Advanced User Manual-146 Page

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DIgSILENT PowerFactory
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Advanced
User’s
Manual
ƭƺſƂŴŝ
ŜƫŚƐƯŢſźƸƟ
1 Calculation of Transients 2
1.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 2
1.2 Algorithms And Modeling ..................................................................... 3
1.3 Calculation Of Initial Values................................................................. 6
1.4 Run Simulation ...................................................................................... 9
1.5 Result Objects........................................................................................ 9
1.6 Events.................................................................................................. 10
2 Models For Stability Analysis ................................................................... 12

2.1 System Modeling Approach................................................................. 12
2.2 The Composite Model.......................................................................... 14
2.3 The Common Model ........................................................................... 18
2.4 The Composite Frame.......................................................................... 20
2.5 The Composite Block Definition.......................................................... 21
2.6 Drawing Composite Block Diagrams and Composite Frames .............. 23
2.7 The Block Definition ........................................................................... 28
3 Programming Primitive Block Definitions ......................................... 29

3.1 Modeling and Simulation Tools ........................................................... 31
3.2 DSL Implementation: an Introduction .................................................. 32
3.3 Defining DSL Models.......................................................................... 36
3.4 The DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL) ..................................... 36
3.5 DSL Functions..................................................................................... 47
4 Model Parameter Identification............................................................... 50

4.1 Target Functions and Composite Frames.............................................. 51
4.2 Creating The Composite Identification Model ..................................... 53
4.3 Performing a Parameter Identification.................................................. 55
4.4 Idenifying Primary Appliances ............................................................ 57
5 The Medinas Monitoring System ........................................................... 60

5.1 Hardware Description .......................................................................... 60
5.2 Basic Installatin and Operation ............................................................ 61
5.3 Measurment Principles......................................................................... 62
5.4 Configuring the Measurment Process .................................................. 67
5.5 Performing Measurments ..................................................................... 73
5.6 Result Objects...................................................................................... 75
5.7 The Measurment Toolbar ..................................................................... 80
5.8 Triggering............................................................................................ 80
5.9 The Signal Processing Block Diagrams................................................ 83
6 Reliability Assessment Functions ........................................................... 89

6.1 Contingency Analysis .......................................................................... 89
6.2 Stochastic Reliability Assessment : Basic Theory ................................ 95
6.3 Failure Models....................................................................................100
6.4 Generation Reliability Assessment......................................................121
6.5 Network Reliability Assessment ........................................................124
DIgSILENT PowerFactory Calculation of Transients
Chapter 1
Calculation of Transients
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1.1 Introduction
ŵƺưƳƮǀƀƤţƾƳŚƯŻƵŵƹŶŰƯƶſƶŝƱřƺţƾƯľŚţŶưƗřŹƾƨƿźŤƨƫřšŹŶƣƽŚƷƮŤƀǀſŹŵřŹŸĭƽŚƸŤƫŚů
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Advanced User's Manual 2
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1.2 Algorithms and Modelling
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ƩŚŨƯƽřźŝŵƺưƳƶƟŚƋřƽřƶƳŚŴŝŚŤƧƽŚƸƫŶƯƺǀƃŹōƶŝƱřƺţƾƯřŹźŝŹŚƧƎſƺţƵŶƃƞƿźƘţƽŚƸƫŶƯ

ƦƿźŰţƽŚƸưŤƀǀſƹĥŚŤƫƹƽŚƷƵŶƴƴƧƩźŤƴƧ 

šŹŶƣƶƨŞƃƽŚƷƵŶƴƴƧŹřŶƿŚě 
ƶǀƫƹřƽŚƷƵŶƴƴƧƩźŤƴƧ 
ơźŝƽŚƷŶƫƺƯƽŚƸƫŶƯ 
ƽŹƺţƺƯƵŶƴƴƧƦƿźŰţƲǀƃŚƯƽŚƸƫŶƯ 
svsƽŚƷƵŶƴƴƧƩźŤƴƧ 
ƽŚººƷƾººƴŰƴƯŹŵƵŶººƃƞººƿźƘţƽŚººƷźǀƜŤƯƭŚººưţƶººƧŵŹřŵŵƺººūƹƱŚººƨƯřƲººƿřįŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃŶººƴƿōźƟƾººƏŹŵ
ƶºŝŪƿŚºŤƳƶºŞƘūŹŵƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţƾƿŚºƷźǀƜŤƯƶºưƷľǇƺºƇřƹŵƺºưƳũŹŵƾºūƹźųƵźºŬƴěŹŵřŹƾºƗźƟƽŚƷŹřŵƺưƳ
ŻƹźºŝƽŚºƷƪºƨţƹźěƪƯŚºƃƶºƧƵŶºƃƵźºǀųŷŪƿŚºŤƳƲºƿřŶºƳřƵŶºƃƵźǀųŷƾƬƿŚƟŜƫŚƣŹŵƽŶƘŝƽŚƷƁŻřŵźěŹƺƔƴƯ
ƾƳŻŶºǀƬƧšŚºǀƬưƗŚºƷŚƐųƞºƿźƘţŹƺºƔƴƯƶºŝŵƺºưƳęŚºģŚºƿƵŵźºƧƮǀºſźţƱřƺºţƾºƯřŹŶƴºƃŚŝƾƯżǀƳŚƷŵřŶųŹ
ŵŚºŬƿřƶºƠƣƹįŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃŶºƴƿōźƟŹŵƱřƺºŤǀƯƵŶºƃƵŵřŵƂƿŚºưƳƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯŹŵźºǀǀƜţŚºƿšŚŞſŚŰƯƾƳŚǀƯŪƿŚŤƳęŚģ
ŵƺưƳ
ƱŹŚƤŤƯƶƨŞƃŢƫŚůŹŵźŧŒƯźƿŵŚƤƯįŻŚſƶǀŞƃÎÏÎ
ƹƱŚººƯźƟšřŹřŶººƯƾƨǀƳŚººƨƯƹźŤƨƫřƽŚƸƷŚĮŤººſŵŹŵŚººţŢººſřŹŵŚººƣƱŹŚººƤŤƯRMSŵƺººƯįŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃƖŝŚººţ
ŢºƫŚůŹŵƺǀƀºěƾºƨƿźŤƨƫřƶƨŞºƃƦºƿŻřƖŝŚºţƲºƿřŶºƿŚưƳƑŚºŰƫřŹƾƨǀƯŚºƴƿŵƽŚºƷƶºŞƴūźǀŧŐºţƾţŹřźůƪƿŚſƹ
ŹŵŚºƷƱŚºƿźūƹŚºƷĥŚŤƫƹƾƬºƇřƽŚºƷƶºƠƫƺƯŚºƸƴţƾƄºƿŚưƳƲǀºƴģŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſřŚŝŶƴƧƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſřŹŚĭŶƳŚƯŚƿƱŹŚƤŤƯ
ŶƳƺƃƾƯƵŵŹƹōśŚƀůƶŝƹƵŶƃƶŤƟźĭźƔƳ

ƽŚºƷƲǀºƃŚƯƹƾºƣźŝšŚºŬƳŚųŹŚƧŚºƷƵŶºƴƴƧƩźºŤƴƧŚºƷŹƺţƺƯŚºƷŹƺţřźƳĥƽřźºŝƵŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤſřƽŚƸƫŶƯƶŝƶŤƀŝ
ŵŹřŵŵƺūƹźƿŻšŚƘƫŚƐƯƭŚŬƳřƱŚƨƯřƽŹƺţƺƯƥźŰƯƽřŹřŵ
ŚƐųƖƟŹƾƳřźŰŝƽŚƸƳŚƯŻƲǀǀƘţƩŚŨƯŹƺƏƶŝřŹŸĭƽŹřŶƿŚě 
ŹŚŝƝŸůšŚǀƬưƗŚŝƾƄųźģƵźǀųŷŢǀƟźƓƽŻŚſƶƴǀƸŝƩŚŨƯŹƺƏƶŝšŶƯƱŚǀƯƽŹřŶƿŚě 
ƮŤƀǀſİƿřźǀƯŵƺŞƸŝįřźŝİƫźŤƴĩšřƹŵřįŻŚſƶƴǀƸŝƩŚŨƯŹƺƏƶŝİƳŚſƺƳįŹřŶƿŚě 
ĥŚŤƫƹŢƟřƱřżǀƯƹƽŻřŶƳřƵřŹƽŚƸƳŚƯŻƲǀǀƘţƩŚŨƯŹƺƏƶŝŹƺţƺƯƽŻřŶƳřƵřŹ 
ŢſřƵŶƃƶŗřŹřľǈƿŷŚƷŵřŶųŹƕřƺƳřŻřƾŤƀǀƫƩŚŨƯƽřźŝŵƺưƳƞƿźƘţƱřƺţƾƯřŹƾƠƬŤŴƯƽŚƷŵřŶƿƹŹ

ŚƷŹƺţƺƯŚƿŚƷŶƫƺƯİƘƐƣŚƿƹƽŻřŶƳřƵřŹ 
ŚƷŹŚŝƭŚĭƶŝƭŚĭšřźǀǀƜţ 
ŹŚŝƖƐƣ 
ŹƺţŚƯŹƺƠƀƳřźţƹƎųƾƳŻŶǀƬƧ 
ƱŹŚƤŤƯƵŚţƺƧƩŚƈţř 
ƶƨŞƃźƇŚƴƗƱŵźƧŵŹřƹ 
ƾƣźŝšŚŬƳŚųŹŚƧŹřŶƯŻřũƹźų 
ƵŶƴƴƧƩźŤƴƧŹŚƧƶƐƤƳšŚưǀƔƴţšřźǀǀƜţ 
ƮŤƀǀſźŤƯřŹŚěźƷźǀǀƜţ 

ŵƺºūƹƾƬºƇřƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƖŝŚºţƽřźºŝƱŹŚºƤŤƯƽŚºƷŚƐųƶŞºſŚŰƯƱŚºƨƯřŚºƸƴţƱŹŚƤŤƯƶƨŞƃŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřƪǀƫŵƶŝ
ŵŹřŵ
ŻŚƟƶſźŧŒƯźƿŵŚƤƯįŻŚſƶǀŞƃÏÏÎ
ƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃƖŝŚººţŻřƾŤƀººƿŚŝƮǀƿŚººưƳżǀƫŚººƳōřŹƩŵŚººƘŤƯŚƳƽŚººƷƶƨŞººƃŚººƿƱŹŚººƤŤƯŚƳƽŚººƷŚƐųƮǀººƃŚŝŹƺººŞŬƯźĭř
ƺǀƀºěƾºƨƿźŤƨƫřƶƨŞºƃŹŚĭŶºƳŚƯŢºƫŚůŻŚºƟÐƂƿŚºưƳŻřįŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƖŝŚºţƲºƿřŵźºƧ ƵŵŚƠŤſřŻŚƟ Ð źŧŒƯźƿŵŚƤƯ
ƶƨŞºƃźºƇŚƴƗŻřƾºƃŚƳƩŵŚºƘŤƯŚƳƽŚºƷƶƨŞºƃŹŵƵŶºƯōŵƺºūƺŝƱŹŚºƤŤƯŚƳƎƿřźºƃŶºƳřƺţƾƯƲƿřźŝŚƴŝŶƴƧƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſř
ƹƾººƫźŤƴƧƾƨǀƳŚººƨƯƹźŤƨƫřƽŚƸƷŚĮŤººſŵƾƨǀƯŚººƴƿŵŹŚººŤƟŹŶº ƿŚưƳƶŞººſŚŰƯřŹƱŹŚººƤŤƯŚƳƽŚººƷŚƐųŚººƿƩŵŚººƘŤƯŚƳƽř
ŶƳřƵŶƃƶŗřŹřƾƬƇřįŻŚſƶǀŞƃƖŝŚţƁƹŹƱŚưƷƶŝżǀƳƾţŹřźů
ŶƳřƵŶƃƩŶƯƲǀĮƳŚǀƯƽŚƴŞƯƽƺĮƫřŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝƱŹŚƤŤƯŚƳƾƨǀƳŚƨƯƹźŤƨƫřƽŚƸƷŚĮŤſŵ
ŵƺưƳżǀƫŚƳōįŻŚſƶǀŞƃƖŝŚţƲƿřƦưƧƶŝƱřƺţƾƯżǀƳřŹŻŚƟƹŵƹŻŚƟƦţƽŚƷƶƨŞƃƲǀƴĤưƷ

įŻŚººſƶǀŞºƃƱřƺºţƾºƯżºǀƳřŹƱŹŚºƤŤƯŚƳƽŚºƐųƽŚƷŶƯŚƄºǀěƱŹŚºƤŤƯźŧŒºƯƽŚƷŵřŶºųŹƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃźºŝƵƹǈºƗ
źǀƔƳŵƺưƳ
ƲǀƯŻƶŝŻŚƟƦţƵŚţƺƧƽŚƷƩŚƈţř 
ƲǀƯŻƶŝŻŚƟƹŵƵŚţƺƧƽŚƷƩŚƈţř 
ŻŚƟƶŝŻŚƟƵŚţƺƧƽŚƷƩŚƈţř 
ƎųŻŚƟƦţƽŚƷƖƐƣ 
źºƷżǀƫŚºƳōƱŚºƨƯřƾŤƀºƿŚŝƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝŶƴºƃŚŝƶŤºƃřŵŵƺºūƹƮƷŚºŝƹƱŚºƯżưƷŹƺºƐŝŶºƴƳřƺţƾºƯŚºƷŚƐųƲºƿřƶưƷ
ŶƃŚŝŚǀƸƯƱŹŚƤŤƯŚƳƹƱŹŚƤŤƯƽŚƷŚƐųŻřƾŞǀƧźţ
ŻŚƟƶſƾƀǀƏŚƴƜƯƹźŤƨƫřƽřŹŸĭŢƫŚůįŻŚſƶǀŞƃÐÏÎ
ŹŚººŤƟŹƲƿřźŝŚººƴŝŵƺººƃƾººƯƶººŤƟźĭźººƔƳŹŵŚººƷĥŚŤƫƹƹŚººƷƱŚººƿźūƽřƶººƔŰƫźƿŵŚººƤƯEMTįŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃŹŵ
ŢſřƾƯřżƫřƪƿŷŵŹřƺƯŹŵŵźŝŹŚƧƽřźŝŢǀƬŝŚƣƲƿřŵƺưƳƩŶƯƱřƺţƾƯƮƷřŹƶƨŞƃƺǀƀěźƇŚƴƗƾƨǀƯŚƴƿŵ

ŚƷƱŚƿźūƹŚƷĥŚŤƫƹƾƨǀƳƺƯŹŚƷƹDCƽŚƷƶƠƫŒƯ 
źţŹƺƴƿřƽřŹřŵƽŚƷƲǀƃŚƯƢǀƣŵŹŚŤƟŹƾſŹźŝ 
HVDCƩŚƤŤƳřƽŚƸưŤƀǀſƢǀƣŵŹŚŤƟŹƾſŹźŝ 
ŹƺţŚƯŹƺƠƀƳřźţƕŚŞƃřƪǀŞƣŻřƶƨŞƃƺǀƀěźƇŚƴƗƾƐųźǀƛŹŚŤƟŹ 
ƾƳŻŶǀƬƧƪƿŚſƹŹŵŚƷĥŚŤƫƹƶƟŚƋřƾſŹźŝ 
ƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƱŚºƨƯřŢºſřƵŶºƃƩŶºƯƪºƯŚƧŹƺºƐŝƾºƨƿźŤƨƫřƶƨŞºƃƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƵŻƺůƲƿřŹŵƶƧƾƿŚŬƳōŻř
ƽřźººŝEMTƖŝŚºţŻřƱřƺººţƾºƯƲǀºƴĤưƷŵŹřŵŵƺººūƹƱŹŚºƤŤƯŚƳƹƱŹŚººƤŤƯŻřƮºƗřƵŶºƃƞǀººƇƺţƽŚƷŵřŶºųŹƶºưƷ
ƾƨǀƯŚºƴƿŵšŹƺºƇƶºŝƶƨŞºƃƺǀƀºěźºƇŚƴƗƶºƧƾƿŚºŬƳō ŻřŚºƯřŵƺºưƳƵŵŚƠŤſřźţƾƳǇƺƏƽřŹŸĭšǇŚůįŻŚſƶǀŞƃ
ƹŢºƟźĭźºƔƳŹŵŚºƳŚƯŢºƫŚůŵźºƨƬưƗŵƺºƯŻřźŤƷŚºţƺƧŹŚǀƀºŝřŹƽźºǀĭƩřźºĮŤƳřƾƳŚºƯŻƶƬěƾŤƀƿŚŝŶƳřƵŶƃƩŶƯ
ŶƿŵźĭŶƷřƺųźţƾƳǇƺƏŹŚǀƀŝƶŞſŚŰƯƱŚƯŻƩƺƏƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ

1.3 Calculation Of Initial Values
ƶƨŞºƃŹŚºŝƂºŴěŽŚºſřźºŝŶºƿŚŝƵźºǀƛƹŚºƷƵŶºƴƴƧƩźºŤƴƧŚºƷŹŚŝŚƷƲǀƃŚƯźǀƔƳƶƨŞƃŌřżūřƶǀƫƹřŹŚƧƶƐƤƳ
ƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯƶºưƷŹŚºŝƽŚºƿřƹŻƹƱƹźƨƴºſŹƺºţřźƳĥƦºƿźŰţƽŚºƷĥŚŤƫƹƶºƬůźƯƲºƿřƽřźºūřƶºŬǀŤƳŹŵŶƳƺƃƲǀǀƘţ
ŚºƿƮǀƤŤƀºƯŹƺºƐŝƶºƧƽźºĮƿŵƶƬǀºſƹźºƷľǈºƧƹŚºƷƵŶºƴƴƧƩźºŤƴƧƹƾºƣźŝšŚºŬƳŚųŹŚƧƽŚƸƫŶºƯƭŚºưţƹŢƫŚů
ŶƳƺƃƾƯƲǀǀƘţŶƃŚŝ

ƾƯŹřŶƯŻřƵźĭƦƿƱŚƿźūƵŶƴƴƧƢƿŹżţƮǀƤŤƀƯźǀƛ
ŵƺƃƾƯƕƹźƃźƿŻƪƨƃƶŝƶǀƫƹřźƿŵŚƤƯƶŞſŚŰƯ

ƾƬƇřŹřżŝřŹřƺƳƽƹŹ ƶưƧŵŹŚƄƟŚŝŚƿ 
ƾƬƇřƽƺƴƯźŝƖƣřƹCalculation / Stability / initial ConditionsƶƴƿżĭśŚŴŤƳřŚƿ 
ƞººƿźƘţįŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃšŚººưǀƔƴţƭŚººưţƱōŹŵƶººƧŢººſřƾƿŚººūƶººǀƫƹřƎƿřźººƃƽřƵŹƹŚººŰƯŹŵŚººƧƲǀººƴĤưƷ
ƪƯŚƃšŚưǀƔƴţƲƿřŶƳřƵŶƃ
ŹŚººŝƂººŴěŹƺŤººſŵƩŵŚººƘŤƯŚƳŚººƿƩŵŚººƘŤƯRMSŚººƿEMTįŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃƕƺººƳBasic options
ŵƺƃƾƯƲǀǀƘţƶƴƿżĭƲƿřŚŝŚƷŵřŶųŹŢſźƸƟƹƶŬǀŤƳźƈƴƗ

ƹƞǀƘƌººţƪººƯřƺƗŹřźººƨţŵƹŶººůŚººƐųƽŚººƷƶǀººƃŚůƕřƺººƳřƪƯŚººƃƶººƴƿżĭƲººƿřAdvanced Options
ŶƃŚŝƾƯƵźǀƛ

ŢſřƾƳŚƯŻƶƬěƮŤƿŹƺĮƫřƹƾƳŚƯŻƶƬěƽŚƷƵŻřŶƳřƪƯŚƃƶƴƿżĭƲƿřStep Sizes
ƾƬƇřƽŚƷƶƴƿżĭÎÐÎ
ŶƳřƵŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřƶƨŞƃƂƿŚưƳƹįŻŚſƶǀŞƃƕƺƳśŚŴŤƳřƽřźŝƾƬƇřƽŚƷƶƴƿżĭ
ŵƺººūƺƯƾţŚººƗŚūŹřŹŚººŝƂººŴěŹƺŤººſŵƹŚƷŵřŶººųŹŢƀººǀƫƶººŬǀŤƳźººƇŚƴƗƂƿřźººƿƹƹƾººſŹŻŚŝŹƺººƔƴƯƶººŝ
ŶƃŚŝƾƯ

