information and the session duration (attachment, duration of active PDP context).

SMS:
Supports the Gd interface for the communications with the SMS-GMSC and the SMS-IWMSC.
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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MT Registration
There is an explicit registration of the MT in the network:
GPRS attach GPRS detach can be started by the MT or by the network Location packets are periodically sent

HLR (modified!) keeps information on the MT status, including:

GPRS state (ready, standby, idle) QoS profile (priority 3, delay 4, reliability 5, throughput peak 9 and media 19) Context PDP (Packet Data Protocol)
Also stored in GS and in the GGSN and SGSN 16

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Connection Management
After attach: receive a packet with a PDP identifier
Acts as an address

PDP identifier: per session.

static: allocated by the MT home networks Dinamic: allocated by the GGSN

PDP profile:
Type PDP identifier de t e Requested QoS correspondent GGSN address

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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PDP context activation

MT SGSN
Activate PDP Context Request PDP type,PDP Address QoS Requested,Access Point, Security Functions Create PDP Context Request PDP type,PDP Address QoS N Q S Negotiated,Access Point, ti t d A P i t Activate PDP Context Accept PDP type,PDP Address QoS Negotiated, Create PDP Context Response PDP type,QoS Negotiated,

GGSN

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GPRS Radio Interface

Time Slot
0 F1 F2 F3 F4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4

Uplink

Carrier frequency

F1 F2 F3 F4

Downlink

User1 Voice User2 Voice

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

User3 GPRS User4 GPRS

User5 GPRS
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GPRS: logical channels

Group p
Packet data Traffic channel Packet broadcast control channel Packet common Control Channel (PCCCH)

Channel
PDTCH PBCCH PRACH PAGCH PPCH PNCH

Function Data Traffic Broadcast Control Random Access Access Grant Paging Notification
Associated Control

Direction MS MS MS MS MS MS MS BSS BSS BSS BSS BSS BSS BSS BSS

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Packet Dedicated Control Channels

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

PACCH PTCCH

Timing Advance Control MS

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Data Transfer (Uplink)

MT
PRACH or RACH PAGCH or AGCH PACCH PACCH

BSS Packet channel Request Packet Immediate assignment Packet resource Request Packet resource assignment Transmission T Frame T F Transmission i i Negative Acknowledgement Retransmission of blocks in error Acknowledgement

PDTCH PACCH PDTCH PACCH

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Data Transmission (downlink)

MT BSS

Packet paging request

PPCH or PCH PRACH or RACH PAGCH or AGCH PACCH PACCH or PAGCH

Packet channel Request Packet Immediate assignment Packet paging response Packet resource assignment Frame Transmission Negative Acknowledgement Retransmission of blocks in error Acknowledgement Paging Transmission

PDTCH PACCH PDTCH PACCH

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

Objective: Increase the data bitrates (GPRS EGPRS). EGPRS) Bitrates: - 473 kb/s for the terminals of 100 km/h maximum. - 80-130 kb/s on average. - 144 kb/s for the terminals of 250 km/h maximum. Means: -1- New modulation (8-PSK). -2- Link adaptation
New mobiles, upgrade/replacement of TRXs and capacity enhancement (Abis, ).
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
Announced as low-cost 3G (marketing) 2.5G evolution to GSM Improved GPRS structure, but retaining basic structure Improved data rates (144kbps a 470kbps) Improved spectrum efficiency (2-6x) EDGE supports GMSK & (new) 8-PSK Requires lots of changes in transceiver design!

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Goals of 3G?
Greater system capacity both in terms of users and bandwidth Good support for mobility at high data rates at high speeds cdma2000 (Qualcomm) vs. W-CDMA
W-CDMA is the air interface for Universal Mobile Telecommunication system (UMTS), successor of GSM Uses two 5MHz bands for up and down link UMTS sometimes also uses single band (TDD) cdma2000 is successor of Qualcomms cdma Uses two 1.25 MHz bands for up and down link Adds 64 orthogonal channels relative to IS95 Evolution Data Optimized (EV-DO) adds TDMA
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

CDMA uses codes to convert between analog g voice signals and digital signals. It then uses codes to divide voice and control data into data streams called channels

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CDMA Signal Generation

Analog to digital conversion (Pulse Code g g ( Modulation) Vocoding Encoding and Interleaving Channelization Conversion of the digital signal to a RF signal (modulation)

