ÔN TẬP LÍ THUYẾT VẬT LÍ 12

Ti p s c ma t hi 20 11
1
Chng 1: ng lc hc vt rn

Ch 1.1. Chuyn ng quay ca vt rn quanh mt trc c nh

1. c im ca chuyn ng quay ca vt rn quanh mt trc c nh
C hai c im sau:
- Mi im trn vt vch mt ng trn nm trong mt phng vung gc vi trc quay, c bn
knh bng khong cch t im n trc quay, c tm trn trc quay.
- Mi im ca vt u quay c cng mt gc trong cng mt khong thi gian.
2. Cc i lng ng hc trong chuyn ng quay
a) To gc: (rad)
- Gi P
0
l mt phng c nh,c cha trc quay(mt phng gc), P l mt phng cha trc quay
v gn c nh vi vt rn.
- Gc l gc hp bi P v P
0
, c gi l to gc ca vt.
b) Tc gc: e (rad/s)
L i lng c trng cho mc nhanh hay chm ca chuyn ng quay ca mt vt rn quanh
mt trc
- Tc gc trng bnh:
0
tb
0
t t t
A
e = =
A

- Tc gc tc thi:
'
t 0
d
lim (t)
t dt
A
A
e= = =
A

c) Gia tc gc: (rad/s
2
)
L i lng c trng cho s bin thin ca tc gc
- Gia tc gc trung bnh:
0
tb
0
t t t
ee Ae
= =
A

- Gia tc gc tc thi (gia tc gc):
2
' ''
2
t 0
d d
lim (t) (t)
t dt dt
A
Ae e
= = = = e =
A

3. Cc phng trnh ng hc ca chuyn ng quay
a) Vt rn quay u:
- Tc gc: const e=
- Phng trnh chuyn ng: t
0
e + =
b) Vt rn quay bin i u:
- Gia tc gc: const =
- Tc gc: t
0
+ e = e
- Phng trnh chuyn ng:
2
0 0
t
2
1
t + e + =
- Cng thc c lp vi thi gian: ) ( 2
0
2
0
2
= e e
Phn loi: 2 loi
+ Chuyn ng quay nhanh dn u: 0 . > e

+ Chuyn ng quay chm dn u: 0 . < e
Nu vt quay theo mt chiu nht nh v chn chiu quay lm chiu dng th:
+ > 0: tc gc tng dn l chuyn ng quay nhanh dn u
+ < 0: tc gc gim dn l chuyn ng quay chm dn u
4. Vn tc v gia tc ca cc im trn vt quay

Ti l i u n l uyn thi i hc mn Vt l 12

2
a) Cng thc lin h gia tc di v tc gc ca mt im chuyn ng trn qu o
trn bn knh r:
r . v e =
b) Khi vt rn quay u th gia tc hng tm l:

2
2
n
. r
r
v
a e = =
c) Khi vt rn quay khng u: gia tc a c 2 thnh phn

t n
a a a + =
+ Gia tc hng tm (php tuyn): c trng cho s thay i hng ca vn tc
2
n
. r a e =
+ Gia tc tip tuyn: c trng cho s thay i ln ca vn tc
= . r a
t

+ Gia tc ton phn c ln:
2
t
2
n
a a a + =
Hay:
2 4 2 2 4 2
r r r a + e = + e =
Vect a hp vi bn knh ni tm quay vi im ang xt mt gc o c xc nh bi:

2
n
t
a
a
tan
e
= = o

Ch 1.2. Phng trnh ng lc hc vt rn. Momen qun tnh

1. Mi lin h gia gia tc gc v momen lc

n
2
i i
i
M m r =

2. Momen qun tnh
a) nh ngha v biu thc:
* nh ngha: Momen qun tnh I i vi mt trc l i lng c trng cho mc qun tnh ca
vt rn trong chuyn ng quay quanh trc y.
* Biu thc:
n
2
i i
i 1
I m r
=
=

* c im: Momen qun tnh ph thuc vo khi lng, s phn b khi lng i vi trc
quay v v tr ca trc quay.
b) Mt s biu thc tnh momen qun tnh ca mt s vt:
(Xt cc vt di y ng cht, khi lng phn b u, trc quay i qua khi tm G)
- Momen qun tnh ca cht im:
2
mr I =
- Momen qun tnh ca thanh cng c tit din nh, chiu di L, khi lng m:
2
mL
12
1
I =
- Momen qun tnh ca vnh trn mng(hay tr rng) c khi lng m, bn knh R:

2
mR I =

- Momen qun tnh ca a trn mng (hay tr c) c khi lng m, bn knh R:
2
mR
2
1
I =


3
- Momen qun tnh ca qu cu c c khi lng m, bn knh R:
2
mR
5
2
I =
- Momen qun tnh ca qu cu rng c khi lng m, bn knh R:
2
2
I mR
3
=
c) Cng thc Huyghen Sten:
2
( ) G
I I m.d
A
= +
d: l khong cch gia hai trc song song (trc A v trc i qua G)
3. Phng trnh ng lc hc ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh
M I =
Ch 1.3. Momen ng lng. nh lut bo ton momen ng lng

1. Momen ng lng
a) Dng khc ca phng trnh ng lc hc ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh:
dL
M
dt
=
b) Momen ng lng:
Biu thc: L I. = e
2. nh lut bo ton momen ng lng
a) Ni dung: Nu tng cc momen tc dng ln mt vt rn (hay h vt) i vi mt trc bng 0
th tng momen ng lng ca vt rn (hay h vt) i vi mt trc c bo ton.
b) Biu thc: L I. const = e= hay
1 1 2 2
I I e = e
Cc trng hp:
- Vt c momen qun tnh i vi trc quay khng i(I = const) vt khng quay hoc quay u.
- Vt c momen qun tnh i vi trc quay thay i:
- Nu I | e+ vt quay chm dn v dng li
- Nu I + e| vt quay nhanh dn.
3. nh l bin thin momen ng lng
L M. t A = A hay
2 1
L L M. t = A

Ch 1.4. ng nng quay ca vt rn

1. ng nng quay ca vt rn xung quanh mt trc c nh
2
d(q)
1
W I
2
= e
2. nh l bin thin ng nng trong chuyn ng quay
AW
=
2 2
2 1
1 1
I I A
2 2
e e = (A: cng ca cc ngoi lc)
3. ng nng ca vt rn trong chuyn ng song phng (ln khng trt)
W
=
2
1
mv
2
+
2
1
I.
2
e


4
S tng t gia cc i lng di trong chuyn ng thng v cc i lng gc trong chuyn ng
quay

TT
Chuyn ng thng
(chiu chuyn ng khng i)
Chuyn ng quay
(trc quay c nh, chiu quay khng i)
1
To x
m
To gc
rad
2 Tc v m/s Tc gc e rad/s
3
Gia tc a
m/s
2

Gia tc gc
rad/s
2

4 Lc F N Momen lc M Nm
5 Khi lng m kg Momen qun tnh I kgm
2

6 ng lng p = mv kgm/s Momen ng lng L = I e kgm
2
/s
7 ng nng W
=
2
mv
2
J ng nng quay W
=
2
I
2
e
J
Chuyn ng thng u
v = const; a = 0; x = x
0
+ vt
Chuyn ng quay u
e = const; = 0;
0
t = + e
Chuyn ng thng bin i u
a = const
v = v
0
+ at
x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
1
2
at
2

2 2
0 0
v v 2a(x x ) =

Phng trnh ng lc hc
F = ma
Dng khc
dp
F
dt
=
nh lut bo ton ng lng
i i i
p m v =

= const
nh l v ng nng
2 2
d 1 2
1 1
W mv mv A
2 2
A = = (Cng ca ngoi lc)

Chuyn ng quay bin i u
= const
0
t e= e +
2
0
1
t t
2
= + e +
( )
2 2
0 0
2 e e =
Phng trnh ng lc hc
M I =
Dng khc
dL
M
dt
=
nh lut bo ton momen ng lng
i i i
L I = e

= const
nh l v ng nng
2 2
d 1 2
1 1
W I I
2 2
A = e e = A(Cng ca ngoi lc)
Cng thc lin h gia cc i lng gc v i lng di
2
t n
s r ; v r;a r ;a r = = e = = e
C Ch : Cng nh v, a, F, P cc i lng , , M, L e cng l cc i lng vect


5

Chng 2 Dao ng c

Ch 2.1. i cng v dao ng iu ho

1. Cc nh ngha v dao ng
1.1. Dao ng: Dao ng l chuyn ng qua li ca vt quanh mt v tr cn bng.
1.2. Dao ng tun hon:
a) nh ngha: Dao ng tun hon l dao ng m trng thi dao ng ca vt c lp li nh
c sau nhng khong thi gian bng nhau.
b) Chu k v tn s dao ng:
* Chu k dao ng: l khong thi gian ngn nht sau trng thi dao ng c lp li nh
c(hay l khong thi gian ngn nht vt thc hin xong mt dao ng ton phn).
K hiu: T| | s
* Tn s dao ng: l s ln dao ng m vt thc hin c trong mt n v thi gian.
K hiu: f| | Hz
* Mi quan h chu k v tn s dao ng:

1 t
T
f N
= =
(N l s dao ng ton phn m vt thc hin c trong thi gian t)
1.3. Dao ng iu ho: Dao ng iu ho l dao ng c m t bng mt nh lut dng cosin hay
sin theo thi gian t. Trong A, e, l nhng hng s.
( ) x A.cos t = e +
2. Dao ng iu ho
2.1. Phng trnh dao ng iu ho ( ) x A.cos t = e +
Trong :
- x : li , l di ca vt xo vi v tr cn bng| | cm; m
- A: bin , l di cc i ca vt so vi v tr cn bng| | cm; m , ph thuc cch kch thch.
- e: tn s gc, l i lng trung gian cho php xc nh chu k v tn s dao ng| | rad
- ( ) + et : pha ca dao ng, l i lng trung gian cho php xc nh trng thi dao ng(x,v,a)
ca vt thi im t bt k| | rad
- : pha ban u, l i lng trung gian cho php xc nh trng thi dao ng ca vt thi im
ban u| | rad ; ph thuc vo cch chn gc thi gian.
C Ch : A, e lun dng. : c th m, dng hoc bng 0.
2.2. Chu k v tn s dao ng iu ho
Dao ng iu ho l dao ng tun hon v hm cos l mt hm tun hon c chu k T, tn s f
a) Chu k:
e
t
=
2
T
b) Tn s:
t
e
=
2
f

2.3. Vn tc v gia tc trong dao ng iu ho
a) Vn tc: Vn tc tc thi trong dao ng iu ho c tnh bng o hm bc nht ca li x
theo thi gian t: v = x = - ( ) Asin t e e +


6
( ) v Asin t = e e + (cm/s; m/s)
b) Gia tc: Gia tc tc thi trong dao ngiu ho c tnh bng o hm bc nht ca vn tc
theo thi gian hoc o hm bc hai ca li x theo thi gian t: a = v = x = -
2
Acos( t ) e e +

2
a Acos( t ) = e e + (cm/s
2
; m/s
2
)
3. Lc tc dng
Hp lc F
tc dng vo vt khi dao ng iu ho v duy tr dao ng gi l lc ko v hay l lc

hi phc.
a) nh ngha: Lc hi phc l lc tc dng vo vt khi dao ng iu ho v c xu hng a vt
tr v v tr cn bng
b) Biu thc: x m kx ma F
2
e = = =
Hay:
2
F m Acos( t ) = e e +
T biu thc ta thy: lc hi phc lun hng v v tr cn bng ca vt.

c) ln: x m x k F
2
e = =
Ta thy: lc hi phc c ln t l thun vi li
+ Lc hi phc cc i khi x = A, lc vt v tr bin:
2
max
F kA m A = = e
+ Lc hi phc cc tiu khi x = 0, lc vt i qua v tr cn bng: 0 F
min
=
Nhn xt:
+ Lc hi phc lun thay i trong qu trnh dao ng
+ Lc hi phc i chiu khi qua v tr cn bng
+ Lc hi phc bin thin iu ho theo thi gian cng pha vi a, ngc pha vi x.
4. Mi lin h gia chuyn ng trn u v dao ng iu ho
Xt mt cht im M chuyn ng trn u trn mt ng trn tm O, bn knh A nh hnh v.
+ Ti thi im t = 0 : v tr ca cht im l M
0
, xc nh bi gc
+ Ti thi im t : v tr ca cht im l M, xc nh bi gc ( ) + et
+ Hnh chiu ca M xung trc xx l P, c to x:

x = OP = OMcos ( ) + et
Hay: ( ) x A.cos t = e +
Ta thy: hnh chiu P ca cht im M dao ng iu ho quanh im O.

Kt lun:
a) Khi mt cht im chuyn ng u trn (O, A) vi tc gc e, th chuyn ng ca hnh
chiu ca cht im xung mt trc bt k i qua tm O, nm trong mt phng qu o l mt dao ng
iu ho.
b) Ngc li, mt dao ng iu ho bt k, c th coi nh hnh chiu ca mt chuyn ng trn
u xung mt ng thng nm trong mt phng qu o, ng trn bn knh bng bin A, tc
gc e bng tn s gc ca dao ng iu ho.

c) Biu din dao ng iu ho bng vct quay: C th biu din mt dao ng iu ho c phng
trnh: ( ) x A.cos t = e + bng mt vect quay A
+ Gc vect ti O
A
+ di: A ~ A
+ ( A, Ox
) =

4. Cc cng thc c lp vi thi gian
M
M
0
x

x
P

O
et

+
x

A

O
y
x

+


7
a) Mi quan h gia li x v vn tc v :

1
A
v
A
x
2 2
2
2
2
=
e
+ ; | | E: elip
Hoc:
2
2
2 2
v
x A
e
+ = hay
2 2 2 2
v (A x ) = e hay
2 2
2 2
max
x v
1
A v
+ =
b) Mi quan h gia li x v gia tc a :

x a
2
e =
C Ch :
- a.x < 0; x | | A ; A + e
- V khi dao ng x bin i a bin i chuyn ng ca vt l bin i khng u.

c) Mi quan h gia vn tc v v gia tc a :

1
A
a
A
v
2
2
2
= |
.
|
\
|
e
+ |
.
|
\
|
e
; | | E: elip
Hay 1
v
a
v
v
2
max
2
2
2
max
2
=
e
+ hay
2 2 2 2
max
a (v v ) = e hay 1
a
a
v
v
2
max
2
2
max
2
= +

Bin :
2 2
2
2 4
v a
A = +
e e

5. th trong dao ng iu ho
a) th theo thi gian:
- th ca li (x), vn tc(v), gia tc(a) theo thi gian t: c dng hnh sin
b) th theo li x:
- th ca v theo x: th c dng elip (E)
- th ca a theo x: th c dng l on thng
c) th theo vn tc v:
- th ca a theo v: th c dng elip (E)
6. lch pha trong dao ng iu ho
Ta c: ( ) x A.cos t = e + =
x
Acos( t ) e +
( ) v Asin t = e e + =
max v
Acos( t ) v .cos( t )
2
t
e e + + = e +

2
a Acos( t ) = e e + =
2
max a
Acos( t ) a cos( t ) e e + + t = e +

x v a
2
t
= = t

Kt kun:
- Vn tc v vung pha vi c x v v (v sm pha hn x mt gc t/2; v tr pha hn a mt gc t/2)
- Li x ngc pha vi gia tc a (a sm pha mt gc t so vi x)

Ch 2.2. Con lc l xo
1. nh ngha con lc l xo:
Con lc l xo l mt h thng gm mt l xo c cng k, khi lng khng ng k
(l tng) mt u c nh v mt u gn vt nng c khi lng m.
k
m


8
2. Phng trnh ng lc hc ca vt dao ng iu ho trong CLLX:

0 x x
2 ' '
= e + (*)

Trong ton hc phng trnh (*) c gi l phng trnh vi phn bc 2 c nghim:
( ) x A.cos t = e +
4. Tn s gc:
m
k
= e
5. Chu k v tn s dao ng:
* Chu k dao ng:
k
m
2 T t =

* Tn s dao ng:
m
k
2
1
f
t
=
C Ch : Trong cc cng thc trn m (kg); k (N/m)
6. ng nng, th nng v c nng:
a) ng nng: W
=
2
1
mv
2

W
=
2
1
m
2
e A
2
sin
2
( et + ) =
2
1
kA
2
sin
2
( et + ) = W
0
sin
2
( et + )
= W
0
(
1 cos(2 t 2 )
2
e +
) =
0
W
2
+
0
W
2
cos(2et + 2 +t)
b) Th nng: W
t
=
2
1
kx
2

W
t
=
2
1
m
2
e A
2
cos
2
( et + ) =
2
1
kA
2
cos
2
( et + ) = W
0
cos
2
( et + )
= W
0
(
1 cos(2 t 2 )
2
+ e +
) =
0
W
2
+
0
W
2
cos(2et + 2)
c) C nng: C nng bng tng ng nng v th nng.
W = W
+ W
t
=
2
1
m
2
e A
2
=
2
1
kA
2
= const.
W =
2
1
mv
2

+
2
1
kx
2
=
2
1
kA
2
=
2
1
m
2
e A
2

=
2
1
m
2
max
v

W = W
max
= W
tmax
= const
W = 2m
2
t f
2
A
2
=
2
2
T
m 2 t
A
2

d) Cc kt lun:
- Con lc l xo dao ng iu ho vi tn s f, chu k T, tn s gc e th ng nng v th nng
bin thin tun hon vi tn s f = 2f, chu k T = T/2, tn s gc
,
e = 2e.
- ng nng v th nng bin thin tun hon cng bin , cng tn s nhng lch pha nhau gc
t( hay ngc pha nhau).


9
- Trong qa trnh dao ng iu ho c s bin i qua li gia ng nng v th nng, mi khi
ng nng gim th th nng tng v ngc li nhng tng ca chng tc l c nng c bo
ton, khng i theo thi gian v t l thun vi bnh phng bin dao ng.
- Khong thi gian ngn nht gia hai ln ng nng bng th nng l
'
min
T T
t
2 4
A = = .
- C nng ca vt = ng nng khi qua v tr cn bng = th nng v tr bin.
7. Ghp l xo:
Cho hai l xo l tng c cng ln lt l k
1
v k
2
. Gi k l cng ca h hai l xo.
a) Ghp ni tip:
1 2
1 1 1
k k k
= +
2 1
2 1
k k
k k
k
+
=

b) Ghp song song:
2 1
k k k + =

c) Ghp c vt xen gia:
2 1
k k k + =
8. Ct l xo:
Cho mt l xo l tng c chiu di t nhin
0
, cng l k
0
. Ct l xo thnh n phn, c chiu
di ln lt l
1 2 n
, ,..., . cng tng ng l k
1
, k
2
,, k
n
. Ta c h thc sau:

0 0 1 1 2 2 n n
k k k ... k = = = =

Ch 2.3. Con lc n (con lc ton hc). Con lc vt l

I. Con lc n
1. nh ngha con lc n:
Con lc n l mt h thng gm mt si dy khng gin khi lng
khng ng k c chiu di mt u gn c nh, u cn li treo vt nng
c khi lng m kch thc khng ng k coi nh cht im.
2. Phng trnh ng lc hc (phng trnh vi phn): khi
0
10 s o
0 s s
2 ' '
= e +
3. Phng trnh dao ng ca con lc n
- Phng trnh theo cung: ( )
0
s S cos t = e +
- Phng trnh theo gc: ( )
0
cos t o = o e +
- Mi quan h S
0
v
0
o : S
0
=
0
o
4. Tn s gc. Chu k v tn s dao ng ca con lc n
* Tn s gc:
g
e=

* Chu k dao ng: T 2
g
= t

* Tn s dao ng:
1 g
f
2
=
t

5. Nng lng dao ng iu ho ca con lc n
5.1. Trng hp tng qut: vi gc o bt k
m
l
o
M
l
o
O
+
T

n
P

t
P

s
C


10
a) ng nng: W
=
2
mv
2

b) Th nng: W
t
= mgh = mg (1 - cos o) v h = (1 - cos o)

c) C nng: W = W
+ W
t
=
2
mv
2
+ mg (1 - cos o) = ( )
2
max max
1 1
mv mg 1 cos
2 2
= o
5.2. Trng hp dao ng iu ho:
a) ng nng:
W
=
2
mv
2
m v = s = -
0
S e sin( et + )
( )
2 2 2 2
d 0
1 1
W mv m S sin t
2 2
= = e e +
b) Th nng:
* Nu gc nh (
0
10 s o ), ta c: 1 - coso =
2
sin . 2
2
o
~
2
2
o

2
t
1
W mg
2
= o ( o: rad)
* M:
s
sin o ~ o =

2 2 2
t
1 mg 1
W s m s
2 2
= = e

* M: s = S
0
cos( + et ) ( )
2 2
t 0
1
W m S cos t
2
= e e +
c) C nng:

W = W
+ W
t
=
2
2
mv 1 mg
s
2 2
+
= ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
0
1
m S sin t cos t
2
( e e + + e +

=
2 2
0
1
m S
2
e

2 2 2 2
0 0 0
1 mg 1 1
W S m S mg const
2 2 2
= = e = o =

d) Cc kt lun:
- Con lc n dao ng iu ho vi tn s f, chu k T, tn s gc e th ng nng v th nng
bin thin tun hon vi tn s f = 2f, chu k T = T/2, tn s gc
,
e = 2e.
- ng nng v th nng bin thin tun hon cng bin , cng tn s nhng lch pha nhau gc
t( hay ngc pha nhau).
- Trong qa trnh dao ng iu ho c s bin i qua li gia ng nng v th nng, mi khi
ng nng gim th th nng tng v ngc li nhng tng ca chng tc l c nng c bo
ton, khng i theo thi gian v t l thun vi bnh phng bin dao ng.
- Khong thi gian ngn nht gia hai ln ng nng bng th nng l
'
min
T T
t
2 4
A = = .
- C nng ca vt = ng nng khi qua v tr cn bng = th nng v tr bin.

