FOURIER

( Fourier)
f \ >0 :
f(x)=f(x+), x \

,
f.

sinx, cosx 2, sinx, cosx

2
>0
.

1. ( )
f , f [+n, +(n+1)], [, +]
x, (
). ..

( , )

( , )

T = 2 ,

1
ao =
f ( x)dx
2
an =

f ( x) cos

n =

f ( x)sin

n x

n x

dx

n = 1, 2, 3,.....

dx

n = 1, 2, 3,.....

Fourier f.
90

(a
n =0

cos nx + n sin nx

Fourier f.
2.
1. f(x) ( f ( x ) = f ( x ) ,
y) n = 0 n N
2. f(x) ( f ( x) = f ( x) ,
) an = 0 n N
3. = f ( , ) :

ao =

1
2

f ( x)dx , an =

f ( x) cos nx dx , n =

f(x)

( 0, 2 )

f ( x) sin nx dx

, :

ao =

1
2

f ( x)dx , an =

f ( x) cos nx dx , n =

f ( x)sin nx dx

Fourier, (
)
1. f ( x) = x 2

x [ , )

2. f ( x ) = x

x [ , )

3. f ( x ) = x

x [ 0, 2 )

4. f ( x) = sin x

x\

91


1. f ( x) = x 2

x [ , )
f(x) (
y)
n = 0

an =

191

2. f ( x ) = x

x [ , )
f(x) (
)
an = 0
n = 193

3. f ( x ) = x

x [ 0, 2 )
1
ao =
2
an =

1 x2
xdx =
2 2

=
0

4 2
=
4

x cos nxdx = ( )=
0

1
1
2
=
x sin nx o
n
n

sin nxdx = 0(;)

0

n =

1 x cos nx
1
x sin nxdx = *
+ 2 sin nx =

n
n
0

'

x
1
x
1
cosnx
*( xsinnxdx= x dx=- cosnx+ cosnxdx=- cosnx+ 2 sinnx+c)
n
n
n
n
n

1 2 cos2n
1
1 0cos0
1
2
+ 2 sin 2n +
+ 2 sin 0 = (1) =

n
n
n
n
n

92

2
2
f(x)=n sinnx=(-1) sinnx=- sinnx
n
n=1
n=1
n=1 n

4.

f ( x) = sin x

0 x < 2

&

f(x+2)=f(x), x \

f(x) (
y) n = 0
:

ao =

1
1
1
sinxdx= sinxdx+
sinxdx=

2 0
2 0
2

1
1
2
=2 sinxdx= ( -cosx ) 0 =
2 0

an =

sin x cos nxdx +

0

sin x cos nxdx = * =

1
2

( sin(n + 1) x + sin(1 n) x ) dx
0

1
+
2

1
2

( sin(n + 1) x + sin(1 n) x ) dx =

2
2

1
1
1
1

cos(
n
1)
x
cos(1
n
)
x
cos(
n
1)
x
cos(1
n
)
x
n + 1
1 n
n +1
1 n
o
o

1 1 ( 1)

n + 1

n +1

1 - (n 2 -1)
=
n 1

( 1)

n=

n 1

n = n + 1 =

n=

cos ( n + 1) x 0 = cos(n + 1) cos 0 = 1 1 = 0

sin x =

4 1
4 1
cos 2 x cos 4 x ......
3
15

* sin a cos =

1
( sin(a + ) + sin(a ) )
2

93

 ( Fourier)

f :[,] \ ,
[,]
= 0 <1 < 2 <...< n =

) f [ k , k+1 ] .
) f( k +), f( k -) k=0,1,...,n-1 .

1. (Dirichlet)

f 2. f
[, +], Fourier

a ( cos nx +
n=0

sin nx

x \
f(x+)+f(x-)
2

, f x Fourier
f(x).
3.
1. Fourier f x
f(x) , :

f ( x) =
n =0

(a

cos nx + n sin nx

2. Fourier f x f(x)
, Fourier.

94


1. Fourier f:

f(x)= 2
x

1 x < 0

& f(x+2)=f(x) x \

0 x <1

x1 =0, x 2 =1
:

2
8

= 1+

1 1
1
+ 2 + 2 + ...
2
3 5
7

1 1
1
=1. : ao = dx+ (-x)dx =0 :
2 -1 2
20
0

1 1
1
1 sinnx x
x

a n = cosnxdx+ (-x)cosnxdx=
- sinnx+ 2 2 cosnx =

1 -1 2
10
2 n -1 n
n
0
2
1
1
n

=- 2 2 ( cosn-1) = 2 2 1- ( -1) = n 2 2
n
n
0

n=
n=

1 1
1
1 cos(nx)
x
x

n = sin(nx)dx+ (-x)sin(nx)dx=
cos(nx)+ 2 2 sin(nx) =

1 -1 2
10
2
n -1 n
n
0
2
n
1
1
3
cos(n )
=cos(n) =
=+
[1 cos(-n)]
2n
n
2n 2n

1
n

n=
n=

Fourier f

95

2 1
1
1
1
2
1
1

cos(x)+ 2 cos(3x)+ 2 cos(5x)+.... + -2sin(x)+ sin(2x)- sin(3x)+ sin(4x)....

