Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fizik f4 Force&Motion
Fizik f4 Force&Motion
1 LINEAR MOTION
1
Uniform Speed that remains the same in magnitude regardless of
speed its direction.
acceleration
is positive • The velocity of an object increases from an initial
velocity, u, to a higher final velocity, v
2
1. Constant = uniform
2. increasing velocity = acceleration
3. decreasing velocity = deceleration
4. zero velocity = object at stationary / at rest
5. negative velocity = object moves at opposite
direction
6. zero acceleration = constant velocity
7. negative acceleration = deceleration
3
Example 1 Example 2
Every day Rahim walks from his Every morning Amirul walks to
house to the junction which is 1.5 Ahmad’s house which is situated
km from his house. Then he turns 80 m to the east of Amirul’s house.
back and stops at warung Pak Din They then walk towards their
which is 0.5 km from his house. school which is 60 m to the south
of Ahmad’s house.
(a) What is the distance traveled
by Amirul and his
displacement from his
house?
Example 3
Syafiq running in a race covers 60 m in 12 s.
(a) What is his speed in m/s
(b) If he takes 40 s to complete the race, what is his distance covered?
4
Example 4
An aeroplane flys towards the
north with a velocity 300 km/hr in
one hour. Then, the plane
moves to the east with the
velocity 400 km / hr in one hour.
Example 5
The speedometer reading for a
car traveling north shows 80
km/hr. Another car traveling at
80 km/hr towards south. Is the
speed of both cars same? Is the
velocity of both cars same?
A ticker timer
5
Relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time using ticker tape.
FORMULA
VELOCITY Time, t = 10 dots x 0.02 s
= 0.2 s
displacement, s = x cm
velocity = s = x cm
t 0.2 s
Constant velocity
– fast moving
6
¾ Distance between the dots
decrease uniformly
¾ The velocity of the object is
decreasing uniformly
¾ The object is experiencing
uniform / constant
deceleration
Example 6
The diagram above shows a ticker tape
chart for a moving trolley. The frequency
of the ticker-timer used is 50 Hz. Each
section has 10 dots-spacing.
(a) What is the time between two dots.
(b) What is the time for one strips.
(c) What is the initial velocity
(d) What is the final velocity.
(e) What is the time interval to change
from initial velocity to final velocity?
(f) What is the acceleration of the
object.
u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
t = time taken
s = displacement
a = constant accleration
7
2.2 MOTION GRAPHS
Negative
velocity
Constant
velocity
8
GRAPH s versus t v versus t a versus t
Constant
acceleration
Constant
deceleration
Example 6 Example 7
Contoh 11
10
• The head of hammer is secured tightly to its
handle by knocking one end of the handle, held
vertically, on a hard surface.
• This causes the hammer head to continue on its
downward motion when the handle has been
stopped, so that the top end of the handle is
slotted deeper into the hammer head.
11
push compared to the bucket with sand.
• The bucket filled with sand offers more
resistance to movement.
• When both buckets are oscillating and an
attempt is made to stop them, the bucket filled
with sand offers more resistance to the hand
(more difficult to bring to a standstill once it has
started moving)
• This shows that the heavier bucket offers a
greater resistance to change from its state of
rest or from its state of motion.
• An object with a larger mass has a larger inertia.
2.4 MOMENTUM
12
Total Momentum Before = total Total Momentum Before = Total
momentum After Momentum After
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v
Explosion
Before explosion both object stick
together and at rest. After collision,
both object move at opposite direction.
13
The launching of rocket
¾ Mixture of hydrogen and oxygen fuels burn
explosively in the combustion chamber.
Jets of hot gases are expelled at very high
speed through the exhaust.
¾ These high speed hot gases produce a large
amount of momentum downward.
¾ By conservation of momentum, an equal but
opposite momentum is produced and acted
on the rocket, propelling the rocket
upwards.
In a swamp area, a fan boat is used.
¾ The fan produces a high speed movement of
air backward. This produces a large
momentum backward.
¾ By conservation of momentum, an equal but
opposite momentum is produced and acted
on the boat. So the boat will move forward.
14
Example Example
Example Example
15
2.5 FORCE
Effect :
the object at is at rest [
velocity = 0]
or moves at constant
velocity [ a = 0]
Relationship a∝
1
between a and m
m The acceleration of an object is
inversely proportional to the mass,
Both men are pushing the Both men exerted the same
same mass but man A strength. But man B moves
puts greater effort. So he faster than man A.
moves faster.
Inference The acceleration The acceleration produced
produced by an object by an object depends on
depends on the net force the mass
applied to it.
Variables:
Manipulated : Force Mass
Responding : Acceleration Acceleration
Constant : Mass Force
17
Procedure : An elastic cord is hooked An elastic cord is hooked
- Controlling over the trolley. The over a trolley. The elastic
manipulated elastic cord is stretched cord is stretched until the
variables. until the end of the end of the trolley. The
trolley. The trolley is trolley is pulled down the
pulled down the runway runway with the elastic
with the elastic cord cord being kept stretched
being kept stretched by by the same amount of
the same amount of force force
Recording
data
Analysing
data
18
1. What force is required to move a 2. Ali applies a force of 50 N to
2 kg object with an acceleration move a 10 kg table at a constant
of 3 m s-2, if velocity. What is the frictional
(a) the object is on a smooth force acting on the table?
surface?
