SERIES

Powers of Natural Numbers

n
X

k=

k=1

n
n
X
X
1
1
1
n(n + 1) ;
k 2 = n(n + 1)(2n + 1);
k 3 = n2 (n + 1)2
2
6
4
k=1
k=1

Arithmetic

Sn =

n1
X

(a + kd) =

k=0

n
{2a + (n 1)d}
2

Geometric (convergent for 1 < r < 1)

Sn =

n1
X

ark =

k=0

a(1 rn )
a
, S =
1r
1r

Binomial (convergent for |x| < 1)

n 2
n r
(1 + x) = 1 + nx +
x + ... +
x + ...
2
r
n

n
n(n 1)(n 2)...(n r + 1)
where
=
r
r!
Maclaurin series
f (x) = f (0) + xf 0 (0) +
where Rk+1 =

x2 00
xk
f (0) + ... + f (k) (0) + Rk+1
2!
k!

xk+1 (k+1)
f
(x), 0 < < 1
(k + 1)!

Taylor series
f (a + h) = f (a) + hf 0 (a) +
where Rk+1 =

h2 00
hk
f (a) + ... + f (k) (a) + Rk+1
2!
k!

hk+1 (k+1)
f
(a + h) , 0 < < 1.
(k + 1)!

OR
f (x) = f (x0 ) + (x x0 )f 0 (x0 ) +
where Rk+1 =

(x x0 )2 00
(x x0 )k (k)
f (x0 ) + ... +
f (x0 ) + Rk+1
2!
k!

(x x0 )k+1 (k+1)
f
(x0 + (x x0 )), 0 < < 1
(k + 1)!

Special Power Series

x2 x3
xr
+
+ ... +
+ ...
2!
3!
r!

ex = 1 + x +

(all x)

sin x = x

x3 x5 x7
(1)r x2r+1
+

+ ... +
+ ...
3!
5!
7!
(2r + 1)!

(all x)

cos x = 1

x2 x4 x6
(1)r x2r
+

+ ... +
+ ...
2!
4!
6!
(2r)!

(all x)

tan x = x +

x3 2x5 17x7
+
+
+ ...
3
15
315

(|x| < 2 )

1 x3 1.3 x5 1.3.5 x7
+
+
+
2 3
2.4 5
2.4.6 7

sin1 x = x +

... +

tan1 x = x

1.3.5....(2n 1) x2n+1
+ ...
2.4.6....(2n) 2n + 1

x3 x5 x7
x2n+1
+

+ ... + (1)n
+ ...
3
5
7
2n + 1

`n(1 + x) = x

(|x| < 1)

(|x| < 1)

xn
x2 x3 x4
+

+ ... + (1)n+1 + ... (1 < x 1)

2
3
4
n

sinh x = x +

x3 x5 x7
x2n+1
+
+
+ ... +
+ ...
3!
5!
7!
(2n + 1)!

(all x)

cosh x = 1 +

x2 x4 x6
x2n
+
+
+ ... +
+ ...
2!
4!
6!
(2n)!

(all x)

tanh x = x

x3 2x5 17x7
+

+ ...
3
15
315

(|x| < 2 )

sinh1 x = x

1 x3 1.3 x5 1.3.5 x7
+

+
2 3
2.4 5
2.4.6 7

... + (1)n

tanh1 x = x +

1.3.5...(2n 1) x2n+1
+ ...
2.4.6...2n 2n + 1

x3 x5 x7
x2n+1
+
+
+ ...
+ ...
3
5
7
2n + 1

(|x| < 1)

(|x| < 1)