6. Lc hi phc (lc ko v)

g
F m s =

7. Cc cng thc c lp vi thi gian


11
a) Mi quan h gia s v v:
2
2 2
0 2
v
S s = +
e

b) Mi quan h gia s v a:
2
a s = e
c) Mi quan h gia a v v:
2 2
2
0 2 4
v a
S = +
e e

II. Con lc vt l
1. nh ngha: Con lc vt l l mt vt rn quay c quanh mt trc nm ngang c nh.
2. Phng trnh ng lc hc ca con lc vt l trong dao ng iu ho

''
mgd
0
I
o + o = ; t
mgd
I
e=

'' 2
0 o + e o = (*)
Phng trnh dao ng ca con lc vt l l nghim ca phng trnh (*):
( )
0
cos t o = o e +
3. Chu k v tn s dao ng ca con lc vt l
a) Chu k:
2 I
T 2
mgd
t
= = t
e

b) Tn s:
1 mgd
f
2 I
=
t

Trong : m: l khi lng ca vt rn
d : khong cch t khi tm(G) n trc quay
I : l momen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay.

Ch 2.4. Cc loi dao ng
1. H dao ng
H dao ng gm vt dao ng v vt tc dng lc ko v ln vt dao ng.
2. Cc loi dao ng
2.1. Dao ng t do
a) nh ngha: Dao ng t do l dao ng m chu k (tn s) ch ph thuc vo cc c tnh ca
h m khng ph thuc vo cc yu t bn ngoi.
b) c im:
- Dao ng t do xy ra ch di tc dng ca ni lc
- Dao ng t do hay cn c gi l dao ng ring, dao ng vi tn s gc ring
0
e .
c) iu kin con lc dao ng t do l:
Cc lc ma st phi rt nh, c th b qua. Khi y con lc l xo v con lc n s dao ng mi
mi vi chu k ring.
+ Con lc l xo: dao ng vi chu k ring
k
m
2 T t = ( T ch ph thuc m v k)

+ Con lc n: dao ng vi chu k ring: T 2
g
= t

C Ch : Con lc n ch c th th coi l dao ng t do nu khng i v tr ( cho g = const, T ch
ph thuc )
2.2. Dao ng tt dn
a) nh ngha: Dao ng tt dn l dao ng c bin gim dn theo thi gian.


12
b) Nguyn nhn: Do lc cn v ma st ca mi trng
- Dao ng tt dn cng nhanh nu mi trng cng nht v ngc li.
- Tn s dao ng cng nh (chu k dao ng cng ln) th dao ng tt cng chm.
c) Dao ng tt dn chm:
- Dao ng iu ho vi tn s gc ring
0
e nu chu thm tc dng ca lc cn nh th c gi
l dao ng tt dn chm.

- Dao ng tt dn chm coi gn ng l dng sin vi tn s gc ring
0
e nhng bin gim dn v 0
+ Con lc l xo dao ng ng tt dn chm: chu k
m
T 2
k
= t
+ Con lc n dao ng tt dn chm: chu k T 2
g
= t

- Dao ng tt dn c th coi l dao ng t do nu coi mi trng to nn lc cn cng thuc v
h dao ng.
d) Dao ng tt dn c li v c hi:
+ C li: ch to b gim xc t, xe my,
+ C hi: ng h qu lc, chic vng,
2.3. Dao ng cng bc
a) nh ngha: Dao ng cng bc l dao ng do tc dng ca ngoi lc bin thin iu ho
theo thi gian c dng ( )
0
F F cos t = O + ; 2 f O = t
f l tn s ca ngoi lc (hay tn s cng bc)
b) c im:
Khi tc dng vo vt mt ngoi lc F bin thin iu ho theo thi gian ( )
0
F F cos t = O + th vt
chuyn ng theo 2 giai on:
* Giai on chuyn tip:
- Dao ng ca h cha n nh
- Bin tng dn, bin sau ln hn bin trc
* Giai on n nh:
- Dao ng n nh, bin khng i
- Giai on n nh ko di n khi ngoi lc ngng tc dng
- Dao ng trong giai on ny c gi l dao ng cng bc
* L thuyt v thc nghim chng t rng:
- Dao ng cng bc l iu ho (c dng sin)
- Tn s gc ca dao ng cng bc ( e) bng tn s gc ( O) ca ngoi lc: e= O.
- Bin ca dao ng cng bc t l thun vi bin ca ngoi lc (F
0
) v ph thuc vo O.
2.4. Dao ng duy tr
a) nh ngha: Dao ng duy tr l dao ng c bin khng thay i theo thi gian.
Dao ng duy tr cn c gi l s t dao ng
b) Nguyn tc duy tr dao ng:
duy tr dao ng phi tc dng vo h(con lc) mt lc tun hon vi tn s ring. Lc ny nh
khng lm bin i tn s ring ca h.
Cch cung cp: sau mi chu k lc ny cung cp mt nng lng ng bng phn nng lng
tiu hao v nhit.
c) ng dng: duy tr dao ng trong con lc ng h (ng h c dy ct)
C Ch : Dao ng ca con lc ng h c gi l s t dao ng
3. Hin tng cng hng c hc
a) nh ngha: Cng hng l hin tng bin dao ng cng bc tng nhanh t ngt n
mt gi tr cc i khi tn s ca lc cng bc bng tn s ring ca h.


13
b) iu kin xy ra:
0
e= e hay
0
O = e . Khi : f = f
0
; T = T
0
.
c) c im:
- Vi cng mt ngoi lc tc dng: nu ma st gim th gi tr cc i ca bin tng
- Lc cn cng nh (A
max
) cng ln cng hng r cng hng nhn
- Lc cn cng ln (A
max
) cng nh cng hng khng r cng hkhoongtu
d) ng dng:
- Ch to tn s k, ln dy n,.....

Ch 2.5. lch pha. Tng hp dao ng

1. lch pha ca hai dao ng
Xt hai dao ng iu ho cng tn s, c phng trnh:
( )
1 1 1
x A cos t = e + v ( )
2 2 2
x A c os t = e +
lch pha gia hai dao ng x
1
v x
2
cng mt thi im l:

1 2
= A
* Cc trng hp:

Trng hp lch pha Kt lun
1 Nu
1 2
: 0 > > A
dao ng x
2
sm pha hn dao ng x
1
2 Nu
1 2
: 0 < < A
dao ng x
2
tr pha hn dao ng x
1

3 Nu k2 A = t hai dao ng cng pha(ng pha)
4 Nu (2k 1) A = + t hai dao ng ngc pha
5 Nu (2k 1)
2
t
A = +
hai dao ng vung pha

(Trong : k e )

2. Tng hp dao ng
2.1. Bi ton 1: Mt vt thc hin ng thi hai dao ng iu ho cng phng, cng tn s c phng
trnh: ( )
1 1 1
x A cos t = e + v ( )
2 2 2
x A c os t = e + . Tm phng trnh dao ng tng hp ?
Gii:
- Dao ng c phng trnh: ( )
1 1 1
x A cos t = e +
1
A
- Dao ng c phng trnh: ( )
2 2 2
x A cos t = e +
2
A
- Dao ng tng hp: x = x
1
+ x
2
= Acos( + et ) A : A =
1
A +
2
A
* Bin dao ng tng hp: ( )
1 2 2 1
2
2
2
1
cos A A 2 A A A + + =

Hay:
2 2
1 2 1 2
A A A 2A A cos = + + A
Bin dao ng tng hp khng ph thuc vo tn s(f) m ch ph thuc vo A
1
, A
2
v A.

* Pha ban u ca dao ng tng hp:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
A sin A sin
tan
A cos A cos
+
=
+

* Mt s trng hp c bit:


14
- Trng hp 1: Nu ) Z k ( 2 k e t = A Hai dao ng x
1
, x
2
cng pha
( ) 1 2
A A ||

1 2 max
1 2
A A A A
( )
= + =
= =

- Trng hp 2: Nu ) Z k ( ) 1 k 2 ( e t + = A Hai dao ng x
1
, x
2
ngc pha
( ) 1 2
A A |+

( ) ( )
1 2 min
1 1 2 2 1 2
A A A A
A A ; A A
= =
= > = <

- Trng hp 3: Nu ) Z k (
2
) 1 k 2 ( e
t
+ = A Hai dao ng x
1
, x
2
vung pha
( ) 1 2
A A

2 2
1 2
A A A = +
: v hnh, p dng cng thc tnh.
- Trng hp 4: Nu A
1
= A
2

1
1 2
A 2A cos
2
2
A
=

Tng hp lng gic: x = x
1
+ x
2
= A
1
( ) ( )
1 2
cos t cos t ( e + + e +

2 1 1 2
1
2A cos cos t
2 2
+ | | | |
= e +
| |
\ . \ .

Bin dao ng tng hp:
2 1
1
A 2A cos
2
| |
=
|
\ .

c bit: Nu
0
2
120
3
t
A = =
1 2
A A A = =
C Ch :
2 1 2 1
A A A A A + s s

2.2. Bi ton 2: Mt vt thc hin ng thi n dao ng iu ho cng phng, cng tn s x
1
, x
2
, .....x
n
.
Tm phng trnh dao ng tng hp.
Gii:
* Cch 1: Tng hp theo phng php gin vect Fresnel
Ch :
- Tng hp 2 dao ng mt
- Tng hp 2 dao ng cng phng trc, vung gc,...
* Cch 2: Phng php hnh chiu
- Biu din cc dao ng iu ho bng cc vect trn h trc to Oxy
x = x
1
+ x
2
+ .... + x
n

1 2 n
A A A ... A = + + +

x 1x 2x nx
y 1y 2y ny
A A A ... A
A A A ... A
= + + +
= + + +

- Bin dao ng tng hp:
2 2
x y
A A A = +
- Pha ban u ca dao ng tng hp c xc nh:
y
x
A
tan
A
=


15

Chng 3 Sng c

Ch 3.1. i cng v sng c

1. Hin tng sng trong c hc
Th nghim: Cho mi S chm vo mt nc ti O, kch thch cho cn
rung dao ng, sau mt thi gian ngn, mu nt chai M cng dao
ng. Vy, dao ng t O truyn qua nc ti M. Ta ni, c sng
trn mt nc v O l ngun sng.
C Ch : Nt chai ti M ch dao ng nhp nh ti ch, khng truyn
i theo sng.
2. nh ngha v phn loi sng c hc
2.1. nh ngha: Sng c hc l dao ng c lan truyn trong mt mi trng n hi.
2.2. Phn loi:
Cn c vo mi quan h gia phng dao ng ca phn t mi trng v phng truyn sng, sng
c hc phn ra lm hai loi l sng ngang v sng dc.
a) Sng ngang: l sng m phn t mi trng dao ng theo phng vung gc vi phng truyn
sng.
* V d: Sng trn mt cht lng
* Mi trng truyn sng ngang: Sng ngang truyn trong mi trng c lc n hi xut hin khi
b bin dng lch. Sng ngang truyn trong cht rn v sng trn mt cht lng l mt trng hp ring.
b) Sng dc: l sng m cc phn t dao dng dc theo phng truyn sng.
* V d: Sng m truyn trong cht kh
* Mi trng truyn sng dc: Sng dc truyn trong cc mi trng c lc n hi xut hin khi b
bin dng nn, dn. Nh vy, sng dc truyn c trong cht rn, lng, kh.
C Ch : Sng c khng truyn c trong chn khng.
3. Nhng i lng c trng ca chuyn ng sng
3.1. Chu k, tn s sng (T, f): Mi phn t trong mi trng dao ng cng chu k v tn s bng chu
k v tn s ca ngun sng, gi l chu k v tn s ca sng.
T
s
= T
ngun
; f
s
= f
ngun

3.2. Bin sng (A): Bin sng ti mt im trong khng gian chnh l bin dao ng ca mt
phn t mi trng ti im .
Thc t: cng ra xa tm dao ng th bin cng gim.
3.3. Bc sng ( ):
* Cch 1: Bc sng l khong cch gia hai im gn nhau nht trn cng phng truyn sng
dao ng cng pha.
* Cch 2: Bc sng l qung ng m sng truyn c trong thi gian mt chu k dao ng
ca sng.
v
v.T
f
= =
3.4. Tc truyn sng (v):
Tc truyn sng l tc truyn pha dao ng, c o bng thng s gia qung ng m
sng truyn c trong mt n v thi gian.
s
v
t
A
=
A

Trong : s A l qung ng m sng truyn c trong thi gian t A .
- Tc truyn sng ph thuc vo bn cht ca mi trng nh: n hi, mt vt cht,
nhit ,...
M
S
O


16
- i vi mt mi trng nht nh th vn tc c gi tr khng i: v = const.
v f
T
= =
3.5. Nng lng sng (W):
- Qu trnh truyn sng l qu trnh truyn nng lng.
a) Sng thng: sng truyn theo mt phng( v d: sng truyn trn si dy n hi l tng)
W const = A const =
b) Sng phng: sng truyn trn mt phng(v d: sng truyn mt mt nc)
Gn sng l nhng vng trn ng tm nng lng sng t ngun tri u trn ton b vng
trn . Ta c:
O M M N N
W 2 R .W 2 R .W = t = t
2
N M M
2
N M N
R W A
W R A
= =
Vy:
1 1
W ; A
R R

c) Sng cu: Sng truyn trong khng gian (v d: sng m pht ra t mt ngun im)
Mt sng c dng l mt cu nng lng sng t ngun tri u trn ton b mt cu.
Ta c:
2 2
O M M N N
W 4 R .W 4 R .W = t = t
2 2
N M M
2 2
N M N
R W A
W R A
= =
Vy:
2
1 1
W ; A
R R

4. phng trnh sng
a) Phng trnh sng:
Gi s phng trnh dao ng sng ti ngun O c dng:

O
u Acos t = e
Phng trnh dao ng ti M, cch O mt on l x c dng:

M M M
x t x
u (t) A cos (t ) A cos 2 ( )
v T
= e = t
hay
M M
x
u A cos( t 2 ) = e t

b) Mt s tnh cht ca sng suy ra t phng trnh sng:
- Tnh tun hon theo thi gian:
Xt mt phn t sng ti im M trn ng truyn sng c to x = d, ta c:

M M
d
u (t) A cos( t 2 ) = e t

Chuyn ng ca phn t ti M l mt dao ng tun hon theo thi gian vi chu k T.
- Tnh tun hon theo khng gian:
Xt tt c cc phn t sng ti mt thi im xc nh t = t
0
, ta c:

0 0
x
u(x, t ) Acos( t 2 ) = e t

Vy, u bin thin tun hon theo to x trong khng gian vi chu k l .

5. Vn tc dao ng ca phn t mi trng

'
dd
x
v u Asin t 2
| |
= = e e t
|
\ .

- Tc dao ng ca phn t mi trng cc i:
dd
max
2
v A A
T
t
= e =

C Ch : Tc dao ng ca phn t mi trng khc vi tc truyn sng.
6. lch pha


17
a) Tng qut: Gi s phng trnh dao ng ti ngun c dng
O
u Acos t = e
Xt 2 im M, N trn mt cht lng cch ngun O ln lt l d
1
, d
2
. Phng trnh dao ng ti M,
N ln lt l
M 1
2
u Acos t d
t | |
= e
|
\ .
;
N 2
2
u Acos t d
t | |
= e
|
\ .
. lch pha gia hai im M, N ti
cng mt thi im: ( )
1 2
2
d d
t
A =

b) c bit: Nu hai im M, N nm trn cng phng truyn sng

2 2 f 2 d
d d
v T v
t t t
A = = =

Vi d = MN: l khong cch gia hai im M, N.
Cc trng hp:
- Nu hai im M, N dao ng cng pha: 2k A = t d k = ; (k = 1,2,3,....)
- Nu hai im M, N dao ng ngc pha: ( ) 2k 1 A = + t ( ) d 2k 1
2
= + ; (k = 0,1,2,...)
- Nu hai im M, N dao ng vung pha: ( ) 2k 1
2
t
A = + ( ) d 2k 1
4
= + ; (k = 0,1,2,...)
c) Xt dao ng ti mt im M: Tnh lch pha gia hai thi im t
1
, t
2
?
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
2
t t t t
T
t
A = e =
Ch 3.2. Giao thoa sng c. Nhiu x sng

1. Hin tng giao thoa sng c hc
Dng mt thit b to ra hai ngun dao ng cng tn s v
cng pha trn mt nc.
Kt qu: trn mt nc ti vng hai sng chng ln nhau xut
hin hai nhm ng cong xen k: mt nhm gm cc ng dao
ng vi bin cc i (gn li) v nhm kia gm cc ng dao
ng vi bin cc tiu (gn khng dao ng), c 1 ng thng l
ng trung trc ca S
1
S
2
.
C Ch :
- Hnh nh quan st: c 1 ng thng, cn li l cc ng hypebol nhn S
1
, S
2
lm tiu im.
- Nu hai ngun S
1
, S
2
dao ng cng pha: ng trung trc ca AB dao ng cc i
- Nu hai ngun S
1
, S
2
dao ng ngc pha: ng trung trc ca AB dao ng cc tiu.
2. nh ngha: Hin tng hai sng kt hp, khi gp nhau ti nhng im xc nh, lun lun hoc tng
cng nhau, hoc lm yu nhau c gi l s giao thoa ca sng.
3. iu kin c giao thoa: phi c ngun sng kt hp
iu kin hai ngun A v B l ngun kt hp l:
- Cng tn s f (cng chu k T)
- lch pha khng i (hoc cng pha)
C Ch : Khng nht thit phi cng bin .
4. L thuyt v giao thoa sng trn mt nc
Xt hai ngun S
1
, S
2
dao ng cng phng, cng bin , cng tn
s v cng pha, c phng trnh
1 2
u u Acos t = = e
Xt ti mt im M trn mt nc, cch S
1
, S
2
ln lt l d
1
, d
2

S
1 S
2
S
1
S
2


18
- Phng trnh dao ng ti M do ngun S
1
truyn n:
1
1M
d
u Acos( t 2 ) = e t

- Phng trnh dao ng ti M do ngun S
2
truyn n:
2
2M
d
u Acos( t 2 ) = e t

- Phng trnh dao ng tng hp ti M: u
M
= u
1M
+ u
2M

( )
1 2
M M
d d
u A cos t
( +
= e t
(

( )
1 2
M
d d
A 2A cos
t
=

a) Ti M dao ng cc i:
- Ti M dao ng cc i khi u
1M
v u
2M
dao ng cng pha
- Bin ti M: (A
M
)
max
= 2A
- Hiu ng i:
1 2
d d k = (k e )
b) Ti M dao ng cc tiu:
- Ti M dao ng cc tiu khi u
1M
v u
2M
dao ng ngc pha
- Bin ti M: (A
M
)
min
= 0
- Hiu ng i:
1 2
d d (2k 1)
2
= + (k e ) hay
1 2
d d (k 0, 5) = +
5. ng dng
- Nhn ra c hin tng giao thoa khng nh c tnh cht sng.
- C th xc nh c cc i lng v, f.
C Ch : Xt cc im nm trn ng ni S
1
, S
2

- Khong cch gia hai im dao ng cc i (cc tiu) gn nhau nht bng:
2

- Khong cch gia mt im cc i v mt im cc tiu gn nhau nht bng:
4
.
6. S nhiu x ca sng
Hin tng sng khi gp vt cn th i lch khi phng truyn thng ca sng v i vng qua vt
cn gi l s nhiu x ca sng.