(b) The object is on a surface where
the average force of friction
acting on the object is 2 N?
20
A football must have enough air pressure in it
so the contact time is short. The impulsive
force acted on the ball will be bigger and the
ball will move faster and further.
Example 1
A 60 kg resident jumps from the first
floor of a burning house. His
velocity just before landing on the
ground is 6 ms-1.
(a) Calculate the impulse when his
legs hit the ground.
(b) What is the impulsive force on
the resident’s legs if he bends
upon landing and takes 0.5 s to
stop?
(c) What is the impulsive force on
the resident’s legs if he does not
bend and stops in 0.05 s?
(d) What is the advantage of bending
his legs upon landing?
Example 2
Rooney kicks a ball with a force of
1500 N. The time of contact of his
boot with the ball is 0.01 s. What is
the impulse delivered to the ball? If
the mass of the ball is 0.5 kg, what is
the velocity of the ball?
21
2.7 SAFETY VEHICLE
Component Function
Headrest To reduce the inertia effect of the driver’s head.
Air bag Absorbing impact by increasing the amount of time the
driver’s head to come to the steering. So that the
impulsive force can be reduce
Windscreen The protect the driver
Crumple Can be compressed during accident. So it can increase
zone the amount of time the car takes to come to a complete
stop. So it can reduce the impulsive force.
Front Absorb the shock from the accident. Made from steel,
bumper aluminium, plastic or rubber.
ABS Enables drivers to quickly stop the car without causing
the brakes to lock.
Side impact Can be compressed during accident. So it can increase
bar the amount of time the car takes to come to a complete
stop. So it can reduce the impulsive force.
Seat belt To reduce the inertia effect by avoiding the driver from
thrown forward.
22
2.8 GRAVITY
Gravitational Objects fall because they are pulled towards the Earth
Force by the force of gravity.
Both the
coin and the At vacuum state: At normal state:
feather are There is no air resistance. Both coin and feather will
released The coin and the feather fall because of gravitational
simulta- will fall freely. force.
neously from Only gravitational force Air resistance effected by
the same acted on the objects. the surface area of a fallen
height. Both will fall at the same object.
time. The feather that has large
area will have more air
resistance.
The coin will fall at first.
24
(a) The two sphere are (b)The two spheres are
falling with an falling down with the
acceleration. same acceleration
Example 1
A coconut takes 2.0 s to fall to the
ground. What is
(a) its speed when it strikes the
ground
(b) the height of the coconut tree.
25
2.9 FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM
Addition of Forces
Resultant force, F = ____ + ____
26
Two forces acting at a point at an angle [Parallelogram method]
STEP 2
Complete the parallelogram
scale: 1 cm = ……
(d) (e)
Lift
Stationary Lift Lift accelerate upward Lift accelerate
downward
28
Pulley
1. Find the
resultant force, F
2. Find the
moving mass,m
3. Find the
acceleration,a
4. Find string
tension, T
29
2.10 WORK, ENERGY, POWER & EFFICIENCY
Calculation of Work
The displacement , s of the
The displacement, s of the object is in the object is not in the
direction of the force, F direction of the force, F
W = Fs s F
W = (F cos θ) s
W=Fs
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3
A boy pushing his bicycle A girl is lifting up a 3 kg A man is pulling a crate of fish
with a force of 25 N flower pot steadily to a along the floor with a force of
through a distance of 3 m. height of 0.4 m. 40 N through a distance of 6 m.
30
No work is done when:
The object is stationary The direction of motion of No force is applied on the
the object is perpendicular object in the direction of
to that of the applied force. displacement (the object
moves because of its
own inertia)
A satellite orbiting in
space. There is no
friction in space. No
force is acting in the
A student carrying his bag A waiter is carrying a tray direction of movement of
while waiting at the bus of food and walking the satellite.
stop
Potential m = mass
Energy Gravitational potential energy h = height
is the energy of an object due g = gravitational
to its higher position in the acceleration
gravitational field.
E = mgh
E = ½ mv2
31
Principle of Energy can be changed from one form to another, but
Conservation it cannot be created or destroyed.
of Energy The energy can be transformed from one form to
another, total energy in a system is constant.
Example 4 Example 5
A worker is pulling a wooden block of A student of mass m is climbing up a
weight,W,with a force of P along a flight of stairs which has the height of h.
fritionless plank at height of h. The He takes t seconds..
distance traveled by the block is x.
Calculate the work done by the worker to
pull the block.
Example 6 Example 7
A stone is thrown upward with initial
-1
velocity of 20 ms . What is the maximum
height which can be reached by the
stone?
Example 8 Example 9
32
A trolley is released from rest at point X
along a frictionless track. What is the A ball moves upwards along a frictionless
velocity of the trolley at point Y? track of height 1.5 m with a velocity of
-1
6 ms . What is its velocity at point B?