ŚºƳŚƯƎƿřźºƃŹŵšŹŶºƣƮŤƀºǀſŶºƷŶŝřŹƶºǀƫƹřƎƿřźºƃƪºǀưƨţƵŻŚºūřŻŚºǀƳŵŹƺºƯƽŹřŵźºŝƵźºƸŝŢǀƘƋƹźĭř
Check Initial Conditions
řŹƾƬººƇřŹřżººŝřŹřƺººƳƽƹŹźººŝ ƶººưƧŵƱřƺººţƾººƯƶººǀƫƹřƎƿřźººƃƾººſŹźŝƹƩźººŤƴƧƽřźººŝŢººƃřŵŶººƷřƺųŹřźººƣ
ŶºƴģŚºƿƦºƿƢŤƄºƯźĭřŶºƃŶºƷřƺųƭŚºŬƳřƩźºŤƴƧƲºƿřŶºƃŚŝ dx  0 ŢºƫŚůƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯƭŚºưţƽřźŝźĭřŵźƄƟ
ƕƹźºƃƲǀºƘƯƽŚºƐųƦºƿƩŚºưƗřƱƹŶºŝƾºŤůƾţŚƯŶºƤƯŹŚǀƀºŝƪºůřźƯŻřšŹŶºƣƮŤƀǀſŶƃŚŞƳźƠƇŢƫŚůźǀƜŤƯ
dt
ŚºƿŚºƐųƽŚºƸƯŚƜǀěƭŚºưţŶºƿŚưƳżǀƫŚºƳōŢºƣŵŚºŝřŹŢǀƘºƋƹŶºƿŚŝźŝŹŚºƧŵŹƺºƯƲºƿřŹŵŵźºƧŶºƷřƺųŢºƧźůƶŝ
ŚºƿźºţřźƟƽŹŚºƧƶºƐƤƳŚºƿƵŶºƃŹŚºŝƶƟŚºƋřƽřŹřŵƶºƧƾƬƿŚºſƹƶºƳƺưƳƽřźºŝŶºƳŵźĭƾºſŹźŝŢºƣŵƶŝŶƿŚŝŹřŶƄƷ
ŶƳřƶŤƃřŵƩŚƴĮǀſŶůŻřźţƲǀƿŚě
Automatic Step Size Adaption
ŢƗźººſŦººƗŚŝƽřƶººƔůǈƯƪººŝŚƣŹƺººƏƶººŝƾƳŚººƯŻƶººƬěƽźƿŸººěƢººƟƹƮŤƿŹƺººĮƫřƽŻŚººſŶƴưƳřƺţŚººŝƶººƴƿżĭƲººƿř
ƶŰƠºººƇŹŵƶºººƬěƵŻřŶºººƳřƢºººǀŞƐţšŚºººưǀƔƴţŢºººſřƵŶºººƿŵźĭįŻŚºººſƶǀŞºººƃšŚºººǀƬưƗƶºººŝƱŶǀƄºººŴŝ
ŵƺƃƾƯƭŚŬƳř
Set Size Adaptation


ƶŤƟźƄǀěƽŚƷƶƴƿżĭÏÐÎ
ƶºŝŵƺºưƳƵŵŚƠŤºſřƶŤƟźƄºǀěƽŚºƷƶºƴƿżĭŻřįŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƮŤƿŹƺºĮƫřźƷŚºƓŢºƟŚŝƢºǀƣŵƮǀºƔƴţƽřźŝŢſřƲƨưƯ
ŶƴƿŚưƳƵŵŚƠŤſřƶƳƺưƳźƿŵŚƤƯŻřƶƧŢſřƵŶƃƶǀƇƺţƶŝźŬţƾŝƱřźŝŹŚƧ
10*errlfƶƳƺưƳŹřŶƤƯƵźĭšǇŵŚƘƯŹřźƨţƽŚƐųźŨƧřŶůerrsm
0/1%ƶƳƺưƳŹřŶƤƯƩŶƯšǇŵŚƘƯƽŚƐųźŨƧřŶůerreq
ÏÒƶƳƺưƳŹřŶƤƯŹřźƨţŵřŶƘţźŨƧřŶůitrlx
ÎÍƶƳƺưƳŹřŶƤƯżǀƯōŢǀƤƟƺƯŢƫŚůŹřźƨţŵřŶƘţźŨƧřŶůitrpx
ÒƶƳƺưƳŹřŶƤƯƲǀŝƺƧřĥžƿźţŚƯŵŶŬƯƶŞſŚŰƯƽřźŝŹřźƨţŶůitrjx
ƾƳŚººƯŻƶƬººƇŚƟResolution Factor of the Event ControlŵřŶººųŹƩźººŤƴƧŢººƣŵŜƿźººƋ

ŹŵƮƷŚºŝŵřŶºųŹƽźŤƄºǀŝŵřŶºƘţŚºƿƹŵŶºƃŚŝŹřźºƣźºĭřŶºƿŚưƳƾºƯƲǀºǀƘţřŹŚƷŵřŶºųŹƾƳŚºƯżưƷŹŵƵŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤſř
ŶƳƺººƃƾº ƯƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃƾƳŚººƯŻƶººƔŰƫƦººƿŹŵƾººĮưƷƹƱŚººƯżưƷŹƺººƐŝŚººƸƳōŶººƴƷŵűŹƾƳŚººƯŻƵŵƹŶººŰƯƦººƿ
ŶƃŚŝƾƯƾƟŚƧ
ÍÎƶƳƺưƳŹřŶƤƯľǇƺưƘƯŵƺƄǀƯƾƳŚƯŻƶƬƇŚƟƂƷŚƧƶŝźŬƴƯźţǇŚŝŢƣŵŜƿźƋ
ƭŚĭƽŚƷƵŻřŶƳřÐÐÎ
ƽřźººŝƾƨǀƯŚººƴƿŵƩŶººƯƩřźººĮŤƳřŻřŢººůřŹƮŤƿŹƺººĮƫřƦººƿŚººŝƵŶººƃƢººǀƠƬţƱƺƀººƟřŹóƲţƺººǀƳƽŹřźººƨţƁƹŹŻř
ŹřźºƣŦºŰŝŵŹƺºƯľǈºƿŷƶºƧƾƿŚºƷźŤƯřŹŚěŢºſřƵŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſřƶŤºſƺǀěƮºƷƶºŝƵŶºǀĤǀěƽŚºƷƶƨŞºƃšǇŵŚƘƯƪů
ŹŚºŝƂºŴěƽřƵŹƹŚºŰƯŹŵŚºƧŹŵŚºƸƳōƪºŰƯƹƵŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſřįŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃŶºƴƿōźƟƽŶºƴŝźƨǀěŹƺºƔƴƯƶºŝŶƳřƶŤƟźĭ
ŶƃŚŝƾƯ
(ComInc)ƶǀƫƹřźƿŵŚƤƯšŚŞſŚŰƯƽřƵŹƹŚŰƯŹŵŚƧƹ(Comldf)
ŶƳƺƃƾƯƩźŤƴƧƪƿŷƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěƶƬǀſƺŝƽźǀĭƩřźĮŤƳřƹŹřźƨţƁƹŹƹŵźƷ

ÏÒƶƳƺưƳŹřŶƤƯżǀƯōŢǀƤƟŒƯŹřźƨţƽŚƸŤƫŚůŵřŶƘţźŨƧřŶůitrpx
(10*errlfƶƳƺưƳŹřŶƤƯƵźĭšǇŵŚƘƯŹřźƨţƽŚƐųźŨƧřŶůerrsm
ŻŚºŬƯƽŚºƐųźŨƧřŶºůƶºŝƶºūƺţŚºŝƶºƧƽźºǀĭƩřźºĮŤƳřƶºƬůźƯźƷŹŵŹřźƨţŵřŶƘţźŨƧřŶů "itrpx" 
řŹŸºĭŢºƫŚůįŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃŶºƴƿōźƟƾºƏŹŵŶºƿŚưƳƾºƯƆŴƄºƯřŹŵŵźºĭƾƯƲǀǀƘţ
"errsm "ŽŚŝ
ŻřŶººƘŝƾººƴƘƿƅŚººųƎƿřźººƃŢººŰţŶººƃŚŝƾººƯ
ÒŚººţÎƲǀººŝƭŻǇŹřźººƨţŵřŶººƘţƶººƳƺưƳŵŶººƗ
ŵƺưƳƵŶƷŚƄƯƱřƺţƾƯƮƷřŹŹřźƨţ
ÏÒŚţƾƳŻŶǀƬƧ
ƕƹźºƃŹřŶƤƯƦƿƱřƺƴƗƶŝŵŹřŵĥŚŤƫƹŭƺƐſƹŚƷƲǀƃŚƯƾƯŚƳƱřƺţƶŝƾĮŤƀŝ "errsm" ŹřźƨţƽŚƐų 
ŻŚºŬƯƽŚºƐųźŨƧřŶºůerrlfƶºƧŵƺƃƮǀƔƴţerrsm = 10*errlfƶƐŝřŹƢŞƏŶƿŚŝ"errsm"ŜſŚƴƯ
ŶºƃŚŝƾºƯ"Max Allowable load Flow Error for each Bus"ƶƴǀºƃźºƷƽřźºŝŹŚºŝƂŴě
ƽĥŚºŤƫƹƽŚºƷƁźºěźºĭřŶƃŚŝƾƯƽŹƺţřźƳĥƽŚƷƶƴǀƃƽŚƷĥŚŤƫƹŻřƾųźŝƮǀſźţƩźŤƴƧƁƹŹƲƿźŤƸŝ
ŵƺƃƵŵřŵƂƷŚƧerrsmŹřŶƤƯƾŤƀƿŚŝŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯƽĥŚŤƫƹƽŚƷƶƬě

ƱřƺºţƾºƯŵŹřŵƽźºǀĭƩřźºĮŤƳřƭŚºĭįŚºƷƵŻřŶºƳřƶºŝİĮŤƀºŝįŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃŶºƴƿōźƟŹŵŚºƷŹřźĪţŵřŶºƘţƲǀƴĤưƷ
ƵŵŚƠŤºſřƾƳŚºƯŻƶºƬěƦºƿŚºƸƴţŻřƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃŶºƴƿōźƟƪºƧŹŵƶºƧŵƺºưƳƮǀºƔƴţƽřƶºƳƺĭƶŝřŹįŻŚſƶǀŞƃŶƴƿōźƟ

ƵŵŚƠŤºſřšƹŚºƠŤƯįŚºƷƾƳŚºƯŻƶºƬěŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſřŵŹƺºƯƶƨŞºƃƩŶºƯƹƵŶºƃƽŻŚºſƶǀŞƃƽŚƷŵřŶųŹƶŝƶŤƀŝŚƿŵŵźĭ
ŵŵźĭ
ŶƃŚŝƾƯƪƿŷŵŹřƺƯŹŵƭŚĭƵŻřŶƳřƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěŵźŝŹŚĩ

ƶƿƺƳŚŧÍÍÍÍÎƶƳƺưƳŹřŶƤƯƾƀǀƏŚƴƜƯƹźŤƨƫřƽřŹŸĭšǇŚůdtemt
ŹƺºƏƶºŝŚºƷƵŶºƴƴƧŹřŶƿŚěŚºƷƵŶºƴƴƧƦºƿźŰţƱŹŚºƤŤƯŚƳ ƱŹŚºƤŤƯ ƾƨǀƳŚºƨƯƹźºŤƨƫřƽřŹŸºĭšǇŚůdtyrd
ƶƿƺƳŚŧÍÍÎƶƳƺưƳ
ƶƿƺƳŚŧÍÎƶƳƺưƳŹřŶƤƯ(Pco , Pmu , mdm)šŶƯƱŚǀƯƽřŹŸĭšǇŚůdtpmu
ƶƿƺƳŚŧÍÍÎƶƳƺưƳŹřŶƤƯƾūƹźųdtout
ƩŚºŨƯƱřƺºƴƗƶºŝƞǀƘºƋƾºƐųźºǀƛƽŚºƷƵŶºƿŶěƪºůƽřźºŝƶƧƱƺƀƟřŹóƲţƺǀƳƮŤƿŹƺĮƫřźŝƵƹǈƗ 
EMTįŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƖŝŚºţŻřŵƺƄºǀƯƵŵŚƠŤºſřƱƹźƨƴºſōƹƱƹźƨƴºſƽŚºƷƲǀºƃŚƯŹŵƕŚŞºƃřšřźǀŧŐţ
ŚºƿƶŞǀºƃƹŵƾºƴŰƴƯŚºŝŹƺţŚƯŹƺƠƀºƳřźţƾƳŻŶºǀƬƧŶºƴƳŚƯ ƽƺºƣƾºƐųźǀƛƽŚƷƵŶƿŶěƪǀƬŰţŹƺƔƴƯƶŝ
ƽŚºƷƶºƬěƲǀºŝŹŵŚºƷƶºƠƣƹƲºƿřƶºƧŵŹřŵŵƺºūƹƱŚºƨƯřƲºƿřƲǀƴĤưƷŵŵźĭƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſřŚƷŹƺŤƀƿźƿŚţ
ŶƴƷŵűŹƾƳŚƯŻ
ƹƵŶººƃƾŝŚººǀƳƹŹŵƶººƠƣƹƶººƔŰƫŹŵƾƳŚººƯŻƶŤƀººŝřƹƽŚººƷźǀƜŤƯƶººưƷƽřƶººƠƣƹƲǀººƴģŵŹƺººƯŹŵ
ŵƺƃƾƯƕƹźƃľřŵŶŬƯƶƐƤƳƱŚưƷŹŵįŻŚſƶǀŞƃ

ƽźººǀĭƩřźººĮŤƳřƾƳŚººƯŻƽŚººƷƶººƬěŻřƵŵŚƠŤººſřƹƵŵźººƧƽźǀĭƺººƬūƽŵŶººƗšŚƳŚººſƺƳŻřƪººưƗƲººƿř
ŵŻŚſƾƯźƿŸěƱŚƨƯřšŹŶƣƦǀƳƹź
ŤƨƫřšřƹŵřŵŹƺƯŹŵřŹźŤƷŚţƺƧ
(pss)šŹŶºƣƶƨŞºƃƽŚºƷƵŶºƴƴƧŹřŶƿŚěƹ (vco)ĥŚºŤƫƹƽŚºƷƵŶºƴƴƧƩźºŤƴƧƾƨǀƯŚºƴƿŵƩŶºƯšǇŵŚƘƯ 
ŶƳƺƃƾƯƪů
(dtgrdƭŚĭƵŻřŶƳř)ƶƨŞƃƺǀƀěźƇŚƴƗƹŚƷŹƺţřźƳĥšǇŵŚƘƯŚŝƱŚƯżưƷŹƺƐŝ
įŚºƷƶĪŞºƃįřźºŝƶºǀƳŚŧİƬǀƯÎŻřƽźǀĮƫřźĮŤƳřƭŚĭƵŻřŶƳřƶĪŞƃįŚƿŚěƶŞƃƩŶƯŚŝįŻŚſƶǀŞƃŢƫŚůŹŵ
įŚƷƶĪŞƃįřźŝƶǀƳŚŧİƬǀƯ
çååçåŚţ[kVA]ƾƯŚƳƱřƺţƵŵƹŶŰƯŚŝĨģƺĩŹŚǀƀŝįŚƷƲǀƃŚƯŚŝĨģƺĩ

ƶǀŞºƃŶºƴƿōźƟƾºƏŹŵźºĭřŢºſřźǀƜŤƯ [MVA]ƾƯŚƳƱřƺţƵŵƹŶŰƯŚŝīŹżŝįŚƷƲǀƃŚƯŚŝįƺƣŹŚƄƟ
ŵŵźºĭƾƯƶǀƇƺţźŝŹŚĩƶŝŵƺƃźƷŚƓ
"integration failed to converge"įŚƐųƭŚƜǀěľŚưŗřŵįŻŚſ
ŶƷŵƂƷŚĩřŹ 'dtgrd'ƽźǀĭƩřźĮŤƳřƶŤſƺǀěƭŚĭƵŻřŶƳřŚţ
ƽŚººƷƵŶººƴƴƧƩźººŤƴƧ(pmu)ƶººǀƫƹřƥźººŰƯƽŚƸưŤƀººǀſŶººƴƳŚƯƾººƨƿźŤƨƫřźǀƛƩŶººƯšǇŵŚººƘƯźƿŚººſ 
ƾƳŚºººƯŻƶºººƬěŻřƵŵŚƠŤºººſřŚºººŝ(mdm)ƽŹƺºººţƺƯŻřŶºººƳřƵřŹƽřŹřŵƽŚºººƷƲǀºººƃŚƯƹ(pco)ƶºººǀƫƹř
ŵŹřŵŵźŝŹŚƧƶŤƗźſŶƴģįŻŚſƶǀŞƃŵŹƺƯŹŵƶƧŶƳƺƄǀƯƪů(dtpmu)ƽźǀĭƩř
źĮŤƳř
ŵƺººųƽƹŹźººŝƽźǀŧŐººţĢǀººƷƹŵƺººƃƾººƯƵŵŚƠŤººſřƾººūƹźųŪƿŚººŤƳƽřźººŝƎººƤƟõdtoutõƾƳŚººƯŻƶººƬě 
ŢƗźºſįŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃŶºƴƿōźƟźºŤĭŹżŝƾºūƹźųƾƳŚºƯŻƶºƬěƦºƿśŚºŴŤƳřŚŝŵŹřŶƳšŚŞſŚŰƯŶƴƿōźƟ
ŵƹźŝƲǀŝŻřƵŶƃƁŹřżĭŪƿŚŤƳŹŵźţƖƿźſŢſřƲƨưƯšřźǀǀƜţŚƯřƶŤƟŚƿ
ŶººƿŚŝƾƳŚººƯŻƶººƬěźººĮƿŵƽŚººƷƵŻřŶººƳřźƿŚººſŵřŵŢŞƀººƳõdtgrdõƶººŝřŹƾƳŚººƯŻƶººƬěƵŻřŶººƳřƲƿźŤƨģƺººƧŶººƿŚŝ
ŶƴƃŚŝõdtgrdõŻřƾŝźƌƯ

ŚƷŵřŶųŹŪƿŚŤƳÑÐÎ
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1.6 Events
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ÐöDIgSILENTõ
(EvtShc) ƵŚţƺƧƩŚƈţřƽŚƷŵřŶųŹ Î
(EvtSwith)ƾƳŻŶǀƬƧŚƷŵřŶųŹ ç
(EvtSym) ƱƹźƨƴſƽŚƷƲǀƃŚƯƶŝƍƺŝźƯƽŚƷŵřŶųŹ Ð
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1.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 2
1.4 Run Simulation ...................................................................................... 9
1.5 Result Objects........................................................................................ 9
1.6 Events.................................................................................................. 10

2.3 The Common Model ........................................................................... 18

3.5 DSL Functions..................................................................................... 47


5.6 Result Objects...................................................................................... 75
5.8 Triggering............................................................................................ 80

6.3 Failure Models....................................................................................100
DIgSILENT PowerFactory Models for Stability Analysis
Chapter 2
Models for Stability Analysis

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2.1 System Modelling Approach
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ŵźƧřŶǀěƱřƺŤŝŶƿŚŝřŹŚƸƳōŵŚŬƿřźŝŹřŸĭźǀŧŐţƶƠƫŒƯ
ƶºŝŜºƬƛřİĭŶºǀĤǀěźºĮƿŵƶºŞƴūŶºƃŚŝƾºƯřŹŸºĭƽŹřŶºƿŚěšŚºƘƫŚƐƯįŚºƷƾĭŶºǀĤǀěŻřƶŞƴūƦƿŵŹƺƯƲƿř
ƽŚƸƫŶºƯŻřƾºŞǀƧźţŢºſřƲºƨưƯŚºƸƳōŻřƭřŶºƧźºƷƶºƧŢºſřƾƳŚºƯŻ ƽŚƸƫŶºƯŻřįŵŚƿŻįŚƷƶƗƺưŬƯƶŝŻŚǀƳƪǀƫŵ
ŵŚººŬƿřřŹīŹżººŝįřŹŸººĭƩŶººƯĨººƿƹƵŶººƃƪƈººŤƯźĮƿŶººĪƿƶººŝƾƳŚººƯŻƽŚƸƫŶººƯƲººƿřƶººưƷľŚº ŤƿŚƸƳŶƴººƃŚŝźººĮƿŵ
ŶƯōŶƷřƺųŢſŵƶŝƱōŻřƶƨŞƃƪǀƀƳřźƠƿŵšǇŵŚƘƯƾƬƇřƶƗƺưŬƯƶƧŶƴƿŚưƳƾƯ

ŢưººſƶºŝPowerFactoryƽŻŚºſƩŶºƯƁƹŹƹƶƠƀºƬƟřŹŸºĭżǀƫŚººƳōƶƫŐƀºƯƾĭŶºǀĤǀěƲŤƟźºĭźºƔƳŹŵŚºŝ
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ŶƳřƵŶƃƢǀƠƬţƮƷŚŝƱōŹŵƾƨǀƟřźĭƹİƀƿƺƳŢĜƿźĪſř

ƵŶººƃƪǀĪƄºţƱŚºƯŻƵŻƺººůŹŵƽŻŚºſƩŶººƯƾƬºƇřƾººŞţřźƯƶƬƀººƬſŭƺƐºſƶººƿŚěźŝƽŻŚºſƩŶººƯƁƹŹŽŚºſř
Ţſř
ƽŻŚºººſƶǀŞºººƃƱŚºººŝŻźºººŝİºººƴŤŞƯƶºººƧ(DSLƥƺºººƬŝƞƿŹŚºººƘţDSL block definitions 
įřŹŸººĭƽŚƸƫŶººƯƽřźººŝřŹƾƬººƇřįŹŚŤųŚººſįŚººƷħƺººƬŝŢººſřƵŶººƃŵŚººŬƿř(DSL)Digsilent
ŶƷŵƾƯƪǀĪƄţźţƵŶǀĤǀě

