Structural Engg Formulas

SnnucrrlRAr', ExcrxnERrNG
tr'onuul-,AS
. IIORSION . IMPACT . COMPRESSION . TENSION BENDING
FOUNDATIONS
. . BNAMS ' FRAMES . ARCIIES IIRUSSES PLA.IES . PIPES AND TUNNELS . RE||ATNING WALLS
ILYA MrriHBr,soN, PII.D'

ILLL]SITRATIONS BY LIA MIKISLSON, M.S.
MCGRAW.HILL LONDON MADRID NE$,YORI< CIIICAGO SNF'RANCISCO LISBON CITY MILAN NES'DEI,HI SAN JUAN SNOUL MEXICO SINGAPORT SYDNEY ITORONIIO
.'..
Library of Congress Catatoging-in-publication

Mikhelson, llya.
Data
Structural engineering formulas / ilya Mikhelson. cm.
To my wif e and son
p.
tsBN 0-07-14391 1-0 1. Structural enginering-Mathematics. TA636.M55 2004
2. Mathematics_Formulae. L Tifle. 2004044803
624.1'02'12-4c22
copyright
@ 2004 by llya lvlikhelson. AII rights reserued. printed in the united states of America. Except as permitted under the united states copyright Act of 1 976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval svstem.
without the prior written permission of the publisher.

1
234567 890
DOC/DOC 01
0987654
lsBN 0-07-14391 1-0

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:-
CONTE
Preface
Acknowledgments Introduction Basis of Structural Analysis

Tables
1. Stress and Strain.
Methods ofAnalysis
't.1
Tension and compression Bending Combination of compression (tension) and bending Torsion Curved beams Continuous deep beams Dynamics, transverse oscillations of the beams Dynamics, impact
1.2,1.3
'1.4
1.5 1.6 1.7
1.8-1.10 1.1',t,1.12
2. Properties of Geometric Seciions

For tension, compression, and bending structures For toFion structures
2.'t-2.5
2.6
Statics
3. Beams.
Diagrams and Formulas forVarious Loading Conditions
Simple beams Simple beams and beams overhanging one support Cantilever beams Beams fixed at one end, supported at other Beams fixed at both ends Continuous beams Continuous beams: settlement of support Simple beams: moving concentrated loads (general rules)
3.1-3.3
3.4 3.5
3.6,3.7
3.8, 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.'12
CONTENTS
Bsams: influencs lines (exampls) Eeams: computation of bending moment and shear using influene lines (examples)
CONTENTS
3.13,3.14
Stress distribution in soil Settlement of soil
8.3
8.4,8.5
8.6 8.7
3.15,3.16
Diagrams and Formulas for Various Static Loadlng Conditions Diagrams and Formulas for Various Loading Conditions
5.1
Shear strength of soil; slope stability analysis Bearing capacity analysis
4, Framos.
5. Archos.
4.14.5
9. Foundations
Direct foundations Direct foundation stability; pile foundations Pile group capacity
9.1 9.2 9.3
Three-hinged arches: support reactions, bending moment, and axial force Symmetrical three-hinged arches of any shape: formulas for various static loading conditions Two-hinged parabolic arches: formulas for various static loading mnditions Fixed parabolic arches: formulas for various static loading @nditions Three-hinged arches: influen@ lines Fixed parabolic arches: influence lines Steel rope
5.2,5.3
5.4, 5.5
Pile capacity Rigid continuous beam elastilly supported
9.4 9.5-9.7
5.6,5.7
5.8 5.9 5.10
IV
Retaining
Structures
10.1-10.5
10. Retaining Structures

Lateral earth pressure on retaining walls Lateral eadh pressure on braced sheetings; lateral earth pressure on
6, Trusses.
Method of Joints and Method of Section Analysis
basement walls
10.6
Method ofjoints and method of section analysis: examples

Infl
6.1,6.2 6.3,6.4 11. Retaining Structures

Cantilever retaining walls; stability analysis Cantilever sheet pilings 2.1 Anchored sheet pile walls 11.1
uence lines (examples)
7. Plates.
Bending Moments for Various Support and Loading Conditions
| | Rectangular plates: bending moments and defloctions (uniformly distributed load) | Rectangular plales: bending moments (uniformly varying load) | Circular plates: bending moments, shear and defloction (uniformly distributed load) |
Rectangular plates: bending Rectangular plates: bending moments (uniformly distributed
moments
11.2 11.3
load)
7.2-T.s
2.0
V.
Pipes
1
and Tunnels
Bending Moments for Various Static Loading
7,7,1.9
7,g
2. Pipes and Tunnels.

Conditions
ilt.
Soils and Foundations

8. Soils
Engineering properties of soils Weighumass and volume relationships; flow of water in soil 8.1
1
Rectangular cross-section
12.1-12.5
3. Pipes and Tunnels.

Conditions
Circular cross-section
Bending Moments for Various Static Loading
8.2
13.1-13.3
ONTENTS
Appendix
Units: conversion between Anglo-American and metric systems Mathematical formulas: algebra l\4athematjcal formulas: geometry, solid bodies Mathematical formulas; trigonometry Symbols
u.1, u.2
M.1, M.2 M.3, M.4 M.5, M.6 s.1
This reference book is intended for those engaged in an occupation as important as lt is
PFIEFACE
interesting--{esign and analysis ofengineering structures. Engineering problems are diverse,
and so are the analyses they require. Some are performed with sophisticated computer programs; others call only for a thoughtful application of ready-to-use formulas. ln any situation, the
informationinthiscompilationshouldbehelpful.
ltwillalsoaidengineeringandarchitectural
students and those studying for licensing examinations.
llya N.4ikhelson, Ph.D
ACI(NO-wLEDGNIENTS
Deep appreciation goes to Mikhail Bromblin for his unwavering help in preparing the book's illustrations for publication. following order:
INTFIODUCTION
Analysis of structures, regardless of its purpose or complexity, is generally performed in the
.
The author would also like to express his gratitude to colleagues Nick Ayoub, Tom Sweeney, and Davidas Neghandi for sharing their extensive engineering experience.
Loads, both permanent (dead loads) and temporary (live loads), acting upon the structure are computed.
.
o
Forces(axisforces,bendingmoments,sheare,torsionmoments,etc.)resultinginthestructure
are determined.
Special thanks is given to Larry Hager for his valuable editorial advice.
Stresses in the cross-sections of structure elemnts are found. Depending on the analysis method used, the obtained results are compared with allowable or ultimate forces and stresses allowed by norms.
The norms of structuEl design do not remain constant, but change with the evolving methods of analysis and increasing strength of materials. Furthermore, the norms fof design of various struclures, such as bridges and buildings, are different. Therefore, the analysis methods provided in this book are limited to determination of forces and stresses. Likewise, the included properties
of
materials and soils are approximations and may differ from those
accepted in the norms.

AII the formulas provided in the book for analysis of structures are based on the elastic theory.
About the Author

llya Mikhelson, Ph.D., has over 30 years'experience in design, research, and teaching design of bridges, tunnels, subway stations, and buildings. He is the author of numerous other publications, including: Precast concrete for Underyround Construction, Tunnels and Subways, and Bu ild i ng Stru cture s.
L.
STFIESS
and
STFIAIN
Methods of Analysis
STRESS and STRAIN TENSION and COMPRESSION

eight
Tables 1.1-1.1 2 provide formulas for determination of stresses in structural elements for various loading
1.1
Axial force: N.
= YA(L_x), Y = unit volume weight,
conditions. To evaluate the results, it is necessary to comparc the computed stresses with existing
norm reouirements.
A = cross - sectional area. N Stresses:o.=;!=f( t__x), o,,=TL. o. r=0.

Detbmation:
Diogroms
a =11(zr-*). a ^=0. ' 2E'

:
A.
o..A'"A - l.
2FA W = yAL = weight of the beam E = Modulus of elasticity
=-'}L.=IY-L
2E
Axial force : tension, compressi

Stresses
PP
6- =
r.
(cross),
Defomation:
_-_4*-*
ta, e.=-i,
=L-L, (along), Ao =b-b,
e"=
ratio:
6
+4.
b
I
Poisson's
u=litl
L.
nooKes law
Temperature
6=t- =-: .F, o. P uo- uPa, =, L=-L=-L. A^ =c^b=-b:-b. EEAEEA ^ 0.at'EA ^-O*L!.
n
Case a/
Keacrron:
Axial
A, "=i.
L, k=--.
force N =-R (compression),
-Rcr'AtoERo.atoE A, lrl-k'"'
n
nA
k(n-l)+l
For A, =d,
b) -. *ato
o=6.r =62 =-61.4t08,

T"0
lt'=4-lj
Where
T"0
md
re
original and considered temperatures.
0 = coefficient of linear expansion

Ato >
tension stress. At0 <
compression srress.
Case b/
Deformation:
Ai = a.At"L
STRESS and STRATN

Tables 1.2 and 1.3a
BENDING
bcndtngslfcss;
1.2
Example.
Bending
o--.)
I
\4
civen. Shape
14x30, L=6m ^. Jnetrstress:
Area
Web
A=8.85in'? =8.85x2.54'? =57.097cm2
VS T=-
Depth h=13.84in=13.84x2.54=35.154cm
thickness d = 0.27jrn = 0.27 0 x 2.54 = 0.686cm width b=6.730in=6.730x2.54=1'7.094cm Flange thickness t=0.385in =0.385x2.54=0.978cm
Flange
lvloment of inertia
rr-q;r_
"..
lt
I
t %l^
I
l.b
Stresses
in x-y
oy =
plane:
0,
o" = 6, 1., ='tv ='c
T---_]______T
'u* --T;Z
=?
Moment diogrom
Principal stresses:
I.
= 29
hn'
= 29 \x 2.5 4' --
l2l
2 -3cm"
o o'^. -:l l/r/o'4r':

.
Section modulus S= 42.0inr =42.0x2.541 =688.26cm1 Weight of the beam ro = 30Lb
/ft
= 30x 4.448 I 0.3048 = 437.8 N /m = 0.4378 kN / m
Maxjmum shear (min) stresses:
Load P=80kN
Allowable stress
(assumed) [o] = 196.2 MPa, [r] = 58.9 MPa Required. Compute: o.,"* and x."*
*-------=
Sheor
Solution.
M=
-, (DL P 22
tvt o.,o, _
..rT A+l: 84
DT
_ 0.4378x 6, + 80x6 =
84
12
1.97 kN .m
"!4,. ?f----r: in''ti"o-ii-.n"ion" 9rj I ll-e Stresses
diogrom
v=f
r,,""
il/
=t;Vo,'+4r'
l/'_
The principal stresses and maximum (min)

shear stresses lie at
4378'6
22
8o
4t.3t kN
zi.zll
I
45' to
each othcr.
ljra,
o-diagram: t-tliagram:
_ 121.97x100(kN.cm)
688.26(cmr)
17.72 kN/cm': =177215.0 kN/m'?=177.215 MPa< 196.2MPa
.1t90 kN/crn'
llJ900 kN/m' = 18.9 MPa < 58.9 MPa
t!-^tfg{^-L, | ,A1,sv
F---iq-E;Fiq-lsvl
-11""
Stress diagrams
=*T, "".=0, ",,=-{ {", =0, ri" =#=#, =t "",

""
o",
#
u
lzl
o,""" -diagram:
q =*+,
L ue0d am fd
o,.," -diagram:
=+r=+!I,
24
o,, =o
E+ h l+E ffi, E E A-E.E_'E IBEIEEEE -g4gLBH PtrE

"" F*R
RH=EEItr
^3VM _-T=--" 6..,U,6

T,,,,
O ___
S
-diagram:
i =I
t,",,,
- t-=r-.
oM3V T 22S2A
_rt-+_
e-,8
-diagram:
t. -T
Note; "+
Stress diogroms
oM3V r22S2A
t--
"- Tension
"- "- Compression
:-
STRESS and STRATN

BENDING
She ear
VS str(ess: T=-
I,b
al
b/h'z . =!((h )rl;+Y )l=;l ;-Y'.)I' _y l;-Yll ;h
zl
L\+
b(h'
_.b
t2
-thr.
f
Case
') i[7-'"'J
6v(t' ,) bh'14 ')

x=
,h
2
0, for y=9;
b/
Tl lr
=0,
-i-bt
l
fh r) r,b lt-t)' I
I
v. /h t) 'r,d \2 2)
./ ol
Iiu,[fh
I
r,dl lt-t)\
r),
h \''l t-'l
-l
)l
n two directions
Bending moments.
tvomentduetoforce
e' V=nln4 + nt', M.=Mcoscr, Mr=Msino,

LM.]
[l!l
o-r
= r,-or
{Lsin o, M=PL
For case shown: M, = PyLcos d, M, =
Stress:
'f=-s fsindJ - =.,M( cosq+ s- ) """, tl

I
MIY'9'0 \r"lr)
Neutral
axis: tanB=Ia1uno.
ly
Deflection in direction of forc" f
'
A=
UI{ +{,
E^. case shown: ^ For ^--^ -L^...-. L. = '
P,L' ') :!L. A P' L' 3Et.. = lEr
==-
STRESS and STRATN

COMBINATION OF COMpRESSTON (TENStON) and BENDTNG
uompressron (Tension) and bending
1.4
stresses:
o=* t Yt tYr, A I, I""

6=_t:+- ';lJ PM,M
s, - s,'
e,
M,=P e", M,=P
hb' b.h, ^ h.b, ^ b.h, t,= = 12' ''=-r' t'= 6 ' n

Neutral axis:
i' i' y,,=lz, z"=!.

"Y
"r'
i,= Jr)
A, i" =r/i7a,
a=u.rr
ffi
]-i f ll -lil {l t '+ + {+

x
Euler's formula:
+) lt
li ^ ,= P.= n'EI for 1..,,)n,/^:..
(kr)'
R.
where R" is the elastic buckling strength.
kL . 1., -ilj1.
stress:
-1r o.^ Saj.
Axial compression (tension) and benl
Stresses:
compression o.," =
A-q'tJ
P"
NMoNa,,
tension
o.* NM"NA^ A S, S. , N'

P.
^{lb
where
: Mo and Ao:
max. moment and
ma.
deflection due to transverse loading
-9-
STRESS and STRAIN
roRStoN
Table 1.5
Example,
Torsion
civen.
cantilever
beam, L = 1.5m, for
profile see Table 1 5c
lr.s Bar of circular cross-section Stress: , =M'.9=M, I ) q'

-p-"n , fido Io=-=.9.16'. ^ rdl So=-:"
twisr:
eo
h=70cm, h, =30cm, h, =60cm, h, =40cm, br =4'5cm, bz=2'5cm, br =5 5cm Material: Steel, G=800kN/cm'? =8000 (MPa)
Torsion
=0.2d'.
moment M,
= 40 kN
'm
Angle of
180". M L.
Required. Compute
'[* and q" h1n Sofurion. !=i::=O.Ol . 10. cr =2.012, br 4.)
o/.
b/.
<10, c,=z.zr2
5'5a = 2024'12 cma
,-=. g\
Eot
lLnox
Clo
Where
G = Shear modulus of etasticity
lt=9=z+r
b2 2,5
1,,
10,
!-=4= br 5.5
cma,
7.27
= c,$l = 2.91274.5a = 825.04
I'. = c,6l = 2 212v
I, =",.',
h hr
="":"
t..no
6ov?
5l
ll-T-r '* .'klo
r\,,
Bar of rectangular Str.rl t*^l{'.
cross-section ,o1800.M'L.
Angleolrwist: s,ncl
=312.5cma,
lI,=t,,
+t,,+I,.=3161.66cm4
t,.h5.5=tt9tjuu =574 85 cml' =,

=
t'
[dJ"
t,
I=r
D
rr
h->ro:
,=T. r =i=T
40x{100) IY1L1II1=
6.958 kN/cm'? = 69580 kN/m'? = 69.58 MPa 180 .40x(100)x1.5x(100)
tr !<to: I, -c .b'. S, -c,.b,. t) ln point l: tr =T.u", inpoint 2: ,c2=c1.,t^,,.

l.J
/h a, c2
1.0 0. r40
2.0 0.457 0.493 o.795
3.0 0.790 0.80 0.75
4.0 123
1.150 0.'745
_ 180. M,L
6.0
8.0
10.0
n Gl, 3.14
For
800x3161.66
13.60
0.294 0.346 0.859
L789
1.789
2.4s6 2.4s6
0.742
3.t23
3.123 0.742
h/b>10
0.740
0.208 1.000
cl
0.'743
c/.
r=ts-F--t-{
F_h-
Profile consisting of re cta n g u I a r c ro s s - s e c t i o n s

Ceometricproperties:
-l ; '+l- *l l.aH;# -TTE]

fl" = ". [J'' EF
'F-i-
l"-tir*r
. g =-l' . Assumed: \.t0, lrrto b.;;

Dr b:
b3
,-I'
i=n
n=3
b,>b,
t,,
, I
b, =
-crbi .
>b, (i.e. h,bl

S.
b, =b,""")
.
r,. =c,b1
I, =Ir, +I,,
+I,,,
' = b,'
I,
i \rndt
Stress: t,,.
Argle of
=!!r linpoint sr
go
t.1.
twist:
180'
rc
'
M'L.
GI,
STRESS and STRAIN

CURVED BEAMS
Cu
rved bea m (lransverse bending
Stresses:
o. =-.-, '
M y-R,,
y
c=R_Ro
A.c
h"_
"" _le
tA'
lf :<0.5. R
For case shown:
hl
c=--j!
A.R
forallcross-secrionlypes.
A =Ar +Ar,
M R._R" 'A.c R,
"+o " - Tension
"*o
C u
'' -Compression
O^ =
rve d bea m
(axialforce and
^. SreSSCS :
N. M o-R"
-+ 'AA.cRo
Forcaseshown: c=R-Ro,
N=P, M=2PR, P zPR R, -Ro bh bhc R" _ P ,2PR R"-Rb " bh bhc Rb _ -'
Note.
Io
,( | r) n.--ln+,/n'-a
z\ r
d = diameter
For beams with circular cross-section:
*.,I
of
o'
'.,''r no=nlr-'l*l l6\R/]

L
cross-section.
STRESS and STRAIN

Tabl,e 'l "7
.b' dh
Example.
Continuous deep beam
Given. Beam L=3.0m, h=2.0m, c=0.3m, thicklessb=0'3m, w=200kN/m Required. compute Z, D, d, do and d.,,* forcenterofspanandsupport
Solution. Atcenterof
Z
span:
"tl
=D
a.xljwL=
0.186x0.5x200x3
= 55.8 kN
d=
oo
d0 = cdo
x0.5L=0.888x0.5x3.0=133 m x0 5L = 0 124x0 5x3'0 = 0 19 m

7 I
3N E'l 6n 'qae
MPa
(tension)
o.*
= ct. x w / b = 1 065x200 I 0.3 =
0 kN/m'] = 0 71
At center of support:
Z = D = cr, x0.5wL = 0.428x0.5x200x3.0 = 128 4 kN d = aa x0.5L = 0.656x0.5x3.0 = 0-9tt4 m

do = 0(a. x 0.5L = 0.036x0.5x 3.0 = 0 05 m
[,
m
UJ
{ '0 ",q
E.9
;iEA
[i .6 9^ll 8 =!'
xo
h.H
o,."- =
ctd
x w / b = -9.065 x 200 / 0.3 = -6043.3 kN/m'? = -6'04 MPa (compression)
.E6tl X ê
+N
,. oP E= r
a o
.6 "9
t
ts
o
(J
,t vt c
nl o
STRESS and STRAIN

DYNAMICS, TRANSVERSE OSCILLATIONS OF THE BEAMS NATURAL OSCTLLATIONS OF SYSTEMS WITH ONE DEGREE FREEDOM
1.8
Tables 1.8-1.1
only consider computation methods for elastic systems
SIMPLE BEAM WITH ONE POINT MASS

1 Dettections
Y
ffid;1,;l tFORCES:
N r\\-
+
P,
DEFLECTIONS:
g A.r =Static deflection due to Load p
l'-Weight oftheload, M"""'

!-cravitationalacceleration.l
11
.=3
( ^^.cml g=981 ; sec'/ \
aA
=Max., min. deflection due to Force P
Force of
inertia,
= T ma
A,t(r) = Static deflection due to
Force
P=
il = acceleration For shown beam: Maximum Bending l\,4oment
c=amplitude,
c=1Ai
a>b
MaximumShearfor
V =/P+P \'1
Stress:
M o= jje.t I,
.. M.-
a.b =(Pr q).-, I

v
stress: t=\*
\.t
l)eflectionsN
ffi*^ | --1---Deflections-
\\-rz!-
Forceofinertia:
C=4+ =[tP-t,) ;
lvlaximum Bendins Moment: Mh"*
i-t--*-f-.
I
Maximum
sheari
"Forceofinertia:
=;[ry.t)
P,
=7
?eFI
1__?---l | ,
\=- ----'r,
Maximum Bendins Moment:
Mnu
=(+.t]
Maximum shear:
v,"- =
3"#I'*r
STRESS and STRAIN

DYNAMICS, TRANSVERSE OSCILLATIONS OF THE BEAMS
DIAGRAM OF CONTINUOUS OSCILLATTONS
Equation of free continuous oscillations: y = csin (rot +
<po
Where: ou =initial phase of oscitlation,
O"
-..in[&] \c,/ l=4=ZnN=
c0=amplitude,
t=time, T=
periodoffreeoscillarron,
Ie
o = frequency of natural oscillation,
DIAGRAM OF DAMPED OSCILLATIONS
Equation of free damped oscillations: y = coe

co
*t,'
sin ( rot +
<po
=initial amptitude
F-----'-=vo + yok 2m )' of osciilafion " - /,,r *f
' *-!r,-l
\co,/
.j
Q0
=initial phaseof oscillation,
& l, t. Qo =rcsinl
e
=initiat deflection
v0 =beginner velocity of
mass,
=logarithmic base, e = 2.7 1828
k = coetficient set according to material, mass and rigidity T = period of free oscillations, T =2ja I 0t
o = frequency of free oscillation, ro= a/r/ rn- [k/
2m]',
For simpte beam
STRESS and STRAIN