2 2
2
3
4
1
3
5

f (-1, 0) (0,1) :

f(x) =

2
2

1
1
1
2

1
1
12 cos(x)+ 32 cos(3x)+ 52 cos(5x)+... + -2sin(x)+ 2 sin(2x)- 3 sin(3x)+... (*)

x (1, 0) ( 0,1) .
x1 =0 .
(*), (*)
f(0+)+f(0-)
=
2

1
2 =1
2
4

0+

1
2
1
1
1
= 2 (1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...) ( x=0 (*)),
4
3
5
7

2
8

= 1+

1
1
1
1
...
+
+
+
=

2
2
2
2
3 5
7
n =1 (2 n 1)

x 2 =1 .
(*)
f(1+)+f(1-)
=
2
:

1
2 = 1
2
4

1 +

1
2
1
1
1
= 2 (1 2 2 2 ...) .
4
3
5
7

2. f:

f(x)= x + 1

2 x

x < 0
0x<

& f(x+ )=f(x) x \

x <

96

 f x1 =-, x 2 =0, x 3 =

Fourier f
2

f \ .

[-,]

x ( , 0) (0, ) ( , ) . Fourier f (
2
2

Dirichlet) f(x) x ( , 0) (0, ) ( , ) .

2
2

f ,
2
:

x1 =-, x 2 =0, x 3 =

f(-+)+f(--) 0+2
=
=2
2
2
f(0+)+f(0-) 1+0 1
f(0)=
=
=
2
2 2

f( +)+f( -) + +1

2 =
2 = 2+3
f( )= 2
4
2
2
2

f(-)=

Fourier f f x [-,) (
x \ ).

3. ) Fourier f(x) , 2,
(-, ) :

x+ ,
2

f(x)=

-x+ ,
2

x [-,0)
x [ 0, ]

) Fourier :

(2n 1)
n =1

() f(x) [-2, 2],

97

1.5
1
0.5

-6

-4

-2

-0.5
-1
-1.5

f . , x >0 x < 0 f ( x) = ( x ) +
x < 0 x > 0 f ( x) = ( x) +

= x +

= f ( x ),

= f ( x). Fourier

f n = 0, n = 1,2,... . f ( x ) = n cos(nx ),
n =0

0 =

1
1 0

( x + )dx + ( x + )dx =
f ( x )dx =

2
2
2
2

1 x2
( + x
2 2 2

+ (

x2
+ x
2 2

=0

n=1,2,,
n =

1
1 0

f ( x ) cos(nx )dx = = ( x + ) cos( nx )dx + ( x + ) cos(nx )dx

2
2

sin( nx )

I( x ) = ( x + ) cos( nx )dx = ( x + ) (
)dx =
2
2
n

sin(nx )
sin(nx ) cos(nx )
sin(nx )
dx = ( x + )
= (x + )

+
+ c.
2
n
n
2
n
n2

I = ( x + ) cos(nx )dx = (I( x )

2
0

1 (1) n 1 (1) n
= I(0) I() = 2 2 =
.
n
n
n2

98

J = ( x + ) cos(nx )dx = ( x + ) cos( nx )dx ,

0
0
2
2

t = x dt = dx. x = 0, t = 0, .

1 (1) n
J = ( t + ) cos(nt )dt = + ( t + ) cos(nt )dt = I =
.
0

2
2
n2

[ J f
y 0 y.]

n =

2 1 (1) n

, n = 1,2,...

n2

, .
k = 1,2,3,..., 2 k =

2 1 (1) 2 k

= 0,
( 2k ) 2
2 k 1 =

2 1 (1) 2 k 1
4
=
, k = 1,2,...

2
(2k 1)
( 2k 1) 2

4
2 1 (1) n
f ( x ) =

=
cos[( 2k 1) x ].
cos(
nx
)

2
2

(
2
k

1
)
n
k =1
n =1

(;)

() f [-.0) (0,] ,
x = 0, lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f (0).
x 0

x 0

, [-,] f ( ) = f ().
, \ . x
f ( x ) . (. . 194).
, f x =

4

4
cos
[
(
2
k

1
)

=
(1)
2
2
2

(
2
k

1
)

(
2
k

1
)
k =1
k =1

f () =

2
1
=
(2k 1) 2 8 .
k =1

99

 f ,
1,2,3,4 , .