įŚƸƫŶºººƯƹƵŶºººƃƶŤųŚºººſƂǀºººěŻřįŚƸƫŶºººƯcommon modelsƹbuild-in models 
šřżººǀƸŬţƽřźººŝİƿřŹŸºĭƽŚƸƫŶººƯ(build-in)ƵŶºƃƶŤųŚººſƂǀºěŻřŚººƿİºƳƹŹŵƽŚƸƫŶººƯħźŤƄºƯ
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ħźŤƄºƯƽŚƸƫŶºƯŶƴºƃŚŝƾºƯƵźºǀƛƹƶºǀƫƹřƥźºŰƯįřŹřŵƽŚƷŶºůřƹĥŚºŤƫƹƽŚƷƵŶƴƴƧƩźŤƴƧƺǀŤĩřŹ
ƎººſƺţƶººĩŶƴŤƀººƷİƿřŹŸººĭƽŚƸƫŶººƯƲǀººƫƹřƹƵŶººƃŵŚººŬƿřDSLƥƺººƬŝƞƿŹŚººƘţŽŚººſřźŝľŚº ŤƿŚƸƳ
ŶƳřƵŶƃƞƿźƘţźŝŹŚƧ
ƮƿźºƟƦºƿŽŚºſřźºŝŜºƧźƯƽŚƸƫŶºƯƲºƿřŻřƭřŶºƧźºƷŜºƧźƯƽŚƸƫŶºƯcomposite models 
ŚºƿƹƥźŤƄºƯƽŚƸƫŶºƯƱŵźºƧƪºƇƹƮºƷƶºŝƹŜºǀƧźţƽřźºŝƶºĩŢºſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵŹřźƣŜƧźƯśŚƣ
ƱŚººĪƯřŜººƧźƯƽŚººƸŝƺģŹŚģƽŚººƷƮƿźººƟŢººſřƵŶººƃƵŵŚƠŤººſřƵŶººƃƶŤųŚººſƂǀººěŻřƽŚƸƫŶººƯ
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ŶƃŚŝƾƯįŹřźĪţšŚƗǈƏřƲǀƴģŻřƽźǀĭƺƬūŚƸƳō

ƞººƿźƘţƦººƿƾººƬƧƾƳŚººƯŻƩŶººƯƦººƿƶººƧ(ElmDSI)ƥźŤƄººƯƩŶººƯCommon Model 
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2.2 The Composite Model
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ŶƴƴƧźěřŹŚƷŹŚǀƃƲƿřŶƿŚŝ
ƂǀºěŻřƹİºƳƹŹŵįŚƸƫŶºƯŻřƹŵźºƷİƬºƇřƭřźĭŚºƿŵŹŵƵŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſřĥŚºŤƫƹƵŶºƴƴĩƩźºŤƴĩƹƱƹźĪƴºſƲǀƃŚƯ
ƹƞºƿźƘţźŝŹŚºĩƎºſƺţƶºĩŢºſřħźŤƄºƯƩŶºƯĨºƿƶºǀƫƹřŻřŶºƳřƵřŹŶºůřƹƶºĪǀƫŚůŹŵŶƴºƃŚŝƾºƯƵŶºƃƶŤųŚſ
ƩŶºƯĨºƿŻřŢºſřšŹŚºŞƗźŝŹŚºĩƎºſƺţƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţįřŹŸºĭįŚƸƫŶºƯƾƯŚºưţįźƷŚºƓįŚºưƳŢſřƵŶƃŵŚŬƿř
ŢſřƵŶƯōŢſŶŝƅŚųįŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěšŚưǀƔƴţŚŝħƺƬŝƞƿźƘţĨƿƢǀƠƬţŻřƶĩElmDslħźŤƄƯ

ŜƧźƯƩŶƯƦƿŻřƾƫŚŨƯÏÏƪƨƃ
ŹřżººŝřŹřƺººƳƽƹŹźººŝnew ƶººưƧŵŻřƵŵŚƠŤººſřŚººŝƱřƺººţƾººƯřŹ İººŞǀĩźţƩŶººƯƦººƿ

ŶºƃŚŝƾºƯŜºƧźƯƮƿźºƟśŚºŴŤƳřįŶºƘŝƭŚºĭŵźºƧŵŚºŬƿřComposite ModelśŚºŴŤƳřƹŚºƷƵŵřŵƵŚºĮƿŚěźƿŶƯ
ŶƷŵƾƯƱŚƄƳŜƧźƯśƺģŹŚģŹŵřŹŚƷŹŚǀƃŻřƾŤſźƸƟİŞǀĩźţƩŶƯžĜſ

ŹŚºƧƲºƿřƶºƧŵřŵƅŚƈºŤųřŹŚǀºƃƦºƿƶºŝƾŤºſŵšŹƺºƇƶºŝƱřƺºţƾºƯřŹŵƺºūƺƯƽŚƸƫŶƯŚƿŚƷƵŶƴƴƧƩźŤƴƧ
ÐÏƪƨºƃŹŵƪºưƗƲºƿřŵřŵƭŚºŬƳřƱřƺºţƾºƯElement / TypeśŚºŴŤƳřƹŹŚǀºƃźºŝƱŵƺºưƳŢºſřŹƦºǀƬƧŚºŝ
ƦºƿŵŚºŬƿřƽřźºŝŢºſřƵŶƄºƳŵŚºŬƿřŻƺºƴƷįřƵŶºƴƴƧƩźºŤƴƧŚƷŹŚǀºƃƽřźºŝšŚºƣƹřźŤƄºǀŝŢºſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳ
ƽŚƸƫŶººƯŻřƾŤººſźƸƟƶººƴƿżĭƲººƿřŶººǀƿŚưƳśŚººŴŤƳřřŹNew Element / TypeƶººƴƿżĭŶººƿŶūƵŶººƴƴƧƩźººŤƴƧ
śŚºŴŤƳřŵƺºưƳśŚºŴŤƳřżºǀƳŢºſźƸƟƲºƿřŻřřŹƥźŤƄºƯƩŶºƯƦºƿƱřƺºţƾºƯƲǀƴĤưƷŵřŵŶƷřƺųƱŚƄƳřŹŵƺūƺƯ
ŚºƷźŤƯřŹŚěƮǀºƔƴţŹƺºƔƴƯƶºŝƩŶºƯƱōƽřƵŹƹŚºŰƯŹŵŚºƧƱŶºƃƵŵƺƄºĭƶºŝźºŬƴƯ ƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţƂǀºěŻř ƩŶºƯƦƿ
ƱōŻřžººěƱřƺººŤŝŚººţŵźºĩśŚººŴŤƳřřŹƥƺººƬŝƞºƿźƘţƦºƿƪººŞƣŻřİŤƀººƿŚŝƥźŤƄººƯƩŶºƯŵŹƺººƯŹŵŶºƃŶºƷřƺų
ŵƺưƳƮǀƔƴţřŹƩŶƯƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚě
ŹřŵƺºưƳŹŵźƈºƴƗƦºƿƱŵƺºưƳŢºſřŹƦºǀƬƧŵŹřŶƳŚŤºſřŜºƧźƯƽŚƸƫŶºƯƞºƿźƘţƽřźºŝźºţƖƿźſƁƹŹƦƿ
DefineśŚŴŤƳřƹƾƐųƦţ
ŵƺºūƺƯƵŶºƃśŚºŴŤƳřźƈºƴƗƽřźºŝŵŹřŶƳŚŤºſřŜºƧźƯƩŶºƯƦºƿƾºŤƣƹŶºƃŚŝƾƯ

ƵŶººƴƴƧƩźººŤƴƧƦººƿśŚººŴŤƳřŵƺººƃƾººƯƵŵřŵƱŚƄººƳƩŶººƯƱōŹŵŵƺººūƺƯƽŚººƷƵŶººƴƴƧƩźººŤƴƧŻřƾŤººſźƸƟŶººƃŚŝ
śŚºŴŤƳřźƈºƴƗƽřźºŝƾºŞƧźƯƩŶºƯĢǀºƷŻƺºƴƷƶºĩƾºŤƣƹŵƺºưƳŶºƷřƺųƶƟŚºƋřŜƧźƯƩŶƯƶŝřŹƱōŹŚĩŵƺųŹƺƐŝ
ŜººƧźƯƽŚƸƫŶººƯŢººſřƵŶººƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄººƳƱƹźĪƴººſƲǀººƃŚƯƽřźººŝƺººƴƯƲººƿřÑÏƪƨººƃŹŵŶººƃŚŞƳŵƺººūƺƯƵŶººƃ
ŶƳŵƺūƺƯƪƿŷŵŹřƺƯƽřźŝŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř
The Synchronous motor and generator ƱƹźĪƴſŹƺţřźƳĥƹŹƺţƺƯ 
The Asynchronous motor and generator ƱƹźĪƴſōŹƺţřźƳĥƹŹƺţƺƯ 
The Static VAr system ƺǀŤĩřŹƱřƺţƵŶƴƴĩƱřźŞūƦǀţŚŤſřŹřƹƮŤƀǀſ 

İŞǀĩźţźƈƴƗƶƃƺěƂƿřźƿƹÐÏƪƨƃ



ŵŹřŶƳŚŤſřİŞǀƧźţƩŶƯƦƿƞƿźƘţÑÏƪƨƃ

ŹŚǀƃƽŹƹōŻƹŹƶŝÎÏÏ
ŜººƧźƯƮƿźººƟŻřřŹŚƷŹŚǀººƃƞƿŹŚººƘţƵŹŚººŝƹŵŜººƧźƯƩŶººƯŹŵŹŚǀººƃƽŹƹōŻƹŹƶººŝ slot update ƶººưƧŵ

ŶƿŚưƳƾƯƺƜƫřŹ
źŞŤƘƯŚƳƶŤƟŚƿƅŚƈŤųřƞƿŹŚƘţƶưƷƹƵŶƳřƺų
ŜºſŚƴƯƾƫŶºƯƲǀºƴģŢºƟŚƿŹŵƽřźºŝƶºƧƽŹŚǀºƃƶºŝƩŶºƯƦºƿƶºƧŢºſřźŞŤƘƯŚºƳƾºŤƣƹŹŚǀƃƦƿƅŚƈŤųř
ƽřźºŝƶºƧŵřŵƅŚƈºŤųřƽŹŚǀºƃƶºŝƱřƺºţƾºưƳřŹĥŚºŤƫƹƵŶºƴƴƧƩźºŤƴƧƦºƿ ƩŚŨƯįřźŝŵƺƃƵŵřŵƅŚƈŤųř ŢƀǀƳ
ŶƃŚŝƵŶƃƞƿźƘţƶǀƫƹřƵŶƴƴƧƩźŤƴƧƩŶƯƦƿ
ŹŵŶƴºƃŚŝƵŶºƃŵŚºŬƿřƅŚºų İºŞǀƧźţ ƩŶºƯƦºƿƽřźºŝƶºƧ ƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţƂǀºěŻř ŚºƿƥźŤƄºƯƽŚƸƫŶƯ ƭŚưţ
ƶºƃƺěƦºƿŜºƫŚƣŹŵŚºƷƵŵřŵƵŚºĮƿŚěźƿŶºƯŹŵŜºƧźƯƩŶºƯƦºƿšŚºƿƺŤŰƯŶƳƺºƃƾºƯƵźǀųŷŜƧźƯƩŶƯƱōŵƺų
ŚººƿƱƹźĪƴººſƽŚººƷƲǀººƃŚƯƪººǀŞƣŻřšŹŶººƣƶƨŞººƃİƬººƇřšřżººǀƸŬţŵƺººƃƾººƯƵŵřŵƱŚƄººƳƾƫƺººưƘƯƵŵřŵ
ŶƳƺƃƾư
ƳƵźǀųŷŜƧźƯƶƃƺěƲƿřŹŵľǇƺưƘƯƦǀţŚŤſřƺǀŤĩřŹƱřƺţƽŚƷƵŶƴƴƧ
ƱřźŞū