DYNAMICS, TRANSVERSE OSCILLATIONS OF THE BEAMS
FORCED OSCILLATIONS OF THE BEAMS WITH ONE DEGREE FREEDOM
SIMPLE BEAM WITH ONE POINT MASS
qY
TORCES:
l' -weishtoftheload. tvtass, S(t) =vibrating force,
DEFLECTIONS:
m=1. [*=oS'li g \ sec-) Assumed: S(t)=5q.rt

Astr
A,* -A*(p)
Aq(p)
+A$G)
+Ai
=Static deflection due to Load P
ll =Forceof inertia, q' =A'1'-A-5"o.11

rp-Frequency of force S(t)
A.,t = Static deflection due to )
A,r(,) = Static deflection due to Force S
Ai =Static deflection due to
Pi
Load
P= I
Ar = Pi .A*(rl
Equationof forcedoscillations:
y=c
e-''
" ,in1rt*,po1+-ffQ
costpt
.or,pt
c. e-t'
"
sin
(ot
+ g0) =free oscittation.
:jj!]]f((D'-a-J *..i" f bl ,
\co.i
forced oscillation
e0 = beginner phase of oscillation, ,1, = co=amplitudeof

:k
y0 = beginner deflection
freeoscillation,
co
=c,
c=amplitudeof forcedoscillation, c=ko.A.,,.,
= coefficient set according to material, mass and rigidity
o = frequency of natural oscillation, T = period of oscillations, T = 2n / or

kn =dynamiccoefficient.
k"
=#
q,l' ./f'-ql'*[k (o"l rUJ') Lm

\il
1: ko
=
lf
k = 0 (damped oscillation is not included
-_L
t-tt
,v
e=logarithmicbase,
e=2.77828 g=gravitational acceleration. /e=sgf "t ) . sec_/ [_
STRESS and STRAIN

DYNAMICS. IMPACT
Elastic
Table 1.11 Dynamics, impact
design
Axial compression
Example.
Bending
Given.
Beam W12x65, Steel, L=3.0m,

Momentof inertia I.=533in4x2.54o =22185 cm*
Section modulus S = 87.9 in3 =87 -9x2.543 =1440
lvf
odul us of
elasticity E = 29000 kip / in: '
4 cmt 29000-\!j8222
2.54'
= 20 1 47.6 kN/cm']
t=
strking
earth's
velocity, , ='Dgt
acceleration,
g =9.81 m/sec'? P
Weight of beam (concentrated load):
tt
N = 2.8457 kN
g:
A*= deflection resulting from static load

W= weight of the structure
W = 65 Lblftx3.0 = 195x4.448/0.3048=2845.1
Load P=20kN, h=5cm Required,

Compute dynamic stress
B:
coef'ficient for miform mass
o
cm
tsor snown
sorution. A. "
20x(l' 100) PL' =0.025 48E1, 48x 20147.6' 22 I 85
PLÎ p . = = J ", go P lr)mamrc stress: o=-;.KD. @lumn: a' = Pt' . " 48EI,
MD
Bending
For shown
beam:
B=11
.
35
Bendingmoment
V,,-
Pr
O:
ku-lo ' I ,20.4 - loo kN .m

O
It
Dynamic bending
moment:
P
=I! k
51r"".
o=Y.=
306*100
1440.4
=21.24 kN/cm'? =212400kN/m'=212.4 MPa
- ff-r
Crane cable
Dlmamic shear: Vu =
ko
For stresses see Table 1.3
Table 1.11 Dynamics, impact
Example.
Sudden dead stop when the load Dynamic coefficient:
is going down.
Crane cable
civen-
Load P=40kN, velocity o=5m/sec

cable: diameter
tl=5.0cm. A=19.625 cm', L=30m, ?249rji922?

2.54'
= 20147.6 kN/cm'?
,U KD
=-1==_-
vg
Modutus of etasticity [r = 29000 krp/ iDr =
^",
Required. Computedynamicstress Solution, 4",

Stress:
whete: o:
descent's
velocity,
forsudden deadstop
PI
PL 40x3(r\(l0lr) t,.-{t,) cm, k -j- 1' EA 20t47.6y 1q.625 Jg

P
EA.
=
Maximum stress in the cable:
6=_(t+ko)
o=
A
(i*k^)= '
40
19.625
(l+2.9\=7.g49kN/cm'? =79490kN/m'? =79.45 MPa '
A = area ofcable cross-section
STRESS and STRAIN

DYNAMICS. IMPACT
Elastic design
Cylindrical helical spring:
column
buf f er spring
D=
n
average diameter
d = spring wire's diameter
number of effective rings spring wire
G: Sheu modulus ofelasticity for

Dlnamic coefficient:
Dlmamicstress: 'A
o=- : .k,,
(compression)
E= Modulus ofelasticiry for
colum
A= rea ofcolum cross-section
Motor mounted on the beam

D)namic
coefficient:
kD
-' r-4',
o)t
s-frequenclof force l. o)-
-=# t^=#
Y
beam's hee vibration tiequency.
[;,) t=,E [ ' I PA \secl

I
at the point
T-i A
motor's weight, - centrifugal force causing vertical
tt
A = bem's deflection by force P = of motor attachment,
(I
| _
lorshowncase:
A=- Ij
48EI,J
JOo
) l.
Kesonance:
Stresses:
Q=O, n=r.lt
vibration of the beam,

rn r
blallc slress:
= mq'?l part
,
PL o=-" 45,
uwamlc stress: '
o--.
F.K,,L
45,
: mass of rotative motor : radius ofrotation , n : revolutions per minute.
2"=f
{r+rr")
NOTES
PFIOPHFITIES
OF
GEONIETFTIC SECTIONS
PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS

for TENSION, COMPRESSION, and BENDING
STRUCTURES
2.1
{ l.t l-"
r-T--?--.r
1. SQUARE
^4 A-ar. t,=t"-i- t,=1
^1
'tfr-*'
A- ^2 ^ a-.
r.=
t-?
,.=
,,
- ,fu.= o.zr ,^ , ,= +
SOUARE
2.
Ais
of moments on diagonal
ffi*
-l],I'd(l-" * '[ *'l' .'
L-^ h=
l;, avl-
t tt^ t.42a. L,= l,
- ;:. S.= S. _ *:== L2 6J2

3J2
4l
0. I l8ar
."=. = -!-
./r2
o.:tsa. z- -3-=o.zlea
RECTANGLE
3.
rtTY
ll
x,
bjh , bh' ^12'12"3',|

S
bhr
brh
-;. b6
hh2
-;.
h2h
r,-0.28ch. r,=
d'sina
48
0.289b.
4.
RECTANGLE
ry'
r-T+1 I T--]lr-
Axis ofmoments on any line through centerof gravity
A=
bh.
y, -
y"- -1h cosa 2'
b sina).
I,
- hh(h'cos'a'b'sin'a). S _ bh (h?cos':a t b) sin2 a) ,; tz " 6(hcosa+bsina) ., " o.zso\6'"oJ* btin'al

A= ah + b(H - h),
11- _'---[il
t,:
* *$o-nr, s.: Su'-r"r* #, r,= * * frr-nr

$. fe'
6.
-o'r, r,=
tffi|
T---T'-'-'1---:-T
t"i--|
rlY
NONSYMI\,IETRICAL SHAPE
A=bc, +a(ho +h,)+Bco, b,=b

aH']+ B,c,+ b,c.(2H 2(aH + Brcb+ I,
c. )
-a, B,:B-a,
Jh '
brc,) ' rt "

ur'
- o,nr,
- ;(By; J
t_
- B,hl+
-29

for TENSION, COMPRESSION, and BENDING
STRUCTURES
2.2
7. ANGLE with equal legs
. A- t(rn - t)' y -
h2+htt[t
2(2h -
t)cos4f
' t'=
hrr-2c -E-'
t"= llzc'-z1c-tY - 3L
*tq'-2.* ]ty''l 2')
c= y,cos45"
A= (b _ h,)_ r(h _ b r.
- "r' . v._ h2+hr x,_ ",'"lf'r'"nt-" jj______:!-. 2(b h,) 2(h I b,) tyj -u,(v, -r)'].
-tr,1xo
tun:po
r^=
-lrlr'-y,l
lr
lr
t,- lfr1U-xo]'-trx]
l,
-t;']
.
I.* md I, = 1.,".
= J!'
r{)
l*y= Producr ol inertia abour
(moy. aes.
=.4(b*hJ,
bb hh
=-bh ,
lt)l
rro
=Jh . 1 =:rr.
=1(b, -b. )
bhr
, bh' -" J6''\ , "= S",0, =:-(forbase).

hh2
, hb(b,-b,b.) = rr(uj+ul)
J6
S,,,, = hh)
bhr , t2' "
4'
12 '
r"
;(lorpointA).
=#=0.236h
10. RECTANGULAR TRIANGLE
^ bh cL , bhr 221636 , b'h' Lc3 -v' 361: 36' or:

Ir,
hb'
= I"cos2a + I*sin2a + 2I*rsina cosa, cosa= -. L'
sln,r= -, L'
.bhbrht
r-= _:+= '

3^12
| = -72' "
0.236h.
PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIG SECTIONS

for TENSION. COMPRESSION. and BENDING
STRUCTURES
2.3
n=jtu+u"',':=$f:
x,
x xt
,=ffin.
'*,
,= _h'(b;+4b"b.+b:) , _h,(b"+3b,) ' '" 3o(b,'bJ , "'= =n'('llno'), s"" =I'luotto-), s*, =L(.p),
r'161r,*+up3ay
6(bo +b, )
"ry
J-Z--h "r\7-"
I
12. REGULAR HEXAGON A = 2.598R'?
= 0.866d', I. = Iy = = 0.625Rr,
r_=
S,
0.54lRa
0.06da,
s"
0.541R"
r,=
0.456R= 0.263d.
13. REGULAR OCTAGON
A= 0.828d?, I. =
S,
Iy
0.638R4
= 0.0547d4,
r,
Sy
= 0.690R,- 0.l0q5dr.
r,
0.257d.
14. REGULAR POLYGON wilh n sides
@
I
.ltdââ360' A-_na-col-.
n 2sin4 2tan! 22 nuR'{r2R {{tzni+a'l= A{6R'+a'l r. = r. " 96 ' *u')= 48' 24'
K=-
K__-
d=_.
a= 2J(R'-Ri)
-ffi'
33

for
TENSION. COMPRESSION. and BENDING STRUCTURES 16. HOLLOWCIRCLE
2.4
-l-'l-;"
,/F,
I
\H/ I t-dJ
l----.0--l
F l-x
n="" 4
*n7
(r-E').
-n4 E=i. r=r ="" ft_8") 'D 64' J It. nl L=-. u l, r\ =r y =_.il_rq ! ' -dJ
6
5 ' =5 ) =_{l*C \ l1
.) >'
g,-l\-T ts I
17. TH|N R|NG (t<<D)
A= rDr,
S,=
t,
-hl+ = 'il8 ' .
0.3926D'r,
?=
0.7853D']r. r"=
18. Half of a CIRCLE
0.351D.
A= n7
I
o-zn
-l
l-{r,
s.,
=
- o.zszo', y6= 0.2122D, I- = 0.00686Da, I, = I" = d=

-ror bottom, s", =
y,
0.2878D,
O.OrrOo,
top.
o.xtz(!)'
o.rsor[!)' -ro.
--'K{
m-Ti
7..-.--\^FHl-,
rQz e- |=
I"
0.785R'. y, =
dR
#=0.a2an.
0.03843R"
y=
0.s76R.
= 0.07135R4, I, =
r" = r, = 0.0548eR'. r,,= r, =

. 20. Segment of a
f=
o.'ru.,r*'
CIRCLE
nno d= = ffi, t!= 2a-sin2a. k= eg b=2Rsina, s= 2Ra, J(p y" =rR. r^ =4t' , J*cosa). 1 =-p{1r-r.ora;. o = {E. ^ 8 ' 2 '" 8 '
(d - in radians measue, a- in degrees).
-35-

for TENSION, COMPRESSION, and
BENDTNG STRUCTURES
2.5
21. ELLIPSE
'l lt{Tr-*
|-7z'i-\
l;.1
I
zab' Ab' , lt , _=_ A= -aD. I = ratb 46416'6416 rabt _. Ab ^ ).= _= 5" = ra'b Aa ' 32 8 32 8' ba '' r 4 4'
22. HOLLOW
ELLIPS
Aa2
11+#42-"
|ffir..
t=
r.
|@a-u,a,),
t, =
t*t
j
fr(uu'*u,ri), fi-("u'-u,ui),
23. Segment of
ff(u'a-uia,),
s.=
s"=
a
fr(u'r-uiu,)
4ab' t) 4a'b
ab'
-Fl-E[-"
t-*?
v
I il. l,--:-Ta
PARABOLA
^ 4ab ;- = 3a J f I oa'b l2Aa'z , 't75t75"71
-.
)
3Aa2
,
8Aa2
, "
32a3b
105
3s
24. STEEL WAVES from parabotic arches
-tr6ffi4" l*i
I
r= !tea+s.zt), b, = jtr*r.ut),
u,
= ]{u-z.ot),
r',
=}{r'*,),
r',=
j{n-t),
r.=
ff(ur'i-u,r,l), r"= o4
hr
25. STEEL WAVES from circulararches
A=(irb+2h)t,
= h-b,
. (zb' .,. rbh'zt.,l tr. r.. -I-Tu IrT-T-il! 4 6') t 8
2r.
h+t

2.6
Cross.section
Moment
of inertia
(It)
Elastic section modulus (S,) ^ -'

nd' tc,
Position of
xd",
(r."" = M, /s, )
e
"@
"Flrl-
At all points ofthe perimeter
ry
H
W ShaDe
r,=+ (dl-di)=r,
^ "' 16
t[
d.-d
At
all points ofthe
d,
outside perimeter
I. = 0.1 154 d"
S, = 0.1888 d3
the middle ofthe sides
l. =0.1075
da
S, =0.1850 dr
In the middle ofthe sides
l, =0.1404
S, = 0.208 a
In the middle ofthe sides
ffi
n=3, \=1.2
'' - 14b-bJ
-
tbl -bi
^r. "'
u,
in the middle ofthe long side
0.21 bl
Angle
Channel
Structtral Tee
l=n.F""' '-rh
-lhkj
S=' I
L
n=2,
n=1.0
I
t2
T
n=2,
I=1.15
NOTES
3. BBAI\{S
Diagrams and Formulas
for
Various Loading Conditions
SIMPLE BEAMS
The formulas provided in Tables 3.1 to 3
3.1
1o-for
determination of support reactions (R)'
-fti=Jl]fi:o
LOAOINGS SUPPORT REACTIONS
No,"*u=*.,n=*,
q md 0b in radians
beams with constant bending moments (lV), and shears (V)*are to be used for elastic or variable cross-sections
BENDING MOMENT
DEFLECTION
Theformu|asfordeterminationofdef|ectionandanglesofdef|ectioncanon|ybeused
for elastic beams with constant cross-sedlons
ANG LE OF DEFLECTION
t___L_{ 1' Lr
B-
r-i--F-ir
Mofnent
lqryl tr%rd'r
; Sheor
R_
=: "2
PI
-*
pTl
pr2
48Er
r1 = 19
=-:a 6EI
I
''M-o
D -' '2
at point of load
at point of load
b.aL
h D _D "
*qIPl
Momerlt
"I-
v,lilffi"'*i
Sheor
l'u.o"l
o -o .I,
'*
='+
Pa2b2
3EI.
Dr2
6g1
Dr2
\>t
>t /
at point of load
at point of load
6EI'-
',
a,b L' ''
I,
I luo-entl
1,,,1 ''-v
D *D
,
_D
ir@i j'"'j
st'"o.
qJ2
M.* =Pa
between loads
Pabt -4a'\
24F.1
L*a
2E1
at center
-r-J+ '_l+ Morient ro4Pi \Mfrf

|H
';heor
|
tfr*r-Fl
,
DT
'2
1p
z
at center
PIJ 20.22Er at center
pr2 24EI
"2
SIMPLE BEAMS
LOADINGS SUPPORT REACTIONS
3.2
DEFLECTION
5
BENDING MOMENT
4
ANGLE OF DEFLECTION
Table 3.2 Example, Computation of beam

Pn
civen.
Simple
beam W14x145, L=10 m
"2
=71175'6 cma 29009:1!8222
05 kN/cm
M.*
PL
^ 2
PL 1J38
PL, 15IF,J
DI
1-333
Moment of
inertia l=1710
ina x2'54a
lllt,tomeftll
=
201
Modurus of elasticitv E = 29000 kip/in': Uniform distribution
47 6 kN/cm'?
lruqtrry; I lshqor '\M;d |

ruv2
p-'
"2
Pn
Pil
19r'4Er
P]j
t2.65Er
^ PA 2n2 +l ' 48ET n ^ PA 2n'+1 Dr =-." 48EI n
load w =5 kN/m=0
Required" Compute
V=R, M,*, A',., O=O"=Or *L 5"lo v , =Sofution. ., =K= 2 - 2 -_25 on wr- 5xlo'? M jjji-= =62.5kN m 88 s 005x(1000)" =0.45cm=4.5mm n - 5.*t'= ^'*-:94 gI 384 2ol4'7'6x71175'6
o ott(tooo),.t rradim *= til = t =1 45x10 " - zqql 24x20147.6x71175 6
Moment
srr"o.
^wL "2
I
wt
at @nter
^5wU 384
at center
WU
ET
24El
SqI[ruIIFl I
l\u*
^wL "2
|n]-'*i_ft",
M- :
2't
L-x
^"
wx { Lt-2Lx' + xt )
\/
24Fr
o -wdrr "
2'
rr
M,"""
U..
I ^ = wa'tf.l--C")
"
6Er
iwi ffi
I
Momenr lMoment
-l
I
l 2')
l-,
^
I
| ln*l| I Sheor '----VIrlIIIEnv2
"
?a
wa" 2"
al
wa'L/-
w] N#u.
I
Mo*nent
wcb
"L
..
wabc/. c
r L l\ LL) ^r
=l
)
I
L\
u(r*'ru'
+).
R
"q-__ac
" "
24EI
R
c'L'l +-lx- R 64b | 6Er

aI x=a
"\-_'ba
24EI
nr=
wca
c{b-a)
2L
fi =4a(L+b)-c'?
SIMPLE BEAMS
3.3
DEFLECTION
ANGLE OF DEFLECTION
NOTES
I
!
LOADINGS
SUPPORT
BENDING MOMENT
REACTIONS
.|}, | :-,--
+
-l
I
r',*l
'wi I llTtrrr.*
sh"o.
Moment
-wL "6 -wL "3
M-"" =
*?=0.064wli
9J3
=nno65):
7wC
360 EI
CI
t.ymol
wnen
x=u.)//L
when x = 0.519L
8 wli
360
EI
q,",
t-rirrrfllnh#-l .tr,I | '7

I
ffii
-*--t4rll ffi
M =*I,, 12
at @nter
) wLI
2OEI
92FI
IITrrrx vrllTFn*
iql][ryi lshuo. \u*,
Moment
at center
I I ln
w(L-a)
at
wL' 86
center
wa'
5
-
wl-o
384 EI
D. =Dr
=-.1,
24F,1
rqIIUPi
v,llTffi-
i iuo-"nt t'
.n"Ju'*
*,=r5il
. r--\ 8",,16"0 rr _, T-q

JZi at cenler
c r-29 Ts ar *1 1Y2,tJ -
l-
lv2
wa
o.2 o.4 0.6 0.8
1.0
i-;;. I iquuPl
I Sheor \ Mmr
I
D _ 2wu +wb, ^"6 "

'.b-
N/
wlf, l3
X
"09
1130
c%
0.520
sff
0.508
8"00
^ " ^" u.=
ri (8w, + 7w"
360Er
_ w, +2w0,L
6
I-r(7w, +8w"
360EI
llTh"*-;",
L
4",""
0.555
0.536
0.500
={wa+ub)L-,
when x =0.500L
to x=o.5l9l
NOTES
SIMPLE BEAMS and BEAMS OVERHANGING ONE SUPPORT

LOADINGS SUPPORT
3.4
BENDING MOMENT
DEFLECTION
REACTIONS
ANGLE OF DEFLECTION
E.-l --"*;l
v
R"=+
Ro
M.IJ M,,* =M,

d."...._
).)vbl
|Trrrrrrrrrrrrrr
ffit
Ll
when x =0.423L
^ ML " 3F.I ^ M"L ' 6EI
,
=-R"
when
M^L,
I
x=0
6EI
when x = 0.5L
o --Mu I,
I
M,
=-M^3 "L "t. ' =M^!
M,.abfa-b)
]EI\L/
when x=a
^ "
M,,L
6EI/h\2 :
/^\2
I
r---__,__-__1 Mombnt ,
ffi
R.-Mo ,
I,
M.
" M"L. " 6EIf,=1