Ch 3.3. s Phn x sng. Sng dng

I. S phn x sng
1. Phn x ca sng trn vt cn c nh
Khi gp vt cn c nh: sng phn x v sng ti c cng bin ,
cng tn s, cng bc sng nhng ngc pha nhau.
- lch pha gia sng ti v sng phn x ti im vt cn c
nh l: ( ) 2k 1 A = + t
- Li : u
px
= -u
t
S
1
d
2
d
1
M

S
2
A
P
A
P


19
2. Phn x ca sng trn vt cn t do
Khi gp vt cn t do: sng phn x v sng ti c cng bin ,
cng tn s, cng bc sng v cng pha nhau
- lch pha gia sng ti v sng phn x ti im vt cn t do
l: 2k A = t
- Li : u
px
= u
t

II. Sng dng
1. nh ngha: Sng dng l sng c cc nt v bng c nh trong khng gian.
2. Gii thch
2.1. Gii thch nh tnh
Sng dng l do s giao thoa ca sng ti v sng phn x trn cng mt phng truyn sng
- S to thnh im bng: Ti mt im M c sng ti v sng phn x dao ng cng pha
chng tng cng ln nhau to thnh im bng (bin 2A).
- S to thnh im bng: Ti mt im M c sng ti v sng phn x dao ng ngc pha
nhau chng trit tiu ln nhau to thnh im nt (bin bng 0): khng dao ng.
2.2. Gii thch nh lng
Chn: gc to ti B, chiu dng ca trc to t B n A.
Gi s phng trnh dao ng ti B do sng ti t A truyn n c dng:

B
u Acos t = e
- Phng trnh dao ng ti M do sng ti t A truyn n:

1M
x
u Acos( t 2 ) = e + t

- Phng trnh sng phn x ti B: v u B c nh(B l nt) nn u
B
+
'
B
u = 0

'
B
u Acos t Acos( t ) = e = e t
- Phng trnh dao ng tai M do sng phn x t B truyn n:

2M
x
u Acos( t 2 ) = e t t

- Phng trnh dao ng tng hp ti M: u
M
= u
1M
+ u
2M

M
2 x
u 2Acos( ) cos( t )
2 2
t t t
= + e

M
2 x
A 2A cos
2
t t | |
= +
|
\ .

a) im bng:
- Ti M l bng sng khi sng ti v sng phn x ti dao ng cng pha
- Bin : (A
M
)
max
= 2A
- V tr ca cc im bng so vi gc to O(u B):

b
x (2k 1)
4
= + ; (k = 0,1,2,...)
b) im nt:
- Ti M l nt sng khi sng ti v sng phn x ti dao ng ngc pha
- Bin : (A
M
)
min
= 0
- V tr ca cc im nt so vi gc to O(u B):

n
x k
2
= ; (k = 1,2,...)
A
P
A
P
A
B
M
x
O
x
S. ti
S. px


20
3. iu kin c sng dng trn dy
Gi l chiu di ca dy
a) Trng hp 1: Nu si dy c hai u c nh (2 u l 2 nt)
k
2
= ; (keN
*
)
Trong : k l s b sng = s bng sng = s mi sng
b) Trng hp 2: Nu si dy c mt u c nh (nt) v mt u t do (bng)
k
2 4

= + ; (keN)

Trong : k l s b sng nguyn (mt b nguyn c 2 nt hai u)
Hoc: m
4
= , vi m = 1, 3, 5,..., (2k+1).
4. ng dng
- xc nh tc truyn sng trn dy, tc m trong ct kh
- Th nghim o c , bit tn s f f v =
C Ch :
- Khong cch gia hai nt sng hay hai bng sng gn nhau nht l
2

- Khong cch gia mt bng v mt nt gn nhau nht l
4

- B rng mt bng sng l : L = 4A
- Trong khi sng ti v sng phn x vn truyn i theo hai chiu khc nhau, nhng sng tng hp
dng ti ch, n khng truyn i trong khng gian Gi l sng dng.
- Khong thi gian ngn nht gia hai ln si dy dui thng l
T
2
.
- Mi quan h gia tc truyn sng trn dy v lc cng dy: v
t
=

( t : l lc cng dy;
0
m
=
: mt khi lng ca dy di , khi lng m)

- Nu dy l kim loi (st) c kch bi nam chm in (Nam chm c nui bi dng in xoay
chiu c tn s f
d
) th tn s dao ng ca dy l: f = 2f
d
.
- mt thi im nht nh: mi im trn dy dao ng cng pha vi nhau.
- Sng dng khng truyn nng lng.

Ch 3.4. Sng m. Hiu ng p ple
I. Sng m
1. Ngun m. Cm gic m
a) Ngun m: Ngun m l nhng vt dao ng pht ra m.
b) Cm gic v m:
- Sng m truyn qua khng kh, lt vo tai, gp mng nh, tc dng ln mng nh mt p sut bin
thin, lm cho mng nh dao ng. Dao ng ca mng nh li c truyn n cc u dy thn kinh
thnh gic, lm cho ta c cm gic v m.
- Cm gic v m ph thuc vo ngun m v tai ngi nghe.
2. nh ngha v phn loi sng m
a) nh ngha: Sng m l nhng dao ng c truyn trong cc mi trng kh, lng, rn.


21
- Trong cht kh, lng: sng m l sng dc
- Trong cht rn: sng m gm c sng ngang v sng dc.
b) Phn loi: 3 loi
- m thanh: l nhng m m tai ngi c th cm nhn c (nghe thy): 16 Hz s f s20.000 Hz.
- H m: l nhng m tai ngi khng nghe c: f < 16 Hz.
- Siu m: l nhng m m tai ngi khng nghe c: f > 20.000 Hz.
2. Mi trng truyn m. Tc m
a) Mi trng truyn m:
- Sng m truyn c trong cc mi trng vt cht n hi nh: rn, lng, kh.
- Sng m khng truyn c trong chn khng.
b) Tc truyn m:
- Tc truyn m ph thuc vo n hi, mt ca mi trng.

- Tc truyn m cn ph thuc vo nhit : v T(K)
- Ni chung tc truyn m trong cht rn ln hn trong cht lng, v trong cht lng ln hn
trong cht kh.

r kk
v v v > >

3. Nng lng m
Sng m mang nng lng, nng lng sng m t l thun vi bnh phng bin sng.
a) Cng m: I
2
W / m (

Cng m ti mt im l lng nng lng c sng m truyn i trong mt n v thi gian
qua mt n v din tch t vung gc vi phng truyn m ti im .

2
W P P
I
S.t S 4 d
= = =
t

b) Mc cng m: L| | B: ben
- Mc cng m l i lng gy ra cm gic l m ny to gp my ln m kia.
- Mc cng m L l lga thp phn ca t s cng I ca m, v cng I
0
ca m chun:

0
I
I
lg ) B ( L =
- n v mc cng m l Ben (k hiu: B)
- Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng n v xiben (dB): 1B = 10dB

0
I
I
lg 10 ) dB ( L =
4. Cc c trng sinh l ca m: cao, to, m sc.
4.1. cao ca m
- cao ph thuc vo tn s ca m (f)
- m c tn s ln: m nghe cao(thanh, bng), m c tn s nh: m nghe thp(trm)
- Hai m c cng tn s th c cng cao v ngc li
- Dy n:
+ m pht ra nghe cao(thanh): phi tng tn s lm cng dy n
+ m pht ra nghe thp(trm): phi gim tn s lm trng dy n
- Thng: n pht ra m cao, nam pht ra m trm(chn n lm pht thanh vin)
- Trong m nhc: cc nt nhc xp theo th t f tng dn (m cao dn): , r, mi, pha, son, la, si.
- Ting ni con ngi c tn s trong khong t 200 Hz n 1000 Hz.
4.2. to
- Cng m cng ln, cho ta cm gic nghe thy m cng to. Tuy nhin to ca m khng t
l thun vi cng m.


22
- Cm gic nghe m to hay nh khng nhng ph thuc vo cng m m cn ph thuc
vo tn s ca m(mc cng m). Vi cng mt cng m, tai nghe c m c tn s cao to
hn m c tn s thp.
- Tai con ngi c th nghe c m c cng nh nht bng 10
-12
W/m
2
ng vi m chun c
tn s 1000 Hz(gi l cng m chun I
0
= 10
-12
W/m
2
)
- Tai con ngi c th nghe c m c cng ln nht bng 10 W/m
2

4.3. m sc
- m sc l sc thi ca m gip ta phn bit c ging ni ca ngi ny i vi ngi khc,
phn bit c nt nhc m do nhc c no pht ra.
- m sc ph thuc vo th dao ng m
5. Gii hn nghe ca tai ngi
a) Ngng nghe: m thanh gy c cm gic m i vi tai th mc cng m phi ln
hn mt gi tr cc tiu no gi l ngng nghe.
- Ngng nghe thay i theo tn s m
V d: tn s t 1000 Hz n 1500 Hz th ngng nghe vo khong 0 dB, tn s 50 Hz th 50 dB.

b) Ngng au: Gi tr cc i ca cng m m tai ta c th chu ng c gi l ngng au.
- Ngng au hu nh khng ph thuc vo tn s m.
- Ngng au ng vi mc cng m l L
max
= 130 dB
c) Min nghe c: l min nm gia ngng nghe v ngng au.
- Mc cng m: | | L 0;130 (dB) e
6. Ngun nhc m. Hp cng hng
a) Ngun nhc m:
* Dy n hai u c nh:
- Trn dy n c sng dng khi:
v
n n
2 2f
= =
nv
f
2
=

+ Khi n = 1
1
v
f
2
=
: m pht ra c gi l m c bn
+ Khi n = 2
2 1
v
f 2f = =
: m pht ra c gi l ho m bc 2
+ Khi n = 3
3 1
3v
f 3f
2
= =
: m pht ra c gi l ho m bc 3
+ Khi n = k
k 1
kv
f kf
2
= =
: m pht ra c gi l ho m bc k
- Nh vy: mi dy n c ko cng bng mt lc c nh ng thi pht ra m c bn v mt
s ho m bc cao hn, c tn s l mt s nguyn ln tn s ca m c bn.

* ng so: ng so c mt u kn v mt u h
- Trong ng so c sng dng nu chiu di ca ng so tho mn:

v
m m
4 4f
= =
mv
f
4
=

+ Khi m = 1
1
v
f
4
=
: m pht ra c gi l m c bn
+ Khi m = 3
3 1
3v
f 3f
4
= =
: m pht ra c gi l ho m bc 3,.....
- Nh vy: ng so c mt u kn, mt u h ch c th pht ra cc ho m bc l.
- Chiu di ca ng so cng ln m pht ra tn s cng nh m nghe cng trm.
C Ch : Nu ng so h hai u, trong ng so c sng dng th cn iu kin:


23
n
2 2

= + hay ( )
n 1
2
= + ( n l s b sng nguyn)
b) Hp cng hng:
- m thanh do cc ngun m trc tip pht ra thng c cng m rt nh. Mun m to hn,
phi dng ngun m kch thch cho mt khi khng kh cha trong mt vt rng dao ng cng
hng n pht ra m c cng ln. Vt rng ny gi l hp cng hng. V d: Bu n ghi ta.
- Hp cng hng c tc dng lm tng cng m, vn gi nguyn cao v to ra m sc
ring c trng cho mi loi n.
7. Nhc m. Tp m
a) Nhc m:
- Nhc m l m c tn s hon ton xc nh.
- Gy ra cho tai cm gic m i, d chu nh bi ht, bn nhc,...
- th dao ng m l ng cong tun hon.
b) Tp m:
- Tp m l m khng c tn s xc nh, v l hn hp ca nhiu m c tn s v bin khc nhau.
- Gy ra cho tai cm gic c ch, kh chu cho tai ngi,...
- th dao ng m l ng cong khng tun hon.

II. Hiu ng p ple
1. nh ngha: S thay i tn s sng do ngun sng chuyn ng tng i so vi my thu c gi l
hiu ng p-ple.
2. Cng thc xc nh tn s sng:
f l tn s sng m do mt ngun m pht ra

'
f l tn s sng m do my thu thu c
v l tc truyn m trong mi trng
v
S
l tc chuyn ng ca ngun m
v
M
l tc chuyn ng ca my thu

' M
s
v v
f f
v v

C Ch : Li gn th tn s tng v ngc li.

Gi


24
Chng 4 Dao ng v sng in t

Ch 4.1. Mch dao ng LC. Dao ng in t
I. Mch dao ng
1. nh ngha: Mt cun cm c t cm L mc ni tip vi mt t in c in dung C thnh mt
mch in kn gi l mch dao ng (hay khung dao ng)
- Nu in tr ca mch rt nh, coi nh bng khng mch dao ng l tng.
2. Phng trnh vi phn bc hai:
'' 2
q q 0 + e =
3. Tn s gc ring, chu k v tn s dao ng ring:
* Tn s gc ring:
1
LC
e=
* Chu k dao ng ring: T 2 LC = t
* Tn s dao ng ring:
1
f
2 LC
=
t

4. in tch tc thi trn t in:
0 q
q q cos( t ) = e + ; q
0
l in tch cc i trn t.
5. in p tc thi gia hai bn t in:
C
0
C q 0 u
q q
u cos( t ) U cos( t )
C C
= = e + = e +
6. in p tc thi gia hai u cun cm:

C C
L C 0 u 0 u
u u U cos( t ) U cos( t ) = = e + = e + + t

L
L 0 u
u U cos( t ) = e +
7. Cng dng in tc thi:
'
0 q 0 q
i q q sin( t ) I cos( t )
2
t
= = e e + = e + +

0 i
i I cos( t ) = e +
8. Cm ng t:
0 q
B B cos( t )
2
t
= e + + hay
0 B
B B cos( t ) = e +
C Ch :
0
0 0
q
I q
LC
= e = ;
0
0
q
U
C
=
9. Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch dao ng: da trn hin tng t cm.
II. Dao ng in t
1. Dao ng in t: Bin thin ca in trng v t trng trong mch dao ng c gi l dao
ng in t.
- Nu khng c tc ng in hoc t vi bn ngoi, th dao ng ny gi l dao ng in t t do.
2. Nng lng in t trong mch dao ng:
a) Nng lng in trng tp trung t in (W
C
):
2 2
2 0
C
q q
W cos ( t )
2C 2C
= = e +
b) Nng lng t trng tp trung cun cm (W
L
):

2 2 2 2
2 2 0 0
L
L q q Li
W sin ( t ) sin ( t )
2 2 2C
e
= = e + = e +

c) Nng lng in t ton phn ca mch dao ng LC:
2 2 2 2 2
C L
q Li Cu Li qu Li
W W W
2C 2 2 2 2 2
= + = + = + = +
C
L
+
-
q
E

i


25
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0
q CU q U LI
W const
2C 2 2 2
= = = = =
d) Kt lun:
- Mch dao ng thc hin dao ng in t t do vi tn s f, chu k T, tn s gc e th nng
lng in trng v nng lng t trng bin thin tun hon vi tn s f = 2f, chu k T = T/2,
tn s gc
,
e = 2e.
- Nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng bin thin tun hon cng bin , cng tn s
nhng lch pha nhau gc t( hay ngc pha nhau).
- Trong qa trnh dao ng in t t do c s bin i qua li gia nng lng in trng v
nng lng t trng, mi khi nng lng in trng gim th nng lng t trng tng v
ngc li nhng tng ca chng tc l nng lng in t trng c bo ton, khng i theo
thi gian.
- Khong thi gian ngn nht gia hai ln m W
L
= W
C
l
'
min
T T
t
2 4
A = = .
3. Dao ng in t tt dn
V trong mch dao ng lun c in tr R nng lng dao ng gim dn bin q
0
, U
0
,
I
0
, B
0
gim dn theo thi gian gi l dao ng in t tt dn.
c im: nu in tr R cng ln th dao ng in t tt dn cnh nhanh v ngc li.
4. Dao n in t duy tr. H t dao ng
Mun duy tr dao ng ta phi b v ng phn nng lng b tiu hao trong mi chu k.
lm vic ny ngi ta dung tranzito iu khin vic b nng lng cho ph hp
Mch dao ng iu ho c s dng tranzito to thnh h t dao ng
5. Dao ng in t cng bc. S cng hng
a) Dao ng in t cng bc: Mc mch dao ng LC v tn s gc ring
0
e ni tip vi mt
ngun in ngoi, l ngun in xoay chiu c in p
0
u U cos t = e . Lc ny, dng in trong mch
LC bin thin theo tn s gc e ca ngun in xoay chiu cha khng th dao ng theo tn s ring
0
e qu trnh ny gi l dao ng in t cng bc.
b) S cng hng:
Gi nguyn bin ca u, iu chnh e khi e =
0
e th bin dao ng in(I
0
) trong
khung t cc i hin tng ny gi l s cng hng.
Gi tr cc i ca bin cng hng ph thuc vo in tr thun R:
- Nu R nh (I
0
)max cng hng nhn
- Nu R ln (I
0
)min cng hng t
6. S tng t gia dao ng in t v dao ng c

i lng c i lng in
x q
v i
m L
k C
-1

F u

R
W
t
W
C

W

W
L


26
Dao ng c Dao ng in
'' 2
x x 0 + e =
'' 2
q q 0 + e =
k
m
e=
1
LC
e=
( ) x Acos t = e + ( )
0
q q cos t = e +
( )
'
v x Asin t = = e e + ( )
'
0
i q q sin t = = e e +
2 2 2
1 1 1
W kx mv kA
2 2 2
= + =
2 2
2 0
q 1 q 1 1
W Li
2 C 2 2 C
= + =
2
2 2
2
v
A x = +
e

2
2 2
0 2
i
q q = +
e

max
v A = e
0 0
I q = e

Ch 4.2. in t trng. Sng in t
I. in t trng
1. Lin h gia in trng bin thin v t trng bin thin
a) Hai gi thuyt ca Macxoen:
- Gi thuyt 1: T trng bin thin.
Khi mt t trng bin thin theo thi gian, n sinh ra mt in trng xoy tc l mt in
trng m cc ng sc in bao quanh cc ng sc t.
- Gi thuyt 2: in trng bin thin.
Khi mt in trng bin thin theo thi gian, n sinh ra mt t trng c cc ng sc t bao
quanh cc ng sc ca in trng.
b) in trng xoy: c cc ng sc in l ng cong khp kn.
2. Dng in dn v dng in dch
a) Dng in dn: l dng chuyn ri c hng ca cc ht mang in.
b) Dng in dch: l khi nim ch s bin thin ca in trng gia hai bn t in.
3. in t trng
- Mi bin thin theo thi gian ca t trng u sinh ra trong khng gian xung quanh mt in
trng xoy bin thin theo thi gian v ngc li, mi bin thin theo thi gian ca in trng cng
sinh ra mt t trng bin thin theo thi gian trong khng gian xung quanh.
- in trng hoc t trng khng th tn ti c lp vi nhau, m lin kt cht ch vi nhau,
cng c th chuyn ho ln nhau.
- in trng v t trng l hai mt th hin khc nhau ca mt loi trng duy nht gi l in
t trng.
- in t trng l dng vt cht tn ti khch quan trong t nhin.
C Ch :
- Mi trng tn ti xung quanh dng in khng i l t trng.
- Mi trng tn ti xung quanh dng in xoay chiu l in t trng.
- Mi trng tn ti xung quanh in tch im ng yn l in trng tnh.
- Mi trng tn ti xung quanh in tch im dao ng iu ho l trng in t.
II. Sng in t

1. nh ngha: Qu trnh lan truyn in t trng c gi l sng in t.
2. Tnh cht v tnh cht ca sng in t
a) c im:
- Tc lan truyn ca sng in t trong chn khng bng tc nh sng, c = 300 000 km/s.