ŹŚǀºƃƶºŝľřŵŶºŬƯřŹƵŶºƃŢºƟŚƿƩŶºƯźºƷƵŶºƃŻƹŹƶºŝšŚºƿƺŤŰƯ ƶºƧŶºƴƧƾºƯƾƘſŹŚǀƃƽŹƹōŻƹŹƶŝƪưƗ
ŶƷŵƅŚƈŤųřƱōƎŞţźƯ
ƶƬěŲſŚěÏÏÏ
ŵŚººŬƿřįŹŚººūƵĥƹźººěŹŵřŹƽŶººƿŶūƶººƃƺěŜººƧźƯƩŶººƯŹŵƽřƶººƬěŲººſŚěStep Response ƶººưƧŵ

ƱōŚºŝƱřƺºţƾºƯřŹŜºƧźƯƩŶºƯƽřƶºƬěŲºſŚěƶºƧŶºƃ ŶºƷřƺų ŵŚºŬƿř İţŚŞºſŚŰƯ ŵŹƺºƯ ƦºƿƱōŹŵƶºƧ ŶƿŚưƳƾƯ
ŵƺưƳŢƀţ



ƥźŤƄƯƩŶƯŹŚŤųŚſÒÏƪƨƃ
2.3 The Common Model
ƲƿźººŤƿƹŶººƿŵƪººŝŚƣƂººŴŝźŝŹŚººƧƎººſƺţƵŶººƃƞººƿźƘţįŚººƷƥƺººƬŝƞƿŹŚººƘţƭŚººưţƽřźººŝƥźŤƄººƯƩŶººƯ
ƥƺºƬŝƲǀºƴĤưƷƶºĪƬŝźŝŹŚºƧƎºſƺţƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţ įřŹŸºĭ ƽŚƸƫŶºƯ ƶºĩŢºſřİºƴƘƯƱřŶºŝ ƲƿřŵƺƃƾƯ śƺƀŰƯ
ŹŵƱřƺººţƾººưƳřŹŶººƳřƵŶººƃƩŚººſŹřPowerfactoryƶººƯŚƳźŝƵřźººưƷƶººŝƹƵŶººƃƵŵŚººƯōƪººŞƣŻřƶººĩİƿŚººƷƭřźĭŚººƿŵ
źƿŵŚºƤƯŚºŝřŹƥƺºƬŝƞºƿźƘţƦºƿƥźŤƄºƯƩŶºƯŵřŵŹřźºƣ ƵŵŚƠŤºſř ŵŹƺºƯįźºĮƿŵƪĪºƃƶºŝ ƥźŤƄºƯƩŶºƯ ŜƫŚƣ
ŢſřƵŵƺưƳƢǀƠƬţŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěŻřİƇŚų
ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƂƿŚưƳÒÏƪƨƃŹŵƱōƥƺƬŝƞƿźƘţƹƥźŤƄƯƩŶƯƾƬƧŹŚŤųŚſ
ƞºƿźƘţĨºƿƵŶºǀĤǀěƞºƿźƘţƦºƿ ŚºƿŶºƃŚŝƾƿřŶºŤŝř ƹįƹŶºŝ ƞºƿźƘţƦºƿŢºſřƲºƨưƯ Śƿ ƥƺƬŝƞƿźƘţ
ŚºƿŶºƃŚŝƾƿřŶºŤŝřƥƺºƬŝƞºƿźƘţƶºŝįřƵŹŚºƃřŢºſřƲºƨưƯƶºƧŢºſřƥƺºƬŝƖºūřźƯźºŝƪưŤƄƯƥƺƬŝŻřƵŶǀĤǀě
ŶºƿŚŝƹŢºſřźƿŸºěŢƄºĭźŝƥƺºƬŝƞºƿźƘţŹŚŤųŚºſƹŹƲºƿřŻřŶºƃŚŝƶŤºƃřŵ ƽŶƘŝ ƵŶǀĤǀě ƥƺƬŝƞƿźƘţ ƶŝƵŹŚƃř
ŵƺƄƳƪƯŚƃřŹįřƶƤƬůŜƧźƯƾƧƺƬŝƞƿŹŚƘţƶŝƕŚūŹřŹŵƾŤƄĭźŝŹŚŤųŚſƲƿřƶƧŵƺưƳƶūƺţ
řŹƾƬºƇřƾƳŚưŤųŚºſƥƺºƬŝƦºƿƹŶºƃŚŝƾºƯDSL šŹŚºŞƗŶºƴģŚºƿƦºƿƽřŹřŵƥƺºƬŝ İƿřŶºŤŝř ƞºƿźƘţƦƿ
ŶƷŵƾƯƪ
ǀƨƄţźţƵŶǀĤǀěįřŹŸĭƽŚƸƫŶƯƽřźŝ
ŶºƳřƺţƾºƯƩŶºƯŹŚºŤƟŹƱŵřŵźºǀǀƜţŹƺºƔƴƯƶºŝ ƶºƧŶºƃŚŝƾºƯźŤƯřŹŚºěŶºƴģŚƿƦƿƽřŹřŵľǇƺưƘƯƥƺƬŝƞƿźƘţźƷ
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſř
źŤƯřŹŚěƕƺƳƹŵŻřŶƳƺƃƵŵřŵźǀǀƜţ

ƮǀƔƴţƍŚƤƳŏŶŞƯŻřƪƇřƺƟŢƿƺƤţŜƿřźƋƩŚŨƯįřźŝįŵŶƗįŚƷźŤƯřŹŚě 
ƵŵŚƠŤºººſřDSLŻřvlapprox( )ƹLapprox( )ƖºººŝřƺţŹŵƶºººƧįřƶºººƿřŹōƽŚºººƷźŤƯřŹŚě 
ŶƳƺƃƾƯ

ŻřƾŤººſźƸƟƥźŤƄººƯƩŶºƯŶººƃŚŝƵŶºƃśŚºŴŤƳřƥƺººƬŝƞººƿźƘţŶºƿŚŝřŶººŤŝřƥźŤƄººƯƩŶºƯƦººƿŵŚººŬƿřƽřźºŝ
ƵŵřŵƂƿŚºưƳÓÏƪƨºƃŹŵƶºĤƳōźºǀƔƳŶºƷŵƾºƯƱŚƄºƳ řŹŚºƷƭřźĭŚºƿŵ ƥƺºƬŝ ƶºŝƍƺºŝźƯįŚºƷ ƶƿřŹō ƹŚƷźŤƯřŹŚě
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŵřŵ
źǀǀƜţƱŚƃźƿŵŚƤƯŚŬƳōƹŶƳřƵŶƃŢƀǀƫƥźŤƄƯƩŶƯƩƹřƶŰƠƇŹŵŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěƶưƷŢſřƵŶƃ

ŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěŢſźƸƟŚŝƥźŤƄƯƩŶƯÓÏƪƨƃ

ŹŵŚºƷƶºƿřŹōƲºƿřƵŚºĮƳōŶºƃŚŝƵŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſř ƶºƿřŹō ƶŤºſŵŶºƴģŚºƿƦºƿŻřƵŶƃśŚŴŤƳřƥƺƬŝƞƿźƘţ Źŵ źĭř
ŶǀƴƧƵŚĮƳÔÏƪƨƃƶŝƩŚŨƯįřźŝŶƳƺƃƾƯƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳ
ElmDslźƈƴƗƭƹŵƶŰƠƇ


ƶŤſŵŢſźƸƟŚŝƥźŤƄƯƩŶƯÏÔƪƨƃ
2.4 The Composite Frame
ƾºūƹźųƹƽŵƹŹƹįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀºſŹŚǀºƃŶºƴģŚºƿƹŵ Śºŝ Ţºſř ƭřźĭŚºƿŵ ƥƺºƬŝ ƱŚºưƷ ŜºƧźƯŜºƫŚƣ ƮƿźƟƦƿ

ŵŵźĭƾƯ
ƞƿźƘţƾƨǀƟřźĭšŹƺƈŝƱōƮǀſźţŚŝŜƧźƯƮƿźƟƦƿŚƸƳōƲǀŝƵŶƃƞƿźƘţšǇŚƈţřƹźƓŚƴŤƯ
ƲƿźºţƾƬºƇřŶºƃŚŝƾºƯƽŵŚºƗƭřźĭŚºƿŵħƺºƬŝƦºƿ Ʈǀºſźţ ŶºƴƳŚưƷľŚºŞƿźƤţŜºƧźƯƩŶºƯ ŚºŝƮƿźƟ Ʀƿ Ʈǀſźţ
ŶƴƃŚŝƵŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřŢſřƲĪưƯŚƷŹŚǀƃƎƤƟħźŤƄƯƽŚƸƧƺƬŝƽŚūƶŝƶƧŶƃŚŝƾƯƲƿřƝǈŤųř