3l
vllrrrrrrr
sheor
|||
rr rrrrr1t2
t' =1-31 :
For overhang:
\L/
For overhang:
ffi
#
R=Pl "I,
Mr = -Pa
a=-{L+al
3EI'
Between supports:
PaI r
r)= ' -" "
(2aL + 3a')
6EI
PaL
'
*r=t+
A..,....
- -0.0642EI
x = 0.577L
6EI
PaL
" "n -
3EI
,,w .&;
For overhang:
For overhang:
F--l---T--j Moment
wa2
2t,
"2
*" (4L+3a) a=
.-.^ l
^ wa-(a+Ll
6El
l-.".nI
Sheor
lruo jff\,,
24F.1'
"---,--F
...
o,=*[".*)
Between supports: ,-.-2r2
*" A .. =-0.0321
EI x = 0.577L
^ " ^-
wa-L
12F.1
wa-L
6EI
NOTES
LOADINGS
CANTILEVER BEAMS
REACTION
3.5
OF DEFLECTION {at f roe end)
Moment
D -D
I
M.* =-Pt
prl
3EI
r)=:-=
zEI
pr:
mttrr"*
shor TIIIIIIIIIIIIn
) lu6ot
D _D
M.* =-Pa
Dol A =::-/rr -") " --, otl \'-
Pa2
2Et
=wL
,,_=_Y
,WL EI
^wu
6EI
*'lilTtrrrr*!
Sheor
R=
*L
2 o
3OEI
24EI
NOTES
BEAMS FIXED AT ONE END, SUPPORTED AT OTHER

LOADINGS SUPPORT REACTIONS
3.6
BENDING MOMENTS
AilD DEFLECTION
It^
" =-Ptl+ll 2L"

,
at fixed end
Mr = Rrb A,
at Point of load
'=
Pa':b':(la+4b)
t2uEl
'
'.
at Doint ofload
R"
Rb
5 8 ?
M" = -:
at fixed end
U,
' =-L*f I28 *t' a-^.=
ar x=0.625L
185EI
atx=0.579L
19281'
R^
=?wr '5
rvl- =
-..,r
lf
2
aI flxec eno
R.
" =IwL l0
M.' =
*"
33.6
at x=0.553L
4r9EI'
,.,r
4
--
426.6Er'
-' '
Ra=
:. Mo 2L
M" =
-+ , at fixed end
M"L,
ar
^"
lM2L
. ".* =tff.
2. x=-L
I sh"o,
NOTES
BEAMS FIXED AT ONE END, SUPPORTED AT OTHER

LOADINGS SUPPORT REACTIONS BENDING MOMENT IAT FIXED EtID)
3.7
R"
3M. (L'
-b')
T:
M"=+l l-ll , I i. - L '"',1

M"
M [
/h\'?]
when b<0577L
R=
--*T-b2)
3Mo
(f
=0,
when b=0.577L
v "=-!n[r 2l
3f
\L/l
!]'.].
when b>0.5771
^ 3EI "L' ^"U3EI

Sheor q rTITlTlTlTITlflTlT[m
M"v =:=
1FT
v2
,:F4
lFT
f,
M"t=--.-
1FT
"Illml | ,n"o,
.,
Vr
3EI
\r'IIIIUIIIIIIUIIIIIIIvz
oc'.-
R ,3EI
I-2
M =-:::
lFT
t--'------'+'
1l Moment I
I
]EI
I sh"o.
llMffiMfiffi
vz
NOTES
LOADINGS
BEAMS FIXED AT BOTH ENDS

SUPPORT REACTIONS
3.8
BENDING MOMENTS
AND DEFLECTION Prhz p.2h
4-{-l
vtffi
t ' ;
, o lPb.t
b
P=LP(3a+ blb:
LT
M't"L' =--*i
M, = -", 'L' A,
M.
=--*:"
MolN.-L---lllMu
Shdr Shepr l'Mr
I I
Moment
R=- P/a + 3b)a'
tp"2kl
"
at point of load
at Domt
. ' =.3tiEI
pa'b'
ol load
...r
M^
=M, =-
*"
12
uoN***Juo
M,
=: '24
wLo
at center
A =-.
384EI
at
center
R"
Rb
7_
20
3,
20
na.=-*t'. M,=-*t' "20"30 *f at x=0.452L u,' = ' 46.6 *t' atx=0.475L A-..=
764ET
wlo at x=_ L a=_. 768EI 2

wa(L-0.5a) M" -Mo
L
[4omqnt .,,-2 nr^
L
Mu
" =- 6'
*"
(:-+E+t.sE')
(E-0.758')
_ wa' *,"2LL *
-Mo
M,
=-
.-,^2
J
*"
't.
NOTES
LOADINGS
BEAMS FIXED AT BOTH ENDS

SUPPORT REACTIONS
3.9
BENDING MOMENTS
IAT FIXED ENDSI
M^ =tr,t,
=-wcl13-E:1 24'
.c l=1
u =rafr-!i)-"1(r-e,) 4 \ 2') 24'

at center
6Mnab
r.r
v"=$!{2"*u)
v, =p("-zu)
wh"n
6Mâb
r:
*=!: M"=0,
Mo=-ry-q
.
^
yb
'v
12EI
6EI
a
I2EI
6EI
"L'
"I:
I
vr
Sheor
lTlTfffffflltTlTfffmv2
ffi'
I
^
I
6EI
4EI
L
"L'
6EI
Moment
"v
Mn=a
)FI
NOTES
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
Support Reaction
3.10
Deflection
(R),
Shear
(V),
Bending Moment
(M),
(A)
R" =Vr =0.375wL
^T T^,
j
Moment
L_______L_L______J-_J
T*"
i
Rb
=%
+V3 =
1.250wL, V, =V, =0.625wL
n46U;d".
I
lw$e/iwwi I ''u' i i\u,
Luo
R"=Vr=0.375wL
Mr = Mr = 0'070wf
,
at 0375L fromR" mdR.

Mo A=
=*
0 125wli
0.0052-Ji.
E,I
in the middle of the spans Ro
R"
Rb
=Y =0.400wL,
=% =0.400wL
ffi'
,
=R. =1.100wL, Vr+V, =0.600wL, V: =Vr =0.500wf
Mr =Mr =0.080wf
.
at 0.400L fromR" andRo

Mo
nffi,.
lutl i'MzlMi
FuwMiryt
I Moment I tM'a
M-
Mr =0.025wf
=M"
=-
0.100wf
A*" =0.0069i-:-.
EI
,-r
ar 0.446L ftom R, and Ro in the middle of spans I and in the middle of span 2
3
n=
A=
O.OOOZS
#, EI
0.00052+.
EI' =!'
E , T*
lrLrtti;l u'Wu,
R" = R" = 0.393wL, Ro = Ro = 1.143wL, R" = 0.928wL
ffi I i*i
lru, i.*" i,uo

i'u'iujt i"il
T,*",
Tô
V,
=0.393wf, V: =Vr =0.607wf,

R"
1^"
I
V: = % = 0.536wI-, Vr = Vs = 0.46awf-.
Mt=M4=0.0772w1j, al 0.393L fromR" md
M, =Mr =0.0364wf , at 0.536L fromRo md Ro Mo =Mo =- 0.1071wl'z, M. =- 0.0714wf Mt=M4=0.0772wL?, at 0.393L fromR" and R"
o.* =O.oOosIf .
at 0.440L from
R,
and R.
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
SETTLEMENT OF SUPPORT
Table 3.1 1 is provided for computing bending moments at the supports of elastic continuous beams with equal spans and flexural rigidity along the entire length. The bending moments resulting from settlement of supports are summated with the bending moments due to acting loads.
3.11
Bending moment at support
v =t% a, v
Bendlng
where k:coeffrcient, A = settlement of support.
SUPPORT
A
D
E
CONTINUOUS BEAM
Table 3,11 Continuousbeams
momqnt
COEFFICIENT
IWO EOUAL
SPANS
Example.
Settlement of beam support
Given.
Threeequalspanscontinuousbeam W12x35,
Moment of inertia
L=6.0m
6
cmo
I,=285
ina x2'54a =11862
r4= 20147.6 kN/cm'?
r.500
3.000
-1.500
Modulus of elasticity E = 29000 uiv Seftlement of support
tin'
=PW!!Y-
B:
AB = 0.8 cm
THREE EQUAL SPANS
Required. Compute bending moments
M" and M.
(600)"
at-
sotution. M"
EI - ,20147.6x11862.6 ^ -' "=k"+ A,- =3.6-" :" :i" x0.8=l9l2.0 kN' cm=19.12kN m "v
Mc=
=
-1.600
1.600
-2.400
0.400
0.400
-2.400 3.600
-1.600
M.
k.
?'
^"
-2.+4ffi9!x0:
= -r27 4 7
kN
cm =
-l2
?5 kN' m
FOUR EOUAL SPANS
rtMc=
1.607
3.643
-2.571
4.286
0.643
-0.107
0.429
-2.57 |
0.643
-2.571 0.429
3.643
Mo=
FIVE EQUAL SPANS
-0.107
1.571
-1.607
M"=
Mc=
-1.608
0.431
3.645
-2.583
0.688
-0.t72
0.689
0.029
-2.584 4.335
*2.756
-0. I l5
Mo=
-0.1 l5
0.029
0.689
-2.756
0.688
4.335
-2.584
3.645
0.431
Mr=
-0.172
-2.583
-r.608
SIMPLE BEAMS
3.12
NOTES
Table 3.12
Example. Movingconcentratedloads
Given.
SimPle
beam, L = 30 m
o
U
q=40kN, Pz=80kN, Pr=120kN, P+=100kN, P,=80tN' Ip, =+zOttN a=4m, b=3 m, c=3m, d=2m
o o
E.Ea? EsIl :=:; sE:68 .fi; f i'ri u I oi E H H e e - t ;1. 5 P F e H

Ite :;;
il 3 I ^l-qEgEt r E F t E: -< = E;Eeiisg!g 3E I * *: f E e ; ; E n -l i * ; H * o n o * F 9:l
Required. Compute maximum bending moment and maximum end shear
Solution.
Centerof gravityof loads (off load Pr):

Bending moment
I
&.
65 X E6;
ul
I(p, .*,)lIq
R.
u, ^ =tp
(80x++t20xz +100x10+80x14)/ 420=32801420=7 '8 m

el2 = 0 4 m
e=z.s-(3+4)=0.8 m,
I
v,
xr!-9lrl \) ))
b)
+zo(rs-0.+)/30
zsa.47 (ls
= 204.4 kN
+ 3)
!EHF+#==$ EeE F A i
;aE3
= Eb
; r T Ei,I, ; Z Z H
F
E
3
M-*
Ro
[l - :l-tt, t". \z z) End shear
+P,r]=
0.4)
-[40x(4
+80x3]
= 2464 2
kN m
'o e5leg ^] xE B -e e
E E
E =3 i*
E
.e
u
passes offthe span
Load P1 nu. =
and P2 moves
overthe left support E
Il
-r, L30
o-o-
=42014
-40=*roro
9iu-;", '<:X=
:^Xg
-g
x
UJ
c{F
3 93 >gE6
do FF 6 on6c
s
h E
E.
Load P, passesoffthespanand P3 movesovertheleftsupport
u o
(.)
n.,
It =
= e,
=42otl -80=-r8.,., 30
_\
o E o
;to.;: .:odo 6:^
For maximum end shear load P2 is placed over the left support
q
t_
-9
(9
--t
,l-
v^
+[r, (r,-b)+r, (L-b-c)+P5 (L-b-c-d)]/ L

-3)
+
I
o
f(
_1
0
.9
= 80+[120x (30
100(30-3 -
3)
+80(30-3 - 3 - 2)] /30
=80+7240130=326.7 kN
o
E
,f
ll "rT-j f
6; .!-.=-
q P ^- olo.
=a.Ex :3!6
lno
l-r
)
{'
Eo
ie; EE: xxE!

Fft!o
F-.L
FgEE P5E
E
i p S EE
-6465
BEAMS
NOTES
INFLUENCE LINES
(EXAMPLES)
3.13
Rt-
RB
Me =o(*xLxP
r--F---;O " _LL=nT1_*i=

,
lrl
xlL
d,
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
o.4
0.1
0.5
0.'188
'1.0
0.086 0.6
0.1
0.144
0.7 0.136
78
92
xlL
CX
0.8 0.096
0.9 0.050
68
0.0
Me = 0"
xLxP
0.3 o.'t47 0.8 0.032 o.4 0.5
xlL
(,r
0.1 0.081
0.2
0.128
0.7 0.063
0.144
0.9 0.009
0.125
1.0
xlL
C[x
0.6 0.096
0.0
NOTES
BEAMS
INFLUENCE LINES (EXAMPLES)
3.14
NOTES
BEAMS
o
uJ
3.15
l
J lt
lu
o
uJ
z
o o
E
++
>\
o
^l TI ^^
z
(9
o o o
I il.. r r{} F:b .ts69

E
o o
tt
o =
)
lu
v,
A^
ll
<J -E
oa zu
_= -<
o o
ux Iu
oI
I
o
q Ô
<:
s
B
z
o
U
<rE ,v.!
o
E
'ib "ll gF*

E
o
I
9
F
G .A
.. ! H -E(nE E9 o.=
Lo{
gE I
F
0.
o
uJ
BEAMS
3.16
:
f J r
llJ
z
ul
i k{_
EI-II =l
E
"fl
oi
0;
iI
tl
il
ll
o-i ^1 oj- îlll
o =
f
>f fT
,c roo 6.E oo qm
ut
U'
F r.{
zu, <ur J
Fq.
uJ< *x ût
zz
---.
z
o
uI
o o
z
o
q
o c
J
<ilY>-9 B,tr _-o
{5H '.BE
o
E
<q += eO
c Eo
E -:E l:f
z
o
:{ 5>o lltl f{<
F
0.
=
T
;EI -E@
EE 3E oo [6
-73o-
o o
NOTES
4. FFIAI\{ES
Diagrams and Formulas for Various Static Loading Gonditions
FRAMES
4.1
NOTES
fhe formulas presented in Tables 4.1-4.5 are used for analysis of elastic frames and allow computation of of bending moments at corner sections of frame girde6 and posts. Bending moments at other sections
frame girders and posts can be compuled using the formulas provided below' For girders:
o o
o =
i'l jp
rr M">Md, rr,, =r3,,,-[Ytr-*1+rnr.]
o o o
F
+
Llr lr 'ls! ,l= ld>
'i
rl
+"
tplfi+ f i fl- j" l ,,.1*9

',^
,,
-#ITE
z
o
tr
For posts:
M.
<Md.
rr,|,,-, =rri|!,MeG)
-[!cI4'*+v"]
o
J
A H
Ll l-{ tl
lf M"=Mo=M.,
M,(-) =M:(,)
=M"t"t-M,
o
F-
-(H t-M"or)
represent, respectively, for frame girders and posts the bending
o
Where: M!,,, and Mf,-,
F f
o o a
o
;l
-fTITITITFI
moments in the corresponding simple beam due to the acting load'
is the distance from the section under consideration to corner
(for the girder)
andsupport
aor b
(foraPost).
-r-
o
J
la -lY r,l+ dl.l +lS Elil ;i * tE +

.l
l1
'^
1rl+
lats Tl+
E13
I
il>ll
F
+
It
"!
.t T i(lr ^-l - ?E.E.I "i El- Jl = l- rl F -v,l drf B ll't .'. il d ^_l -"-LT +Eirl | N*g*
lC
+" Bilî d, 'l
l
- Tlc
!lr
l'l
N *
: }r>
>-
o
lr tt
o
U'
= d,
>ll
>
->
lla
=
H E -f-FfTtTtTn
-77 -
: o
NOTES
Example.
Analysis of frame
FRAMES
o o
cma
4.2
Given. Frame5inTable45, L=12m' h=3m

Posts W10x45, lr =248
ina x2'54a =10322 cma
l^ lo!
Girder W14x82, lz=882inax2'54a =36712
o o o
o o
Elx,l
tv
o.to
!ll
f l'
z
z
o
J
F F
l= -i^ ll
E4
E-
ll
ll
all
<-
Load P=20kN, a=4m' b=8m

moments Required. Compute support reactions and bending a 36712x3 _n I,h
, sotution. K=iI=
aRo F = =1=0.::f ! L n t0322"n-w.uo'!
.. 3 n=,
R
-' *tu.rt= z :rrz1o-sso*z) 6k+l

kN = 20-13'5? = 6'43
pab _3
20x4x8
, =9.23kN "
_ Pb.l+6-28'z+6k =13.57 kN
I
o
o
Ro =
P-R"
pab.
n,
" 2L
5k-l+28(k+2)
(k+2)(6k+1)
=7.8t3 kN.m
Mo
kN m =R"L+M" -Pb=13'5'1x12+7 8i3-20x8=10'653 m M. =-Hh+M" =-923x3+7 8!3 =-19'877 kN

Mo
I u
o
kN m =-Hh+Mu =-923x3+10'653=-17'037
Bending moment at Point of load
n, =r"-[M.-Morr--a)+M".l. "l r '
M:=+ ' L
tt
J l
',1' fl s+l 5l :- i+lJ | fl lle lN ul *l ol* d ll dl+ il rr #l
gl
il
-i-i9z rl \llN LIN 6l- *l

il
-lr l9 !l! 6la
vl+ +l+
T
l*
*l*
roil;*
, olN
ll *lr -t
oa si ol
Al
/,'E 1> =": r,"

,l
_[
p.877
kN. m -t'7.031 112-4) + r7.0371 = 34.40i
u
o lr
o
a:E
t
(9
I
-79-
NOTES
^t
FRAMES
o 9 a = o o o
o o
C
4.3
z z
z
o
!l+ - lN
+
I
:6
'II gl E i> i
F,i
o
J
;
o o o
;
f
o
at,
9
g.
o
J f
i| flr ;lrl
gl
ul
qt=
or =lJ ll
>1, vi
=: ? ? g vl^ slr ,1.: ? J +l s f
:ln
6l
+l'j jl+ *lr rlJ l*

Tl! !
lN
Frt :--l 3l^{l^ dl. I -=l!

|
i-l o!
o o o
= d
L
o
6
>'l= f j -i.""tt.+>> r& t
ol#il
l-eE,;
il"
il tl]l
<l- i?l =l hl dl* fil

til
r-
"
o o
tl
rl
o
=
: o
o o
NOTES
o o
a
FRAMES
.l< ^lE ri 1-ll e a{ <!;+
< -t+ ll
|
4.4
IN ll Flo llll a | +
tlrrr
t+ 4
'' >
z--;-
EIH
+,
I
E.
t4 |
:ld
tl
r>glK {t
;:<
^-l =
;('
I
ct
trtl
\_1/
o
U
i 'l :^ lN @l@ | -t qla
. -
>"6
T
p.l^ a
='
-1-= r6 allo
L ?
>
o
7
et
{
o ?
ts
|=
{
n o
2
F
t
F
!
a.
lN iltl
-la
8
".
tl
>15
;.-I
olll
>
t,
{
I
!c>
l-
-19
E -i-
*i il*t
a"
.<a tl:
>
o.l^ a
<"
aa
tl
tr
H
5 l
{ {
It
-ITTTITITN
-82-
tt
-83-
FRAMES
NOTES
DIAGRAMS and FORMULAS for VARIOUS STATIC LOADTNG CONDTTTONS
4.5
M"
=-+, oo
Ph
ru,=*9
Mo=-]
ph
M"=+ -, oo
PB
M"=-d! t,=*+
t"=.+,
Steady
(+Ato)
M.
=-+
tr.t.
fll'k "=-h'(l+k). o.o,ot
lr^=-1r,,r.. k=I,h '2"I,L

d = coefficient of linear expansion
22
steady heat
(+Ato)
M" =
3E!
h'(l+k) \
I'k*,')[I-*!)o 2/
at'
M.=- ffl'k fr+L)a.at' " h'(l+k)\ 2 ) v ' , =-Iv.. y. =-$r[L]"a*

2 h'\2)
I'h I'L
M,
Cx,
=-M-,,
k=
= coefficient of linear expansion
NOTES
5. AFICfIES
Diagrams and Formulas
for
Various Loading Gonditions
THREE-HINGED ARCHES
NOTES
bending moments in elaslic arches Tables 5.1-5.9 are provided for determining support reactions and
SUPPORT REACTIONS, BENDING MOMENT ANd AXIAL FORCE

Vertical reactions:
5.1
IM" =RoL-P(L-x")=0,
IMn
=-nut,+Px, =0,
Ru
n^
=rf;
wilh constant or variable cross-sections

Table 5.'l includes formulas for computing in any cross-soction
=PlL.
=R. !; ^2f
the axis force
Nk
and the shear
Horizontal reactions:
in Tables 5 2-5 9 These formulas can also be applied in analysis of arches shown
Bending Axial
moment
Mr = Re xr
-Ha
yo
+Mo
-IPr
Len
'ar
5-rrl. =n. 4 \
Left
!-s"i=0.
H^
force
Nr = Ra sinQ+ Ha Vt
cosQ
-lP,
sinQ
Ix=Ha-HB=0,
HB=HA=H.
Section
Shear
Where
=Racos0-Hermq-iq"otq hft
Bending moment: Mo =
k (x.,yo) lM = Rox* -Hyu,

or Mk=Ml -Hvk
'
lcosQu
ai =distance from load P to point k
Shear:
Vu
=l R'^ ^lâl \Letl
/\
-IP
-HsinQ*
or I
v-diogro.
Axial force:
Vk =Vk'cos0k-HsinQu' + ucosq,
*- =[*^ -lr]s;n4o
\ kftl
or Ml
Tied c
and
Vou
Nk = Vk"sinQk +HcosQ*'
= bending noment and shear
in
simple beam
for section x,
IM" =RoL-p(L-x")=s,
IMo
=-R"L+pxn
=0.
n^
=r!b;
=0,
ft" =p.5-.
Horizontal reaction:
lx=-H"
Force N,
:
rrra1.ft
= n^
!-^-o-r[!-*"]=0. l? '
)
N"
Rishr
I t,t^ L
=N,c-n"!=g.
r !--" t^;jI ' =][pf \2 )-r dL ' L
l.l, =P"2d
NOTES
Table 5.2
SYMMETRICAL THREE-HINGED ARCHES OF ANY SHAPE