27
- Sng in t l sng ngang. Trong qu trnh truyn sng ( E B

) Ox

. C E
v B
u bin
thin tun hon theo khng gian v thi gian v lun cng pha nhau.
Trong chn khng, sng in t c bc sng:
c
cT
f
= = (T, f: chu k, tn s ca dao ng in
t)
- Sng in t truyn c c trong chn khng (khc bit vi sng c)
b) Tnh cht ca sng in t:
- Qu trnh truyn sng in t l qu trnh truyn nng lng (W t l thun vi f
4
)
- Tun theo cc quy lut: truyn thng, phn x, khc x.
- Tun theo cc quy lut: giao thoa, nhiu x.
3. Ngun pht sng in t (chn t)
Bt c vt th no to ra mt in trng hay t trng bin thin c gi l ngun pht sng
in t
V d: tia la in, dy dn in xoay chiu, cu dao ng ngt mch in,...

Ch 4.3: Truyn thng bng sng in t
1. Mch dao ng h. Anten
a) Mch dao ng kn v mch dao ng h:
- Mch dao ng kn: in t trng hu nh khng bc x ra ngoi khng gian xung quanh.
- Mch dao ng h: t mch dao ng kn, ta tng khong cch gia hai bn t in, tng
khong cch gia cc vng dy in trng bin thin v t trng bin thin bc x nhiu vo
khng gian gi l mch dao ng h.
b) Anten: Anten chnh l mt dng mch dao ng h, l mt cng c hu hiu bc x sng
in t.
2. Nguyn tc truyn thng bng sng in t
2.1. Nguyn tc chung:
truyn cc thng tin nh m thanh, hnh nh,... n nhng ni xa, u p dng mt quy trnh
chung l:
* Nguyn tc pht:
- Bin cc m thanh(hnh nh,...) dao ng in c tn s thp, gi l tn hiu m tn(th tn).
- Dng sng in t c tn s cao(cao tn) mang cc tn hiu m tn i xa qua anten pht.
* Nguyn tc thu:
- Dng my thu vi anten thu chn v thu ly sng in t cao tn.
- Tch tn hiu ra khi sng cao tn ri dng loa nghe m thanh, hoc dng mn hnh xem.
2.2. S khi ca mt h thng pht thanh v thu thanh dng sng in t:
a) H thng pht thanh:
O ng ni: bin m thanh thnh dao ng in m tn
O Dao ng cao tn: to ra dao ng in t tn s cao(c MHz)
O Bin iu: trn dao ng m thanh vi dct dct bin iu
O Khuch i cao tn: khuch i dct bin iu a ra anten pht
O Anten pht: pht x sng cao tn bin iu ra khng gian
b) H thng thu thanh:
O Anten thu: cm ng vi nhiu sng in t
O Chn sng: chn lc sng mun thu nh cng hng
O Tch sng: tch sng m tn ra khi sng cao tn bin iu
O Khuch i m tn: khuch i m tn ri a ra loa ti lp m thanh
O Loa: chuyn dao ng in thnh dao ng m
2.3. Nguyn tc thu sng in t:
a) Nguyn tc pht sng in t:
2
1
3 4 5
1 2 3 4
5


28
pht sng in t: mc my pht dao ng iu ho v mt Anten pht.
i pht (i truyn hnh, i truyn thanh) pht ra sng in t c tn s f,

c bc sng l =
f
c
( c = 3.10
8
m/s)
b) Nguyn tc thu sng in t:
Mc Anten thu v mt mch dao ng hay mch chn sng (c tn s ring f
0
thay i c).

LC 2
1
f
0
t
= (c th C hoc L thay i f
0
thay i)
c) my thu bt c sng in t truyn n:
iu chnh mch dao ng ca my thu cng hng vi tn s chn, khi :
f
0
= f vi
= =
t
c
f
LC 2
1

C Ch : Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch dao ng my thu l da trn hin tng cng hng.
3. S truyn sng v tuyn quanh Tri t
S truyn sng in t trong thng tin quanh Tri t c c im rt khc nhau, thu thuc vo
- di bc sng
- iu kin mi trng mt t
- bu kh quyn, c bit l tng in li.
a) Tng in li: Tng in li l tng kh quyn, cc phn t kh b in ho do cc tia Mt
Tri hoc cc tia v tr. N c kh nng dn in, nn c th phn x sng in t.
Tng in li cch mt t khong 80 n 800 km.
b) Phn loi sng v tuyn
Tn sng Bc sng (m)
Sng di > 3000
Sng trung 3000 200
Sng ngn 1 200 50
Sng ngn 2 50 10
Sng cc ngn 10 0,01

c) c tnh v phm vi s dng:

Loi sng c tnh Phm vi s dng
Sng di
t b nc hp th
Dng trong thng tin di nc
Sng trung
Ban ngy: tng in li hp th mnh.
Ban m: tng in li phn x tt.
S dng truyn thng tin vo ban
m
Sng ngn
B tng inli phn x v mt t, mt t
phn x ln th hai, tng in li phn x
ln th ba,
Mt i pht sng ngn vi cng
sut ln c th truyn sng i
khp mi ni trn mt t.
Sng cc ngn
Nng lng ln nht, truyn thng khng
b tng in li hp th hay phn x.
Dng trong v tuyn truyn hnh.
Dng trong thng tin v tr

- Sng di, sng trung v sng ngn hay c dng trong truyn thanh, truyn hnh trn mt t.
4. Truyn thng bng cp
Ngoi vic s dng sng in t truyn trong khng gian(khng dng dy dn: cn gi l v
tuyn), ngi ta cn s dng nhiu loi dy dn truyn sng in t nh: truyn hnh cp, internet
cp,... u im: hn ch mt mt nng lng, hn ch gy nhim mi trng, cht lng truyn thng
cao,...


29
Chng 5 Dng in xoay chiu

Ch 5.1. i cng v dng in xoay chiu

1. in p v cng dng in xoay chiu
1.1. in p xoay chiu
a) nh ngha: in p xoay chiu l in p bin thin iu ho theo thi gian

0 u
u U cos( t ) = e +
Vi: u l in p tc thi; U
0
l in p cc i;
u
l pha ban u ca in p.
b) Cch to: C nhiu cch
* Cch n gin l: Cho mt khung dy quay u quanh mt trc nm trong mt phng ca
khung v vung gc vi ng sc ca mt t trng u c vect cm ng t B.
* Gi N l s vng dy ca khung, S l din tch mi vng dy, e l tc gc ca khung, B l
cm ng t ca t trng u. T thng u qua khung l
NBScos t u = e
* Sut in ng cm ng xut hin trn khung: e = -
'
u
t sin NBS e e e =
Hay:
0 e
e E cos( t ) = e +
Vi:
0
E NBS = e l sut in ng cc i;
e
: pha ban u ca sut in ng.
C Ch :
- T thng cc i qua 1 vng dy:
1max
BS u =
- T thng cc i qua c khung dy:
max
NBS u =
- n v ca t thng l V-be(Wb)
c) Nguyn tc to ra dng in xoay chiu: da trn hin tng cm ng in t.
1.2. Cng dng in xoay chiu
a) nh ngha: Dng in xoay chiu l dng in c cng tc thi bin thin theo mt hm
sin(hoc cosin) ca thi gian.

0 i
i I cos( t ) = e +
Vi: i l cng dng in tc thi; I
0
l cng dng in cc i;
i
: pha ban u ca i.
b) Cch to: Nu ta mc hai u khung dy trn vi mt mch ngoi th trong mch xut hin
dng in xoay chiu.
C Ch :
- Dng in xoay chiu c gi tr thay i theo thi gian
- Dng in xoay chiu c chiu thay i theo thi gian
- Trong 1 chu k dng in i chiu 2 ln
- Trong mt giy dng in i chiu 2f ln (f l tn s ca dng in xoay chiu)
c) Tc dng ca dng in:
- Tc dng nhit
- Tc dng ho hc
- Tc dng t (ni bt nht)
- Tc dng sinh l,..
1.3. lch pha gia u v i
lch pha gia u v i l ph thuc vo tnh cht ca mch in, c xc nh:

i u
=
- Nu > 0 in p u sm pha hn cng dng in i
- Nu < 0 in p u tr pha hn cng dng in i


30
- Nu = 0 u v i cng pha (ng pha)
1.4. Cng dng in hiu dng v in p hiu dng
a) nh ngha: Cng hiu dng ca mt dng in xoay chiu bng cng ca dng in
khng i no m khi i qua cng mt in tr, trong cng mt thi gian th to ra cng mt nhit
lng nh dng in xoay chiu.

2
I
I
0
=

b) Sut in ng v in p hiu dng:

* Sut in ng hiu dng:
2
E
E
0
=

* in p hiu dng:
2
U
U
0
=
C Ch : S ch ca cc dng c o nh vnk, ampe k cho bit cc gi tr hiu dng.
2. Cc phn t ca mch in
2.1. in tr
a) Tc dng ca in tr: in tr cho c dng in mt chiu v xoay chiu i qua v c tc dng
cn tr dng in.
b) in tr thun R ca mt vt dn c dng hnh tr:
R
S
=

Vi: l in tr sut ca vt dn( m O ); l chiu di vt dn(m); S: din tch tit din ngang(m
2
).
c) Bin tr: in tr c gi tr thay i c gi l bin tr.
d) Ghp in tr thnh b:
- Ghp ni tip(R
1
ntR
2
):
b 1 2
R R R = +

- Ghp song song(R
1
ssR
2
):
b 1 2
1 1 1
R R R
= +
2.2. Cun dy
a) H s t cm ( t cm): L
i vi ng dy hnh tr: di , c N vng dy, t thm bn trong lng ng dy l , th tch
ca ng dy l V. Ta c:
2
7
N
L 4 .10 .V
| |
= t
|
\ .

b) Cun dy thun cm: c t cm L (H: Henry)
+ i vi dng in khng i (mt chiu c cng khng i): cun thun cm coi nh dy
dn, khng cn tr dng in khng i.
+ i vi dng in xoay chiu: cun thun cm cho dng in xoay chiu i qua v c tc dng
cn tr dng in xoay chiu, i lng c trng cho s cn tr gi l cm khng (Z
L
): L Z
L
e =

Hay: Z
L
= 2tfL

c) Cun dy khng thun cm: c t cm L v in tr thun r


31
- Cn tr c dng in khng i v xoay chiu
- i vi dng in khng i:
U
r
I
=
- i vi dng in xoay chiu:
2 2
L
U
Z r Z
I
= = +

d) nh lut m cho on mch in xoay chiu ch c cun dy thun cm
- Biu thc nh lut m:
fL 2
U
Z
U
I
L :
t
= =
+ Nu tng f Z
L
tng I gim: dng in qua cun dy kh khn
+ Nu gim f Z
L
gim I tng: dng in qua cun dy d dng
+ Nu f = 0 Z
L
= 0 I rt ln cun thun cm khng cn tr dng in khng i.
- in p gia 2 u cun thun cm(u
L
) lun sm pha gc
2
t
so vi cng dng in(i):

2
i u
L
t
+ =
e) Ghp cun thun cm thnh b:
- Hai cun cm ghp ni tip (L
1
ntL
2
):
nt 1 2
L L L = + ;
1 2
Lnt L L
Z Z Z = +
- Hai cun cm ghp song song (L
1
ssL
2
):
ss 1 2
1 1 1
L L L
= + ;
1 2
Lss L L
1 1 1
Z Z Z
= +
2.3. T in
a) in dung ca t in:
- in dung l i lng c trng cho kh nng tch in ca t in
- T in c in dung C (F: Fara)
- in dung ca t in phng:
S
C
4 kd
c
=
t

Trong : c l hng s in mi, S: din tch phn i din gia hai bn t in, d: khong cch
gia hai bn t, k = 9.10
9
(Nm
2
/C
2
).
b) Tc dng ca t in:
- i vi dng in khng i: t ngn khng cho i qua
- i vi dng in xoay chiu: cho dng in xoay chiu i qua nhng cn tr dng in xoay
chiu, i lng c trng cho s cn tr gi l dung khng( Z
C
):

C
1
Z
C
e
= Hay:
C
1
Z
2 fC
=
t

c) nh lut m cho on mch in xoay chiu ch c t in
- Biu thc nh lut m: fC 2 . U
Z
U
I
C
t = =
+ Nu tng f Z
C
gim I tng: dng in qua t d dng
+ Nu gim f Z
C
tng I gim: dng in qua t kh khn
+ Nu f = 0 Z
C
= I = 0: dng in mt chiu khng qua t.
- in p gia hai u t in(u
C
) lun tr pha gc
2
t
so vi cng dng in(i):

2
i u
C
t
=
d) Ghp t in thnh b:
- Hai t C
1
v C
2
ghp song song:
ss 1 2
C C C = + ;
1 2
Css C C
1 1 1
Z Z Z
= +


32
- Hai t C
1
v C
2
ghp ni tip:
nt 1 2
1 1 1
C C C
= + ;
1 2
Cnt C C
Z Z Z = +
2.4. Bng n
Trn bng n thng ghi (aV bW) Cho bit: U
m
= a(V) v P
m
= b(W)
Tnh c:
+ Cng dng in nh mc:
a
b
U
P
I
dm
dm
dm
= =

+ in tr ca bng n:
2 2
dm
d
dm
U a
R
P b
= =
2.5. Cc dng c o
a) Vn k:
- Cch mc: mc song song vi on mch cn o
- Thng cho in tr ca vn k rt ln khng lm nh hng ti mch cn o (R
V
~ )
- S ch ca vn k cho bit gi tr hiu dng: U
b) Ampe k:
- Cch mc: mc ampe k ni tip vi on mch cn o
- Thng cho in tr ca ampe k rt nh khng lm nh hng n mch in (R
A
~ 0)
- S ch ca ampe k cho bit gi tr hiu dng: I
2.6. Kho K, chuyn mch K
Cho in tr R
K
= 0 khng nh hng n mch in
a) Kho K:
- K ng: b phn t X (ni tt) mch R nt C
- K m: ly phn t X Mach R,C, X ni tip.
b) Chuyn mch K:
- K (1): mch gm (X nt Y)
- K (2): mch gm (X nt Z)

Ch 5.2. Mch R, L, C mc ni tip ni tip

1. Quan h v pha gia hiu in th cng v dng in
* on mch ch c in tr thun R: in p gia hai u in tr lun cng pha vi cng
dng in. Ta c:
R
u i
= ) t sin( U u ); t sin( I i
i R 0 R i 0
+ e = + e =

R
u
i
R
=
* on mch ch c cun dy thun cm: in p gia hai u cun dy thun cm lun sm
pha hn so vi cng dng in gc t/2. Ta c:
2
i u
L
t
+ =
)
2
t sin( U u ); t sin( I i
i L 0 L i 0
t
+ + e = + e =
* on mch ch c t in: in p gia hai u t in lun tr pha so vi cng dng in
gc t/2. Ta c:
2
i u
C
t
=
)
2
t sin( U u ); t sin( I i
i C 0 c i 0
t
+ e = + e =
N
C
R
B A
K
X
M
(1)
B
A K
Y
X
Z
(2)


33
2. Tng tr ca mch: ( )
2
C L
2
Z Z R Z + = hay
2
2
C
1
L R Z
|
.
|
\
|
e
e + =
3. nh lut m:
Z
U
I ;
Z
U
I
0
0
= =
4. lch pha gia u v i:
L C L C
R
Z Z U U
tan
R U

= = (
2 2
t t
s s )
5. in p:
- in p tc thi: u = u
R
+ u
L
+ u
C
=
0
U cos( t ) e +
- in p dng vect:
R L C
U U U U = + +

- Bin in p:
( )
2
2
0 0R 0L 0C
U U U U = +
- in p hiu dng: ( )
2
2
R L C
U U U U = +
6. Hin tng cng hng in
a) iu kin xy ra hin tng cng hng:

C L
Z Z = hay 1 LC
2
= e hay
1
LC
e=
b) Khi xy ra hin tng cng hng th:
- Tng tr: Z
min
= R
- Cng dng in hiu dng:
R
U
I
max
=
- Cng sut tiu th:
2 2
0
max
U U
P
R 2R
= =
- H s cng sut: 1 cos = = 0
u i
= : u, i cng pha
- in p hiu dng: U
L
= U
C
= 0
- in p hiu dng trn in tr: U U
max R
=
C Ch :
- xy ra hin tng cng hng in th ta phi iu chnh mt trong cc i lng: L, C, f
I
max
, P
max
, U
Rmax
,
max
(cos ) , Z
min
, u v i cng pha, iu chnh C U
Lmax,
L U
cmax
,...
- iu chnh R khng bao gi xy ra cng hng
- Khi ang xy ra hin tng cng hng nu thay i L, C hoc f th: Z| , I + , P+ , cos + ,
U
R
+ , U
L
= U
C

- Nu on mch thiu phn t no th cho gi tr ca cc phn t bng 0.
Ch 5.3. Cng sut ca dng in xoay chiu

1. Cng sut ca dng in xoay chiu
t vo hai u on mch mt in p xoay chiu c biu thc
0 u
u U cos( t ) = e + th cng
dng in chy trong mch c dng
0 i
i I c os( t ) = e + . Cng sut tiu th trn on mch l:

2
2 0 0
U I U
P UIcos cos cos
2 R
= = =
C Ch : Cng sut trn l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k.
2. H s cng sut:
a) Tng qut: i lng cos c gi l h s cng sut ca on mch in xoay chiu
0 cos 1 s s


34
* Trng hp cos = 1: = 0
- on mch cha ch c R hoc RLC ni tip khi c cng hng
- Cng sut lc ny ln nht:
max max
P UI =
* Trng hp cos = 0:
2
t
=
- on mch cha: ch c L, C hoc c L v C
- Cng sut nh nht: 0 P
min
=
- Mch c cha C, L hoc L v C khng tiu th in nng.
* Trng hp: 1 cos 0 < < : 0
2
< <
t
hoc
2
0
t
< <
- on mch cha RL, RC hoc RLC ni tip (Z
L
= Z
C
)
b) Mch R, L, C ni tip:
- in nng ch tiu th trn in tr R. Khi cng sut tiu th in trn on mch bng cng
sut to nhit trn in tr R:
2
P UI cos RI = =
- H s cng sut:
R
U R
cos
Z U
= =
c) Cch tng h s cng sut
- Trong mch in xoay chiu bt k, ta c:

2 '
P UI cos RI P = = +
Trong : P l cng sut tiu th, P l cng sut in nng chuyn thnh dng nng lng khc
nh c nng, ho nng, ..., RI
2
l cng sut in nng chuyn thnh nhit.
- tng P gim (RI
2
) gim I tng cos

- Trong cc mch in dn dng, cng nghip (V d: qut, t lnh,...) ngi ta lm tng cos
bng cch dng cc thit b c thm t in nhm tng dung khng, sao cho cos > 0,85.