ŹŵƱŵƺººưƳƦººǀƬƧŚººŝƹŵŵźººĭƾººƯŵŚººŬƿřŶººƿŶūŹŚǀººƃƦººƿƾººƨǀƟřźĭŹřżººŝřƶººŞƘūŹŵ ƶººưƧŵŹŚƄººƟŚŝ
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŵřŵŹřźƣ
ƮǀſźţŮƐſƽƹŹźŝŹŚǀƃƲƿřŜſŚƴƯŢǀƘƣƺƯ
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ŶƃŶƷřƺųŻŚŝŢſřƵŶƃƮǀſźţÕÏƪƨƃŹŵƶƧŹƺƐƳŚưƷ
įřŹŸºĭƽŚƸƫŶºƯŻŚºŬƯįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀºſƾƯŚºſřŶƳƺºƃƞºƿźƘţŶºƿŚŝƾºūƹźųƹƽŵƹŹƹ įŚƸƫŚƴĮǀºſ ŹŚǀºƃźƷƽřźŝ
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ƵŶºººººƃƶŤųŚºººººſƂǀºººººěŻř
ŵźƧřŶǀě"Advanced Technical Reference Manual"
įŚƸƫŚƴĮǀººſŚººŝİŤƀºƿŚŝŹŚǀººƃƂƿřźººƿƹƽřƵŹƹŚººŰƯŹŵŚººƧŹŵƵŶººƃƵŵřŵƽŵƹŹƹƹƾººūƹźųįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀººſƾƯŚººſř
ƪºƇƹŜºſŚƴƯšŹƺºƇƶºŝŚƸƫŚƴĮǀºſ šŹƺƈºƴƿřźºǀƛŹŵŶƴºƃŚŝƢºŞƐƴƯľŚºƤǀƣŵƵŶƃƵŵřŵįřŹŸĭ ƩŶƯƽřźŝŵƺūƺƯ
ŶƃŶƴƷřƺŴƳ
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řŶºŤŝřŹŵŚºƸƳōƶºưƷŵƺºƃƾºƯƶǀºƇƺţƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝŢºƃřŵŶºƷřƺų ŵƺºūƹŚƷŹŚǀºƃźºĮƿŵƶºŝ ƩŚƴĮǀſįŚƷƎŝřŹ ŚŝŹŚǀƃ
ŵƺưƳƮǀſźţřŹƱōšŚƏŚŞţŹřžĜſƵŵźĩƂƿřźƿƹƹƲƿżĮƿŚū
ŵŹƹōŢſŶŝ
ÓÏƂŴŝŹŵƱřƺţƾƯřŹ
ŜĩźƯƮƿźƟƽŚƷŹřŵƺưƳƮǀſźţŵŹƺƯŹŵźŤƄǀŝšŚƗǈƏř



ŹŚǀƃƽřƵŹƹŚŰƯŹŵŚƧÕÏƪƨƃ
2.5 The Composite Block Definition
ƩŚƴĮǀººſŶººƴģŚººƿƦººƿƶººƧŢººſřƾººƋŚƿŹƖŝŚººţƦººƿŻřƾººƨǀƟřźĭƂƿŚººưƳƦººƿŜººƧźƯƭřźĭŚººƿŵħƺººƬŝƦººƿ
ħƺºƬŝƦºƿŢºſřƲºƨưƯƲǀºƴĤưƷŶºƴƧƾºƯŵŚºŬƿřƽŵƹŹƹƩŚƴĮǀºſŶºƴģŚºƿƦºƿ ŻřİƘŝŚºţƱřƺƴƗƶŝřŹ ƾūƹźų
ƦººƿƲƿřźŝŚººƴŝŶººƃŚŝƽŵƹŹƹįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀººſįƹŹźººŝƪƣřŶººůƹźŨƧřŶººůźƿŵŚººƤƯİƿŚººƷŢƿŵƹŶººŰƯƽřŹřŵƭřźĭŚººƿŵ
ŵźƧƞǀƇƺţƶƳƺĭƲƿřƱřƺţƾƯřŹƭřźĭŚƿŵħƺƬŝ

( y 0 , y1 ,...)  function(u 0 , u1 ...)
ƱřƺººƴƗƶº ŝ u0 , u1ƹƵŶººƃƵŵřŵŹřźººƣƵźººǀƛƹÎƹÍįŚººƷźǀƜŤƯƾººūƹźųƩŚƴĮǀººſƱřƺººƴƗƶº ŝy1 ,y0 ƶººƧ
ŶƴƃŚŝƾƯ
ƱŚƯŻŻřİƘŝřƺţŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſƲƿřƶưƷŶƳřƵŶƃƶŤƟźĭźƔƳŹŵƵźǀƛƹÎƹÍįŚƷźǀƜŤƯƽŵƹŹƹƩŚƴĮǀſ
ŶƴƃŚŝƾƯƪƿŷźƇŚƴƗƪƯŚƃ
ľŚſŚſřŚƷƭřźĭŚƿŵħƺƬŝ
ŶƴĩƾƯŵŚŬƿř
řŹy =(u0+u1)įŚƸƴţƾūƹźųƶƧSummation Points 
řŹy =(u0 u1 ..)įŚƸƴţƾūƹźųƶƧMultipliers
* *

řŹy =(u0/u1/...)įŚƸƴţƾūƹźųƶƧDivisors 
ŶƴĩƾƯŵŚŬƿřřŹ
y = u0Śƿy = u1įŚƸƴţƾūƹźųƶƧSwitches 
ŶƴĩƾƯŵŚŬƿřřŹ
y0 =y1=…= uƽŵƹŹƹƦƿŻřƾūƹźųŶƴģŚƿƦƿƶƧ
Signal Lines 
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſřźĮƿŵƾƧƺƬŝƞƿŹŚƘţ
źƿŚſƱŵźƧƶƟŚƋřƽřźŝBlock References 

ŹŵřŹƲǀƿŚºěŮƐºſƾƧƺºƬŝƞºƿźƘţƦºƿƶºƧŢºƟźĭźºƔƳŹŵƾƿŚºƷƹźƧŚƯƱřƺºƴƗƶŝƱřƺţƾƯřŹƥƺƬŝšŚƗŚūŹř
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ƵŶºƴƴƧƩźººŤƴƧźºƇŚƴƗŜººƬƛřƽřźººŝİƿřŶºŤŝřįŚºƷƭřźĭŚºƿŵħƺººƬŝŻřƾƘǀººſƹƶºƗƺưŬƯŚººŝDigsilentƶºƯŚƳźŝ
ƱřźŝŹŚººĩįřźººŝƵźººǀƛƹİěŚěƺººſƽŚºƷƶƈººŴƄƯƵŵŚƠŤººſřƱƹŶººŝƽŚƷŶººƳŚŝPIDƽŚºƷƵŶººƴƴƧƩźººŤƴƧƪººŨƯƥźŤƄºƯ
įŚºƷŵźŝŹŚĩƽřźºŝƹƵŵźºƧƾºĜƧƱřƺºţƾºƯřŹDSLƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţƂǀºěŻřƾƿřŶºŤŝřƽŚºƸƧƺƬŝƲºƿřŵƺºƃƾƯƩŚſŹř
ŵřŵźǀǀƜţźƔƳŵŹƺƯ
ƪƈºŤƯźĮƿŶºĪƿƶºŝřŹƾºūƹźųƽŵƹŹƹįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀºſƶºĩŶƴŤƀºƷįřƵŶºƃŢƿřŶºƷšŚŝŚƘƄºƳř ƩŚƴĮǀºſƍƺƐų
ŵƺƃƪƇƹƽŵƹŹƹƩŚƴǀƯźţƦƿŻřƂǀŝƶŝƹƵŶƃŜƘƄƴƯŢſřƲƨưƯŚƸƴţƾūƹźųƎųƦƿŶƴƴƧƾƯ

ƲºƿřƱŵźƄºƟŵƺºƃŵŚºŬƿřƾºƨǀƟřźĭŹřżŝřƶºŞƘūŹŵ ƶºưƧŵŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſřŚºŝŢºſřƲºĪưƯƾƧƺºƬŝƕŚºūŹřƦƿ
ŵŵźĭƮǀƔƴţŵƺūƺƯƾƧƺƬŝƞƿźƘţźƷƶŝƕŚūŹřƽřźŝŶƳřƺţƾ
ƯƶƧƵŵźĩŵŚŬƿřřŹƾƫŚųƖŝźƯƦƿƶưƧŵ
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ŵƺưƳƵŵŚƠŤſřƭřźĭŚƿŵħƺƬŝƱŚưƷŹŵźŤƄǀŝŚƿŹŚŝƹŵƅŚųPIDƵŶƴƴƧƩźŤƴƧ
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ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳÖÏƪƨƃŹŵPIŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř

ƵŵŚſƭřźĭŚƿŵħƺƬŝƦƿŻřƾƫŚŨƯÖÏƪƨƃ

ħƺºƬŝDSLƂƿŚºưƳŵƺºƃƾºƯƶŤųŚºſľřŵŶºŬƯ ƶºưƧŵŹŚƄºƟŚºŝƭřźĭŚºƿŵħƺƬŝĨƿƦǀƟřźĭƶĩƾŤƣƹ
ŢƃřŵƮǀƷřƺųÖÏƪƨƃƭřźĭŚƿŵħƺƬŝįřźŝƩŚŨƯƽřźŝŵƺƃƾƯƶŤƃƺƳƾūƹźųƵźŬƴěŹŵƭřźĭŚƿŵ

Model 0 1 =' My Block ( i1 ; i2 ; x1; Kp , Ti ; yi )
s1 = ' \System\Library\Models\DSL\PI. BlkDef ' (xe ; x1;kp,Tiyi)

xe = i1 * i2
01 = s1 + i2 + i1
ƽřźºŝŜºſŚƴƯƁƹŹƦºƿƲºƿřŶºƷŵƾºƯƱŚƄºƳřŹƭřźĭŚºƿŵħƺºƬŝƽŚºƷƦºǀƟřźĭƭƺºƸƠƯƪºƧƵŵŚºſƩŚŨƯƲƿř
ŶƃŚŝƾƯŵŹřŶƳŚŤſřƽŚƷƶƠƫŒƯźŝ
İƴŤŞƯƅŚųƽŚƷƵŶƴƴƧƩźŤƴƧƞƿźƘţ

ŢĜƿźƨºſřƾŤºſŵƱŵźºƧŵŹřƹŚºŝřŹƭřźĭŚºƿŵħƺºƬŝƱŚºưƷľŚºƤǀƣŵƶºĩŵŹřŵŵƺºūƹżºǀƳ ƱŚºƨƯř Ʋºƿř ƩŚºůźƷ ƶŝ

ŵƺưƳŵŚŬƿřřŹƾƿřŶŤŝřƥƺƬŝƞƿźƘţƦƿƲƿřźŝŚƴŝƹƵŵƺưƳƞƿźƘţơƺƟDSL
2.6 Drawing Composite Block Diagrams and Composite Frames
ƁƹŹƶººŝƲĪǀººƫƹŶººƳżƿŚưŤƯƹřŶºūźĮƿŶºĪƿŻřŶººƿŚŝŜººƧźƯƮƿźººƟƭřźĭŚººƿŵƹŜººƧźƯƭřźĭŚººƿŵħƺººƬŝƶººģźĭ
ŶƳƺƃƾƯ
ƮǀſźţİƳŚƀƨƿľŚŞƿźƤţ
ŚƸƫŚƴĮǀºſƹŚƷŹŚǀºƃƽřŹřŵƎºƤƟƾºƯƹŵƶºƧŢºſřƲºƿřƾºưƿźƟƭřźĭŚºƿŵ ƹƭřźĭŚºƿŵħƺƬŝƦƿƲǀŝƾƬƇřšƹŚƠţ
ŶƃŚŞƳŚƷŹŚǀƃƪƯŚƃŢſřƲƨưƯƭřźĭŚƿŵħƺƬŝƶƧƾƫŚůŹŵŶƃŚŝƾƯ