FORMULAS for VARIOUS STATIC LOADING CONDITIONS
5.2
Example.
Symmetrical three-hinged arch
Given.
circulararch 2 inTable52'
L=20q f=4m, 4x4'z+20'1 4f'+t m, x. =) radius R=-=-l;;-=la.)
m,
\ +Ra
LOADING9
REACTIONS
SUPPORT
-(14.s-4)=3.11m
II \
BENDING MOMENTS
wLl,ly E2\ _ g L+\gm-!./-'tm..l
tanq. = | i-x.
\r
ltln-r+
y.
;=
1t0-5)/(14.s-4+3.1
1)
= 6.367
Q-=20.170, sinQ. =9.345'

Distribution
cosQ. =9'939
Ro
=R"
=IL
lvrm =
load w=2kN/m Ho,

support bending moment MA
,
Requirod. compute support reactions RA and

bending moment
*r^=""=*
2
M. ,
axial force
N.
and shea
\
?.x2o2
sorution. n^ =iwl-=ixzx2O=15 kN
e-
, n^=;;=ffi
n- =J-=
3
wli
=12'5 kN
=I-=a=o.zs, L20'"f4
- w. x.
ll=o.zrs
778] = | r' I
Ra
=aw|,,
s^ =H"
Rs
=:wL
',
t'te,
-'. )-26.
-n.1
M,
28. ='1?o' ;t{o.,t-o'2s'z )-2x0'25-0 #Ls(. -Ei )- -n. ]

sin Q,
kN
=iF
r- =S{16.-n-).
N.
= Ro sinQ. + Ho cos Q.
15x0.345+ 12.5x0.939
- 2x5x0.345 = 13.46 kN
V.=Rocos0._HosinQ.-w.x.cosQ.=15x0.939_|2'510.345_2x5x0.939=0.38kN
#5t
4
*^=-;.
H.
..f2
R"=
*f2
zL
-,12t r t. =-?[8.-ir.+ni^\
Mk
=-lwf, ^4 =f*f
*"
=?(28,k-nk)'
H"
J{
,o lP o,
A
*^
,
=r?,
H^ =H"
=t;
r',r^ rtlu
=r;(zle,-n,)
=e|{26,* *ttu)'
=P*
-90-
-91 -
SYMMETRICAL THREE-HINGED ARCHES OF ANY SHAPE

LOAbINGS
REACTIONS
SUPPORT
5.3
BENDING MOMENTS
R, =:wL ^ ai
w
u.
=ft
,.,r 2 _
JIIIItrnn*
[:. +s(8, -Ei. -8, +El )-'r.]
'|
R-
=:wL
---r2 WL
n-
=*(zB*-n,).
n- =n^=-
48f
wlllllnhn-,
R- =R^ =
*'
v^ =ffPe^*
a(si. -Ei.
-e, * *) -n.1,
H^=n"=fr
*^=-$, *"=$
H.
r.
=S1r{e,. -6i.)+n. -zq.]
=-awf" ^12 Hu=l*t
r.=$ir*-n*).
M- =Mol-
TWO_HINGED PARABOLIC ARCHES

N
Table 5.4
T E

Equation of parabola:
5.4
Example. Two-hingedparabolicarch
'
5.4 q
5
4ffL-x)x
't:
l, = | ,coso*
civen.
Parabolic arch
in Table
L=20m. l=3m. x=a=5m. E=i=--=O.ZS
-.-- dy= 4f(L-2x) t-q=d* L'

Coefficients: Forregulararch:
tano\=-I_=--.tr-_".'
Q- =16.70, sinQ" Concentrated
4f(L-2x)
load
t=0, k:l
Er_ ' E,A,
4x3(20-2v5)
-^,
LOADINGS
'
t5 B Fortledarch: D=- ._.

8 f'.
SUPPORT REACTIONS
| D= ^ K=-.
l+1).
=0287, cos0. =0958

P = 20 kN
BENDING MOI\4ENTS
M" and M" Required. compute suppon reacrions Ro and H^, bending moments
ll
NMIIITIIIITITITTIIITIIIITIT!
axialforce
N- and
u
shear
V" (atpointofload)
solution. n^ -PL,
ll :ii
=zo2?-
5=tsttl
L
n^=R"=* tt1 Ho =Hu =
rr.r.=$tr-t)
15
20
k =f2' ^- l+r)
B1
. - 5P!u [r - rr, *E.l = :]4j l9 x r^fo.zs - z-o.zs) +0.25"] = 10.7s kN f,A=-KL9-zr, >.1 g>l v
=
PL
It
riii ill
lae - :r (a - ra, * q* lt = -"\. - ' 11 8 L: 4f
20I
20
f +ro.zs L
-:(o.zs -
2x0.251 + 0.2sa) =-e.s
kN m]
iiir
il
(L-x)x _4x3(20_t=---F--' 5)xs - r,

=l5x5-10.75x2 25 = 50 81 kN m
1 3
3l R.=:wI_. R-= ^8"8

H=H^=-K
wL
M.
==(r-k). lo
tt 1 \ lwl" \16 64 i
iil
M, =Roa-Hny. N.
l6f
M- =l--:k '"
+ l0'75x0 958 = 14 6 kN = Ra sin 0" + HA cosq- = 15x0 287
iii
287=I =Re cosO. -Hosin0* =15x0'958-l0'75x0
kN
R. =P" -q -" R-=P: .L"L

I
rra- = IL[+e - -sr. (E ' 8 L
2E' + E" t) ' ' ).1
!ii
Ho
=H"
.L
5PL.
r. ^". ".r gf L' ' ')
4
RA
5wL -
wL
24"24 "'"
k
M" =Rof -Hof
HA =
H. = 0.0228 "f
TWO-HINGED PARABOLIC ARCHES

F'ORMULAS for VARIOUS $TATIC' LOADING CONDITlONS
LOADINGS
5
505
REACttOI'tS
SUPPORT
BENDING I,|OMENTS
R^
=-;,
Hr
=
R" =-Ra
Ulc =
0.0357wf'?
0'714wf
Hs = 0'286wf
6
R^=-;,
Hn
Ru=-R^
0'401wf
M"=-0.0159wf'?
=-
Hs = 0'099wf
R^=-;,
Ru=-Rn
u"=$-N,r
H=wf
2.286wf3 ,, =Iii+r50"'
R,=-*' ^6L
. R"=-R^ ., wf n=2
M"
=rl--yr1
..,f2
"' = fF +15F
0.792wf1
Ro
=Ru:Q
.
Mc
=- Hf
EI.A, -_ 15 -----X Ft=8 f'L
FIXED PARABOLIC ARCHES

N
Table 5.6
T E s

Equation of parabola:
5.6
y=
Example.
Fixed Parabolic arch Fixed parabolic arch +MA
4f(L-x)x rx=lc/cos9x L, ' . dy 4f (L-zx\

'una= dx
Given.
in Table 5 6
L=20m, f =3m, x=L=8-, q=]=o+, -....20 -
,=t. L
t=20=;t=oO
20
*Rl
LOADINGS
1
= r
- L-x -'L
SUPPORT REACTIONS
Distribution load w = 2 kN/m Mo and Requhed. Compute support reactions RA and HA, bending moments
M.
kN
BENOING MOMENTS
sorurion. n^
1l
=fe[r+e
-,r )
+
(l+E(,)]=]?90.+[t+oo1t+o+x06)]=13'es
( I + 2E'
l1l
)] " ti" l,t. =-*t' E,E: =-2x?0' xg.+'x0.63 =-13.82 2 2"'

H^ = e' [r :q =
)x)O2 rJl,zY
M^=Mu=Mc=0
s +'
x[l
3x0
6( i +
2x0'o )] = I 0's8 kN
kN.m
itl
l!
M"
=Roi-wx8x6-HAf -MA
= 13.95x10-2x8x6-10.58x3-13'82
= -2'06
iir ll
kN m
r,
lrii
^ - 2'*, wt' rtpz rvro \'

-\
*u
Y)9j
lir
lii
Iil
llr
il
li
Ru= R^=-;, lt . -n^ =--WI
wt_
wi_
+L
M.
^14
^ =- 280 *f' 19 M- = *f' "

280
140
5l
u. =awf "14
M^=- 3 wft '
RA
RB
=qi(1+2q)P
=6'?(1+28,)P
le-rll n.^ =p*eift)"

Mu =PLB'q,
[;E
-tJ
For 03(S0.5:
H=P15Lt'e:
4f"
rr.r-=I!e,lr-lell l ' t - t ,-

LOADINGS
SUPPORT REACTIONS
5.7
BENDING MOMENTS
RA
"2
sPT :::-:
1
M^ =M-
=JL
PT,
?DI
H=
64f
'64
,a\
w
fillnnrn*
R. =R^=-
WL
M^ =M-
=- "192
184
., )wu
l28f
wl- = -'
6EI.
OFI
^L"
^L
]FT
#,-f\),
^ =* oEt. r" ti -. 15 EI" 2fL
"L
tvl- =--.-
1EI
'
2L
_D
-N
tvt =
tvt
__ 45 Er,
-/\
-- 4 f)L
'
ZIL 1{ FI -" "_c
4f
THREE-HINGED ARCHES
NOTES
INFLUENCE LINES
5.8
1,"
ll
I
l1 llr
Infl. Line R4
lli
ttit
lir
li
'[l,
Infl. Line
Rsl
I Infl.
uine vk
ll
iil
lI
flr
Infl. Line
fii
dl
u. =---=----*-,
L.f .x, yk.D+xL.r

u"
^ =JslnQk, b!' -un
a- u-
=-----;lanp-cotor
L.tanB
N
Table 5.9 Example. Fixed Parabolic arch
T E s

INFLUENCE LINES . Equation of pabola:
l\=lc,icosor, 5.9
civen. L=40nr" f=10m, xr=8m

Concentrated load in point
Pr = 12 kN supportreactions Ro and
tanQ= . =---:, oy L'
4f(L-x)x y= ---- Ldx af(L-2x)
Required, Usinginfluencelines,compute
bending moment
H^'
suPPort
Rn=S,xP, H=S x!"P, M=SixLxp \

oRDTNATES oF tNFLUENcE LtNEs (Sr)
Mo,
bending moments
M" and M*
m,
a
axialforce No' and shear
Sotution.
i1
x, 8 a=l=0.2.
4xl0(40-8)8 ,,yr =-----=b.+
x L
0.0 0.05
0.1 0
RA 1.000 0.993
H
0.0 0.0085 0.0305
0.061 0
MA
0.0
Mc
0.0
4f(L-2x) 4xl0(40-2x8) -^ tanQ=-t-=--FQr
ll
=30.960, sin0k =0
Ro =
S,
5i4,
cosQu
=9'357
-0.0395 -0.0625 -0.0678
-0.0016 -0.0052 -0.0090 -0.0120 -o.o127

*0.0'102
xPo = 0'896x12 = 10 752 kN
0.972
0.939 0.896 o.444 o.784
lL,
tt^ '
S,
x-l x R = 0.0960x-l:x l2 = 4.608 kN lu
r40 t
0.15 0.20 0.25
0.0960
0.'1320
-0.0M0
-0.0528 -0.0368 -0.0184
0.0
o.o'174 0.031 2
Me =
,,li
Si
xlxPt
= -0.0640x40x12 = 30 72
kN m kN m
805
M.
I
,ii
= SixLxPu = -0.0120x40x12 = -5.76
Infl. Line
kN'm
0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
0.1655
0.1
Mr
=Ra xr-He Yr-Ma =10'752x8-4'608x6'4-30'72=25

-Ho
0.718
0.648 0.575 0.500
940
i
I
Nr
Irl
Vt =Rr
514+4 608x0'857 =9'475 kN = Ra sin0r +He cosQr = 10 752x0 sinQ, = 19.752*0 857-4 608x0'514= 6'745 kN cosQ*
-0.0034
0.0080
0.2160
0.2295
o.2344
o.0246
0.0468 0.0246 0.0080
Itr i,, l]jl
{ii
Jill
o.425
0.352
0.2295
0.21 60
0.0418 0.0480 0.0498 0.0473

0.04'10
fir
,illl
illll
o.242 0.216
0.1 0.1
0.1940
0.1
Infl.1Line.M"
-0.0034 *0.0102
-0.0127
0.70 0.75 0.80
655
56 04
o.1320
0.0960 0.0610 0.0305 0.0085 0.0
0.0320
-0.0120 -0.0090 -0.0052

-0.001 6 0.0
SrxL
0.85 0.90 0.95 1,00
0.061
0.0215
0.0118 0.0032 0.0
0.o28
0.007 0.0
104 -
STEEL ROPE
,o.oot-o-/+\r*
Rope deflection w = uniformly distributed load, f = rope sag due to natural
weight, (f
= I / 20.
L)
length of
rope, s =./tJ +lf '
ltT YJ
Forces and deflection:

ll
)
lit
--= Jo2nrl' n
+f *
(elastic deformations are not included)
il
{ii ,lr
--= t
N.*
GI,'EA
i/
(elastic deformations are included)
E = modulus of
elasticity, A
=area of rope cross-section
tii
!iL
tit
=fi'+ni
R=reaction, R=wLl2
,iil
,ulrr
Bending moment
M,*
*Ij
/8
Deflection
ytu
=M.* H
Tsmperature:
N,
=d.Ato.EA,
Att
=T,t-Tj, if:
Ato
>0 (tension),
Ato
<0
(compression)
d = linear coefficient of expansion
Hr_N, H,
=+
Hi_N,Hi
=t# ,
N* =uE1+n,
NOTES
6. TRUSSES
Method of Joints
and
Method of Section Analysis
TRUSSES
METHOD OF JOINTS and METHOD OF SECTtON ANALyStS EXAMPLEA
6.1
Tables 6.1-6.4 provide examples of analysis of flat trusses.
Legend
Upper
chord: U
Posts: Ui - Li
Lowerchord: L
Vertical
Diagonals:
End
' Ur-Lr*t
Lo
IL";
\rJolntg Jolnt Lo
R^
dr,
.5
L4
,b
J
Posts:
-U'
P'
Pb
Pl
6d
Load on upper Load on lower
chord:
chord:
Mambsr
Folcoa =iL(pl +p,').s+(p; +p,b).4+(n'+r,b) :+

+(r; +r"').2+(r; +p5b)],
RB =
Method of Joints and Method of Section Analysis are used to @mpute for@s in truss elements without
joint. relying on the computer. Method of Joints is based on the equilibrium of the forces acting within the
right Method of section Analysis is based on the equilibrium of the forces acting from either ths left or the
ofthesection.
(I*=0,
IV=0, Iu=O)
LoU'
The truss joints are assumed to be hinges, and the loads acting on the truss are represented as forcos
mncentted within the truss joints.
,h*
Soctlon 1-1
n^
-!(4, *r,').
lY=R^+LoU,.sinc,o =9, L jUt = -f,o 7.io oo (compression) .
)X
LoL,
= -LoU, . cosc[o +LoLr = 0,
LeLt
=Logr'ooroo (tension)'
UrL, =Prb (tension).
U'L,
lV=U,I.,-nf -0,
L,L,
Ix=-L0L1 +LrLr=0, L,L"=LoLr
(tension)
tanp=.!::\,
-,tp
"=fr
lRAa
-0,
=(a+2d)sincr,.
+
F-
lMo
u,Lrr,'! Roa+(P,' +rf )(a
a)= o,
IJrL,
u,L, = f
-(r,, +ri )(a +o)]
(comprosslon or tension)
TRUSSES
METHOD OF JOINTS and METtIOD OF SECTION ANALYSIS Ei,A,MPLEs
Msmbor
6.2
Joints Section 1-l (cont.)

Pt
I
l1
Forcss
r, =(a+2d)sinB
ryjhr
IM",
u,urr, +RA?d -(PJ
+P,b
)d = o,
U,U,
u,u, = -po26 -iPI + Pi)d
(compression).
Joint
Lz
t
U.L,
u,L, - u,L, sin c, -p,b

Pro
= o,
UrL,
4 Y,;-, .in 0? (tension).

cos
lx
L,L,
= -LrL, +LrL, + u,L,
c,
= o,
LrL, =YrY,, -g
r1-, coscl2 (tension).
Sectlon 2-2
r,
=(a+3d)sino,
= U,L,r,
IMo
(J2L3
Râ + (nj
+rj)1a
a)+
+(nj
el )(a +zd) = o,
+
u,L, =l[Râ -(pJ
pib)(a+d)-(pj +p,b)(a+2d)]
(compression).
!M,,
l',L,
-L,L,h,
+ RA2d -(PJ +Rb)d = o,

6ension1.
t-,t, =i-fRoza-(rl +rf )al trz'
r
IY
ltrLl
P,l
=Pj, P,'=Pi,
LrLo =
P.o
=Pi,
Pj =P,b,
LrL'
UoL, = UrL,
= UrL,
UrL, sinc,
UoL, sin cr, -Pro = 0

(tension).
UrL, = Prb.r grtrr rinct,
+U.L,sino,
NOTES
TRUSSES
6.3
;
x
g J L
u
--S.l-
_l
o
uJ
J =
ul
o
= uJ
J lt
L-
'f
-L
TRUSSES
Example. ComPutation
of truss
6.4
civen.
Truss3inTable6.4,
h
L=IZm, d=2m, h=4m

costx =0.447
tanoc=a=2.0, a=63.4350,
Load:
Prb =Pob
=3kN,
Prt =Prt
=4kN,
Poo
=5 kN
Required. Compute forces
in truss membere using influence lines
sorution.
2dZx2dtt
2=9-
;=;=ot, ==L"' ^=T=t ei * z u -!^^ zd x + -Jq- x d x h(u.)L) û, = h ' h(0.5L)

P,o
P,o
+ 1.333x4+ 0.667 x3 =12'33
kN
(compression)
P"o )
G u
E
t-,t-'
axa
(Sx er" +4x Pf +3x
Pob
+ ZxP'o +
4 73 = 0.083x(5x3 + 4 x4 +3x5 + 2x4 + 3) =
kN
(tension)
U,Lr =:::1'd(-Pj '

= 03728(-3 +
+
3
P"b
+ 2xPr" + 3x ei ++xfrb )
3
3
kN
(tension)
+ 2x 4 +
x 5 + 4x 4) = 14'53
o t!
ITJ
UoLr
=-gr;,
=-14'57 kN
(compression)
= o
osoc/l
DSOJ/1,
z
ltl
J I
=
J
o
:=
117 -
NOTES
7. PLAT
rS
Bending Moments
for
Various Support
and
Loading Gonditions
RECTANGULAR PLATES
N
T E S
CASE
A: h :>2
a
BENDING MOMENTS
CASE
B:
7.1
h
a
in elastic plates' Tables 7. j-7.9 provide formulas and coefficients for computation of bending moments
The calculations are performed for plates of 1 meter width loads' The plates are analyzed in two directions for various support conditions and acting Units of
a<b
measurement:
Distributed loads Bending
): kN / m) moments (M): kN m/m
(u
caseA 9>2
a
Plateshouldbecomputedinone (short) directionasabeamof length L=a ptatesnoutObecomputedintwodirectionsastwobeamsof lengths Formulas for bending moments computation ,
CaseB !<2
a
L,=a 5d lr=l
(h \a
<2
\
)
i
Mo(a)
=(ra w a
b,
Mo,o,
=cro
wa
M.,",
=p..w.a.b,
M,,0, =
po.w.a.b
Where: w
=uniformly distributed load
G",do,0",Fo
coefficients from tables

for Poisson's
ratio Pr
=0
Bending moments for any Poisson's ratio
p: Mi,)
v'"
'"i
--fftr-ulr
l-r_ . tsT
)M,", r1p
-u, )M,,,].
=+[(l-up,
'FT
)M,0,
+(p-pr, )M ",]
Support condition
Legen
d:
:|rs\ssss
Plate fixed along edge. Plate hinged along edge Plate free along edge'
t------$f\J
-120- 121
Plate supported on column
RECTANGULAR PLATES
BENDING MOMENTS (uniformly distributed load)
Examplo. Computation of rectangular plate' b S 2a
7.2
Fo
Plate supportg
b/a=1'4
b/a
1.0
1.1
da
0.0363 0.0399 0.0424 0.0452 0.0469 0.0480 0.0485
([b
0.0365 0.0330 0.0298 0.0268 0.0240 0.0214 0.0189 0.0169 0.0148 0.0133
0.01 18
p"
Glvon.
Elasticsteelplate3inTableT.2,
Uniformly distributed
a=1.5m, b=2,1m, t=0'04m,
load
w = 0'8 kN/m'z
1.2 1.3
Poisson'sEtio
P=lrt=0
N'n/m
Requlred. computebendingmoments Mo1"i, Mo(r), M,("), M,(o)
1.4
'1.5
solution. M*"i
kN'm/m = 81 4 = o"wab = 0'0323x0'8x1'5x2'1 = 0'0814
Morb) = obwab =
0.0165x0'8xi'5x2'1= 0 0416 kN m/m = 41'6 N m/m
1.6
'1.7 '1.8
0,M88
0.0485 0.0480 0.0473 0.0267 0.0266 0.0261 0.0254 0.0245 0.0235 0.0226 o.0217 0.0208 0.0199 0.0193 0.0269
M",", =p"wab = -0.0709x0.8x1.5x2.1= -0.1787 kN'm/m = -178'7 N'm/m
M.n, =
powab =
-0.0361x0.8x1.5x2.1= -0.0910 kN'm/m = -91'0 N'm/m
1.9 2.0 1.0