Ch 5.4. Cc loi my in

1. My pht in xoay chiu mt pha (My dao in mt pha)
a) Nguyn tc hot ng: da trn hin tng cm ng in t
b) Cu to: gm hai phn chnh l phn cm v phn ng
- Phn cm: to ra t trng
- Phn ng: l phn to ra dng in
- Phn cm, phn ng c th ng yn hoc chuyn ng:
+ b phn ng yn gi l Stato
+ b phn chuyn ng gi l rto
- Ngoi ra cn s dng b gp in(vnh khuyn v chi qut) ly in ra
c) Tn s dng in xoay chiu do my dao in pht ra l:

60
np
f =
Trong : n l s vng quay ca rto/pht; p l s cp cc (bc nam)
C Ch : Nu cho n l s vng/giy th dng cng thc:
np f =

2. My pht in xoay chiu ba pha (My dao in ba pha)


35
My pht in xoay chiu ba pha to ra dng in xoay chiu ba pha
a) Dng in xoay chiu 3 pha:
Dng in xoay chiu ba pha l h thng ba dng in xoay chiu, gy ra bi ba sut in ng
xoay chiu c cng tn s, cng bin nhng lch pha nhau tng i mt l
2
3
t
.
- Biu thc ca cc sut in ng cm ng:
1 0
2 0
3 0
e E cos t
2
e E cos t
3
2
e E cos t
3
= e
t | |
= e
|
\ .
t | |
= e +
|
\ .

- H thng dng in xoay chiu ba pha tng ng:
1 0 2 0 3 0
2 2
i I cos t;i I cos t ;i I cos t
3 3
t t | | | |
= e = e = e +
| |
\ . \ .

b) Cu to: tng t my pht in xoay chiu mt pha
- Phn cm (Rto): l nam chm in
- Phn ng (Stato): gm ba cun dy ging nhau nhng t lch nhau 120
0
trn mt vng trn.
c) Nguyn tc hot ng: da trn hin tng cm ng in t.
d) Cch mc dy vi dng in xoay chiu ba pha:
Gi: - U
p
l in p pha: l in p gia 1 dy pha v 1 dy trung ho
- U
d
l in p dy: l in p gia hai dy pha vi nhau.
- Xt trng hp ti mc i xng(tc l cc ti ging nhau)
* Cch mc hnh sao:
- My pht mc hnh sao:
d p
U 3U =
- Ti mc hnh sao:
d p
I I =
- Cng dng in dy trung ho: i = i
1
+ i
2
+ i
3
= 0
* Cch mc hnh tam gic:
- My pht mc hnh tam gic:
d p
U U =
- Ti mc hnh tam gic:
d p
I 3I =
d) u im ca dng in xoay chiu 3 pha so vi dng in xoay chiu 1 pha:
- Tu vo cch u dy: tit kim c dy dn
- To ra c t trng quay d dng.
3. ng c khng ng b ba pha
a) Nguyn tc hot ng: Bin in nng thnh c nng da trn hin tng cm ng in t v
c s dng t trng quay.
b) Cch to ra t trng quay bng dng in xoay chiu ba pha:
- Cho dng in xoay chiu 3 pha vo ba cun dy ging nhau, t lch nhau 120
0
trn mt vng trn.
- Cm ng t do dng in xoay chiu ba pha tao ra l
1 0 2 0 3 0
2 2
B B cos t; B B cos t ; B B cos t
3 3
t t | | | |
= e = e = e +
| |
\ . \ .

- Bn trong 3 cun dy (ti O) s c mt t trng quay c ln khng i.
- Vect cm ng t tng hp B:
1 2 3
B B B B = + +

+ Gc: ti tm O
+ Phng, chiu: thay i lin tc
+ ln: B = 1,5B
0

N
S
A
1
A
3
A
2
B
3
B
1
B
2
A
1
A
3
A
2
O

1 B
2 B
3 B
(1)
(2)
(3)
O


36

c) Cu to: Gm hai phn chnh
- Stato: gm 3 cun dy ging nhau qun trn li st, t lch nhau 120
0
trn mt vng trn
to ra t trng quay.
- Rto: dng hnh tr, c tc dng ging nh cun dy qun trn li thp (rto lng sc)
d) Hiu sut ca ng c khng ng b:
i
P
H
P
=
Trong : P
i
l cng sut c(c ch), P l cng sut ton phn.
e) u im ca ng c khng ng b ba pha:
- Cu to n gin, d ch to,
- S dng tin li v khng cn dng: b gp in
- C th i chiu quay ng c d dng: thay i 2 trong 3 dy pha a vo ng c.
- C cng hiu sut ln hn ng c mt chiu, xoay chiu mt pha.
C Ch :
- Tn s quay ca t trng( B
) bng tn s ca dng in xoay chiu > tn s quay ca rto.

- Gi
o
e l tc gc ca t trng quay, e l tc gc ca rto:
o
e< e
4. My bin p. S truyn ti in nng i xa
4.1. My bin th(My bin p)
a) nh ngha: My bin p l thit b dng bin i in p ca dng in xoay chiu m
khng lm thay i tn s ca n.
b) Cu to: Gm hai b phn chnh
- Li thp(st): Lm t nhiu l thp mng(k thut in: tn silc,..)
ghp st cch in vi nhau gim hao ph dng in Phuc gy ra.
- Cun dy: gm hai cun s cp v th cp c lm bng ng
qun trn li thp.
+ Cun dy s cp: l cun c ni vi ngun in xoay
chiu, gm N
1
vng dy
+ Cun dy th cp: l cun c ni vi ti tiu th, gm N
2

vng dy.

- K hiu my bin p (MBA):

c) Nguyn tc hot ng: da trn hin tng cm ng in t.
d) S bin i in p v cng dng in qua my bin p:
* Ch khng ti (kho K m): Nu b qua in tr cc dy qun th U
1
= E
1
; U
2
= E
2

1 1 1
2 2 2
E U N
E U N
= =
- Nu : N
2
> N
1
U
2
> U
1
: My tng p
- Nu : N
2
< N
1
U
2
< U
1
: My h p
* Ch c ti (kho K ng):
- Hiu sut ca my bin th:
1
2
P
P
H =
Trong : P
1
= U
1
I
1
cos
1
l cng sut u vo; P
2
= U
2
I
2
cos
2
l cng sut u ra.
- Mi quan h gia cng dng in v in p:
Nu b qua mi hao ph trong my bin th, coi my bin th l l tng, ta c: H = 1
Ngi ta chng minh c rng: cos
1
= cos
2
. Ta c:
U
1
U
2
N
2 N
1
R
K
~
A
1
V
1
V
2
A
2


37

1
2
2
1
U
U
I
I
=

Nhn xt: Qua my bin p, in p tng bao nhiu ln th cng dng in gim i by nhiu
ln v ngc li.
e) ng dng: Truyn ti in nng, nu chy kim loi, hn in,...
4.2. Truyn ti in nng i xa
Gi: P l cng sut ti nh my cn truyn i (P = const); U l hiu in th ni pht.
a) Cng sut hao ph trn ng dy ti in (Do hiu ng Jun Lenx)
- Cng sut hao ph:
2
2
2 2
P R
P I R
U cos
A = =

- R l in trn ng dy: R
S
=
(dn in bng 2 dy, : tng chiu di ca 2 dy)

* Nhn xt: Trong thc t cn gim cng sut hao ph, ngi ta thng dng bin php tng in
p U bng cch s dng my tng p.
- gim cng sut hao ph n ln th phi tng U ln n ln.

b) gim th trn ng dy: R . I U U U
'
= = A
Vi
'
U l hiu in th ni tiu th
c) Hiu sut tryn ti in nng:
* Theo cng sut:
P
P P
P
P
H
'
A
= =

* Theo in p:
'
U U U
H
U U
A
= =

d) Mi lin h gia U v H: ( ) const U H 1
2
=


38

Chng 6 Sng nh sng

Ch 6.1. tn sc nh sng

1. Th nghim tn sc nh sng
- Th nghim tn sc nh sng do Newton thc hin
vo nm 1672
- Th nghim: dng mt chm nh sng trng hp,
song song chiu ti lng knh
- Kt qu: chm sng b tch ra thnh nhiu chm
sng c mu sc khc nhau nh mu cu vng, tia lch t
nht, tia tm lch nhiu nht.
Di mu nh mu cu vng( n tm, gm by
mu chnh: , cam, vng, lc, lam, chm, tm) gi l
quang ph ca nh sng trng.
2. nh ngha hin tng tn sc: Hin tng mt chm sng hn tp(vd: nh sng trng,..) khi i qua
lng knh b tch ra thnh nhng chm sng c mu sc khc nhau gi l hin tng tn sc nh sng.
3. Nguyn nhn
- Chit sut ca lng knh c gi tr khc nhau i vi nh sng n sc khc nhau
- Chit ca cht lm lng knh l khc nhau i vi cc nh sng n sc khc nhau: chit sut
i vi nh sng l nh nht, i vi nh sng tm l ln nht
n
tm
> n
chm
> n
lam
> n
lc
> n
vng
> n
cam
> n

- Chit sut ca mi trng ph thuc vo bc sng ca nh sng:

2
B
n A = +

Trong : A, B l nhng hng s ph thuc vo bn cht ca mi trng
4. ng dng
- gii thch cc hin tng trong t nhin nh: cu vng, cc qung,
- ng dng trong my quang ph.
5. nh sng n sc v nh sng trng
a) nh sng n sc:
* nh ngha: nh sng n sc l nh sng khng b tn sc khi i qua lng knh
* Tnh cht:
- mi nh sng n sc c mt mu nht nh gi l mu n sc, VD: , vng, tm,
- mi nh sng n sc c mt tn chu k v tn s nht nh
- Trong chn khng mi nh sng n sc c mt bc sng xc nh
- i lng c trng nht ca nh sng n sc l tn s (chu k).
b) nh sng trng:
* nh ngha: nh sng trng l tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc t
n tm.
* Tnh cht:
- nh sng trng b tn sc khi i qua lng knh
- nh sng trng c bc sng nm trong gii hn: 0, 38 m 0, 76 m s s

c) Cc vng nh sng: Bc sng ca nh sng nhn thy trong chn khng

Mt Tri
G
F
A
B C
P
M
F

Da cam
Vng
Lc
Lam
Chm
Tm


39

Mu
Bc sng ( ) m
0,640 0,760
Da cam 0,590 0,650
Vng 0,570 0,600
Lc 0,500 0,575
Lam 0,450 0,510
Chm 0,430 0,460
Tm 0,380 0,440

d) Khi truyn nh sng t khng kh(chn khng) vo mi trng c chit sut n:
Khi nh sng truyn t khng kh vo mi trng trong sut c chit sut n th chu k v tn s
dao ng khng i, c tc gim v bc sng gim v ngc li.
- Trong khng kh(chn khng):
f
c
= ; c = 3.10
8
m/s; f l tn s ca nh sng
- Trong mi trng trong sut c chit sut n:

f
v
n
= ;
Vi
n
c
v = : l tc nh sng trong mi trng c chit sut n.
Suy ra:
n
n

=
C Ch :
- Hin tng tn sc nh sng xy ra vi mi mi trng vt cht, tr chn khng; xy ra gia hai
mi trng khc nhau.

Ch 6.2. Giao thoa nh sng. Nhiu x

1. Th nghim giao thoa nh sng
* Kt qu th nghim:
- Th nghim vi nh sng n sc: h thng cc vch sng v ti xen k nhau mt cch u n
- Th nghim vi nh sng trng: h thng gm mt vn sng trng chnh gia, hai bn l
nhng gii mu nh mu cu vng, tm trong ngoi.
2. nh ngha: Hin tng giao thoa nh sng l hin tng hai chm sng khi chng ln nhau s to ra
nhng ch chng tng cng ln nhau, v nhng ch chng trit tiu ln nhau to ra nhng vn sng,
vn ti xen kl nhau c gi l nhng vn giao thoa.
3. Gii thch
- Ta ch c th gii thch c hin tng giao thoa nu coi nh sng c tnh cht sng
- iu kin c giao thoa: hai ngun S
1
, S
2
phi l hai ngun kt hp (cng tn s, lch pha
khng i)
a) Th nghim vi nh sng n sc:
- S to thnh vn sng: ti v tr hai sng nh sng gp nhau cng pha, chng tng cng ln
nhau, ti to thnh vn sng.
- S to thnh vn ti: ti v tr hai sng nh sng gp nhau ngc pha, chng trit tiu ln nhau,
ti to thnh vn ti.
b) Th nghim vi nh sng trng:
Khi th nghim vi nh sng trng ta thu c nhiu h vn n sc
- Ti v tr chnh gia: ti c v s vn sng trng nhau nn to thnh vn sng trng


40

- V khong cch gia cc vn mu l ln nht, khong cch gia cc vn mu tm l nh nht
nn hai bn c nhng gii mu nh mu cu vng, tm trong v ngoi.
4. ng dng
- Gii thch cc hin tng trong t nhin nh: mu sc sc s ca bong bng x phng, cc vng
du m trn mt nc, a CD,..
- o bc sng ca nh sng.
5. Cc cng thc c bn:
a) Khong vn:
* nh ngha: khong vn l khong cch gia hai vn
sng hoc hai vn ti cnh nhau(lin tip, gn nhau nht)
* Biu thc:
a
D
i

=
b) Hiu quang trnh(hiu quang l): l hiu ng i ca nh sng t hai ngun S
1
, S
2
ti mt
im M trn mn E.

D
ax
d d
1 2
= = o
c) V tr vn sng, vn ti(so vi gc to O):
* Cng thc xc nh v tr vn sng:
a
D
k x
S

= hay ki x
S
=
k = 0: vn sng trung tm, x
SO
= 0
k = 1: vn sng bc 1, x
S1
= i
k = 2: vn sng bc 2, x
S2
= 2i,...

* Cng thc xc nh v tr vn ti:
a
D
)
2
1
k ( x
t

+ = hay i )
2
1
k ( x
t
+ =
k = 0; -1: vn ti th nht, x
t1
= 0,5i
k = 1, -2: vn ti th hai, x
t2
= 1,5i
k = 2, -3: vn ti th ba, x
t3
= 2,5i,
d) B rng quang ph:
* nh ngha: B rng quang ph l khong cch t vn sng n vn sng tm cng bc v
nm cng bn.
* Biu thc b rng quang ph bc k: ) (
a
D
k x
t d k
= A
k = 1: b rng quang ph bc 1 ( )
1 d t
x i i A =
k = 2: b rng quang ph bc 2
2 1
x 2 x A = A
k = 3: b rng quang ph bc 3,..
3 1
x 3 x A = A
6. Nhiu x nh sng
Nhiu x nh sng l hin tng nh sng khng tun theo nh lut truyn thng, quan st c
khi nh sng truyn qua l nh hoc gn mp nhng vt trong sut hoc khng trong sut.

Ch 6.3. Quang ph. Cc loi tia
I. Quang ph
1. My quang ph
a) nh ngha:
My quang ph l dng c phn tch chm sng phc tp thnh nhng thnh phn n sc khc
nhau. Ni khc i, n dng nhn bit cc thnh phn cu to ca mt chm sng phc tp do ngun
sng pht ra.
A
B
O
(E)
S
1
S
2
H
x
D
d
1
d
2
I
a
S
O
D D


41

b) Cu to: Gm 3 b phn chnh
- ng chun trc: to ra chm sng song song.
- Lng knh(P): dng tn sc nh sng.
- Bung nh: l b phn thu quang ph.
c) ng dng:
- Dng phn tch quang ph
- Dng xc nh nhit ca ngun sng
- Dng nhn bit s c mt ca cc nguyn t ho hc trong hp cht.
d) Nguyn tc hot ng ca MQP lng knh: Da trn hin tng tn sc nh sng
2. Cc loi quang ph
2.1. Quang ph lin tc
a) nh ngha: Quang ph lin tc l mt di mu bin thin lin tc.
- Quang ph ca nh sng trng l mt di mu bin thin lin tc t n tm.
- VD: quang ph do nh sng Mt Tri, dy tc bng n si t pht ra l quang ph lin tc.
b) c im:
- Quang ph lin tc khng ph thuc vo thnh phn cu to ca ngun sng.
- Quang ph lin tc ch ph thuc vo nhit ca ngun sng
c) Ngun pht:
- Do cc vt rn, lng, kh c khi lng ring ln b nung nng pht ra.
d) ng dng:
o cc vt c nhit cao v o nhit cc ngun sng rt xa (VD: Mt Tri, Sao,)
2.2. Quang ph vch
2.2.1. Quang ph vch pht x
a) nh ngha:Quang ph vch pht x l mt h thng cc vch mu ring r trn nn t.
b) c im:
Quang ph vch pht x ca cc nguyn t ho hc khc nhau th rt khc nhau. Khc nhau v:
- S lng vch
- V tr cc vch
- Mu sc cc vch
- sng t i gia cc vch
VD:
- Quang ph vch pht x ca Hir gm 4 vch: , lam , chm, tm.
- Quang ph vch pht x ca hi Natri gm 2 vch mu vng rt st nhau(vch kp)
c) Ngun pht: Do cc kh hay hi p sut thp, b kch thch pht sng pht ra.
d) ng dng: Dng nhn bit s c mt ca cc nguyn t c trong hp cht.
2.2.2. Quang ph vch hp th
a) nh ngha: Quang ph vch hp th l mt h thng cc vch ti nm trn nn ca mt
quang ph lin tc.
b) c im: Quang ph vch pht x ca cc nguyn t ho hc khc nhau th khc nhau. Khc
nhau v:
- S lng vch
- V tr cc vch
c) Ngun pht:
Mun thu c quang ph vch hp th ca mt m kh hay hi ta phi t n trn ng i ca
chm sng trng pht ra t mt n in c dy tc nng sng chiu n khe ca mt my quang ph.
iu kin: Nhit ca m kh hay hi hp th phi thp hn nhit ca ngun pht ra quang
ph lin tc, nhng cng phi cao m kh pht c cc vch y.
F
L
1
L
2
K
P


42
d) ng dng:
Dng nhn bit s c mt ca cc nguyn t c trong hp cht.
2.2.3. Hin tng o sc cc vch quang ph
- Hin tng ni ln mi lin h gia QPV pht x v QPV hp th gi l hin tng o sc
- Nu nhit m kh hay hi hp th cao th khi tt nh sng ca ngn n nng sng, nn
quang ph lin tc bin mt; cc vch ti trong quang ph hp th tr thnh cc vch mu trong cc
quang ph vch pht x.
2.2.4. Kt lun: mt nhit nht nh, mt m hi c kh nng pht ra nhng nh sng n sc
no th n cng c kh nng hp th nhng nh sng n sc .
C Ch :
- Quang ph nh sng Mt Tri do my quang ph ghi c trn Tri t l quang ph vch hp th
- Quang ph ca nh sng Mt Tri l quang ph lin tc.
3. Php phn tch quang ph
a) nh ngha:
Php phn tch quang ph l php xc nh thnh phn ca cc cht da vo quang ph ca chng.
b) Nhng tin li ca php phn tch quang ph:
- Php phn tch nh tnh: ch cn nhn bit s c mt cu cc nguyn t trong mu, cho kt qu
rt nhanh v n gin.
- Php phn tch nh lng: cn xc nh c nng ca thnh phn: cho kt qu rt nhy,
chnh xc cao
- u im tuyt i ca php phn tch quang ph l: xc nh c cu to, nhit ca cc vt
rt xa nh Mt Tri, cc ngi sao,
II. cc loi tia
1. Tia hng ngoi
a) nh ngha: Tia hng ngoi l nhng bc x in t khng nhn thy, c bc sng ln hn
bc sng ca nh sng ( > 0,75m).
b) Bn cht: l sng in t
c) Ngun pht: Do cc vt nhit thp, trn 0(K).
- tia hng ngoi c th pht vo mi trng xung quanh th nhit ca vt phi ln hn nhit
ca mi trng xung quanh.
- V d: l than, l in, n in dy tc,...
d) Tnh cht:
- Tc dng nhit l tnh cht ni bt nht
- Gy ra mt s phn ng ho hc, tc dng ln phim nh nh phim chp nh ban m,...
- C th bin iu
- Gy ra hin tng quang in trong mt s cht bn dn.
e) ng dng:
- Sy kh v si m
- B iu khin t xa: iu khin ti vi, thit b nghe nhn,...
- Dng chp nh ban m, chp b mt Tri t t trn cao,....
- Trong quan s: ch to tn la t tm mc tiu, quay phim, ng nhm ban m,....
2. Tia t ngoi
a) nh ngha: Tia t ngoi l nhng bc x in t khng nhn thy, c bc sng ngn hn
0,38 m n c 10
-9
m (hay ngn hn bc sng ca nh sng tm : < 0,38m).
c) Ngun pht: Do cc vt nng trn 2000
0
C
- V d: n hi thu ngn, h quang in,...
d) Tnh cht v tc dng:
- C tc dng mnh ln phim nh.