1.5
1
0.5

-6

-4

-2

-0.5
-1

4
cosx

-1.5

1.5
1
0.5

-6

-4

-2

-0.5
-1
-1.5

4
4
cosx+ cos3x

100

1.5
1
0.5

-6

-4

-2

-0.5
-1
-1.5

4
4
4
cosx+ cos3x+
cos5x

9
25

1.5
1
0.5

-6

-4

-2

-0.5
-1
-1.5

4
4
4
4
cosx+ cos3x+
cos5x+
cos7x

9
25
49

4. Fourier f:

0
f(x)= 2
x

x<0
0x<

& f(x+2)=f(x) x \

f x1 =-
x [0, ) :

2
1
1
1
1
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ... = 2
()
6
2
3
4
n =1 n

101


2
1 1 1
n+1 1
=1- 2 + 2 - 2 +...= ( -1)
()
12
2 3 4
n2
n=1

()

2
1
1
1
1
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
2
8
3 5
7
n =1 ( 2 n 1)

1
1
1 x3 2
=. : a o = f(x)dx = x 2 dx = =
2 -
2 0
2 3 0 6

1
1 2
1 x2
2
2
a n = f(x)cos(nx)dx= x cos(nx)dx=...= sin(nx)+ 2 xcos(nx)- 3 sin(nx) =
-
0
n
n
n
0
1 2
n 2
=
cos(n)= ( -1) 2
2
n
n

1
1 2
1 x2
2
2
n = f(x)cos(nx)dx= x sin(nx)dx=...= - cos(nx)+ 2 x sin(nx)+ 3 cos(nx) =
-
0
n
n
n
0

1 2
2
2
2
n
n
= - cos(n)+ 3 cos(n)- 3 =- ( -1) + 3 ( -1) -1 =

n
n
n n
n
4
n =
n - n 3

=

n =
n

Fourier f

102

2
1
1
4
4
4

+2 -cosx+ 2 cos(2)- 2 cos(3x)+... +(- )sin(x)+( - 3 )sin(3x)+( - 3 )sin(5x)+....

6

3 3
5 5
2
3

1
1
1

- sin(2x)+ sin(4x)+ sin(6x)+...

4
6
2

f(x) =

2
1
1
4
4
4

+2 -cosx+ 2 cos(2x)- 2 cos(3x)+... +(- )sin(x)+( - 3 )sin(3x)+( - 3 )sin(5x)+....

6

3 3
5 5
2
3

1
1
1

- sin(2x)+ sin(4x)+ sin(6x)+...

(**)
2
4
6

x (-,) , f .
x 2 =0 (
(**)). x=0 (**)

2
1
1
1
2
1 1 1
n+1 1

0=
=1- 2 + 2 - 2 +...= ( -1)
+ 2 -1+ 2 2 + 2 -...
6
2
3
4
2 3 4
n2

12
n=1

().
(**) x1 =- (
f), f

f(-)=

f(-+)+f(--) 0+ 2 2
=
=
2
2
2

(***)

( , , (**)).
(***) x=- (**), :

2 2
1
1
1
2
1 1
1
1

=1+ 2 + 2 + 2 +...= 2
=
+ 2 1+ 2 + 2 + 2 +...
2
6
6
3
4
2 3
4
2

n=1 n

103

 ().
, () () :

3
1
2
1 1
1
1
1

= 2 1+ 2 + 2 + ...
=1+ 2 + 2 + 2 +...=
2
12
8
2 3
4
3 5

n=1 (2n-1)

().

5. f f ( x ) = f ( x ) f ( x + ) = f ( x ) .
Fourier
cos( 2 n + 1) x n = 0,1,2,...

f , sin(nx)
Fourier

f ( x ) = n cos(nx)
n=0

an =

f ( x ) cos(nx )dx =

f ( x ) cos(nx )dx +

f ( x ) cos(nx )dx

t = x,
2

f ( x ) cos(nx )dx = f (t + ) cos(n + nt )dt

0

= f (t )[cos(n ) cos(nt ) sin(n ) sin(nt )]dt

0

= ( 1)

f (t ) cos(nt )dt

an =

(1 ( 1) ) f ( x ) cos(nx )dx , n = 0,1,2,

n

2 k = 0, k = 0,1,2, ,

2 k +1 =

f ( x ) cos((2k + 1) x )dx , k = 0,1,2,

104