1.1 1.2
0.0180 0.0146
0.01 18
-0.0694 -0.0667 -0.0633 -0.0599
'L3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.8 1.9 2.0 't.0

1
0.0097 0.0080 0.0066 0.0056 o.oo47 0.0040 0.0034 0.0030 0.0269 0.0242 0.0214 0.0188 0.0165
0.01,14
-0.0534 -0.0506 -0.o476 -0.0454
4.0432
-0.04'12
-0,0625 -0.0675 -0.0703

-0.0711
-0.0625 -0.0558 -0.0488 -0.0421 -0,0361 -0.0310 -0.026s -0.0228 -0.0196 -0.0169 -0.o147
0.0292
0.0309 0.0319 0.0323 0.0324 0.0321 0.0316 0.0308 0.0302 0.0294
1.2
.3
1.4 1,5 1.6 1.7 1.8
-0.0709 -0.0695 -0.0678 -0.0657 -0.0635 -0.0612 -0.0588
0.0125 0.0109 0.0096 0.0084 0.0074
t.9
2.0
RECTANGULAR PLATES
BEN Dl NG MOM
E
NTS
(uniformly distributed load)

c[b
7.3
Fo
Plate support
b/a
1.0
1.1
9-0.0892 -0.0892 -0.0872 -0.0843 -0.0808 -0.0772 -0.0735 -0.0701 -0.0668 -0.0638 -0.0610
0.0334 0.0349 0.0357 0.0359
o.0273 0.0231 0.0196 0.0165

0.0'140 0.01 19
1.2
1.4 5
0.0357 0.0350
0.034'1
1.6
1.7
0.101 0.086 0.0075 0.0064 0.0056 0.0334 0.0313 0.0292 0.0269 0.0248 o.0228 0.0208 0.0190 0.0172 0.0157 0.0142 0.0198 0.0169 0.0142 0.0120
0.0'102
0.0333 0.0326 0.0316 0.0303 0.0273

0.03'13
1.8 1,9 2.0

1.0
1.1
-0.0893 -0.0867 -0.0820 -0.0760 -0.0688 -o.0620 -0.0553 -0.0489 -o.0432 -0.0332 -0.0338 -0.0556 -0.0565 -0.0560 -0.0545 -0.0526 -0.0506 -0.0484 -0.0417 -0.0350 -0.0292 -0.0242
1.2 1.3
1.4
0.0348 0.0378 0.0401 0.0420 0.0433 0.0441
1.5
'1.6
F#g.
1.8
0.0444 0.0445
2.0
1.0
1.1
0.0443 o.0226 0.0234 0.0236
3 1.4
0.0235 0.0230 0.0225 0.0214 0.0210 0.0203 0.0192 0.0189
-0.0202
-0.0169' -0.0142 -0.0120 -o.0102 -0.0082 -0.0076
1.5 1.6
1.7
0.0086 0.0073 0.0062 0.0054 0.0043 0.0040
4.0462 4.0442
-0.0413 -0.0404
F#4
1,8
t.9
2.0
RECTANGULAR PLATES
BEN DING MOM
PIate supports b/a
1.0
1.1
ENTS

9."
R
7.4
0o
0.0180 0.0218
0.0267 0.0262 o.0254 0.0242 0.0229 0.0214 0.0200 0.0186 0.0172 0.0158 0.0146 0.0226 0.0212
0.0'198
-0.0694 -0.0708 -0.0707

0.0689 0.0660
0.o2u
0.0287
1.4
0.0316 0.0341 0.0362
1.5
-0.0621 -0.0577 -0.0531 -0.0484 -0.0439 -0.0397 -0.0417 -0.0481 -0.0530 -0.0565 -0.0588 -0.0597 -0.0599 -0.0594 -0.0583 -0.0570 -0.0555 -0.0417 -0.0450
0.0468
1.7
0.0376 0.0388 0.0396 0.0400 0.0198 0.0226 0.0249 0.0266
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.0
1.1
-0.0556 -0.0530 -0.0491 -o.0447 -0.0400 -0.0354 -0.0312

^0.0274
1.2
0.0181 0.0162 0.0146

0.0'130 0.01 16 0.0'103
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
0.0279 0.0285 0.0289 0.0290 0.0288 0.0284 0.0280 0.0179

0.0'194
1.8 1.9
2.O
-0.0240 -0.0212
0.0187
0.0092 0.0081 0.0179 0.0161 0.0't42 0.0123 0.0107 0.0093 0.0080 0.0069 0.0060 0.0052 0.0046
1.0
1.1
-0.0417
4.0372
-0.0325
-0.028'1 0.0242
1.2 3
0.0204 0.0208 0.0210 0.0208 0.0205 0.0200 0.0195 0.0190

0.0'183
-o.0475 -0.0473 -0.0464 -0.0452 -0.0438 -0.0423 -0.0408 -0.0392
ws
T\
14
1.5 1.6
-0.0206 -o.0177 -0.0152 -0.0131 -0.0113 -0.0098
17
1.8 1.9
2.0
RECTANGULAR PLATES
BE Plate supports
N
Dl NG MOM
b/a
1.0
1.1
ENTS

cx,-
7.5
0o
(Ib
0.0457 0.0492 0.0519 0.0540 0.00552 0.0556 0.0099 0.0094 0.0087 0.0079 0.0070 0.0059
F" -0.0510 -0.0574

0.0636
0.0099 0.0102 0.0102
-0.0853 -0.0930 -0.1000
#
.B
0.0100 1.4 1.5

1.0
1.1
-0.0700
-0.0761
-0.r062
-0.1 t 15
-0.1 155
0.0097 0.0095 0.0457 0.0421 0.0389
*0.082't -0.0853 -0.0771 -0.0712 -0.0658 -0.0609 -0.0562
-0.0510 -0.0448 -0.0397 -0.0354 -0.0314 -o.0279
1.3
0.0362 0.0362 0.03't1
t\
M0,",
1.4
BENDING MOMENTS (concentrated load at center) =c".P,

Mo,o,
=co.P, M.,",=9".P,
c[^ 0.146 0.179
1.0
M,,o;
oq
o.146 o.14'l 0.138 0.135
=9t'P
p"
Pr
Plate supports
b/a
"-t
1.4
0.214
0.244
1.8
0.270 0.290 0.108
0.132
0.130 0.108 0.100 0,092 0.086 0.080 0.076
2.0
'1.0
-0.094 -0.126
-0.'149
-0.094 -0.074 -0.055 -0.040 -0.030
TffiT -l'4 + v "1
0.128
1.4 1.6
ruL
tt),v.1
0.143 0.156 0.162 0.168
-0.162 -0.171 -0.176
L--i---l lP '
1.8
2.O
-o.022
-129-
RECTANGULAR PLATES
N
T E S
b(2a
a=1.8m, b=2.25m, t=0.1m, a,/b=0.8
kip/in'l -
BENDIN
MOMENT
S and D E F L E C T I O N S
Mo,o,
( uniformly
distributed load
Example. Computation of rectangularplate,
M0,",
=d,.w.b'?,
(,", o6,
=cx'o.w.b2, M,,",=c,,", w.b',
Mr,o, =cr,o, .w.b2
Given.
Elasticplatel inTable7.6,
Modutus of etasticity E = 4030 Poisson's
a$0: ! 18222
2.54',
-2800 kN/cm2
ct11"y
and crr,o, = coefficients for Poisson's ratio
lrr
= 1/ 6
ratio P=Pt
l/6,
=240000
Erasticstiffness
D= ,Et' ,, = ?800t10t,r2(1-F') 12l 1-(l/6)' load
Ao={o w:,
b'
=
b4 Ar=II w.:,
deflection at point i
Ar=Ir.* ,
b4 i,
E.tr D=lr(llD
w = 0.2 kN/m'? = 0.002 kN/cm'?
Where
Ai
E = Modulus of elasticity p = Poisson's ratio D
Required. Compute bending moments M0,", and Mo(u), deflection A0 Solution. M0,") =o."wb2 =0.0323x02x2.25'z=0.0327
Mo,o) = cxowb2 = Ao
t = plate
thickness,
kN m/m=32.7 N m/m
109.
Elastic stiffness
0'1078x0.2x2.25' = 0.1091 kN m/m =
m/m
Plate supports
alb
1.0
0o(")
0o(o)
G,(ul
0r(o)
1lo
r'I
0.o172 0.0119 0.0079 0.0050 0.0030 0.0016 0.0168 0.0165 0.0162
0.0'159
rl:
0.0172
0.0'164
=Inw
h4
i-=0.018x0.002Y:
'I'
OU
= o.:s cm = 3.g
0.0947 0.0689 0.0479 0.0289 0.0131 0.0005 0.0977 0.1007 0.1038 0.1069 0.1097 0.1121 0.0581 0.0500 o.0421 0.0343 0.0270 0.0202
0.0947 0.1016 0.'1078 0.1132 0.1174 0.1214

0.1
0.1606 0.1367 0.1148 0.0955 0.0769 0.0592 0.1578 0.1552 0.1526 0.'t498 0.1470 o.1444 0.1198 0.1031 0.0866 0.0706 0.0547 0.0388
0.1606 0.154'l 0.1486 0.1435 0.1386 0.1339 0.2326 0.2073 o.1444 0.1639 0.1462 0.1314
0.'1 198
0.0263 o.02't8 0.0180 0.0158

0.0'148
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

1.0
0.0157 0.0151 0.0146

0.0'141
0.0140 0.0606 0.0418 0.0307 0.0247 0.0209 0.185 o.0122 0.0100 0.0080 0.0063 0.0048 0.0036
070
0.1011 0.0625 0.0406 0.o275 0.0194 0.0142 0.0126 0.0117 0.0106 0.0093 0.0078 0.0063
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

'1.0
0.0889 0.0729 0.0589 0.0468 0.0364 0.0581 0.0540 0.0490 0.0432 0.0367 0.0294
0.155 0.0152 0.0126 0.0089 0.0059 0.0037 0.0022 0.001

1
- 130
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
0.'1092
0.0986 0.0870 0.0739 0.0578
-131-
NOTES
M.,",=""
RECTANGULAR PLATES
BENDING inOMENTS (uniformly varying
toad)
7.7
(+),
r,,,,=o,
*
't.0
1.1
(+
M<o=e"00.0216 o.0229 0.0236 0.0239
(+J,
0b
0.0194 0.0178 0.0161 0.0145
0.013'1
Mooy
=0o
p"
a b)
2)
Fo
Plate supports
b/a
-0.0502 -0.0515
-0.0521 -0.0522
-0.0588
=0.0554
1.2
-0.0517
4.0477 4.0432
-0.0387
1.4
0.024'l 0.0241
-0.0519 4.05'14 -0.0588 -0.0614 -0.0633 -0.0644 -0.0650 -0.0652 -0.0538 -0.0538 -0.0535 -0.0529
0.0117
0.02'16
1.0
1.1
0.0194 o,0211 0.0228
-{.0502
-0.0480 -0.0435 -0.0418 -0.0396 -o.0357 -0.0598 -0.0553
0.0198 0.0178 0.0153 0.0132

0.0 120
t.3
1.4
0.0243 0.0257 0.0271 0.0246 0.0248 0.0250 0.0250
1.5 1.0
1.1
0.0172 0.0163 0.0153 0.o142 0.0128

0,01 14
1.2
4.0510
-0.0469 -0.0429 -0.0390
-.0.0538
1.4
1.5
'1.0
0.0247 0.0245 0.0172 0.0178 0.0'180
4.0522
-0.0514 -0:0598
0.0248 0.0244 o.0242 0.0244 0.0249
1.1
-{.0640
-0.0677
-0.0535
--0.0533 *0.0533
1.3 1.4 1.5
0.0182 0.0180 0.o't77
-0.0709
-0r0739
-0.0536
0.0262
-0,0765
NOTES
t,,",=""
5
RECTANGULAR PLATES
BENDING MOMENTS (uniformty varying
toad)
= e, p"
-0.1412
308
7.8
r (+)
MrF)=sr.*.[+
bla
'1.0
1
M.(") = cq
0.0718 0.067? 0.0634 0.0598 0.0565 0.0530
p.
[+) ,
0b
0.0042 0.0037
0.003'1
r.,,,
.*
a.b \
,)
Plate supports
Fo
4.0422
-0.0350 -0.0290 -o.0240 -o.0200 -0.0 168 -0.1412
--0.1510
1.2 1.3
-0.1222
-0.1 143
0.0025 0.0019 0.0012 0.0718 0.0758 0.0790 0.0810 0.0826 0.0628
14
1.5
-0.1069 -0"1003 -0.0422 -0.0509 -0.0600
1.0 1.1
0.0042
o.oo47 0.0053 0.0057 0.0060 0.0063
1.2 1.3
-0.1600 -0.1675
-{.0692
-0.0785 -0.0876
4.1740
-0.1790
M,(")=r,
M,(,)=p,
(+),
M,(,)=p,
",,,,=o,.*.(+)
[+),
(+),
M,(,)=p,
*
0,
[+)
F,
-o.0562 -0.0538 -0.0506
Plate supports
bla
1.0
(I^
0.0184 0.0205
(xb 0.0206 0.0190 0.0173 0.0156 0.0137 0.0120 0.0184 0.0160 0,0137 0.0112 0.0090 0,0072
9,
-0.0332
-0.0448 -0.0477 -0.0495 -0.0504 -0.0508
-{.0302
-0.0271 -0.0237 -0.0204 -0.0168 -0.0446
-0.041
1
,2 1.3
0.0221 0.0229 0.02s5
-{.0470
-0.0431
1.5 E
0.0241 0.0206 0.0218 0.0227
-{.0510
-0.0562
-{.0387
-0.0332 -0.0353 -0.0357 -0.0376
t.0
1.1
-{.0576
-0.0580 -0.0577
4.0372
-0.0336 -0.0302
0.0231 0.0233 0.0233
F"
1.4
-{.0569
-0.0556
-{.0380
-0.0382
.5
4.0276
- 135 -
CIRCULAR PLATES
BENDING MOMENTq St{EAR
a
and
DEFLECTrdN 1unitomiyritstriOut"O
MR
toaat
7.9,
.,
circular plate's radius
r = circular seclion's radius t =thickness of plate
moment . moment V& = radial shoar

=
radial
Mr
tangential
.
,
R =support reaction A = defloctiqn at conJer of ptate

trI.
.
= Poissonls ratio
E
Moment, sheaf and deflection diagrams
modutus
ofelasticity '
Forrnulas
p=:, p=wnaz, R=+, 'r2ra*2M'

p
v*
=-3p
,]
V. = ^ (l+u){t-o') " 16n'

M,
= Dj-l
lotr.
3+p-(r+ :p)p']
^ a=
Pa2,. ,,/s+u ,) ,qc uo*(r-o-Jl,* -o'J, D= t2(t-1t'z)
p=f,, r=wna
pr,r_
R=d;
y* =-zrnlp
=ftlr+u-(3+p)p,]
ll1
rr.r, =
fi
[r +u - (l +3p)p,]
Vi
A
Pa2 ,
^=ab('-e')' "="G')
^'
Etl
NOTES
8. SOILS
sorLs
NOTES
properties of soils are determined through laboratory For purposes of structural design, engineering
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS SOIL TYPE

SOIL PARTICLES
8.1 WEIGHT IN ORY SOIL
stzE
experimentsandfieldresearch,conductedforspecificconditionslfthesemethodsarounavailablo'
use of data provided in the norms may be accoptable'
Cohosive soils
lgneous and sedimentary stone compact soils; compact, sticky and plastic clay soils. Less than 0.005 mm
ThemodulusofdeformationandPoisson'sfatioofsoilcanbedeterminedusingthefollowingformulas:
Coh6sionless solls
(l+2k^)(1+e) (l-ko)(l+e) .,=_-_5l u'=_-_E-'

Where: ko = coefficient of lateral earth e=voidEtio(Table 82)
pressure (Table
1
Crashed stone Gravel sand Coarse-grained sand Medium-grained sand Fine-grained sand Dustlike sand
Coarser than 10 mm Coarser
> 50
o/o
than
2 mm
>50% >50%
> 50 > 75
< 75
o/o
Coarser than 0.5 mm Coarser than 0.25 mm Coarser than 0.1 mm Coarsgr than 0.1 mm
0 1)
o/o
D. = relative density ( Table 8.2 )

as guidelines' Soil properties found in Tables 8 2- 7 are provided only
o/o
COMPONENTS OF SOIL
Volume
Weight
Wo.0
Ww
Moss
Nr
Vo Vw
Mo.0
Mw
ryqFF}
.////8i
w
Vs
Ws Ms
%
V. V", V", V,
*d V" = =
total volumeandvolumeof
air,water,solidmatterandvoids,respectively
W,
W*
and W"
total weight and weight of water and solid matter, respectively.
M.
M*
and
M, =
total mass and mass ot water and solid matter, respectively
sotLs
WEIGHT / MASS and VOLUME RELATtONSHtpS
8.2
1. Poroaity: n =&
2. void ratlo: 3.
Dogreeof
tOO
V=V, +V"
9.
Spsclflc gravityofsollds:
"=t=*,
V,=V"+%
o7o
c."=
q/v.
w, o, 6_ = M./\ = M, p" v, pY* =Y.yunit weight and unit mass ofwater
Whsre:
saturation' 3=&-.166
Y" and p" =
4. watercontent
5. Unitweioht
*= &.tOO yo=M* .1ggo7o
w.
M,
"t.=62.41b/ft3 or 9.81 kN/m3, p* =1000kdm3

( at
normal lomDeratures)
v=-.il
Td
W+W
V
10. Relativedenstty:
D.= e*-eo
.tOOU
6.
7.
Dry
unltwelght:
=-=: l+w v
wl
.100%
Where: em,e.in otld eo = 63x1rur, minimum and
Unltma$: e=+
er=+
FLOW OF WATER
in-pla void ratio of the soil, respectively.
8. Dryunltmass:
T*,Tr"
and To
maximum, minimum and
in-pla@ dry unit weight, respcctively.
Darcy's Law.
Velocity of
coEFFtcrENr oF pERMEABtLrrv (ko)

o = kr .i
,
flow:
SOIL TYPE
Crashed stone, gravel sand Coarse-grained sand Medium-grained sand Fine-grained sand Sandy loam Sandy clay Clay
ko
cm / sec
1.
where: ko = coefficient
of permeability,
l0{
.4H.. hy&aulic i =: =
Actual vslocity:
gradient (slope).
1.10{ to 1.10r
l.loj to l.l0* to
1.10j to
1.10-7
1.10r
1 10-3 1 10J
1.10-5
-.uk".i__ko.i(l+e)l)d=ry. tl*,*=r=l* or
Where:
n and e
soil's porosity and void ratio, respectively.

p6r unit time): q = kp .i.A
.
Flow rate (volume
to
Where: A = area of the given cross-section of soil
<
10-7
SOILS
NOTES
STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOIL Method based on elsstic theory Concentrated load

Boussinesq equation:
8.3
d =--
3P
^ Zrcz'll+ft/zl'I L'
rr il'
Where
Oz
vertical stress at depth z concentrated load
Uniformly distributed load
O-=-
'"lt*1*t"1'l'
2w
o,
=f
(e,
-e, *rin0, cos0, -sin0,
cos0, )
Approximate method '

Where
(B+
,
P --:---------:-i22 tan O)(L
+22tffi9)'
O, =approximate vertical stress at depth z

P =total load
B =width of footing
L=lengthoffooting, B<
z = depth 0 = angle of intemal
friction
NOTES
Table 8.4
SOILS
SETTLEMENT OF SOIL Method based on elastic theory
8.4
Examole. Settlement of soil. Method based on elastic theory' unirs: B(m),
r(m), u(m),h,(-), P,(kN), v,(tNlm';, o" (kPa), E. (kPa)
Seftlemenl: Where
s=io
i=l
r,
I
Ds
+ temporary load ( live load ) = weight of shuctures + weight of footing and surcharge to the middle of hi layer zi =distance from footing base Lower border of active soil zone for vertical load P" has been adopted as 20% of
n=numberof h-heightlayers, h<0.48

0oo
Ht7
natural soil Pressure: 0.2d"
oq
additional vertical pressue at the mid-height
oiven. B=3(m),
r=s.4(n),
H'
=5(-),
ho
=2(t),
h'
=h' =1, =1 0(m)<0'4B

F' =o'10
(Ior
t
of
h,
- layer
oa =
o(,i
oao
H, = 4.0(m). ho = h. = fi" = h- = 1.0(m)< 0 48

yo =Tr
co,
0os
con 0ou
a
oa,
=op-or, ,
or. =%ho
o" =5 .
=1.8(ton/rn')=lz r(tNlm'), E' =40000(kPa)'

9z = 0'72
B,L
cri = coefficient from Table 8.5a Yi =
y, = 2.0(ton/m' ), s., = 25000(kPa)'

Required. Compute settlement of soil under footing
sof
mit weight of soil
Engineering properties of soils are determined by field and laboratory methods
&
= total vertical
load,
B<L
B = width of footing , L = length of footing
ution.
op =
fr
P.
-
ffi
3000
= t 85.2 (kPa), o,o = Yoho = 17'7
\2'0 = 35'4(lfa)
Es = modulus of defomation of soil