43
- C th lm pht quang mt s cht.
- C tc dng ion ho cht kh.
- C kh nng gy ra mt s phn ng quang ho, quang hp.
- C tc dng gy hiu ng quang in.
- C tc dng sinhl l: hu dit t bo, lm hi mt, dit khun, dit nm mc,...
- B thu tinh, nc,.. hp th mnh.

-Thch anh th gn nh trong sut vi cc tia t ngoi c bc sng t 0,18m n
0,40m(vng t ngoi gn).
e) ng dng:
- Trong cng nghip v k thut: Tm vt nt, vt xc trn cc sn phm c, tin,..
- Trong y hc: cha bnh ci xng, dit vi khun, kh trng,...
C Ch : Dng c pht hin ra tia hng ngoi v t ngoi l pin nhit in
3. Tia Rnghen (tia X)
a) nh ngha: Tia X l bc x in t khng nhn thy c bc sng nh hn tia t ngoi v ln
hn bc sng tia gamma (
11 8
10 m 10 m

s s )
c) Ngun pht: do ng Rnghen pht ra(khng do nhit )
- ng Rnghen l ng tia catt c lp thm in cc i catt bng cc kim loi c nguyn t
lng ln, kh nng chy nh W, Pt,..
- i catt AK c ni vi ant.
- Hiu in th gia hai cc ca ng: U
AK
c vi chc n vi trm kV.
- p sut trong ng: p ~ 10
-3
mmHg.
d) C ch pht ra tia Rnghen: Cc electron trong chm tia catt c tng tc rt mnh trong
in trng gia ant v catt, khi n p vo i m cc (i catt AK), s xuyn su vo cc lp
electron bn trong ca v nguyn t ca i catt. Ti chng s tng tc vi cc electron ny hoc l
vi ht nhn nguyn t v pht ra sng in t c bc sng rt ngn (bc x hm). l cc tia
Rnghen.
e) Tnh cht(c im) ca tia X:
- C kh nng m xuyn mnh y l tnh cht ni bt nht
- C tc dng mnh ln phim nh, lm ion ho khng kh
- C tc dng lm pht quang mt s cht
- Gy ra hin tng quang in hu ht cc kim loi
- C tc dng sinh l: hu dit t bo, dit vi khun,....
f) ng dng:
- Chp in, chiu in (chp X quang)
- Cha bnh ung th nng, gn ngoi ra
- Trong cng nghip: kim tra cht lng cc vt c, tm cc vt nt, cc bt kh bn trong cc vt
kim loi, kim tra hnh l sn bay,...
C Ch : Mn hnh Ti vi thng lm rt dy trnh tia X
III. Thuyt in t v nh sng. Thang sng in t
1. Thuyt in t v nh sng
- Mc xoen pht tin tip thuyt sng nh sng ca Huy-ghen v Fre-nen, nm 1860 ng
nu ra gi thuyt mi v bn cht nh sng: nh sng l sng in t c bc sng rt ngn, lan truyn
trong khng gian.
- Mc-xoen thit lp c mi quan h gia cc tnh cht in t v tnh cht quang ca mi
trng:
c
v
= c
Trong : c l tc nh sng trong chn khng, v l tc nh sng trong mi trng c hng s
in mi c v t thm .


44
- T , suy ra chit sut ca mi trng: n = c
- Sau Lo-ren-x chng t c rng c ph thuc vo tn s f ca nh sng:
( ) F f c =
Gii thch c s tn sc nh sng.

2. Thang sng in t
a) Phn loi sng in t: Sp xp theo th t gim dn ca bc sng(tng dn ca tn s):
Sng v tuyn Tia hng ngoi nh sng nhn thy Tia t ngoi Tia X Tia gamma.

Min sng in t Bc sng (m) Tn s (Hz)
Sng v tuyn in 3.10
4
10
-4
10
4
3.10
12

Tia hng ngoi 10
-3
7,6.10
-7
3.10
11
4.10
14

nh sng nhn thy
7,6.10
-7
3,8.10
-7
4.10
14
8.10
14

Tia t ngoi 3,8.10
-7
10
-9
8.10
14
3.10
17

Tia X 10
-8
10
-11
3.10
16
3.10
19

Tia gamma Di 10
-11
Trn 3.10
19

b) c im:
- Cc tia c bc sng ngn nh tia t ngoi, tia X, tia gamma c tnh m xuyn mnh, d tc dng
ln knh nh, d lm pht quang cc cht, d lm in ho khng kh.
- Cc tia c bc sng di nh nh sng nhn thy, ... li d quan st hin tn giao thoa,...


45
Chng 7 Lng t nh sng

Ch 7.1. Hin tng quang in
I. Hin tng quang in ngoi
1. Hin tng quang in ngoi
a) nh ngha: Hin tng nh sng lm bt cc electron ra khi
b mt kim loi gi l hin tng quang in ngo i(gi tt l hin
tng quang in).
Cc electron bt ra khi b mt kim loi gi l cc electron quang
in (hay quang electron)
b) Th nghim Hecx (Hertz):
- Chiu nh sng h quang (giu tia t ngoi) vo mt tm km (Zn) tch in m gn trn mt
in nghim th thy hai l ca in nghim cp li chng t km mt in tch m.
- Chn tia t ngoi ca h quang bng mt bn thu tinh, th hin tng trn khng xy ra.
- Hin tng cng khng xy ra nu tm km tch in dng.
- Thay km bng cc kim loi khc nh ng, nhm, ... l th nghim ta thu c kt qu tng
t nh trn.
Vy: Khi chiu mt chm sng thch hp (c bc sng ngn) vo mt tm kim loi th cc
electron trn mt kim loi b b ra.
2. Th nghim vi t bo quang in cc kt qu chnh ca th nghim
* Dng quang in: Khi chiu vo catt nh sng thch hp c bc sng ngn s xut hin
dng quang in. Dng quang in l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc electron bt ra khi catt (bng
kim loi) bay t catt sng ant, dng quang in c chiu t ant sang catt di tc dng ca in
trng gia A v K.
* V bc sng nh sng: i vi mi kim loi dng lm catt c mt bc sng
0
xc nh,
gi l gii hn quang in. Hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi nh sng kch thch c bc sng nh
hn hoc bng gii hn quang in.
* ng c trng Vn Ampe: l ng biu din s bin thin ca cng dng quang
in theo hiu in th gia ant v catt (U
AK
) ( )
AK
I f U = . ng V A c c im:
- Lc U
AK
> 0: Bt u tng U
AK
th dng quang in cng tng. Ti mt gi tr no I t ti
mt gi tr bo ho I
bh
, nu tip tc tng U
AK
th I khng tng na.
- Lc U
AK
< 0: Dng quang in khng trit tiu ngay. Phi t gia A v K mt hiu in th m
l -U
h
no th I mi trit tiu hon ton. U
h
gi l hiu in th hm.
* Cng dng quang in bo ho: Cng dng quang in bo ho t l thun vi cng
ca chm sng kch thch.
I
bh
= n
e
.e
(n
e
l s electron bt ra khi catt trong 1 giy = s electron v ant trong 1 giy)
* Hiu in th hm (U
h
):
- Ph thuc vo bc sng ca nh sng kch thch v bn cht ca kim loi lm catt.
- Khng ph thuc vo cng chm sng kch thch.
- Biu thc:
2
h e 0max
1
e.U m .v
2
=
C Ch : Nu nh sng kch thch c bc sng ln hn gii hn quang in th chm sng c cng
rt mnh cng khng gy ra hin tng quang in.

3. Cc nh lut quang in
a) nh lut quang in th nht: Gii hn quang in
Zn
-
-
-


46
Hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi nh sng kch thch chiu vo kim loi c bc sng nh
hn hoc bng bc sng
0
.
0
c gi l gii hn quang in ca kim loi .
0
s
b) nh lut quang in th hai: Cng dng quang in bo ho
i vi mi nh sng thch hp( c
0
s ), cng dng quang in bo ho t l thun vi
cng ca chm sng kch thch.
c) nh lut quang in th ba: ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electron
ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electron khng ph thuc cng ca chm sng kch
thch, m ch ph thuc bc sng nh sng kch thch v bn cht ca kim loi.
4. Nhng hn ch ca thuyt sng nh sng
Thuyt sng nh sng bt lc trc vic gii thch cc nh lut quang in
C Ch : Nu coi hin tng quang in xy ra th thuyt sng nh sng gii thch c nh lut
quang in th hai, v cng dng quang in bo ho.
5. Gi thuyt lng t nng lng ca Planck(Plng)
Thuyt lng t nng lng do nh bc hc M. Plng xng nm 1900
* Ni dung: Lng nng lng m mi ln mt nguyn t hay phn t hp th hay pht x c gi
tr hon ton xc nh, gi l lng t nng lng. Lng t nng lng, k hiu l c , c gi tr bng:
hf c =
Trong : f l tn s nh sng, h l hng s Plng: h = 6,625.10
-34
(J.s)
C Ch : Khi nh sng truyn i cc lng t nng lng khng i( hf c = ) v khng ph thuc vo
khong cch ti ngun sng.
6. Thuyt lng t nh sng. Phtn
Nm 1905 Anh-xtanh xut thuyt lng t nh sng (Thuyt ph tn) c ni dung:
C. Chm nh sng l mt chm cc phtn (cc lng t nh sng). Mi ph tn c nng lng
xc nh hf c = . Cng ca chm sng t l vi s phtn pht ra trong 1 giy.
C. Phn t, nguyn t, electron,... pht x hay hp th nh sng, cng c ngha l chng pht x
hay hp th phtn.
C. Cc phtn bay dc theo tia sng vi tc c = 3.10
8
m/s trong chn khng.
7. Cng thc Anh-xtanh v hin tng quang in
Anh-xtanh cho rng: hin tng quang in xy ra l do electron trong kim loi hp th mt ph
tn ca nh sng kch thch, ph tn mang nng lng hf c = truyn ton b cho mt electron dng :
- Cung cp cho electron mt cng A, gi l cng thot, electron thng c lin kt vi mng
tinh th v thot ra khi b mt kim loi;
- Truyn cho electron mt ng nng ban u;
- Truyn mt phn nng lng cho mng tinh th.
* Xt electron nm ngay trn b mt kim loi th n c th thot ra ngay m khng mt nng
lng truyn cho mng tinh th c ng nng ban u l cc i
2
0max
1
mv
2
.
p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng, ta c:
2
0max
1
A mv
2
c = +

2
0max
hc 1
hf A mv
2
= = +

* Cng thot:
0
hc
A =

8. Lng tnh sng ht ca nh sng
nh sng l sng in t, c lng tnh sng ht.


47
+ Sng in t c bc sng ngn, nng lng ln: th hin tnh cht ht r nt, tnh cht sng
m nht. Nhng biu hin ca tnh cht ht l kh nng m xuyn, tc dng quang in, tc dng in
ho, tc dng pht quang.
+ Sng in t c bc sng di, nng lng nh: th hin tnh cht sng r nt, nh hin tng
giao thoa, hin tng tn sc,
II. Hin tng quang in trong
1. Hin tng quang in tron
- Hin tng to thnh cc electron dn v l trng trong bn dn, do tc dng ca nh sng c
bc sng thch hp, gi l hin tng quang in trong.
- iu kin gy ra hin tng quang in trong:
o
s (
0
: gii hn quang in ca bn dn)
2. Hin tng quang dn
Hin tng gim in tr sut, tc l tng dn in ca bn dn, khi c nh sng thch hp
chiu vo gi l hin tng quang dn.
- Gii thch: da vo hin tng quang in trong
3. Quang in tr v pin quang in
3.1. Quang in tr
a) nh ngha: Quang in tr l mt tm bn dn c gi tr
in tr thay i khi cng chm sng chiu vo n thay i.
b) Nguyn tc hot ng: da vo hin tng quang in trong
c) ng dng:
- Lp vi cc mch khuch i trong cc thit b iu khin bng nh sng, my o nh sng
3.2. Pin quang in (Pin Mt Tri)
a) nh ngha: Pin quang in l ngun in, trong quang nng c bin i trc tip thnh
in nng.
b) Nguyn tc hot ng: da vo hin tng quang in trong
c) Hiu sut ca pin quang in: khong 10%
d) Sut in ng: t 0,5 V n 0,8 V
e) ng dng:
- Cung cp in trong sinh hot
- My o nh sng
- Dng my tnh b ti, v tinh nhn to, t, my bay,....

Ch 7.2. Mu nguyn t Bohr. Quang ph nguyn t Hir

1. Cc mu nguyn t trc Bo
a) Mu nguyn t Thomson:
L mt qu cu mang in tch dng, trn c cc ht electron
b) Mu nguyn t Rdpho:
Th nghim dng chm ht anpha bn vo l vng mng, khng nh c ht nhn
a ra mu hnh tinh nguyn t: nguyn t gm ht nhn mang in tch dng gia, xung
quanh c cc ht electron chuyn ng ging nh cc hnh tinh chuyn ng xung quanh Mt Tri.
c) Nhng hn ch cc mu nguyn t trn:
+ Khng gii thch c s bn vng ca nguyn t
+ Khng gii thch c s to thnh quang ph vch ca cc nguyn t
2. Mu nguyn t Bo
Nm 1913, Nh bc hc Bo(Bohr) nh vt l an Mch, vn dng tinh thn thuyt lng t v
vn k tha mu hnh tinh nguyn t, ng a ra mu nguyn t mi v a thm vo hai tin :
a) Tin 1: Tin v cc trng thi dng
Nguyn t ch tn ti trong nhng trng thi c nng lng xc nh, gi l trng thi dng.
Trong cc trng thi dng, nguyn t khng bc x.

G
I
q
E
tx
+
-
Lp
chn
g
+ + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - -
n
p


48
H qu: Trong cc trng thi dng ca nguyn t, electron ch chuyn ng trn cc qu o c
bn knh hon ton xc nh, gi l qu o dng.
C Ch :
Nng lng ca nguyn t trng thi dng bao gm ng nng ca cc electron v th nng
tng tc gia cc electron vi ht nhn. tnh ton nng lng ca electron Bo vn dng mu hnh
tinh nguyn t.
Qu o ln c nng lng ln v ngc li, nguyn t c nng lng cng nh cng bn vng.
Xt nguyn t Hir:
+ Bn knh qu o dng:
0
2
n
r n r =
Vi: n = 1,2,3,..; r
0
= 0,53A
0
= 5,3.10
-11
m: bn knh qu o Bo( qu o K)
+ Mc nng lng ca nguyn t hir: lun m c xc nh

2
0
n
n
E
E =
Vi: E
0
= 13,6 (eV) = 2,176.10
-18
(J): nng lng ion ho nguyn t hir

S lng t n 1 2 3 4 5 6
Tn qu o K L M N O P
Bn knh qu o r
0
4r
0
9r
0
16r
0
25r
0
36r
0

Mc nng lng(eV) - 13,6 - 3,4 - 1,51 - 0,85 - 0,54 - 0,38 0
Trng thi C bn KT1 KT2 KT3 KT4 KT5

b) Tin 2: Tin bc x v hp th
- Bc x: Khi nguyn t chuyn t trng thi dng c mc nng lng cao E
n
sang trng thi dng
c mc nng lng thp E
m
th nguyn t pht ra mt phtn c nng lng ng bng hiu E
n

E
m
:
n m nm
E E h.f c = = (f
mn
l tn s ca nh sng ng vi phtn ).
- Hp th: ngc li, nu nguyn t ang trng thi c mc nng lng thp E
m
m hp th mt
phtn c nng lng

hf
nm
bng hiu E
n
E
m
th n chuyn ln trng thi dng c mc nng
lng E
n
ln hn.
3. Quang ph vch ca nguyn t Hir
3.1. Quang ph vch pht x ca nguyn t hir:
Gm cc dy sau:
- Dy Lai-man(Lyman): gm cc vch trong vng t ngoi
- Dy Ban-me(Balmer): gm cc vch quang ph nm trong vng t ngoi v 4 vch trong vng
nh sng nhn thy (:
o
H ; Lam:
|
H ; Chm:
H ; Tm:
o
H )
- Dy Pa-sen(Paschen): gm cc vch quang ph trong vng hng ngoi.
3.2. Gii thch s to thnh quang ph vch ca nguyn t hir:
a) S to thnh vch quang ph:
- trng thi bnh thng(c bn) nguyn t hir c nng lng thp nht, electron chuyn
ng trn qu o K.
- Khi nguyn t c kch thch, electron chuyn ln cc qu o c mc nng lng cao hn: L,
M, N, ..
- Nguyn t sng trong trng thi kch thch trong thi gian rt ngn(khong 10
-8
s). Sau
electron chuyn v cc qu o bn trong v pht ra cc phtn.
- Mi electron chuyn t qu o c mc nng lng cao xung mc nng lng thp th n pht
ra mt phtn c nng lng bng hiu mc nng lng ng vi hai qu o : hf = E
cao
- E
thp

- Mi phtn c tn s f li ng vi mt sng nh sng n sc c bc sng : to thnh mt
vch


49

f
c
=

- Mi sng nh sng n sc li cho mt vch quang ph c mt mu nht nh. V vy quang
ph l quang ph vch.

b) S to thnh dy quang ph:
* S to thnh dy Lai-man: do s chuyn ca
electron t cc qu o bn ngoi (L, M, N,)
v qu o K; ng vi s chuyn mc nng
lng t E
2
, E
3
,. v E
1
.
* S to thnh dy Ban-me: do s chuyn qu
o ca electron t cc qu o bn ngoi (M,
N, O, ) v qu o L; ng vi s chuyn mc
nng lng t E
3
, E
4
, . v E
2
.
+ Vch :
o
H ( m 6563 , 0 =
o
): M L
+ Vch lam:
|
H ( m 4861 , 0 =
|
): N L
+ Vch chm:

H ( m 4340 , 0 =
): O L
+ Vch tm:
o
H ( m 4102 , 0 =
o
): P L
* S to thnh dy Pa-sen: do s chuyn qu
o ca electron t cc qu o bn ngoi (N,
O, P,)v qu o M ng vi s chuyn mc
nng lng t E
4
, E
5
,..v E
3
.