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Variable Rate Vocoder

Human speech is full of pauses (thinking, waiting to hear back, etc.) iti t h b k t ) CDMA vocoder varies compression of the voice signal into one of four data rates, based on the users speech activity The four rates are: Full, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 Full rate when the person talks very fast 1/8 when the person is silent or nearly so CDMA systems can use either a 8 Kbps or a 13 Kbps vocoder
Extended Variable Rate Coding (EVRC) vocoder produces the quality of the 13 Kbps vocoding, with a 8 Kbps rate
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Encoding and Interleaving

Builds redundancy into the signal to recover y g information loss Encoding relies on convolutional encoding Simplified scheme is the repetition code: every bit is repeated three times The encoded bits are called symbols The decoder at the receiver uses a majority logic rule Combat burst errors (built in BTS and phones)
Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Interleaving
Reduce the effect of burst errors and recover lost bits Symbols are said to be interleaved or scrambled in a pattern that the receiver knows De-interleaving at the receiver unscrambles the bits, spreading any burst errors that occur during t d i transmission i i

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Channelization
The encoded voice is further encoded to separate it from other encoded voice data The encoded symbols are spread over the entire bandwidth of the CDMA channel The receiver knows the code and uses it to recover the data

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Code channels in CDMA

Code channel is a stream of data designated g for a specific use of person This channel may be voice data or overhead control data Channels are separated by codes The forward and reverse links use different types of channels yp

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Two types of codes

BTS to mobile
Walsh codes Nearly orthogonal codes Unique enough that the voice data can only be recovered by a receiver applying the same Walsh code

Mobile to BTS

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Pseudorandom Noise (NS) codes P d d N i d Appears to be random but is not 4.4 trillion combinations of code for CDMA Less computationally intensive (assigned during setup, hardwired set of codes for discovery)
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At the receiver
RF to digital signal g g Despreading of the signal De-interleaving and decoding Voice decompression Digital to Analog voice recovery

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Forward Link Channels

Pilot
The BTS constantly transmits here. The mobile uses this channel to acquire the system. Mobile uses the pilot signal to monitor and adjust its power

Sync
The BTS constantly transmits here. The mobile uses this channel for time synchronization system time and identification number of the cell site. The mobile ignores the sync channel after it is synchronized.

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Forward Link Channels

Paging g g
CDMA uses up to seven paging channels It transmits overhead information such as commands and pages to mobiles Traffic channel assignment during call set-up Mobile ignores paging channel after a traffic channel is established

Traffic
CDMA uses 55-61 forward traffic channels to send both voice and overhead control data during a call When the call is completed, the mobile tunes back into the paging channel

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Reverse Link Channels

Access
Register with the network Originate calls Respond to pages and commands Transmit overhead messages

Traffic
Only used when there is a call Transmits voice data to the BTS Transmits the overhead control information during the call

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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Call processing stages

Initialization
Acquires the system via the Pilot code channel Synchronizes with the system via the Sync code channel

Idle mode
Mobile and base station communicate over the access and paging code channels The mobile obtains overhead information via the paging code channel

Access mode
Call origination Use of access and paging channels for call set up until a traffic channel has been established

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Call Overhead Messaging

Uses Dim and Burst or Blank and Burst signaling, which replaces part of the voice traffic with system messages Strong data recovery schemes prevent the user from detecting this

Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

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cdma2000 vs W-CDMA
cdma2000 Chip Rate 3.6864 Mbps W-CDMA 4.096 Mbps TDM dedicated Pilot

Downlink Pilot for CDM common Channel pilot Estimation

Antenna Beamforming BS Synchronization

Aux. Pilot

TDM dedicated Pilot Asynchronous

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Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU

Synchronous

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cdma2000/W-CDMA similarities
Coherent forward link (FL) and reverse link (RL) ( ) ( ) Fast power control in FL and RL Variable length orthogonal Walsh sequences for FL channelization Complex QPSK spreading on FL and RL Identical Polynomials for Convolutional Codes Parallel t b P ll l turbo codes for higher data rates d f hi h d t t

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cdma2000/W-CDMA similarities
Variable spreading factors for higher data p g g rates Mobile assisted inter-frequency hard handoff procedures Variable rate operation with blind rate estimation for simple services (voice) Continuous reverse link operation p

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What is Next?
OFDM WiMAX Long Term Evolution Cellular Landscape

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References
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDDEsX7v p y aII http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bur9hq_ab og

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