)t12 -" '0=l- l-[
oa" = 6p
6'10
= 185.2 -35.4 = 149.s(kPa), seeTable8'5a)
0.2o, = 0.2xY'1,1 (ho + z, ) (kPa)
u=Poisson'sratioforsoil
Sandyloam: 0=0.72
oa
Ht
=dixo""' (fora'
zi
,
(xi
L/B=54l30=1'8
o" (kPa)
141.4
1
Sand:
p=9.76,
(m/
- /a
0.167
0.2o, (kPa)
8.9
12.4
l= Line
or,
=Line 0.2or,
=Line o"
Sandy clay:
0=0.57, Clay: B=9.4
0.944
H1
0.500 0.833 1.'t67
o.794
0.561 0.391
18.9
Alternative
Settlement ofloads on clay due to
ormulas S='o "[H]' l+eo'

eo e
84.0 58.4 42.2 31.0 23.5
15.9 21.6 25.5 29.6 33.3
primary consolidarion.
H2
zs = 4'5
26
1.500 1.833 2.167
o.282
0.207 o.157
= initial void ratio ofthe soil in situ the total pressue acting at midheight the consolidating clay layer
5'5
= void ratio ofthe soil corresponding to
z- =6.5 Assume: z
of
=6.0(m),
zlB
--2.0' o =0.189'
28.3 = 0'2c..1=
H = thickness ofthe consolidating clay layer
o" = 0.189x149.8 =
Settlement:
0.2(5.0x17.7+3.0x19'6) = 29'5(kl'a)
0.72
Settlement of loads on clay due to

second
ary
consoI
idation
s,
c,s.
log(t.
/t" ) , c"
= o.ot
o.o:
^ S=t.0(14t.4+118.8+S+.01-Y19-r
1A
t.0(s8.4+42.2+11.0)ffi=0.0065+0.0018=0.0103(m)
t. = life of the structue or time for which

settlement is required
te
time to completion of primary consolidation
sotLs
SETTLEMENT OF Coefficient di
TableS.Sa
Method based on. Winklor,s hypothesis

Settlement
Where
= k..
o = compressive stress applied to trea ofa soil subgade

S
unit
= settlement of unit axea of a soil subgrade = Winkler's coefficient ofsubgrade reaction (force per length cubed)
k,
, =K.. EE "' =1. hr
k*,.k*"
k*, +k*.
k...
k., =___:r "'

h,
NOTES
For slop6 stability analysis, it is necessary to compute the factor of safety for 2 or 3 failure suffaGs with different diameters. The smallest of the obtained values is then acceoted as the result.
sotLs
possible Modulus of doformation (8.) and Winkler's coeffici6nt for some types of 6oil
l
8.6
(k*)
Soil type
Crashed stone, gravel sand
Range E.
cc-oc
(MPa)
Ranse k* (Nlcm3)
90
75
150
Coa6e-grained sand
Medium-grained sand Fine-grained sand
40-45 35-40 25-35

15-25 10-30
-'120
Sandy loam
Sandy clay Clay
15-30
60-90 46-75 30-60 30-45 25-45
SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL

Coulomb
squatlon: t, = c+otanQ
t" = shear strength
c = cohesion
Where
o = effective intergraaular normal pressure

0 = angle of intemal tanO = coefticient
friction
offriction
SLOPE STABI LITY ANALYSIS

Factorof safetyforslope F.S.21,5 to 1.8
i=n
le,r,
Wh6re
t*Q,
+Rl"'.'
i
l=n
8i = weight of mass for element ci = cohesion

Qr
of soil
= angle of intomal friction
H = depth safetv depth
ofcut
cosQ
ofcut t"' - 2c.
y l-sin$
NOTES
Table 8"4
8.7
Example. Bearingcapacityanalysis
civen. Rectangularfooting, B=3.6 m, L=2.8 m, BIL=1.28,

Granularsoil,
smoothbase
0=300, c=0, Y=130 Lblft3 =130x0.1571=20.42 kN/m3 kN, M=500kN.m, e=500/2500=0.2m, elB=0.213.6=0.06 Bearingcapacityfactors R" =0.78, N" =20.1, N,=20
Loads P=2500
Required. Compute factor of safety for footing
aeF li ?: j"
/+7! ; i E-L
2
o
<
flg i
Solution. q,rt=TDrNq+0.4TBNy=20.42x2x20.1+0.4x20.42>,3.6x20=1409kN/m'?
p.$.
= q,,, . B. L. R. I P = | 409 x3.6x2.8x0.7
I 2500 = 4.43 > 3
aEii'nF =ia :IE-; a3i'ai-82 Ei-g; 5g * lE e1E i gtY';L ;En ; ; E * -' s ,:;E EsF 3 5E F
E
p
Ff ro r* ;Ee E =- - = i
E
ri ili:,;:
z
> lrL o
v. EO
q o@
q^'
;a
3t* NF
(, =
o.
Lt-L_
r=-J1 oo
o
u =
r!
mS d* d6
l_l oo
oo LJf 'ct
qqqac!
FOOoO
OU
uo!]cnpeu
;fio o
a
U
aU'rolcol
*E z oO DF iiE
Rtr
eE ?z o$
g3R33e3 R gooFooin
N
.{p'6y'c11'sro}3D3 F11codo3 6u1:oeg

153 -
NOTES
9. FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATIONS
EIRECT FOUNDATIONS
Tables 9.1-9.7 @nsider two cases of foundation analysis.
9.1
l.
The footing is supported directly by the soil: Maximum soil reacton (contact pressure) is determined and @mpared with requirements of the norms or the results of laboratory or field soil research.
ll.
The footing is supported by the piles:
Fores acting on the piles are @mputed and compared with the pile pacity provided
catalogs. lf ne@ssary, pile capacity can be computed using the formulas provided in Table 9.4.
in the
Individual column
footlng Wall footing Contact prgssurg and sqil pressurg dlagramg
rwo-wayaction:
e,=fttf*ll-.
wtere A=B.L,
One-way action
t"=*, s,=L*
pYv"IM, q*=++AS,AS,
Wher6 & =P+W
+2W,
Ivt.,
=H".t+rra ^v
P = load on the footing from the column
Wr =weight of concrete, including pedostal

and base pad
W, = weight of soil
tf qd : 0;
assume
qd
=0
(soil cannot fumish any tensilo resistanc)

..-
3(P...B-2tM tl \ \' !
2P"
2P.. q* =--= x.L
FOUNDATIONS
NOTES
Tables 9.1 and 9.2 Example.
Direct foundation in Table 9.1 Reinforced concretefooting,
9.2
DIRECT FOUNDATION STABILITY

Factor of safety against P,
sliding;
F S.
"
!j
)rr
Given.
B=3.6m, L=2.8 m, h=3 m

=
total vertical loaO,
!U
total horizontalforces
A= B.L =3.6x2.8 =10.08 m" s"

Loads P, =
P+
L.B' /6=
6.048 m3 H = 200 kN = 0.4
f=
coetficient of friction between base and soil
= 0.4-0.5
W, +2W, = 2250
kN, M" = 225 kN m,
Allowable soil contact pressure o = 360 kPa = 360
kN/m':, f
Factor of safety against overturning: F.S. =

M,1uy
Yn*'
lvro(r
J
Requird. Compute contact pressure, factors of safety against sliding and overturning
P,.B/2,
M.,.,
=M+)H.h
sotution. q^* =
IM, q"'= P.-=A o.T 'M. 2250 200x3 + 225 a.*=rrg+ 6ga3 = 223.2+136.4 P
q^b =223.2-136.4 = 86'8 kPa
Factorof safetyagainstsliding
M.(k)
Mo,u,
= =
moment to resist tuming turning moment
359.6 < 360 kPa
PILE FOUNDATIONS Distribution of loads in pile group

Axial load on any particular pite:
I-.s
P f =IE=2250x0 =* ' zoo

4
Example
9.2a
o_P,-M,x-M_.y ri--rilr-
'
n.m
Factor or sarety asainst overturnins
H #jfr
=
ffiffi
=+s
- )(*)' - l,:)'
&=
n
total vertical load acting on pile group number of piles in a row
= number of rows of pile M,,M, =moment with respact to x and y

m
respectively x, y
axos,
distance from pile to respectively
y and
axes,
Example 9.2a: n=4, m=3 s, \2 ^ ^f,^ - .2 ,- - ,21 Z(x) =2 3L(0.5a)- +(1.5a)-l= 6. 6.25a = t3.5a
Foundation olan and sections
)(y)'=2.+.1u;'=t6'
y=b, p,=+4.3 pire2: x=-0.5a, y=-b, &=J.4.3 pire3: x=0.5a, y=0, p, = +* 4.3
pirel: x=-1.5a,
NItl'5"*Yi-b-& 13.5a'2 8b') D -M, 9a*M" 8b M,0'5a-y+=&-M,-v. 13.5a2 8b'? n 27a 8b Y:]1" * Yii0 = &*l!
13.5a2 8b2 12
9a
FOUNDATIONS
9.3
NOTES
Distribution
Example
9.2b
of loads in pile group
vl
+-l - 'd---*- ,l - +"| I

-
--r-- 4) - -r- -
-+.
Foundation plan and sections Axiat toad on any particutar
pite:
P' '' = n.m t lL: t- lL+ - I(r)' I(vl'
n=7, m=3,
I(.f=2.3 [(")'+(2a)'+(:a1']=6'14a'z =84a2 Z$)' =2.i.(b)' =vr, M' I Pilel: x=-2a, y=0. R= :1.3-\:.84a' Y':'o= 21- 42a ' 14b' pitez: x=0, y=-b, p,= + - Yr,o - $}= & - M' 7.3 84a' 14b' 2l l4b pile3: x=3a, y=b, &= + * Yi ?' - YL,o= +. p. ' 7.3 84a' 14b' 21 28a
Maximum and minimum axial load on pile:
* l4b
p M D=u+l+ls=',s=', -ffi n.m-S"-S"'
n(n+l)a.m m(m+l)b n -Y 6 6 1t1+t\a.'t 1(1+l\h.7 -'lnexampleg.2b: S = \' /" - =28a. S =-\'=l4b -' 6 6 PILE GROUP CAPACITY
Where
Ne = capacity of the pile group
Ee = pile group efficiency
Ne
= Ee n'm
:
No
Converse-Labarre equation
E-
' =l-l\90,/
I'
/ :e \(n-l)m+(m-l)n
n.m
Np = capacity of single Pile

0
For cohesionless
soil
Es = 1.0
=mctand/s (degrees),
d =
diameterof piles,
s = min spacing of piles, center to center
FOUNDATIONS
.r"
9.4
o o '6
cfr <6
9o !E E_o
ie
.*c
HJ.O ll -di*F
e nE &;"3
o
6e
oii g-c*
F'!EE o-tb:E O-:X.PE
o.=
< o
;
O;rr-F t;q-.Y 5;i' gEE d E .. i gEE E E! .o'a

HXO
.-:=o-9
14 i" o{
i^
E\ Eo a-.6
*9,P E*h =s-E ii ri .J ,S

vv i{ o
E'SH :&* g$u
g;F
.d
rr^
6l*" fi E;;EEt --;.9;E.;',6 ? EE q'H.e i

rlii-ltirl cyq'u>H
p o
i !e A }{ E; b
'l:illoZ-
I
5
ooY
;r
=o EE'68
-F
frb*$Eo EsbPo EC'88E. obF9

oq=oF Egho:
E E '
E
F
f EEF oEEraG -dulirl

EVZ<
llllA
FJ
tFi
--}|
=9, 3b' .9 '<9 5.
z
o
F:
'-/ -. 'ol
t.
,I ./ . ./
oi {:i c= zl
d=4 lt* ffi

'
UE FF
-;
Itt U^
------l r
--J7\;\E o |
'
.'Ft
'g
-o oE o6
3t'
FOUNDATIONS
RIGID CONTINUOUS BEAM ELASTICALLY SUPPORTED
The following method can be applied on condition that
9.5
L < 0.8. h.
{/T/ q
Where E, L and h=modulusofelasticity, Iength and depth ofthebeam,respectively E, = modulus of deformation of soil
Uniformly
distributed
load
lw)
qi=c[q(i).w
0q(:)
0.858
0.881
Soil reaction:
b/L
0.33 o.22
0.11
0q(o)
0q(r)
dq(:)
0.907 o.927
0.961
0q(o)
0.799 0.846 0.889 0.900
0.832 0.855 0.890 0.905
1.494
1.408 1.298 1.247
0.919 0.928
Soil
reoction diogrom
0.07 0.973
Bending moment: Mi=o,t;t btL

Moment diogrom
0.33 0.22
0.'11
,w.b.I-7 *-(r)
0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003
0.(o)
0.018 0.o12 0.009 0.008
0.(r)
0.014
0.01
1
0'(:)
0.010 0.009 0.006 0.006
0.(r)
0.001 0.001
0.008 0.007
0.000 0.000
Mo
M!
0.07
Shear:
Sheor diogrom
Y=a"frt .w.b.L
o'(r)
-0.037 -0.030 -0.024 -0.020 0u(:)
0.050
btL
0.33 0.22
0.11
0(u)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0"(t)
-,0.019
d(r)
-0.o27 -0.023 -0.016 -0.014
-0.016 -0.014 -o.012
-0.041 -0.031
0.026
0.07
FOUNDATIONS
Concentrated loads
M, =c,.,,,.P.L
d'{:)
0.019 0.018 0.017 0.016
9.6
Bending moment:
b/L
0.33 0.22
0.1
1
0'{ol
0.130 0.134
0.131
0.(r)
0.087 0.085 0.082
0.081
0.(:)
0.048 0.046 0.044 0.043
d-(r)
0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002
Moment diogrom
0.07 0.129
Shear:
Mo
Y=4,,,,
0u(:) -0.314 -0.308 ,0.302 -0.298
.P 0'(,)
0.216 0.208
b/L
0.33 0.22
0.11
*v(0) -0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500
d(,)
0.408
0'(t)
-0.083 -0.078 -o.072 ,0.069
Sheor diogrom
-0.404 -o.402 -0.400
-0.197 -0.192
0.07
-w w w
I
, tl
Bending moment: M,=o.,,.P.L

b/L
0.33 0.22
0.1
1
0.(o)
0.050 0.046 0.040 0.030
ttv
--1o.zzrf
0.(r)
0.063 0.059 0.053
0.051
0.(:)
0.096 0.092 0.088 0.086
d.(r)
0.038 0.036 0.034 0.032
0.{+)
0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003
Moment diogrom
0.07
Shear:
b/L
0.33
Y=oq,,
ct--(2) -0.628
0.6't6
.P
G'{r)
d'(,)
+0.1 84
0'"(:r
+0.372
0(ol
-0.1 66
Sheor. diogrom
-0.432 -0.416 -0.395 -0.385
/41 k1'
0.22
+0.,|9'l
+0.384
-0.156 -o.144 ,0.138
0.1
+0.1
96
+0.396
-0.604
0.596
0.07
+0.201
+0.404
FOUNDATIONS
Concentrated
Table 9.7 Example. Rigid continuous footing 4 in Table 9
7
9.7
loads
Bending moment: M,=d,,,,.P.L

Reinforcedconcretefooting,
civen.
L=6m, b=2m, h=1 m, b/L=033
E = 3370 kip/in'? =3370x6.8948=23235 MPa E, = 40 MPa, concentrated loads P = 200 kN
{rrl 'l I i?
ffi
lP
Fo..".J
btL
0.33 0.22 0.1'l
0'(o)
-0.061 0.065
d.(,)
0.048 0.052 0.058
0-(r)
0.015 +0.038
0.(r)
+0.006 +0.005 40.004 +0.004
"lt+:rlY
Mo
Required. Compute
Mo, Mj, Vi,
-0.019
0.023
r0.036
+0.034 +0.032
V3R
sofution. checkinsconditionr L<0.S h /Er , 6<Ozxlxl,lTs23sl+o=6a12 Mo = c'.(0)xPxL = -0 06ix200x6 = -73 2 kN m

M3 = o(.(3)xPxL = 0'038x200x6 = 45 6
kN m
V,' = cr"(,)xP = 0 568x200 = 1i3'6 kN vl =-0.432x200 =-86.4 kN
v--v
,,-=T-r-\
M3
Moment diogrom
-0.071 -0.075
0.07
-0.060
-0.025
Shear: Y=o,,,,
b/L
0.33 0.22
.P
ol--(3)
-0.432
d"{t)
+0.1 84
su(z) +0.372 +0.384 +0.396 +0.404
o'(r)
+0.568 +0.584 +0.605
+0.61 5
0'(o)
0.166 0.156
Sheor diogrom
.q,'i
L=-4
10.191 +0.1 96
-0.416 -0.395 -0.385
,Y
0.1
-0.144
-0.'138
0.07
+0.211
Bending moment:
M, =a-,,, .P.L
0.(o)
-0.073 -0.075 -0.077 -0.079
+0.006 +0.005 +0.004 +0.004
'w I
, lP
h-o.nnr*l
b/L
0.33 0.22
*.(o)
-0.172 -0.176 -0.142
-0.1 86
0.t
d.(:t
0.126
-0.159 -0.163
0.169 -0.17
1
J -"*-J
M6
-0.130
o.134 0.136
0.1
0.07
Moment diogrom
Shear:
b/L
0(r)
+0.'184
Y=0,r,r 'P
G"(,)
o'(,
+0.834 +o.444
d.-(4)
-0.166 -0.156
0.144
Sheor diogrom
V.'
0.33 0.22
+0.372
+0.568
+0.'191
+0.384
+0.584
V;
0.11
+0.'196
+0.396
+0.605
+0.856 +0.862
0.07
+0.201
+0.404
+0.615
0.1
38
NOTES
LO)LL. FIETAINTNG STFTUCTUFIES
RETAINING STRUCTURES
LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE ON RETAINING WALLS
Coefficients of lateral earth pressure: K0 = coefficient of earth pressure at
proved most For determining the lateral eadh pressure on walls of structures, the methods thal have popular in engineering practice are those based on analysis of the sliding prism's standing balance' This The magnitude of the lateral earth pressure is dependent on the direction of the wall movement. correlation is represented graphically in Table l O l
10.1
rest:
Ko =
5 =.! 6 t-tr
Where
Oh
md o" =
lateral and vertical stresses, respectively
Poisson's ratio
The three known coordinates on the graph are
Type of soil
Sand Sandy loam
p
0.29
0.31
\,Po
passive pressure and Pe. As the graph demonstrates, the active pressure is the smallest' and the Correlation between lateral earth pressure and wall movement
Po
the largest, among the forces and reactions acting between the soil and the wall the soil construction experience shows that even a minor movement of the retaining walls away from pressure in many cases leads to the formation of a sliding prism and produces active lateral
Sandy clay Clay
0.37
0.41
= lateral earth pressure at rest

Alternative
P" = active lateral earth pressure Pr = passive lateral earth pressure
formulas:
Ko = 1- sin O - for sands Ko = 0.19 + 0.233 log (PI) - for clays
Ko, K", Ke = coefficients
Where
K" =
Kp
PI = soil's plasticity index
coefficient of active earth pressure coefiicient of passive earth pressure
Coulomb theory K"=

cos'(q-cr)
t,
[.1q-b),t'(o-p)
L'-t/*.t";st."lP:O]
Ko=
P 'n
cos'zo.cos(c+6)
cos'(4-a)
t,
F'(o.s)'t"(a+p)l
cos'o.cos(o-6)
l'-\/-.(CI-D).".(P-")l
Coulomb earth pressure
Q ,12
= angle of internal friction of the backfill soil
r"
=U.)l("Ylt,
^ ^ -r, rn=U.)r\eyH
6 = angle of friction between wall and
soil (6 = 2 /30)
Where Y= unit weight of the backfill soil
p = angle between backfill surface line and a horizontal line

G = angle between back side of wall and a vertical line
EARTHQUAKE
cos'(q-o-cl)
e = arctan lkn / (1
k"
)]
kh = seismic coefficient, kh = AE I 2 AE = acceleration coefficient
k
-173.
=vertical acceleration coetficient
ry
NOTES
Table 10.2 Example. Retaining wall 1
in
LATERAL EARTH PRESSU RE ON RETAINING WALLS Rankine theory ({[=0, 6=0)

The wall is assumed to be vertical and smooth
10.2
Table 10.2, H =
l0
Given. Cohesivesoil, angleoffriction Q=26'' Cohesion c=150 lb/ft'] =150x47.88=7182 Pa =7.2 kN/m'? r Unit weight of backfill soil Y = I l5 lb /ft = 1 l5x 0 1571 = 18.1 kN/ml
Required. Compute active and passive earth pressure per unit length ofwall:
Pn,
,, ^^_ocosB-r/cor'p-.os I K"=cosp+ cosp+ cos'q

/cos'B
Kp=cosF?
h, Po, do
cosp-
p-cos'q
Solution.
Active earth pressure;
K =ran'[+s" 9l=tun i+5' 4l=o.ro l. 2l 2t

pn =
If o=0, 6=0 and 0=0:

= 61.61 kN/m
D
K"FI - 2cf<*
PnH
= 0.39x1
8.
lxl 0 - 2x7.2JdJ9
61.61\ l0
Rankine earth pressure
K- = "
K-
1* sin
O = l+sinOtan'[or' -9') 2) \
L_
= 8.73 m
0.5K.^/H'
Pn
= o.5K -1Ll-
' - l-sinO
fsino-,un,l,+:o*d)=
2l
K,
P" = 0.5prh = 0.5x61.61x8.73 = 269 Passive earth pressure:
kN
't.
Assumed:
Exam a=0. 6=0. B=0
les
1-,un' I 2) [ 2.56x pn = KoyH + 2c=

ran, | 4s, +
K, '-p
" r
or"
1
*
1
20"1-
2,]
x 10 +
0.5
z.so
486.4 kN lm
8.
2x1.2JL56 =
e. = u.s
'
or' * * '"j n :. L I\ !2/ o, I =

f run
I
[23.04 + 486.41x10 = 2547.2 kN
nr++"tun[+:'+]l d.=------,.-.-H=
N 7
R/
l-f
2cVTE
Cohesive soil A/ Active earth pressure

pr
=K"yH-2cd!
Where
c = unit cohesive strength of soil
486.4+ 4x7 .2>1.6 3f486 .4 + 2x7
:ln,+z.u"l+s +9]l
.2xl .61
xl0=3.48
^-j+t_;_t-t-l-2q V .Kp
Aq'AlI
N---t'
r,=u,"f+s"-ll. \ zt
n=
o'n p,+z.r-l+s"-fl
\ wall
P" = 0.5pnh
2.)
Resultant force per unit length of
B/ Passive earth pressure

p', = KnyH
- 2.Jrq
. r, = un'[+5" 1'9 ] \ 2t '')
LH)
AA
p- =
'
o.sfz.tunl+s' *91*o. l.
n,
A-
++" t*[+s'+9J
:[n, * z" ,uoi+s'*9ll
))
NOTES
Table 10.3 Example. Retaining wall 3
in Table
10.3, H = 6 m 300,
cohesion
10.3
il
.rl
o
a^ !l^l dl _ " +1o."
rl
.a
Given.
Backfill
soil:
Angle of friction Q =
Unitweightof backfill soil

Ground water:
Y- l8 kN m'
= 9.81 kN/m3
P" ,
h"
=4
m, K
o L
d"
>-l > Tl1 Ttf ,,
:z
a:l; r rl
o
-i\
r a-l Y |..
! !
Tl
!l^"
<ls
Required" Compute active pressure per unit length of wall:
a
f
sorution.
x' - rm, || +s" -9 l- ,un,1 or" - 30'l- o.::: 2l 2t |

P,
a
= 12.0 kN
i ; slL+:i
e^4o ot >iij ,--O
S^=
:'
sii
r !l a
o El a
ll -
o
rr
;l-=).
rl
.\;
=-''^:*u s=;
J 3 Fi* .-==ua.> .H_ "
il a" sL, $!E c E

o
o,
o-:-l
*l
= 0.5K"7(H
-h*
)'?
0.5x0.3::xls(6-4)'
^ 0.333x18(6-4)x4 tq=q.01
o
1
Z
cr->o
-dF
d,
Hh6-4 =l+h*-
;J
p, = K,y(H
-h" )h,, =
= 48.0 kN
ttu
<
;v"Xi < "i

oiFiF
d: = 0.5h* =0.5x4=2 m
t(
oVVd-o . <nllilllll ioiol*o;
: 7
"l
r,
d,
Po
= o.:t<" (y-"y," )hi" = 0.5 x 0.333x (18
- 9.81)x4'
2l 8 kN
h4 =r=
o
U
IY
= 1.33 m
= 0.5Y*h'- = 0.5x9.81x4' = 78.5 kN
) 0
to
trt
h4 d-33 =_:!=,=1.33
P" =
m
2 1.8
q+
P, + Pr +
Pi = 12.0 + 48.0 +
+ 78.5 = 160.3
kN
= 1.78 m
tf. n
L
Pd,+P,d,+P,d.+Rd,
12.0x4.67 +48.0x2 +21.8x1.33 + 78

160.3
"'=---::Pj-=
I IY
.{
ul
I
.t'
I( ill
I
4.
I
177 -
NOTES
llll
o 6
RETAINING STRUCTURES Er6 rr o!-;:;il -eF

=rt
E
6.
10.4
FFc
T =l; ;"?ll
E
E 6
.sl
>-l >-
;:x
ilil=
!2. !2"
hh
!
I
o o o
ai
o-i
r
Er! El !4 i, pil
--l
L.;z--\!?e V sv].-f+gr ;oYo'83

Lilll d -o*--;-+
le+;-+10." ;F6Riiul oL;+o.-l o:,i"1

+l N \_l!?:g ,s, 3
: I
llJ
-a E}F -F
XME llll; o'd3
5
g
d oil ori EE o
o
o.E-9E
<V}ZY;ilil"^S d-F
'-: :ia+t.e--6d*6
-lN
.o
o
lu
o
tt
u,l
a 3
F
E
!J
E
u,
F J
-'179.
NOTES
ll o!!:
t^:: l,^ldv
10.5
G'F
lf,-Fl d E El-l ts -lê
rl
: 6-o__r_Flld F
-
oa
l*_ -l ; -lo
3 SeHrlE-'
3
(,
ii + ;
i x a- i
"-i-EEEllllE
+t
N'E
d=l "J_
-id A,E g
d
fl..'
,i_
d*=:l
^':o-.,:oo 'li ll r ta-tE Eo"Eb-!!

E
9l:-rJv Esl- E.lLu g ERqK4A tt ll
l:
h
'E
g
ll
2 =
<
F
u.l
; q v'-." <VRo
&q-e
r ; x VqXEI'e
Lg
rl--
+1r
trotr-l+ -il-ll b^rbÊ
o u
tr
tt
3
o ul u
0-
I F
G,
UT
J
ur
F J
LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE ON BRACED SHEETINGS
10.6
Empirical diagrams of lateral earth pressure on braced sheetings
a/
b
sand: p" =0.65yHtm'l
45"-g
2)
q,, = 2c
Soft to medium clay: pb =

c
yH-2q,,
q, = unconfined compressive strength,
Stiff-fissured clay: pb = 0.2yH to 0.4yH
LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE ON BASEMENT WALLS
Active earth pressure:
p"
=O.sKlhj
^h
d"
_-:
t
Maximum bending momenti
M.*
0.128P"h., d^.--0.42h
Active earth pressure: P"
=0.5K"t:
, d" =+
Maximum bending moment:
r,a-.=&\[r*?\
3h
['"
3 Vrh
El" o =h E ./' "" "'V:r,
-183,
NOTES r :srl-P
\
--tF-
11.1
+t+ ElE
t-
oil-ilE
:Fo-:=r-.F 6;lqs-'l
cbxlE
c:_-6r!> ilAE
;.od >to-o
;"
1
-
ol9 9t.o
',=t
lA
F
" f slH > ^-: 3 Il: '"] r rr

q e o P 6lE o' + r^r E a EIE * * .1 I :ole" hl 3 F. e E ii EIE _t a ,.t H E 5tE A I *f EIT --,1,'c ni o E x t! il:
N
E >1.>-
-.-tl lÊo
Edld
ul I
at,
J J
> ij g -:_N..el^,3 -.. .: B > el oE.bE'n="^ o Q E;.w li o -Egii-:--E---,8 U, g
3tP
IE
gE- E =* F :6E+h:F -o*kFdF
o 2 =
g;3 3 e 3 ttii.=t3tl
a" I
F.
o
"P Frl
',
3t
e.'
;3
F
:
F
g.
IJJ
o o
.9 o
N
a
l + >lx '^lL
I
lu J
; z
(J
la 'l VI
'il Hlr
9)
q
o o
I e
htlN Ft4 Nl.r .rlN

E
E.
o o o o
o
E
c
E o
;
o o o o
I
E U
ll
E
.E
-185-
NOTE
Table 11.2 Example. Cantilever sheet piling 2 in Table 11.2, H = l0 m
CANTILEVER SHEET PILINGS
Equation to determine the embedment (D0 )
:
11.2
r
B=0, o(=0, 6=o
(r,-r,)vri
6(4H+lD[
|
Given.
Soil
properties:
=0, Q, =340, c, =0,

Q,
=32",
c,
Tr =18
kN/ml
Maximum bending moment
% =16 kN/m3
Required. Compute depth D and maximum bending moment M,."* per unit length of sheet piling
M."=P[H+;iG;fi]
4H+3D -' ^ -\ -'oH +4o,
1t
sorution.
K'
'*'(*" -!)=,ro, r", = tm'[+s' -9.) = = o," ""'[or' -1L]

="''(or'-!)=
=
For single Pile
r",
P,
tm' (+5' n Q,
="',(or,
*fj
o-(K,-K-)YdDi '
3{4H
=r.rrt,
kN,
+3D")
r- =.f"n?
[
where d=pilediameter
= 0.5K,,T,H' = 0.5x0.307x18x10'? = 276.3
K,.Y,H
-r--
0.283\lgyl0
3.254x t6
D = (1.2 to I.4) Do for factor of safety at 1 5 to 2 0

Earth pressure:
(K" - K.
)Yr
P, = 0.5K"^1,H2, = 0.5x0.283x1 8x 10x0.98 = 24.96
kN,
R = 0.5K"^YH'
-0.5(Ke K,.)y,(Do-2.
P: =o.5K,,YrH
)':
z'
zt=
)T, (Dn
=0.5x3.254yt6(Do-2,)
P, = 0.5(Ko.
IVto
',
= O (condition of equitibrium)
-r",
-,,)'
=0
(f .o,).',
z,
(o,
-]) -* Jro, -,,) = o

=0
Equation to determine
Do: lMo
zzo.:[f
8.68(Dn
+r.]+z4.e6Do *26.031(Do -2, )' )' =

921.0 + 301.26D o
ef
{*o,l*e,f o.-11-e ") -\ 3l \3
jro,-,
t=o
D =(1.2
to 1.4)Do for factor of safetyat
1.5 to 2 0
Using method of trial and error:
assume Do =8.3
m,
(8.3-0.98)' =t96.16*rO..'tx8.3,
D = l.2Do =1.2x8.3 =9.96 m
m = point of zero shear and maximum bending moment 394.19 =393.18 Maximum bending moment
r.- = t [+., *,,)* v,(? ", *,, ) - o.s 1r,, - "^.l r*Z(?)
= zre.:
'(Kp;Ko)T2Qo-74
*.-
=R
(H [;.
z,+
zz
\,(2 )+P,l:z'
\
+ zz )
($
+ o.rs
* t.+)*
z+.0
e(l"o.n, * r.o) - o. r',
zs+ xr e xs +,
(!l
='
rn r.o
u*
-os(r,-r")rzi [5J
(, \
186 -
w-
NOTES
Tablo 11.3
',''
Nl^
I
Example, Anchored sheetpilewall in Table 11.3, H=15 m Given, Soil propedies: 0, =30', cr =0, ^L=20 kN/m3,
Requrred. compute deprh D ano Solution.
02
=320,
cz
=0,
T, =18 kN/ml
'*,'r.lJ"oo,"n"rl"l""i;t:* ,:,;fi"Tn-
",",
v =lJ ;l v't vl . rr ll4 oiil

_Nl F,z > -l .- it
I o
*l:'
I
s' slo + \i +.1 - ^\i
I
O o
r", = m' f +s' "'
-9 l-,un' \ 2)
f +s'
-4)=o.rrr, 2)
l.
K.
= tan' | +s'
+r" -9 =,-, i[- -14 I = o.ro, 2l 'z)--"

1
K,.
"' =r*'f\
+so+91=,un'[+:"*14
2)
2 )]=r.rro,
K",
-K,.
=2.s48
V Jld Nl+ ^^ Yl; it

EII
e
X
o
T
ts
N.'",
a il':
il x+ o il Nilo
^l
a o
E
ll
g
o F
B
N
bT. î E B qP"i; :!+a Gl,

> ; E
--lNlNl
)z
l
ci
Forces per unit length of wall

P,
= 0.5K",T,dt = 0.5x0.333x20x1.2':
= 4.8 kN
P, = 0.5K", y, (H + d) (H
- d) = 0.5
x 0.333
x20x (rs + r.2)

1.2
)
(r s
. '
p:
(H
-d)(2H
+d) 3(H+d)
1.2) = 744.4
kN
*d VE v]
,,,'rl or-dx
- - E ----
.-
-a
d
I N o
er^.| r
.. (d,bE or{ c
'Ft,. E^-O h':o o: !xE
g
!V
-
J 9
X I 19 :E tFt-j-- ., tit
ll.,
I l> tl^
lo< | Fa
{r5 - t.2 )(2x t5 +
t *
6El^^li^ -lTlv..
: l+lr
l'"ll
oi
+
N
3(ts+t.2)
lel
lli
E F
l'-|tr; I +F
+
=0.5K",rrHz, =0.5x0.307x20x15x1.74=80.13
Q2
kN, ,
=#HE
(H-a-1)
=o'r!#frirt
=o
= ul
I lv+
N
-oNl'":.
=r.r,
;
F
9+c *+o
:F
,9b;o,ÎEE"nxE n-o< Htr>d
F+
.!6
Fot
=32'
: x = 0.059H = 0.059x15 = 0.885
xc
Ivr,
R(r5 -1.2+0.885 )+
T = (Pr + P, + &
)
= o, R(H-d+x )+r, 4-p,a, -p,
lll
ffsL
+sx! -t ++.+x8.86-80.13fl5-r.r* t tol = o, 3 z ) -' \

527.46 = 301.87 kN {assumed
a
U
R = 527.46 kN
R = 4.8 + 744.4 +80. l3
o"=r,
* i|,,E =, ro*.@=7.58m. Y2c48xl8 V(K' -K..)Y,,

D= l.2Do =1.2x7.58=9.1 m
i e,+e,+e.-r , _
0.5(Ke
/4J+i44l+sot3-jot-87
0.5v 2.948x 18 N
- K"
)y, Y
r.*
= =
(q
{
*r,)(4*,, *,,) *r,(2,,*".)*r(+r-d+2,+2.)-0s1r," -r", )i,*

+
(f)
o o
.N I :a
+. s
za.+;
(ll
t.t
a+
+.+6)+
Bo
x(}t.t
* +.+al -
ro,.r, r, -,.,
1
+ 1.7 4 + 4. 46)
-0.5x2.g48xt8x4
46'
= 2019.4 kN .m/m
if,
NOTES
Lzr L3. P
TUNN
and
IP rS
ELS
Bending Moments for Various Static Loading Conditions
TUNNELS
RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION
This chapter provides formulas for computation of bending moments in various structures with rectangular or circular cross-sections, including underground pipes and tunnels. The formulas for structures with circular cross-sections can also be used to compute axial forces and shea6. The formulas provided are applicable to analysis of elastic systems only. The tables contain the most common
12.1
I,h I,L
ses
of loading conditions.
+M =tension on inside of section
q*w
ri w(2k+3)-ak ': ' M- =M. =-12 k'+4k+3

t? c{2k+3)-wk M =M.=--.", 12 k'+4k+3
For q=Y
ffio
.- r2 k+3 M =M.=M^=M,=-ia. , 12 K'+4k+3
M =M. =-:-1. : - 24 k'+4k+3

lYl =lvlj =--.
PT
4k +g
PL
24 k'+4k+3
4k+6
FOr K=l
1? M =M. =- -- PL
192
7 v-=v,=- t92 Pt
I-
NOTEST
TUNNELS
REC
TA
N GU
LA
CROS
S-
SECT
IO
12.2
llh-i(
l2(k+l)
rt FI
FI F F H f
Mo
=M" =lfo =\{"
For k=l and h=L

M" =M. =M^ =M,
Mo = o.l25ph'
=_I::
24
)
0.5
(M" + Md
M.,
-M" -- Ph't(2k+7) '"b

o0(k,
+ak+l)
M -M, For
-- P!'!(lk+S)
and h=L
60(k':'4k+3)
k=l
M'=M,=-lPh'. M-=M --llph/ 160 480

uo
= o.o64ph'?
-[M"
+0.s77(Md
-M" )]
a = P" I ltotr'
60h'\
-L2t.
-:u'I
45a
(. ^ D=:-n-_a-_b-_l 2h' \
pbak
-2b \
)
270a
PIPES AND TUNNELS

REC
TA
N GUL
AR
CROS
S_S
EC
TI
ON
12.3
Th
Table 12.3
I'L
Rectangular pipe
Example.
in Table 12.3
Given.
concreteframe,
L=4m, H=25 m,
hr =10
cm, h, =lQ s6
r2
r2
r =2k+1
I1
b =1 m (unit length ofpipe)
Ir bhi
loox2or
Ir 4
- bhi looxlor l.= J=--EJJJCm
l.
=OOOO/Cm
l2
m=zo(k+z)(6k'+6k+1)
+M =tension on inside of section
'1212"1212
lt=-=-
load w = 120 kN/m
Required. Compule bending moments
Sotution.
- I.H 66667x2.5- =5.0, k=I='--'" I,L 8333x4

m=
r=2k+1=2x5+1=11
=
20(k+2)
m=
zo(k+2)(6k' +6k+l)
20(5+2)(oxs' +oxs +t)
= zs:+O
ffi
tv
or = 138k2 +265k+43 = 138x5'] +265x5+43 = 4818
t ,^=-iwti ;,
M. = M. = M, = \,{.
o,
oc:
= 78k'? + 205k + 33 =78x52 +205x5 + 33 = 3008 = 81k2 + l48k + 37 = 81x5'? + I 48x 5+37 =2802
r, =-li
..,t2
tl+l -'';'.
Mo,=Moo=Mu.=Vo, -^t -n
r.' = - 9l l* o' l= ''o-10' I t. *-1!lL]= 24[r m) 24 \ll 25340]
-22.56 kN.m
M.
*f - 24 f 1- ", ) = +7.e2 kN.m \r m)

M"
lt
M.=_:fr1*s.l=rro_10'r+._rgol)=*,u.rr^ ' 24\r m) 24 !ll 251401

y", =_wL'f :t<+t "'
-,
*,
Ml
=-*f 1,1- "'J=+2.24 kN.m 24 \r m)

M.
wf-'f
24\ r
*a,\_t20ta'z(l"s+
2802
t o, )r. 24\r m)
.. =-- sL rt cr, l _tvl ' 24\r -ml

1r4.=-"1'i1-o,
24lr n) wL'c, .. "' l2 m n, =-- wL' cro i,_
1
m)
24 \ ll
25340)
)__125.2 kN.m
=-'"l,]*c'1. 24\r m)
24t r
lvri<
*",=-9[U-b)=-roz.++r<n m. "' 24[ r m)

M ee2
Mno
=-*f . =-17.76 12m
kN.m
Mn,
g. . "' =-r{ m--l2ox4:. 25340 =-6.24 kN.m 12 12 *L' f 3k*t _gr) _ _r20x4' [:xs+t r qqz'] M . =_ 24 \ ll 25340) =_l19.44 "" 24\ r m)
Mo,
wL'z/3k+1.a,\ +jNl, 24\ r m) _ wt-'(:l*t cr,) r.
m)
"'
12 -m
kN.m
" = --l 24[ r m) wL'l:t<+t o,) ," lvi,, = --l ' 24\ r m)
dr =138k'
wt-'l.lt<+t . o,
+265k+43,
tlc3
=81k' +148k+37
c:
78k'?+205k+33,
cx4=27k2 +88k+21
AND TUNNELS
RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION
m'
12.1
- 24(k+6)r
Ira" =Na.
=Pl,l4lls ml
l5k'+49k+18
ml 49k+ 3o ml ml
Mur = Mrz =
-rr
ry
R
M" = M, = -PL
Mae = Maz =
r"
9k'+ 11k+6 =0
Mon =Mon
M, =M" =M.
="r=-?.; "'=d.! r 12
.h2
FI
M,, =M.. =fr,f,,
tt|
t-t
Mr.=Mon=0
In,
=__T-Pht
.
20(k+6)r
N,t" = 1,,t" =
st*sg
of,r
M- =M" =-Ph'z,12k+61
h H (p
6m, P!' 7k+31 Mo, = Mor 'om2

oh:
Mao=Mo, -Ph:
jk+29
Mo, =Mun =0
TUNNELS
R
ECTAN G U LAR
ROS
S-S E CTI
ON
12.5
m=zo(k+2)(6k +bK+l
p\
t-{
l.
n, =
y" =Ph'f- 2 *o, l,

241 n, m)
^^' _ph'(
0,
241 n, m)
F' t-l
y =-Ph'[ 2 *o, ], ^" - Ph'(2 o'l " 24|n, m) ' 24[n, m)

v", =-Ph'i, "'
!p 4
<r?h
crr
ct2
241
*o, "' 24( m) n, mJl, M,.=-Ph'f - n,-o, I

ool
my
= l20kr +278k'?+335k+63
., _ ph'( t,*,)
^h1 \4 . =-Ij-.:1.
=360k1 +742k'? +285k+27
ph'f I ^, 24fn,'^)""'- - 241n,

ry
03 = 120kr + 529k2 +382k+ 63

cr" =
l20kr +61
1k'z
+558k+87
"'12m"-12mVl ,. =!--.:l
+6k+l),
24
^h2
-20(k +2)(6k'z
",
=Ill:g]j
M. ptr'(
M.
I
A
st<+sq,a, )
l.
n2 n)
M Mf
Mo,
ph'ftzL+ot, c,)
24\ n2 -n)
E
+
p9
--Pht Mo, 24
7k+31 , o. n2 -^)
1 P h2/6
M, M,,
M.
M..
ph'I zt+3t , a. ) 24\ n2 m)

,4
a, =24kt +50k2 +99k+21 az = 144k3 + 298k'] +l 09k + 9

crr =36k3 +169k'? + 120k+21
crcr
Muu _ pht
l. ,r, ';, u..