Ch 7.3. Hp th, phn x lc la. Mu sc cc vt.
S pht quang. Laze
I. Hp th v phn x lc la nh sng. Mu sc cc vt
1. Hp th nh sng
a) Th nghim v hp th nh sng:
- Khi chiu nh sng trong chn khng, chm nh sng hon ton khng b hp th.
- Khi chiu nh sng qua mt mi trng vt cht bt k th cng ca chm sng b gim. Mt
phn nng lng ca chm sng b hp th v bin thnh ni nng ca mi trng.
Kt lun: Hp th nh sng l hin tng mi trng vt cht lm gim cng ca chm sng
truyn qua n.
b) nh lut v hp th nh sng(nh lut Bu-ghe Lam-be): Bouguer Lambert:
Ni dung: Cng I ca chm sng n sc khi truyn qua mi trng hp th, gim theo
nh lut hm m ca di d ca ng i tia sng:

d
0
e I I
o
=
Trong : I
0
l cng ca chm sng ti mi trng.
o c gi l h s hp th ca mi trng.
d l di ng i.
H s hp th ca mi trng ph thuc vo bc sng nh sng.
c) Hp th lc la:
- Cho mt chm nh sng trng i qua mt cht no , ta quan st thy quang ph vch hp th,
trn quang ph ca nh sng trng mt i mt s vch mu ng vi cc bc sng c trng cho cht
ang xt.
iu chng t: cc nh sng c bc sng khc nhau th b mi trng hp th nhiu, t
khc nhau. Ni khc i, s hp th nh sng ca mi trng c tnh chn lc.
Lai-man
K
M
N
O
L
P
Ban-me
Pa-sen
H
o
H
|
H

H
o
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6


50
- Mi cht u hp th c chn lc nh sng. Nhng cht khng hp th nh sng trong min no
ca quang ph c gi l gn trong sut vi min quang ph .
d) Cc vt trong sut khng mu, c mu, mu en:
- Vt trong sut khng mu: l vt khng hp th nh sng trong min nhn thy ca quang ph, v
d: nc nguyn nht, khng kh, thu tinh khng mu,
- Vt trong sut c mu: l nhng vt hp th lc la nh sng trong min nhn thy.
- Vt c mu en: l vt hp th hon ton mi nh sng nhn thy.
2. Phn x (hoc tn x)lc la
- mt s vt c kh nng phn x hoc tn x mnh, yu khc nhau tu thuc vo bc sng ca
nh sng ti.
- C nhng vt phn x hoc tn x mnh cc nh sng c bc sng di, nhng li phn x hoc
tn x yu cc nh sng c bc sng ngn v ngc li. Chng t: nh sng c bc sng khc nhau th
c phn x hay tn x t, nhiu khc nhau, c gi l s phn x hoc tn x lc la.
- Ph ca nh sng phn x hoc tn x ph thuc vo ph ca nh sng ti v tnh cht quang ca
mt phan x.
3. Mu sc cc vt
- Khi chiu nh sng vo mt vt n c th b hp th, phn x hoc cho nh sng i qua
- Khi chiu mt chm sng trng vo mt vt, th do vt c kh nng phn x, tn x lc la nn
nh sng phn x hoc tn x l nh sng mu. iu gii thch ti sao cc vt c mu sc khc nhau.
- Cc vt th khc nhau c mu sc khc nhau l do chng c cu to t nhng vt liu khc
nhau.
- Khi ta chiu nh sng trng vo vt, vt hp th mt s nh sng n sc v phn x, tn x hoc
cho truyn qua cc nh sng n sc khc.
- Mu sc ca cc vt cn ph thuc vo nh sng chiu vo vt.
- Khi ta ni vt c mu ny hay mu khc l ta gi nh n c chiu sng bng chm sng
trng.
VD
1
: Tm g sn mu th phn x nh sng mu , hp th cc nh sng mu khc
+ Nu chiu vo tm g nh sng trng: tm g c mu
+ Nu chiu vo tm g nh sng mu khc v trng th tm g c mu en
VD
2
: Tm knh mu
+ Chiu nh sng trng qua tm knh, ta thu c nh sng i qua
+ Chiu nh sng khc nh sng trng v : ta khng thu c nh sng i qua.
Mi mu sc m ta nhn thy u do tc dng tng hp ca cc nh sng n sc khc nhau vi
cng khc nhau.
Theo l thuyt 3 mu s cp(ba mu c bn) ca Y - ng, mi nh sng mu u c to thnh t
ba nh sng mu s cp: , lc, lam. S trn ca cc mu s cp ta c mu th cp:
+ lam = thm, + lc = vng, lc + lam = xanh thm.
II. S pht quang. S lc v laze
1. Hin tng pht quang
a) S pht quang:
+ S pht quang l mt dng pht nh sng rt ph bin trong t nhin.
+ C mt s cht khi th rn, lng hoc kh hp th nng lng di dng no c kh nng
pht ra bc x in t nhn thy, c gi l s pht quang.
+ Mi cht pht quang c mt quang ph c trng ca n.
+ Sau khi ngng kch thch, s pht quang ca mt s cht cn tip tc ko di thm mt khong
thi gian na ri dng hn. Khong thi gian t lc ngng kch thch n lc ngng pht quang c gi
l thi gian pht quang.
b) Cc dng pht quang: hunh quang v ln quang:
+ Hin tng quang pht quang: l hin tng mt cht c kh nng hp th nh sng kch thch c
bc sng ny pht ra cc nh sng c bc sng khc.


51
+ Phn loi: cn c vo thi gian pht quang ngi ta phn hin tng quang pht quang thnh 2
loi l hunh quang v ln quang
Hunh quang: l s pht quang c thi gian pht quang rt ngn (t < 10
-8
s)
Ngha l nh sng pht quang hu nh tt ngay sau khi tt nh sng kch thch.
Xy ra i vi cht lng v cht kh.
Ln quang: l s pht quang c thi gian pht quang di (t > 10
-8
s)
Xy ra i vi cht rn. Cc cht rn pht quang loi ny c gi l cht ln quang.
c) nh lut Xtc v s pht quang:
nh sng pht quang c bc sng
'
di hn bc sng ca nh sng kch thch :
'
> .
d) ng dng ca s pht quang:
c ng dng nhiu trong khoa hc, i sng nh:
+ S dng trong cc bng n thp sng
+ Trong cc mn hnh ca: dao ng k in t, tivi, vi tnh,
+ S pht quang trn cc bin bo giao thng
+ Kim ng h
2. S lc v laze
a) Khi qut v laze:
- Laze l thut ng phin m t ting Anh LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission
of Radiation, c ngha l s khuch i nh sng bng pht x cm ng(cn gi l pht x kch thch).
- Nm 1958, cc nh bc hc Nga v M nghin cu c lp v ch to ra laze u tin.
- Nguyn tc pht quang ca laze: l da trn ng dng ca hin tng pht x cm ng.
b) c im ca laze:
Laze gm cc c im sau:
- Tia laze c tnh n sc rt cao. sai lch tng i
f
f A
ca tn s do laze pht ra c th ch
bng10
-15
.
- Tia laze l chm sng kt hp (cc photon trong chm laze c cng tn s v cng pha).
- Tia laze l chm sng song song (c tnh nh hng cao).
- Tia laze c cng ln. VD: laze rubi(hng ngc) c cng ti 10
6
W/cm
2
.
Kt lun: Vy, laze c th xem l mt ngun sng pht ra chm sng song song, kt hp, c
tnh n sc cao v cng ln.
c) Cc loi laze:
- Laze u tin: l rubi(hng ngc): mu do crm
- Laze rn: c cng sut ln nh laze thu tinh pha noim
- Laze kh: He Ne; CO
2
; Ar; N,
- Laze bn dn: c s dng ph bin nht (v d: bt ch bng,...)
d) Mt s ng dng ca laze:
- Trong thng tin lin lc: truyn thng bng cp quang, v truyn nh v, iu khin con tu v
tr,....
- Trong y hc: dng lm dao m trong phu thut mt, cha mt s bnh ngoi ra da vo tc
dng nhit,..
- Trong khoa hc i sng: dng trong cc u c a CD, bt ch bng,
- Trong cng nghip: dng khoan, ct, ti,...
e) Hiu sut ca laze: H < 1.


52
Chng 8 S lc v thuyt tng i hp

Ch 8.1. thuyt tng i hp

1. Hn ch ca c hc c in. S ra i ca thuyt tng i
- C hc c in (hay l c hc Niu-tn), cho rng: thi gian xy ra mt hin tng, kch thc v
khi lng ca vt u c tr s nh nhau trong mi h quy chiu, d vt ng yn hay chuyn
ng.
- Khi nghin cu cc vt chuyn ng vi tc xp x tc nh sng th c hc c in khng
ng na.
- Anh-xtanh xy dng thuyt tng i chung cho tt c cc lnh vc v vt l:
Thuyt tng i gm hai phn:
- Thuyt tng i hp(gi tt l thuyt tng i, a ra vo nm 1905): ch nghin cu cc h
quy chiu qun tnh.
- Thuyt tng i rng: nghin cu cc h quy chiu khng qun tnh v trng hp dn.
2. Cc tin ca Anh-xtanh
a) Tin I (Nguyn l tng i):
Cc nh lut vt l (c hc, in t hc, ...) c cng mt dng nh nhau trong mi h quy
chiu qun tnh.
Hay: Mi hin tng vt l din ra nh nhau trong cc h quy chiu qun tnh.
b) Tin II ( Nguyn l v s bt bin ca tc nh sng):
Tc nh sng trong chn khng c cng ln bng c trong mi h quy chiu qun tnh,
khng ph thuc vo phng truyn v vo tc ca ngun sng hay my thu:
c 299729458m/ s 300000km / s = ~
C Ch : l gi tr tc ln nht ca ht vt cht trong t nhin.
3. Hai h qu ca thuyt tng i hp
Gi c l tc nh sng trong chn khng, v l tc ca vt
t
v
c
| = (| < 1);
2 2
1 1
1
v
1
c
= =
|
| |
|
\ .
( > 1)
Gi K (h to Oxy) l h quy chiu ng yn.
K (h to Oxy) l h quy chiu chuyn ng.
a) S co di:
Gi
o
l chiu di ring, chiu di ca thanh khi ng yn dc theo trc Ox
l chiu di ca thanh khi thanh chuyn ng dc theo Ox vi vn tc v
Khi chuyn ng chiu di ca thanh gim <
o

0
=

Hay:
2
o 2
v
1
c
=
Vy: di ca thanh b co li theo phng chuyn ng, theo t l
2
2
v
1
c

Kt lun: Khi nim khng gian l tng i, ph thuc vo h quy chiu qun tnh.
C Ch : Thanh khng b co theo phng vung gc vi phng chuyn ng.
b) S chm li ca ng h chuyn ng:
- C mt hin tng xy ra trong h quy chiu K, h K chuyn ng vi vn tc v i vi h K
- Khong thi gian xy ra hin tng c o bi ng h gn vi h K l
0
t A


53
- Khong thi gian xy ra hin tng c o bi ng h gn vi h K l t A
- ng h gn vi h K chy chm hn nn
0
t A < t A
0
t t A = A
Hay:
0
2
2
t
t
v
1
c
A
A =

Kt lun: khi nim thi gian l tng i, ph thuc vo cch chn h quy chiu qun tnh.

Ch 8.2.H thc Anh-xtanh gia khi lng v nng lng

1. Khi lng tng i tnh
Gi m
0
l khi lng ca vt khi ng yn(v=0), gi l khi lng ngh ca vt
m l khi lng ca vt khi chuyn ng vi vn tc v, gi l khi lng tng i tnh
Khi vt chuyn ng, khi lng ca vt tng nn m > m
0

0
m m =
Hay:
0
2
2
m
m
v
1
c
=

Vy: khi lng c tnh tng i
Trong c hc c in: v c <<
0
m m ~
2. H thc gia nng lng v khi lng
a) H thc Anh-xtanh gia nng lng v khi lng:
2 2 2 0
0
2
2
m
E mc m c c
v
1
c
= = =

E: c gi l nng lng ton phn.
Khi nng lng thay i mt lng l E A th khi lng cng thay i mt lng l m A v
ngc li, ta c:
2
E m.c A = A
b) Cc trng hp ring:
- Khi v = 0 th
2
0 0
E m c = gi l nng lng ngh.
- Khi v << c (C hc c in):
2
2
2
2
v 1 v
1 1
c 2c
v
1
c
<< ~ +

2 2
0 0
1
E m c m v
2
~ +
Khi chuyn ng, nng lng ton phn gm nng lng ngh v ng nng.
c) ng nng ca vt: K = W
= E E
0
=
2
0 0
( 1)E ( 1)m c =
( )
2
0
K 1 m c =
3. ng lng
- ng lng theo c hc c in:
0
p mv m v = =

- ng lng tng i tnh:
0
0
2
2
m v
p mv m v
v
1
c
= = =

4. H thc gia nng lng v ng lng


54
2 2 4 2 2
0
E m c p c = +

Hay:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0
K m c m c p c + = +
5. p dng cho phtn
Cho ht phtn ng vi bc x c bc sng , tn s f, tc v = c. Ta c:
- Nng lng ca ph tn:
hc
hf c = =

- Khi lng tng i tnh ca ph tn:
2 2
hf h
m
c c c
c
= = =

- ng lng tng i tnh ca phtn:
h
p mc
c
c
= = =

- Khi lng ngh ca phtn:
2
0 2
v
m m 1 0
c
= =


55
Chng 9 Ht nhn nguyn t

Ch 9.1. i cng v ht nhn nguyn t

1. Cu to nguyn t: Gm 2 phn l ht nhn v lp v electron
2. Ht nhn
a) Cu to: Gm hai loi ht proton(p) v ntron(n), gi l cc ht nucln

Ht nucln Khi lng in tch

Proton (p)

m
p
= 1,67262.10
-27
kg

q
p
= + e = 1,6.10
-19
C

Ntron (n)

m
n
= 1,67493.10
-27
kg

q
n
= 0 (trung ho in)

b) K hiu ht nhn nguyn t ca nguyn t X:
X
A
Z
hoc X
A
, XA

c) Khi lng ht nhn:
e nt hn
m . Z m m =

d) in tch ht nhn: bng tng in tch ca cc ht proton trong ht nhn
e . Z q
hn
+ =
e) Bn knh ht nhn: coi ht nhn c dng hnh cu, bn knh l R

1/3 3
0 0
R R .A R . A = = ; R
0
= const, c 10
-15
m(c fecmi)
Bn knh ht nhn t l thun vi cn bc 3 ca s khi

f) Th tch ht nhn:
3 3
hn 0
4 4
V R R A
3 3
= t = t
Th tch ca ht nhn t l thun vi s khi
g) Khi lng ring ca ht nhn:
hn
hn
hn
m
V
=
h) Lc ht nhn:
* Mc d cc ht nhn c cu to t cc ht nucln, trong c ht p mang in tch dng
chng y nhau ht nhn ph v nhng thc t ht nhn rt bn vng chng t gia cc
ht nucln phi c lc lin kt, gi l lc ht nhn.
* N: Lc ht nhn l lc lin kt gia cc ht nucln
* c im:
- Phi l loi lc khc bn cht vi lc hp dn, lc in v lc t
- Khng ph thuc vo in tch
- L lc ht rt mnh so vi cc lc ni trn
- Bn knh tc dng ca lc ht nhn: c 10
-15
m(c fecmi)

3. ng v - ng khi
a) ng v:
* nh ngha: ng v ca mt nguyn t ho hc l ht nhn ca cc nguyn t ca nguyn t
c cng s ht prtn nhng khc s ht ntrn.
* K hiu: X
1
A
Z
; X
2
A
Z


56
* Mt s ng v:
+ Hir: gm 3 ng v
H
1
1
: hir thng, to ra nc thng H
2
O
D
2
1
: hir nng (teri), to ra nc nng D
2
O
T
3
1
: hir siu nng (Triti)
b) ng khi: L hai ht nhn c cng s khi (A) nhng khc s proton
V d:
3 3
2 1
He, T
C Ch : Hai ht nhn ng khi th khng cng khi lng, ht nhn no c chiu ntron hn th ht
nhn nng hn.
4. n v khi lng nguyn t
n v khi lng nguyn t tnh theo khi lng nguyn t ccbon C12
K hiu l u
( ) C m
12
1
u 1
12
6
= ; kg 10 . 66055 , 1 u 1
27
=
Cn s dng n v: MeV/c
2

1u = 931,5 MeV/c
2
.
5. ht khi. Nng lng lin kt. Nng lng lin kt ring
a) ht khi:
Xt ht nhn
A
Z
X c khi lng l m
X

- Tng khi lng ngh ca cc ht nucln cn ring r, cha lin kt thnh ht nhn X:
( )
0 p n p n
m Z.m N.m Z.m A Z .m = + = +
- Khi lng ngh ca ht nhn X(do cc nuln lin kt) l m
X

- ht khi: ( )
0 X p n X
m m m Z.m A Z .m m ( A = = +

b) Nng lng lin kt:
- Theo h thc Anh-xtanh: Nng lng ngh ban u l E
0
= m
0
c
2

- Nng lng ngh ca ht nhn l E = m
X
.c
2

- Nng lng:
2
k 0 X
W (m m )c =
gi l nng lng lin kt

- Nng lng lin kt to ra di dng: ng nng ca ht nhn hoc nng lng tia gamma
- Mun ph v ht nhn c khi lng m
X
thnh cc ht nucln ring r c khi lng m
0
> m
X

th ta phi tn mt nng lng ti thiu tng ng
2
0 X
E (m m )c A = thng lc ht nhn.
c) Nng lng lin kt ring:
- Nng lng lin kt ring l nng lng lin kt trung bnh tnh cho 1 ht nucln

k
r
W
W
A
=

- Ht nhn c nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn vng.

Ch 9.2: Phng x
1. Hin tng phng x
a) nh ngha: Hin tng mt ht nhn khng bn vng t pht phn r, pht ra cc tia phng
x v bin i thnh ht nhn khc gi l hin tng phng x.
V d: Pb He Po
206
82
4
2
210
84
+

b) c im:
- Hin tng phng x ch ph thuc vo nguyn nhn bn trong ca ht nhn
- Hin tng phng x khng ph thuc vo cc tc nhn l, ho bn ngoi nh p sut, nhit ,
c) Phng trnh phng x: A B C +


57
- Ht nhn phng x l ht nhn m (A)
- Ht nhn sn phm l ht nhn con (B)
- Cc tia phng x (C).
2. nh lut phng x
a) Ni dung: Trong qu trnh phn r, s ht nhn phng x gim theo thi gian theo nh lut
hm s m.
b) Biu thc:
+ Theo s nguyn t:
t
0
e N N

= hoc
k
0
2
N
N = vi
T
t
k =

+ Theo khi lng cht phng x:
t
0
e m m

= hoc
k
0
2
m
m =
Trong : N
0
, m
0
l s nguyn t v khi lng cht phng x thi im ban u t = 0
N, m l s nguyn t v khi lng cht phng x cn li thi im t.
l hng s phng x:
T
693 , 0
T
2 ln
~ =
T l chu k bn r: c sau khong thi gian ny th mt na s nguyn t ca cht
ny bin i thnh cht khc.
c) th biu din s ph thuc ca N theo thi gian t:

t
0
e N N

= th l ng cong.
3. phng x
a) nh ngha: phng x ca mt lng cht phng x l i lng vt l c trng cho tnh
phng x mnh hay yu ca lng cht phng x, c o bng s phn r/ giy.
b) Biu thc:
t
0
e H H

= hoc
k
0
2
H
H = (
T
t
k = : s chu k bn r trong thi gian t)

0 0
N H = ; N H =
c) n v: l Becren, k hiu: Bq; 1 Bq 1 = phn r/giy
Ngoi ra cn dng n v l Curi (Ci): Bq 10 . 7 , 3 Ci 1
10
=
4. Cc loi tia phng x
4.1. Tia anpha
a) Thc cht : l chm ht nhn hli ( He
4
2
), gi l ht o.
b) Tnh cht:
- B lch trong in trng v t trng
- Tc khi bay ra khi ngun c 2.10
7
m/s
- C kh nng ion ho mi trng rt mnh v mt dn nng lng
- Kh nng m xuyn yu, i c ti a 8cm trong khng kh, khng xuyn qua c tm ba
dy 1 mm.
4.2. Tia bta: Gm hai loi l tia
+
| v
|
a) Thc cht:
- Tia bta cng (
+
| ): l chm ht electron dng (ht pzitrn:
+
e )
- Tia bta tr (

| ): l chm ht electron m (ht electron :

e )
b) Tnh cht:
- Tia | c phng ra vi tc rt ln, gn bng vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.
- C kh nng ion ho mi trng nhng yu hn tia o
- C kh nng m xuyn mnh hn tia o, c th i c vi mt trong khng kh v xuyn qua
l nhm dy c mm.
- B lch trong in trng v t trng.