Example 10
A boy of mass 20 kg sits at the top of a
concrete slide of height 2.5 m. When he
slides down the slope, he does work to
overcome friction of 140 J. What is his
velocity at the end of the slope?
33
2.12 ELASTICITY
34
Hooke’s Law The extension of a spring is directly proportional
to the applied force provided the elastic limit is
not exceeded.
F = kx
The same load is applied to each The load is shared equally among the
spring. springs.
Tension in each spring = W Tension in each spring =
W
Extension of each spring = x 2
Total extension = 2x Extension of each spring =
x
If n springs are used: 2
The total extension = nx If n springs are used:
x
The total extension =
n
Example 1
The original length of
each spring is 10 cm.
With a load of 10 g, the
extension of each
spring is 2 cm.
What is the length of the
spring system for (a),
(b) and (c)?
36
37
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
Figure 1.1 shows a car moving along a straight line but hilly road.
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2 shows how the velocity of the car
varies with time as it travels from A to E. The car
travels at 60 kmh-1 from A to B for two minutes.
Figure 1.2
(a) Describe the acceleration of the car as it
travels from A to E.
2
………………………………………………… m
…………………………….
(b) Compare the resultant force as it travels
along AB and CD.
1
………………………………………………… m
……………………………
(c) Give a reason to your answer in (b)
………………………………………………… 1
………………………… m
(d) Calculate the distance AB
2
m
(e) The velocity of a car increases if the
force exerted on the accelerator of a car
increases. Explain why the velocity of the
car increases from D to E although the
force on the accelerator of the car is the
same as a long C to D.
2
………………………………………………… m
38
……………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………...
39
(e) Why is it necessary to ha
capacity limit for the safe
A bus traveled from Kota
the bus?
QUESTION 3 ( SPM 2000) Lumpur at 9:00 pm. The cap
passenger in the bus is 40
………………………………
Figure 2 mass……………………………
of the bus with the ca
and the average frictional fo
Figure 2 shows a car of mass 1 000kg moving a bus tire and the road for the jo
………………………………
straight but hilly road. QRST and TU is the part The bus moves at average sp
……………………………
of the hill that have constant slope where the Kota Bharu before stopover a
slope of QRST is higher that the slope of TU. The at 12:00 mid night on the s
frictional force that acts along QRSTU is 2 000N. hour later the bus continue
The velocity if the car at P is Kuala Lumpur with average
80kmh-1 and takes 3 minutes to move from point The bus arrived at 6:00 am on
P to Q. The motion of the car along (a) Put in a table all the phys
PQRSTU represent by a velocity-time graph in involved in the informatio
Figure 3. two groups.
(d)
(i) What is the value of the tr
the bus when it moves at
speed?
(ii) ………………………………
……………………………
Give a reason for the ans
………………………………
……………………………
40
(a) Classify the physical quantity into two groups.
2m
(b) From the graph in Figure 3, explain the acceleration of the car from
point P to S.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………… 2m
(c) (i) Compare the resultant force of the car when the move along PQ and
ST.
1m
……………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) State a reason for your answer in c(i)
1m
……………………………………………………………………………………...
(d) Calculate the distance form point P to Q
2m
Figure 3(i)
Figure 3(ii)
Figure 3(i) shows a sky diver start to make a jump from an aircraft at a
certain height. Figure 3(ii) shows a velocity-time graph for the skydiver at
position S, T, U, V and W from the earth surface.
…………………………………………………………………………………… 1m
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a)(i)
…………………………………………………………………………………… 1m
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the diver at ST.
41
2m
(c) Sketch an acceleration-time graph for the motion of the skydiver at
point S, T, U, V and W at the space below.
3m
(d) Suggest one way that can the skydiver apply to reduce injuries on his
leg during landing. Explain your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2m
Figure 4(i)
42
Figure 4(i) show a gun fires a bullet of mass 5g to an object.
1m
…………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Explain your answer in (a)(i)
1m
…………………………………………………………………………………...
(b) The bullet shot the object of mass 0.495kg.
2m
(ii) What is speed of the object after the bullet obscured into the
object after
the gunshot?
2m
(c) The object and the bullet that obscured in the object aloft at a
maximum height of H, as shown in Figure 4(ii).
Figure 4(ii)
(i) What is the value of kinetic energy of the object together with
the bullet
inside the object? 2m
43
(ii) Calculate maximum height, H achieved by the object?
2m
1m
(iii) In real situation it is possible to achieved maximum height, H.
Why?
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
Figure 5
(a) State the physics principle that is involved in the movement of the boat
as the man jumps onto the jetty.
………………………………………………………………………………………… 1m
(b) Explain why the boat moves away from the jetty when the man jumps.
………………………………………………………………………………………… 1m
(c) The mass of the man is 50 kg and he jumps at a velocity 2ms-1. The
mass of the boat is 20kg. Calculate the velocity of the boat as the man
jumps.
2m
(d) Name one application of the physics principle stated in (a) in an
exploration of outer space.
………………………………………………………………………………………… m
44
45