=
(:t+zl
cro
=36k3 +203k' +192k+29
=-d s.. tz m
Ph
c[1
tz
PIPES AND TUNNELS

CIRCULAR CROSS_SECTION ,u /+v
:
13.1
b.=a5' 0.=90'
b= 1 3s'
I I
:-\\
+N
+M =tension on inside of
rang
Tension Compression
c=900
l-0.=t
gd
cr
Loading condition
= 135"
a=1800
M N
+0.25wR'?
-0.25wR'?
+0.25wR']
-0.5wR
l.OwR
-0.5wR
+0.5wR
-0.5wR
-u.r)pK
-l.0pR
0
+0.25pR'?
-0.25pR?
-0.5pR
+0.5pR
-0.5pR -0.5pR
-l.OpR
0
M
\T
0.208pR'
-0.029pRr
-0.41 2pR'
+0.25pR'
0
+0.029pR'
-0.588pR'?
-0.292pR1
-0.625pR'?
-r.J /)pK'
0
+0.41lpR']
+u.
tl)pK-
-0.589pR'
M N
-pR
0
-pR
0
-pR
0
-pR
0
-pR
0
PIPES AND TUNNELS

CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION
Loading condition
13.2
CI
Cr=0
d=45"
crc
= 900
= 1Jl'
o=180'
M
N
+0.027TR1
+0.0lOyRl
-0.042yRr
-0.003yR1
+0.045yRr
+0.021^fR2
-0.03OyR'
-O1l(wP2
-0.r2z\R-'?
-0.02lyR'
0
-0.06lyR'?
-0.021yR'?
+0.092TR':
Buoyoncy Forces
-0.51*R'?
-0.646y*R':
0
L0y*R'?
-l 154v
0
R2
I .51* R'z
/vR(1-coa)
M
N
+0.1511*Rl
+0.026y-R'
-0.176T*Rr
+0.001Y*R'
+0.12\y.R
0.4811.R'
t0.1881.R'
+0.066y*R'
+0.3
16y.R'
+1.077T.R
+0.191T-R':
+0.016T.R'?
-0.567Y-R'
+0.320y-R'
+0.152y-R'
-0.091y-Rr
+0.128y*R'
r0.279y*R
-0.821y*Rl
-0.653y"R'
+0.090y*R'?
1.366y-.R'
+1.5T*R'?
+0.366y*R'z
+0.125T"R2
-0.744y,"R2
T and
Y*
unit weight of soil and liquid, respectively
TUNNELS
CIRCU LAR CROSS-SECTION
Loading condition
13.3
= 90"
ct
(,=0
cL= 45',
cr
= 135
a=1800
+0.378pR'
+0.043pR'?
-0.442pR'?
-0.007pR'
-1.842pR
+0.308pR'?
+0.25pR
-0.378pR
1.57OpR
-0.25pR
-0.732pR
+0.25pR
-1.48SpR
-0. l37PR
-0.043PR *0.225P
+0.1 82PR
+0. I 14PR
-0.500PR
,0.3 l8P
+1.0P
+0.919P
+0.3 I 8P
-0.225P
-0.3 18P
+0.482P
+1.0P
+0.3 l8PR
+0.035PR
-0. I 82PR
+0.035PR
f0.3 I 8PR
-0.354P
-0.5P
-0.154P
+0.5P
+0.154P
-0.354P
,0.5P
r.". =+-X(5p,+7p,)
u.'
=-f *f {r *n,)
N=
Ril lp +5p,) ' "
l6
M.in
If
p,=p,
=p:
r.r.",
=f (*-n),
N=pR
=-f
t*-n)
NOTES
APPENDIX
UNITS
CONVERSION between ANGLO-AMERICAN and METRIC SYSTEMS Metric Units
Conversion Factors
u.1
Units of Length
millimeter ( mm )
I inch(in)- 25.4(mm)
(rnm) = 0.03937 (in)

o 3e371in1
I centimeter(cm) =
10(lm)
I foot(ft)= l2(in)= 304.8(mm)
l(cm)=
I decimeter(dm) = l0(cm) = I meter(m)= tO6(cm) =
100(m)
I yard(yd) = 3(ft) = 0.elaa(m)

t mile = 1760(yd) = 160e.3aa(m)
t(m) = L0e0+(yd)
tsssl.*;
t(tm)=:ztt(ft)
l(km)=0.6214 mile
I kilometer(km) = 1000(m)
I mile = 1.6093(km)
Units of Area
sQuare
millimeter (mm'?)
t square inch (in':)

=
oa5.
o(mm')
Im'? ) = o.ool5so(in')
square centimeter
(cm')
tOgl*t;
t square foot
(ft')
= 0.092903 (m'?)
cm') = 0.15591;t'.)
I square meter(m' ) = tOt
(mt) 1.';
)
I square yard (yd' ) = 0.816 127(m'/ ) t acre = 4046.856 (m' ) I square mile = 2-5898(km2
)
m') m')
= 10.76(ft') = 1.19599(
I square kilometer (t<m') = t o'

I hectare(ha) =
yd')
lo' (m')
o.ot(tm'
km')
= 0 3861 square mile
Units of Volume
cubic millimeter
(mr
cubic inch (in3 ) = I 6387.064(mm' )
lm3)= 0.00006102(inr )
cm') = 0.06l02(in') m') = 1.30795 (yd')
I cubic centimeter(cm')
I cubic meter (mr ) =
t
tO'
(-m'
I cubic foot (ft 3 ) = 0.0283 168s (m3 ) I cubic yard(yd3 ) = 0.76a5ss (mr
)
O'(m')
)
I cubic kilometer(k-' ) = 100 (*'
I acre . foot=1233.a82(m') I gallon = 3.785412 liters(L)
m')=:s.:t(ft')
L)-^0.264112 gallon
I liter(r-) = t369(s-' ) = 0.001(m')
UNITS
CONVERSION between ANGLO-AMERICAN and METRIC SYSTEMS Metric Units Conversion Factors Units of Mass
milligram(mg) t omce = 28.34952 (g)
I pound(lb) = 0.453se2(kg)
Mass per unit length
u.2
crm(g)= lesg1tt.)
kilogram(kg) = tOoo(g;
I
r
(lb/ft
)=l
l\,4ass
+33161L*7*.i
per unit area
I kip = a53.5e2(ks)
ton(t)=1000(kg)
l ton(2000
rb) = 907.18a(kg)
(lb /
rt')
= 4.8s243 (ks /
m')
Mass per unit volume (mass density)

r
(lb /rC ) = 16.0r 846 (ks / m3 )
l (lb /
yd') = o.se3z76(ks/ n3
Units of Force
I newton(N) =
1 1
kg(mas)/(m/sec')
1(rb) = 4.448222
1
(N)
Force per unit length
kilonewton(kN) = 1000(N)
kip = 4.448222(kr{)
1(lu/ in) = t2s.126315
-;
I meganewton ( MN) = 1 000 (kN)

Gravitational force:
I ton (2000 lb) = 8.896444(kN)

I I
I
l(lblft)=t+ 59391x7-)
l\.4oment of force
(N)
0.2248(lb)
11o
t(N)
or
1
= I ks(mass)ls.8l = o. l02(ke)
(kN) = 6.2243
1(lb.in) = o.t 12e351|r'

l
-;
kg(force)=9.81(N)
(kN) = 0.1 124 ton
(rb.ft)
1.355818(N.m)
unitweisht: t(lS
ti')=O t5zl(tN m
1(kN/m3)= 6 366(lb/ftr)
Units of Pressure, Stress, Modulus of Elasticity

I pascal (Pa) = I (N / m'?)
1 I
(lu/ in' ) = o.se+757 11Po;

= 6.8947s7 (MPa) +7 33s261p.; )= = 47.s8026(kPa)
l(kPa)
= 0.ta5s3311671"';
kilopascal(kPa) = i000(Pa)
= t 1i576'?
r(kip/in') t(tulrt'
L(kip/ft')
1(MPa) = o.l+:or8 (kip/in' )

1
I megapascal(MPa) = 1000(kPa)
(Pa) = 0.020s85 (b
ft')
gigapascal (GPa) = I 000 (MPa )

OS.
1(kPa) =
I
0.0208s5(tiplit')
I atmosphere(atm) = I (tgl cm' ) =
t(ma)
(tu I in') = o.o7s2e (tg I cm')
(kg / cm') = t+.23 (16 71n')
I btr = 1.02(kg/cm') = too(rca)
Temperature: T:
=:(Ti -320)
where
Tj
and
Tf
are Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures, respectively
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
ALGEBRA
POWERS
a'' M.1
ROOTS
a;
= Va"'
'{a'
= Va
(u') (u)'
\.bl
I
(a u)'" =u'
o'
,6 Vb=6.u
16E
vb
'{b VVa ='"i/a
a'
a..6+s'".s=(b+c)a'" a"=1, when a+0
('6I =dr
i=fi
log"N=n a=base,
N log,o = lg =
J-=; Ji
log" = ln = ns1r.u1 1ot
LOGARITHMS
=antilogarithm, n=logarithm (log)
g6pr.r 1.t,
e
log"(x y)=log"x+log"y
= log" x
= 2.7 18281828459..
\J
- log" y
Ig0.0l=-2, lg0.l=-1,
lg10 =
1g1=0,
l,
lgl00 = 2
log"x'=m -l log, Vx
m
log"x
lg x = lg e. ln x = 0.434294. ln x
=-:log, x
hx=ff=2.3o2sss
n!=1.2
3
tex
,.n
(n+l)!=(n+l)n!
FACTORIAL
0!:r.
(o+r)t=(o+r)ot
"!=
PERMU
P;
J2-
fll' \e./
TATIONS
COMBINATIONS
=,:+. = n.(n. t).(n -2)....(n (n -mJ1

n>m
P;
m-t) " l.).1.4.< Example: ('., ' 1.2,3.(t.2) -10

numberofpossiblecombinations,
Exampte: Where;
l-i!1J
69
P= numberofpossiblepermutations, C=
n = number of things
given,
m = number of selections from n given things.
r-
NOTES(a +b)' -
ALGEBRA
A LG E B R A IC E X P R E S S I O N
S
M.2
(alb)'?=n'?+23616'
ar +3a2b+3ab']
3r-U']=(a+b)(a-b)
br
sr +63
=(a+b)(a, Tab+b')
3b3
(a+b)'
a"
= n"
* u",6*
a(n-l)
u",6, *
rb':
a(n -1)
(n2a"
I
+...b"
- b" = (a -U)(a"-r +a"'b+a"
+...+ab'" +b"
ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
Linear eouations
a|x +apy+afz
= br
Third-orderdeterminants: a2\x+a22y+a2rz=b1
L3rx
+ a32y + allz *-
bl
D, D. x=:t v=-. z=-D. D Dt)

o, u,,
u,, a,, a.,
arL.a22.alr
-al
ar.
a)11
at2.a2l.alt -412.a2t.aI +
D,
j b, a,,
I b. a,,
y- and
all.42 432-aB.a22.a3\
Determine
D.
and D,
similarly by replacing the
z- columns by the b- column
Equation of the 2nd degree
xt+px+q=g
Equation of ihe 3rd degree xr =Yr
a
3
Determinant:
xt+u2+bx+c=0
,. ir /. D=l " i -l f L o- b-\l/ \21
2^l q=-a --a.b+c
If D=0: y,=i[4q,
,,=r.=E
- -'
a
3
-l-iJJ Il u:u: c0,=-- . o.= - t-i"6 '22 ru0")
rf D 0:
v,
=iJ:/lpl
1-) -co'e. r,-i.6J,orcs{q+t20'), v,-j'6ld-'1e -J,/Jq q= I arccos- _H
-216-
GEOMETRY
SOLID BODIES
M.3
A,d=generatedsulace
V= volume,
Cuboid
A=cross-seclionarea, A =surfacearea'
Cone
V=a.b.c
A, =2(a b+a
d
V=
-r-n 3
c+b
c)
A. =nrL, a. =rr(r+L)
=-v[' *b' * t
FrustumofCone
L=Vr'+h'
/..:_
Triangular
Ptism
y=I!(n.+r,+nr)
A', =2n.p L
p=0.5(R+r)
L
=!F'-l)+1"
3
Pyramld
Sphe
V=-ft'=4.189r' .,
A,h
3
= 1nd'
6
= 0.5236d'
A. -{n1'?=nd'?
Frustum of
Pyramid
Segmentof
a sphe
V="bl's:+hr /2 \
I
v=1(A +a,+.,/e1.,)
,A.-
6 \4 ) .,( h \ \ 3/
=I(s'+4h')-2rrh
Cylinde
Sectorofa Sphre
1d'h
4
A'
,C"
= 2nrh
2nr(r+h)
GEOMETRY
SOLID BODIES
zoneofa Sphere
M.4
Ungula
=In(:a'+:t'+tr')
=n(zrh+a'+b')
A'" = Znrh
v
a,
=
=
(
3.'h
3
A,
.t.
t' +../t' .
h'-
A,, =tdh
sliced Cylinder
Barrel
v = 1d'n
4
v=an(zo'+a')
12'
A, =rr[hr +h, +r
+./r'+(h,
A,"
r^
--
-h,l l4l
=rdh
(Equations)
PLANE ANALYT c cEOMETRY

Lin
Y
=lu+b
-Xt
= 1un,
(x
,t , . .2 -a., +(y-bJ =r
=&-!L Xr
If a=0,
b=0:
x2+y2=1'
X, a"
= c
a
V,
x'
a.
y'
b-
b'
16'-d
=rF
a
*d
e=*<l Parabola
c,
I
I
2T\ F---rJ'
v=-x(L-x) -L-
Af
TRIGONOMETRY
BASIC CONVERSIONS M.5
sino, ranc=cosd
cotd--cosd sln0
sin
I | I
I I I
seco=
cosecC=
cosd
I
sin2c+cosr0=l
| I
-1-=t*,unto cos
cx
slnd
B
tand.cotcr,=l | I
(c+P)
= sin0 coso.tcoscr'sin
=]-=t*"ot'o sln c[ cttmB tanldtbl= ' " l+tm0.tilp

tan
COt aX c()t
t1
cos (cr +
P) = sss
61. cos P
T sin o. sin P
cotl0:tbl=
tan zG
cot0tcotd
sin 2c[ = 2 sin d.cos 0
cos 2cr = cos' ct -sin2
d
cr
2tan0, ^ - :---I - lan- fl cot'z0,-l ^ cotlfi=-
2cota
sin 3cr = 3 sin cr
- 4sinr
^ 3tancr-tmro IanJCI=1-3tan'a ^ cotr cotj(x=- 0,-3cotct

JCOt- 0 |
cos3d=4cos3u-3cos(x
. c[ sind l-coso, 2 l+cosd sincr cos

sln ct =
ct
t-cosct
l+coscl
cr sinc I l cosc li+.*a 2 1-coscr sinc \l-cosc

--1
0, ^ {I lsln-.cos
2 l+tunrl
2
tan0=
.)
-c[ ztan
'| lan-r0 .c)( cot- 2 z col 2
2
l
.0 cosO-cos --sln--:ta 2 2
' '- )U ) _
l - lrn_
cot(x
l+tanr0
z
^ a-B o-B Slnc{ r Slnp=Zsrn-.COS

2
u+B d-R coso +cosB - 2cor - r '.6t "i--r '22

COSct-COsP- .. 2Stn-
sina-sinB=2sssgj-q
lanc{ttanlJ=' cos
-222
. c-0
2
0-p
0-B
sin(at0)
cr.cos
[3
^ sin (B+a) cototcotlj= " ' ' sino sinp

- 223
TRIGONOMETRY
BASIC CONVERSIONS M.6
sinc co5P=151n{o-B1+]sintcr '22
P)
tan0
^ tan 0(+ tanB tanb=' cot0+cotp

cot0.+cotB tan tI+ tanP
.oro .orB = -l.os(u +B)- ] cos(o-BJ '22

sin
^ cot(x cotP=
u.sinB = lco,(o-9; '22
-]cos(o +0)
^ cot{x+tmB coto(.tanLt=' tan(x+cotB

cos or,+ sin cr
= J7.sin (+so + or) cos(+50 +cr)
cos2c -sin:B-q6s1a+B1
cos(o
p)
cosa-sina
'D
ct')
0'
0.0
30'
1<0
600
90'
c[(rad)
!
6
= o.szza
0]8s4
L =t.0472
3
I
2
= r.sros
sin
0.0
!
2
= 0.s000
t;
2
t;
-2
= 0.7011
= lJ-6bbt) = 0.5000
1.0
cos c[
1.0
:.A
2
= 0.8660
I
2
0.0
tm(x
cot cl
0.0
=o.rrro
1.0
Ji
=1.7321
t&
0.0
r,5 = 1.7i2 I
1.0
=r.rrro
(p
-o(
90'1
cr
180'+d
+ sin
Cx
270" +
160'
-a
sm9
cos
-sln d
+cos(x
+cos 0
cos cl
-smc[
+ cos cl
+ srn c[
-cos0
ttan
o(
tsin 0
+cot d
tan
I
q
-tmcr
cot 0{
+cotd +tand
- 225
-Ian 0 -cot
o[
cot
cot cr
+ tan o[
T
SYMBOLS
A D E E,
Area, Cross-sectional area (cm2 )
NOTES
s.1 (kN), Strength (MPa)
R S S S" S" S,
To
Supportreaction Radius (cm)

Settlement (cm)
Diameter
(cm). Force (kN)
Modulus of elasticity (MPa) Forsteel: E=2.l05MPa Modulus of defomation of soil(MPa) Centritugal force (kN)
Shear modulus ofelasticiry (MPa)
Elastic section modulus

about the neutral axis (cmt) abour Lhe x -
{
G H I l, [,
x axis (cm
For steel: G =77221MPa Horizontal support reaction (kN) Moment of inertia of section
about the neutral axis (cmo) about the x -
" "
Shear
aboutthey-yaxis(cm3) aboutthez-z axis

(cm3)
Temperature (nC, "F)
(kN). Volume (cm'.m')
w
Z
c
weight (kN)
Plastic section modulus (cmt ) , Force (kN)
axis (cm')
" about the y - y uis (cmo ) " aboutthez-zaxis(cm*) \ ln Polar moment of inertia (cm- ) Kn Coeffrcient ofearth pressure at rest K" Coefficient ofactive earth pressure
Ko
Coefficient ofpassive earth pressue Coefficient ofseismic aclive eanh pressure Spm length (m) Mass (kg)
Bending moment about the neutral axis (kN. m)
Cohesion (Pa)
e Eccentricity (cm) g Gravitational acceleration (S = 9.8Im/sec']) i Radius of gyation (cm) k*. Winkler's coefficient of subgrade (tNlcm')
Porosity (%)
K, L
M
M
" M" aboutthex-xaxis(kN.m) " M, aboutthey-yaxis (kN.m) " about the z - z uis (kN .m) M. Mo Dynamic bending moment (kN.m) N Axial force (kN) P Applied load (kN) Q
Euler's force (kN)
p Horizontal disrributed load (kN. m) w Vertical distributed load (kN/m) o Direct stress (Pa) r Shear stress (Pa) z" Shear strength (Pa) y Unitvolume weight (kN/m3)
p
c
Poisson's ratio
Coefficient of linear expansion (l/grad) Unit mass (kg) Deflection (cm)
p
A Q
Argle of intemal fiiction
tanO Coefficient offriction

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SnnucrrlRAr', ExcrxnERrNG

. IIORSION . IMPACT . COMPRESSION . TENSION BENDING

ILYA MrriHBr,soN, PII.D'

Library of Congress Catatoging-in-publication

Structural engineering formulas / ilya Mikhelson. cm.

To my wif e and son

tsBN 0-07-14391 1-0 1. Structural enginering-Mathematics. TA636.M55 2004

2. Mathematics_Formulae. L Tifle. 2004044803

without the prior written permission of the publisher.

lsBN 0-07-14391 1-0

Acknowledgments Introduction Basis of Structural Analysis

1. Stress and Strain.

1.5 1.6 1.7

2. Properties of Geometric Seciions

Shear strength of soil; slope stability analysis Bearing capacity analysis

9.1 9.2 9.3

Pile capacity Rigid continuous beam elastilly supported

10. Retaining Structures

Method of Joints and Method of Section Analysis

Method ofjoints and method of section analysis: examples

6.1,6.2 6.3,6.4 11. Retaining Structures

uence lines (examples)

Bending Moments for Various Support and Loading Conditions

2. Pipes and Tunnels.

Soils and Foundations

3. Pipes and Tunnels.

Bending Moments for Various Static Loading

students and those studying for licensing examinations.

llya N.4ikhelson, Ph.D

accepted in the norms.

About the Author

STRESS and STRAIN TENSION and COMPRESSION

= YA(L_x), Y = unit volume weight,

A = cross - sectional area. N Stresses:o.=;!=f( t__x), o,,=TL. o. r=0.

a =11(zr-*). a ^=0. ' 2E'

2FA W = yAL = weight of the beam E = Modulus of elasticity

Axial force : tension, compressi

=L-L, (along), Ao =b-b,

force N =-R (compression),

o=6.r =62 =-61.4t08,

original and considered temperatures.

0 = coefficient of linear expansion

tension stress. At0 <

STRESS and STRATN

14x30, L=6m ^. Jnetrstress:

A=8.85in'? =8.85x2.54'? =57.097cm2

o" = 6, 1., ='tv ='c

o o'^. -:l l/r/o'4r':

Section modulus S= 42.0inr =42.0x2.541 =688.26cm1 Weight of the beam ro = 30Lb

= 30x 4.448 I 0.3048 = 437.8 N /m = 0.4378 kN / m

Maxjmum shear (min) stresses:

"!4,. ?f----r: in''ti"o-ii-.n"ion" 9rj I ll-e Stresses

The principal stresses and maximum (min)

17.72 kN/cm': =177215.0 kN/m'?=177.215 MPa< 196.2MPa

llJ900 kN/m' = 18.9 MPa < 58.9 MPa

=*T, "".=0, ",,=-{ {", =0, ri" =#=#, =t "",

E+ h l+E ffi, E E A-E.E_'E IBEIEEEE -g4gLBH PtrE

^3VM _-T=--" 6..,U,6

"- "- Compression