58
4.3. Tia gamma
a) Thc cht: Tia c bn cht l sng in t c bc sng rt ngn (di 0,01nm). y l
chm phtn c nng lng cao.
b) Tnh cht:
- Khng mang in nn khng b lch trong in trng, t trng nn truyn thng.
- C kh nng m xuyn mnh, c th i qua lp ch dy hng chc cm v rt nguy him cho
con ngi.
C Ch :
+ Tia
+
| v tia
| i xng vi nhau qua tia

+ Tia
+
| b lch nhiu hn tia o v khi lng ht o ln hn rt nhiu ht
+
| .
4. Quy tc dch chuyn: p dng cc nh lut bo ton vo phng x
a) Phng x o:
* Quy tc dch chuyn: Y He X
4 A
2 Z
4
2
A
Z

+
* V d: Pb He Po
206
82
4
2
210
84
+
* Nhn xt: V tr ht nhn con li 2 so vi v tr ht nhn m trong bng HTTH
b) Phng x
+
|
* Quy tc dch chuyn: Y e X
A
1 Z
0
1
A
Z
+
+
* V d: Si e P
30
14
0
1
30
15
+
+

* Nhn xt: V tr ht nhn con li 1 so vi v tr ht nhn m trong bng HTTH
* Thc cht ca qu trnh: u + +
+
e n p ( u: ht ntrin)
c) Phng x
| :
* Quy tc dch chuyn: Y e X
A
1 Z
0
1
A
Z +
+
* V d: Po e Bi
210
84
0
1
210
83
+

* Nhn xt: V tr ht nhn con tin mt so vi v tr ca ht nhn m trong bng HTTH
* Thc cht: n p e
+ + u ( u : phn ht ca ntrin)
d) Phng x : Ht nhn con sinh ra trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng E
2
, khi chuyn
xung mc nng lng E
1
, ng thi pht ra phtn c tn s f, c xc nh bi:

1 2
E E hf =
+ Phng x thng i km theo vi phng x | o,
+ Trong phng x khng lm bin i ht nhn.

Ch 9.3. Phn ng ht nhn

1. nh ngha : Phn ng ht nhn l mi qu trnh dn n s bin i ht nhn.
2. Phn loi : gm 2 loi
a) Loi 1: Phn ng ht nhn t xy ra
l qu trnh phn r ca mt ht nhn khng bn thnh cc ht nhn khc
Phng trnh phn ng: A B C +
b) Loi 2: Phn ng trong cc ht nhn tng tc vi nhau, dn n s bin i ca chng
thnh cc ht nhn khc
Phng trnh phn ng: A B C D + +
V d: phn ng ht nhn u tin do R-d-pho thc hin nm 1919
4 14 17 1
2 7 8 1
He N O H + +


59
3. Cc nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn
Xt phn ng ht nhn sau:
4
A
Z 3
A
Z 2
A
Z 1
A
Z
X X X X
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
+ +
a) nh lut bo ton s khi(s ht nucln):

4 3 2 1
A A A A + = +
b) nh lut bo ton in tch(Nguyn t s Z):

4 3 2 1
Z Z Z Z + = +
c) nh lut bo ton ng lng:

4 3 2 1
P P P P + = +
d) nh lut bo ton nng lng ton phn:
- Trng hp 1: Phn ng khng km theo tia gamma

4 3
2
4 3 2 1
2
2 1
K K c ) m m ( K K c ) m m ( + + + = + + +
- Trng hp 2: Phn ng c km theo tia gamma
c + + + + = + + +
4 3
2
4 3 2 1
2
2 1
K K c ) m m ( K K c ) m m (
Vi
= c
hc
l nng lng phtn tia gamma.
C Ch : Trong phn ng ht nhn khng c cc nh lut bo ton: khi lng, ng nng, nng
lng ng, s ht ntron, s ht proton, nguyn t.
4. Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn
- Xt phn ng ht nhn A + B C + D
- Gi m
A
, m
B
, m
C
, m
D
ln lt l khi lng ngh ca cc ht nhn A, B, C v D.
+ Tng khi lng ngh ca cc ht nhn trc phn ng: m
0
= m
A
+ m
B

+ Tng khi lng ngh ca cc ht nhn sau phn ng: m = m
C
+ m
D

- Do ht khi ca cc ht nhn A, B, C, D khc nhau nn khi lng trong phn ng ht nhn
khng c bo ton. Xy ra hai trng hp:
a) Trng hp 1: m < m
0

- Gi s ht A, B ng yn. Phn ng to ra mt lng nng lng bng:
( )
2
o
E m m c A =
- Nng lng m phn ng to ra thng di dng ng nng ca cc ht nhn C v D hoc
nng lng phtn .
- Trng hp ny, cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn cc ht ban u, ngha l cc ht sinh ra
bn vng hn cc ht ban u gi l phn ng to nng lng.
b) Trng hp 2: m > m
0

Trng hp ny tng nng lng ngh ca cc ht sau phn ng ln hn tng nng lng ngh
ca cc ht nhn ban u Phn ng khng th t xy ra.
- Mun phn ng xy ra, ta phi cung cp cho cc ht A v B mt nng lng W di dng ng
nng gi l phn ng thu nng lng.
- Nng lng cn cung cp cho phn ng l:
( )
2
0 C D
W m m c K K = + +


60
Ch 9.4. Hai loi phn ng to nng lng. Nh my in ht nhn

I. Hai loi phn ng to nng lng
1. Phn ng phn hch
1.1. S phn hch: S phn hch l mt ht nhn(loi rt nng) hp th mt ntrn chm v v thnh
hai ht nhn trung bnh.
V d: MeV 200 ) n ( k X X U n U
1
0 2
A
Z 1
A
Z
236
92
1
0
235
92
2
2
1
1
+ + + +
c im:
+ Mi phn ng to ra t 2 n 3 ntrn th cp (TB: 2,5)
+ Mi phn ng to ra khong 200MeV
+ Cc ht nhn X
1
, X
2
c s khi: A
1
, A
2
t 80 n 160
1.2. Phn ng dy chuyn v iu kin xy ra:
a) Phn ng dy chuyn: Trong phn ng phn hch, mt phn s ntrn sinh ra b mt mt v
nhiu nguyn nhn(thot ra ngoi, b ht nhn tp cht khc hp th,) nhng nu sau mi phn hch,
vn cn li trung bnh k ntrn, m k > 1 th k ntrn ny p vo cc ht nhn khc, li gy ra k phn
hch khc, sinh ra k
2
ntrn, k
3
, ntrn. S phn hch tng rt nhanh trong mt thi gian rt ngn: ta
c phn ng dy chuyn.
Gi k l h s nhn ntrn( hay l s ntrn trung bnh cn li sau mi phn hch)
- Vi k > 1: H thng vt hn
Phn ng ht nhn xy ra khng iu khin c.
Nng lng to ra c sc cng ph rt d di nn c ng dng ch to bom nguyn t
- Vi k = 1: H thng ti hn
Phn ng xy ra iu khin c.
Nng lng to ra khng i nn c ng dng trong l phn ng ca nh my in ht nhn.
- Vi k < 1: H thng di hn
Phn ng ht nhn dy chuyn khng xy ra.
b) iu kin xy ra phn ng dy chuyn: k 1 >
Khi khi lng nhin liu ht nhn phi ln hn hoc bng mt gi tr ti thiu, c gi l
khi lng ti hn(m
th
).
V d: Nhin liu l U235 th c m
th
~ 15 kg; Pu239 c m
th
~ 5 kg.
2. Phn ng nhit hch
a) nh ngha: Phn ng nhit hch l phn ng kt hp hai ht nhn nh thnh mt ht nhn
nng hn.
V d:
2 2 3 1
1 1 2 0
H H H n 4MeV + + +

2 3 4 1
1 1 2 0
H H He n 17, 5MeV + + +

b) iu kin xy ra phn ng nhit hch: Xy ra nhit rt cao
- Nhit rt cao khong hng trm triu (c 10
8
K) nn c gi l phn ng nhit hch

- Ngoi iu kin nhit cao, cn c 2 iu kin na phn ng nhit hch xy ra:
+ Mt ht nhn n phi ln
+ Thi gian t A duy tr nhit cao phi di.
Tiu chun Lawson:
14 3
n. t 10 (s / cm ) A >
c) L do con ngi quan tm n phn ng nhit hch:
- Ngun nng lng nhit hch l ngun nng lng v tn, nhin liu c sn trong t nhin nh
trong nc ao, h, bin,
- t gy nhim mi trng v t to ra cc tia phng x
- To ra nng lng rt ln


61
3. So snh phn ng phn hch v phn ng nhit hch
a) Ging nhau: u l phn ng to nng lng
b) Khc nhau:
- Xt 1 phn ng: phn ng phn hch to nng lng ln hn phn ng nhit hch
- Xt cng khi lng nhin liu: phn ng nhit hch to ra nng lng ln hn phn ng phn
hch
- Hin nay: phn ng phn hch c th iu khin c, phn ng nhit hch cha iu khin c
- Phn ng nhit hch sch hn phn ng phn hch v t c cc bc x gy nhim.

II. Nh my in ht nhn
1. Cu to
B phn chnh trong nh my l L phn ng ht nhn. Trong l gm:
- Thanh nhin liu: thng c lm bng hp kim cha urani lm giu
- Cht lm chm: nc nng D
2
O; than ch, berili,
- Thanh iu khin: cht hp th ntron khng b phn hch nh: Bo(B), Cadimi(Cd),
2. Hot ng
iu chnh thanh iu khin h s : k 1 =


62
Chng 10 T vi m n v m

Ch 10.1. cc ht s cp
1. Ht s cp
Cc ht vi m(hay vi ht), nhng ht c kch thc nh hn hay bng kch thc ht nhn nh:
phtn( ), lectrn( e
), pzitrn( e
+
), prtn(p), ntrn(n), ntrin( u) gi l cc ht s cp.
2. Cc c trng ca ht s cp
a) Khi lng ngh m
o
; nng lng ngh tng ng l E
o
= m
o
c
2

b) in tch: Q = +1; -1; 0
c) Spin: s
d) Thi gian sng trung bnh:
- Ch c bn ht khng phn r thnh cc ht nhn khc, gi l cc ht bn(p, e, , u)
- Tt c cc ht khc khng bn, phn r thnh cc ht khc.

Tn ht Nng lng c (MeV) in tch Q(e) Spin s Thi gian sng(s)
Phtn 0 0 1
lectron
Pzitron
Ntrin v
0,511
0,511
0
-1
+1
0
1/2
1/2
1/2

Pin
+
t
Kan
0
k
139,6
497,7
+1
0
0
0
2,6.10
-8

8,8.10
-11

Prtn
Ntron
938,3
939,6
+1
0
1/2
1/2

932
Xicma
+
E
mga
O
1189
1672
+1
-1
1/2
3/2
8,0.10
-11

1,3.10
-10

3. Phn ht
- Ht v phn ht c cng khi lng, cc c trng cc c cng ln nhng tri du
VD: lectrn( e
) - pzitrn( e
+
)
- Trong qu trnh tng tc ca cc ht s cp c th xy ra hin tng sinh cp hoc hu cp:
e e
+
+ + ; e e
+
+ +
4. Phn loi ht s cp: cn c vo khi lng
a) Phtn: m
o
= 0
b) Leptn: c khi lng nh hn 200m
e
nh lectron, muyn( ,
+
), tau( ,
+
t t )
c) Harn: gm cc Mzn v Barion
* Mzn: c khi lng trung bnh(200900)m
e
, c hai nhm mzn t v mzn K.
* Barion: c khi lng ln hn hoc bng khi lng pr tn, c hai nhm: nucln v hipron.
5. Tng tc ca cc ht s cp: c 4 loi tng tc c bn
a) Tng tc hp dn:
- L tng tc gia cc ht vt cht c khi lng
- Bn knh tc dng: v cng ln
b) Tng tc in t:
- L tng tc gia cc ht mang in tch
- C ch tng tc: s trao i phtn
- Bn knh tc dng: ln v hn
c) Tng tc yu:


63
- L tng tc gia cc ht trong phn r |
- Bn knh tc dng: 10
-18
(m)
d) Tng tc mnh:
- L tng tc gia cc harn
- Bn knh tc dng: 10
-15
(m)
6. Ht quac(quark)
a) Gi thuyt ca Ghen Man(nm 1964): Tt c cc harn u cu to t cc ht nh hn,
gi l cc quac (quark)
b) Cc loi ht quac: gm c 6 ht quac l u, d, s, c, b, t
- C 6 ht quac va 6 phn quac tng ng: c cng in tch nhng tri du
- in tch ca cc ht quac:
e
3
;
2e
3

- Hin nay: ch quan st c cc quac trong lin kt, cha quan st c quac t do.
c) Cc barion: L t hp ca cc quac
- prtn to nn t 3 quac: u, u, d
- ntron to nn t 3 quac: u, d, d

Ch 10.2. cu to ca v tr

I. Mt tri. H Mt Tri
1. Cu to v chuyn ng ca H Mt Tri
H Mt Tri bao gm:
- Mt Tri nng sng trung tm ca h
- Tm hnh tinh ln, xung quanh mi hnh tinh c cc v tinh chuyn ng
- Cc tiu hnh tinh, sao chi, thin thch,.....
- Tnh t Mt Tri gm 8 hnh tinh ln: Thu tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ha tinh, Mc tinh, Th
tinh, Thin vng tinh, Hi vng tinh.
- o khong cch t cc hnh tinh n Mt Tri: dng n v thin vn(vtv)
1 vtv ~ 150 triu km
n v thin vn bng khong cch t Tri t n Mt Tri
2. Mt Tri
a) Cu trc ca Mt Tri
Mt Tri c cu to bi 2 phn: Quang cu v Kh quyn
* Quang cu
* Kh quyn Mt Tri:
- Sc cu
- Nht hoa
b) Nng lng ca Mt Tri
- Hng s Mt Tri H: l lng nng lng bc x ca Mt Tri truyn vung gc ti mt n v
din tch cch n mt n v thin vn trong mt n v thi gian.
- Mt Tri c H = 1360 W/m
2

- Cng sut bc x nng lng ca Mt Tri: P = 3,9.10
26
W
c) S hot ng ca Mt Tri
2. Tri t
- Qu o chuyn ng ca Tri t quanh Mt Tri: gn trn
- Trc quay ca Tri t quanh mnh n nghing trn mt phng qu o mt gc 23
0
27

- Bn knh trung bnh: R = 6 375 km
- Khi lng ring trung bnh: 5 520 kg/m
3

- Chu k t quay ca Tri t quay trc l 24 gi


64
- Chu k quay ca Tri t quanh Mt Tri l 365,25 ngy (1nm)
- Khi lng: 6.10
24
kg
- Gia tc ri t do: g = 9,81 m/s
2
.
3. Mt Trng: l v tinh ca Tri t
- Bn knh trung bnh: 1738 km
- Khi lng: 7,35.10
22
kg
- Gia tc ri t do: 1,63 m/s
2

- Khong cch n Tri t: 384 000 km
- Chu k quay quanh trc v quanh Tri t : 27,32 ngy.
4. Cc hnh tinh khc. Sao chi. Thin thch
a) Cc hnh tinh khc:
b) Sao chi: Sao chi l nhng hnh tinh chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri theo nhng qu o
elip rt dt.
c) Thin thch: Thin thch l nhng khi chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri vi tc hng chc
km/s theo cc qu o rt khc nhau.
C nhng khi bay vo kh quyn trong m ti, do b ma st mnh vi kh quyn nn nng
sng v bc chy, vt trn bu tri gi l sao bng
II. Sao. Thin h
1. Sao Sao l mt khi kh nng sng, ging nh Mt Tri.
- Khi lng cc sao: khong t 0,1 ln n vi trc ln khi lng Mt Tri
- Bn knh cc sao:
- Khong 1/1000 ln bn knh Mt Tri sao cht.
- Khong gp hng nghn ln bn knh Mt Tri sao knh.
2. Cc loi sao
a) a s cc sao tn ti trong trng thi n nh, c kch thc, nhit ,...khng i trong mt
thi gian di. V d: Mt Tri,...
b) Cc sao c bit:
- Sao bin quang l sao c sng thay i. Gm 2 loi: sao bin quang do che khut, sao bin
quang do nn dn.
- Sao mi l sao c sng tng t ngt ln hng ngn, hng vn, hoc hng triu ln(sao siu
mi), sau t t gim.
- Pun xa, sao ntron l sao bc x nng lng di dng nhng xung sng in t rt mnh.
c) L en v tinh vn:
Trong h thng v tr, ngoi thin th cn c l en v tinh vn.
- L en: l mt thin th c tin on bi l thuyt, cng c cu to bi cc ntron, c trng
hp dn ln n ni ht mi vt th, k c nh sng.
- Tinh vn: c nhng m my sng, gi l tinh vn. l cc m bi khng l c ri sng
bi cc ngi sao gn , hoc l cc m kh b in ho c phng ra t mt sao mi hay siu
sao mi.
3. Khi qut v s tin ho ca cc sao
- m my kh v bi sao nguyn thusao sng sao cht trng.
- m my kh v bi sao nguyn thu sao sng sao knh sao ntron hoc l
en.
4. Thin h: H thng sao gm nhiu loi sao v tinh vn gi l thin h.
a) Cc loi thin h:
- Thin h xon c
- Thin h elip
- Thin h khng nh hnh
ng knh cc thin h vo khong 100 000 nm ng sng.
b) Thin h ca chng ta. Ngn h:


65
- Thin H ca chng ta: l loi Thin H xon c, ng knh khong 100 nghn nm nh sng,
khi lng khong 150 t ln khi lng Mt Tri
- Ngn h: l hnh chiu ca Thin H trn vm tri.
c) Nhm thin h. Siu nhm thin h:
V tr c hng trm t Thin H, cc Thin H c xu hng hp li vi nhau thnh nhm Thin H.
5. Cc quaza (quasar)
Nm 1960, ngi ta pht hin ra mt loi cu trc mi, nm ngoi thin h, pht x mnh mt
cch bt thng cc sng v tuyn v tia X gi l cc quaza.
Vy: quaza khng phi l thnh vin ca thin h.
III. Thuyt Big Bang
1. Cc thuyt v s tin ho ca v tr
- Trng phi do Hoi-l (Fred-Hoyle, Anh): cho rng v tr ang trong trng thi n nh , v
thu v chung, khng thay i t qu kh n tng lai. Vt cht c to ra mt cch lin tc.
- Trng phi cho rng v tr c to ra bi mt v n cc ln, mnh cch y khong 14 t
nm, c gi l v n Big Bang.
2. Cc s kin thin vn quan trng
a) V tr dn n
V tr ang n ra. Cc thin h cng xa chng ta cng chy nhanh ra xa chng ta, vi tc v:
v Hd =
H = 1,7.10
-2
m/(s.nm nh sng)
1 nm nh sng(nas) = 9,46.10
12
km
d: khong cch gia Thin H v chng ta.
b) Bc x nn v tr
Bc x c nhit khong 3 K c pht ra t mi pha trong v tr (nay ngui) c gi l
bc x nn v tr.
c) Kt lun
Hai s kin thin vn quan trong trn y v mt s s kin khc chng minh cho tnh ng
n ca thuyt Big Bang.
3. Thuyt Big Bang
Theo thuyt Big Bang, v tr t u dn n t mt im k d. im k d l lc tui v bn
knh ca v tr l s khng (gi l im zero Big Bang).
- Nhng s kin xy ra bt u t thi im t
p
= 10
-43
(s) sau v n ln gi l thi im
Plng, khi kch thc v tr l 10
-35
m, nhit l 10
32
K, khi lng ring l 10
91
kg/cm
3
. Nng lng
ca v tr vo thi im Plng t nht phi bng 10
15
GeV.
- Cc nucln c to thnh sau v n khong 1 giy.
- Ba pht sau v n mi xut hin cc ht nhn nguyn t u tin.
- Ba trm nghn nm sau mi xut hin cc nguyn t u tin.
- Ba triu nm sau mi xut hin cc sao v thin h.
- Ti thi im t = 14 t nm, v tr trng thi hin nay, vi nhit trung bnh 2,7 K.

ÔN TẬP LÍ THUYẾT VẬT LÍ 12

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ÔN TẬP LÍ THUYẾT VẬT LÍ 12

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Ti p s c ma t hi 20 11

tc dng vo vt khi dao ng iu ho v duy tr dao ng gi l lc ko v hay l lc

: mt khi lng ca dy di , khi lng m)

) bng tn s ca dng in xoay chiu > tn s quay ca rto.

(dn in bng 2 dy, : tng chiu di ca 2 dy)

gi l nng lng lin kt

| i xng vi nhau qua tia

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