ŵźƧŵŚŬƿřźƿŻƞƬŤŴƯƽŚƸƃƹŹƶŝƱřƺţƾƯřŹŶƿŶūƾƧƺƬŝŚƿ

ƾưƿźƟƭřźĭŚƿŵƦƿ
Block/Frame DiagramƶƴƿżĭśŚŴŤƳř
ƹFile-NewİƬƇřįƺƴƯįŵƹŹƹƢƿźƏŻř 
ƶººººƴƿżĭśŚººººŴŤƳřƹƵŶººººƃŻŚººººŝƦººººǀƟřźĭŹřżººººŝřŹřƺººººƳƽƹŹźººººŝ ƶººººưƧŵƢººººƿźƏŻř 
BlockFrameDiagram
ƶºƴƿżĭśŚºŴŤƳřƹƩŚºƘƟƵĥƹźºěŹŵƶºƳŚŴŝŚŤƧƶºƃƺěƱŵƺºưƳŢºſřŹƦǀƬ
ƧŚŝ 
New..-Block /Frame diagram
Block DiagramśŚŴŤƳř ƹŚƷƵŵřŵƵŚĮƿŚěźƿŶƯŹŵ ƶưƧŵƢƿźƏŻř 
ƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝŶºƴƧƾºƯŵŚºŬƿřƾºƨǀƟřźĭĢǀºƷƱƹŶºŝřŹBlkdefƥƺºƬŝƞºƿźƘţźƈºƴƗƦºƿƎºƤƟƶưƧŵƲƿřŹŚƐųř

ƞƿŹŚºƘţŵŚºŬƿřƽřźºŝŚºƸƴţƹŶºƃŚŝƾºưƳŜºſŚƴƯƮƿźºƟƭřźĭŚºƿŵŚºƿ ŜºƧźƯ ħƺºƬŝ ƦºƿŵŚºŬƿřƽřźŝ ŹƺĩŸƯƁƹŹ
ŶƃŚŝƾƯŜſŚƴƯ
DSLŶƧƱŵźƧŵŹřƹƢƿźƏŻřİƿřŶŤŝřƥƺƬŝ
ƾºŤƣƹŵƺºƃƾºƯźƷŚºƓƵŶºƃŻŚºŝƾºƨǀƟřźĭŵŹƺºŝŹŵƹŵŚºŬƿřƦºǀƟřźĭƦƿƁƹŹƲƿźųōżŬŝŚƸƃƹŹƶưƷŹŵ
ƭřźĭŚºƿŵŚºƿ ƭřźĭŚºƿŵħƺºƬŝƦºǀƟřźĭŶºƃ ŶºƷřƺų ŵŚºŬƿř įŶºƿŶūƾºƨǀƟřźĭŵŹƺºŝŶºƃŚŞƳŻŚºŝƾƨǀƟřźĭŵŹƺºŝĢǀƷ
ŵŻŚºſƾºƯƮƀºŬƯřŹƥƺºƬŝŚºƿƮƿźºƟśŚºƣƶºƧŵřŵŶºƷřƺųƱŚƄºƳřŹŚºƸƴţƁƺºĭŹŚºƸģƥƺºƬŝƦƿŶƿŶūƾưƿźƟ
ŶƴƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵŹřźƣŶƴƳřƺţƾƯźƿŻ
źƇŚƴƗƁƺĭŹŚƸģƲƿřƪųřŵ
ƵźĭźƇŚƴƗ
śŚƣƽŚƷŹŚǀƃŚƿƥƺƬŝƖūřźƯŚƿ 
ŚƷśŚƣŹŵƶƳƵŶƴƴĩƖưūƍŚƤƳ 
ŚƷśŚƣŹŵƶƳŚƷƵŶƴƴƧŢƿƺƤţ 
ŚƷśŚƣŹŵƶƳŚƷƵŶƴƴĩƮǀƀƤţ 
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DSLİƟŚƋřšǇŵŚƘƯ

2.7 The Block Definition
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſřźƿŻŵŹřƺƯƽřźŝ
BlkDefƥƺƬŝƞƿźƘţźƈƴƗ
DSLŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝİƿřŶŤŝřƥƺƬŝƞƿŹŚƘţŵŚŬƿř 
ŜƧźƯƥƺƬŝƞƿŹŚƘţƂƿřźƿƹ 
ŜƧźƯśŚƣƞƿŹŚƘţƂƿřźƿƹ 
ŶǀƴƧƶƘūřźƯźƿŻƽŚƸƄŴŝƶŝźŤƄǀŝšŚƗǈƏřŜƀƧƽřźŝ
ÑÏƂŴŝŜƧźƯ ƮƿźƟśŚƣ
ÒÏƂŴŝŜƧźƯƥƺƬŝƞƿźƘţ
ÐƂŴŝƽżƿŹƶƯŚƳźŝƾƬƇřƥƺƬŝƞƿŹŚƘţ


ƭƺſƂŴŝ
1.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 2
1.4 Run Simulation ...................................................................................... 9
1.5 Result Objects........................................................................................ 9
1.6 Events.................................................................................................. 10

2.3 The Common Model ........................................................................... 18

3.5 DSL Functions..................................................................................... 47


5.6 Result Objects...................................................................................... 75
5.8 Triggering............................................................................................ 80

6.3 Failure Models....................................................................................100
DIgSILENT PowerFactory Programming Primitive Block Definitions
Chapter 3
Programming Primitive
Block Definitions

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ŵŹřƺººƯźººŨƧřŹŵŶƴººƃŚŝƾººƯƁƹŹƲƿźººŤƸŝƶƨŞººƃƽřźºūřįŚººƷŢƀººţƾººƐųźǀƛƽŚººƷƾººƴŰƴƯƅƺƈººŴŝźºĮƿŵ
Ţƀºţ ƽŚƸºƃƹŹŶºƴƷŵƾºưƳřŹƱōƽŚºƷźŤƯřŹŚěƹƾºƐųźǀƛŹŚŤųŚºſźºƷƲǀºǀƘţƵŻŚºūř İƀºƳŚƧźƟŲºſŚěšŚƄƿŚƯŻō
ŹŚĭŶºƳŚƯŢºƫŚůšŚƈºŴƄƯƽƹŹźºŝżºƧźưţŹƺºƔƴƯƶºŝŶºƿŚŝ ŶƴºƃŚŝƶŤºƃřŶƳ İƬųřŶºţ ƽŵŚºƗ ŵźºĪƬưƗŚŝƶƧ ƵĦƿƹ
ƽźºǀĭƵŻřŶºƳřƮŤƀºǀſĨºƿƎºſƺţľŚºŰǀūźţŚºƸƿźǀĭƵŻřŶºƳřƲºƿřŶƳƺºƃƵŵźºŝŹŚºƨŝ ŚºƷ ƾƳŚƯŻŢŝŚŧƹ ƵźƸŝ ŜƿřźƋ
ŶƳƺƃİƯƭŚŬƳřƢǀƣŵŹŚǀƀŝįřŹŸĭŢƫŚůİƫŚŤǀŬƿŵ

ƹƽŵƹŹƹŶºººƴģƾºººƐųźºººǀƛƾƿŚºººſŚƴƃƽŚƸºººƃƹŹƶƨŞºººƃƾƿŚºººſŚƴƃsystem identification

ƽŚºƷƾºƴŰƴƯƲǀºŝƢŝŚºƐţƭŶºƗƶºƳƺưƳįřźºŝŶƳƺºƃƾºƯƵŵźºŝŹŚºƨŝƶƨŞºƃƾƿŚºſŚƴƃƽŚƸƃƹŹƽřźŝƾūƹźųŶƴģ
ŶƃŚŝÏŻřźŤưƧŶƿŚŝƵŶƃƾƿŚſŚƴƃƹƵŶƃƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳř
ŚºƷƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƹŚºƷƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřƲǀŝƶƀƿŚƤƯComparison of measurments and simulations
įŹřŵźºŝƵźºƸŝƽŚºƸŤƫŚůƶưƷƽřźŝƹįŹƺŘţƩŶƯŚŝŶƿŚŝ żǀƳ ƶĪŞƃƪĩŵźƨƬưƗŚƷƶƠƫŒƯƹŚƷƶƨŞƃźƿŻżǀƫŚƳōźŝƵƹǈƗ
ŵƺƃƶƀƿŚƤƯƶƏƺŝźƯ
įřźººŝƹŚººƷƶººƫŹįŻŚƀººƫŶƯƽřźººŝƶƳřźǀĮŤŴººſƹįŶººūľǈƯŚººĩƪĪººƃƶººŝöASMAõƁƹŹŵźŝŹŚººƧƶººŤŞƫř
ŵŚƴºſřŚºŝƢŝŚºƐƯŮºƋřƹšŹƺºƇƶºŝŚºƸƴƿřřźºƿŻ ŶºƃŚŝƾºưƳƭŻǇ İƫŚºŤǀŬƿŵƩźºŤƴĩ Ɩºŝřƺţ ŚºƿźŤưĩįŚƷİĭŶǀĤǀě
İƿŚºūŹŵƵŶºƃżǀƫŚºƳōƶƨŞºƃŻřƪƤŤƀºƯŚºƯřŶºƳř ƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţƱŚºƃŵƺų ƶºŝƍƺŝźƯ ƾƬƧƹ ƵŶƃŶǀƿŐţšŚƄƿŚƯŻō
ŻŚºǀƳŶºƃŚŝƶŤºƃřŵƢŝŚºƐţźºĮƿŵŵŹřŶƳŚŤºſřƩŶºƯźºƷŚºƿ IEEEĨǀºſǈĩįŚƸƫŶºƯ Śºŝ ŶƳřƺţƾưƳƶƨŞƃ ƂƿŚưƳ ƶƧ
ŵŹřŵŵƺūƹİƇŚƈŤųřƽŚƸƫŶƯƭŚưţħŹŵƽřźŝƝŚƐƘƳřƪŝŚƣƹƱŚſōƁƹŹƦƿŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřƶŝƾſŚſř
3.1 Modelling and Simulation Tools
ƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃŪƿŚºŤƳƶºŝİŝŚǀŤºſŵƽřźºŝƪºƯŚƗƲƿźºţƵŶºƴƴƧƲǀºǀƘţƹƲƿźºţƽŹƹźºƋŶƃƱŚǀŝľǈŞƣ ƶƧŹƺƐƳŚưƷ
ƽŚƸºƃƹŹŶºƃŚŝƾºƯƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƝřŶºƷřƹƶĪŞºƃ ƾƿŚºſŚƴƃ įřźºŝƵŶºƃƶºŗřŹřįŚºƷ ƩŶºƯƪƯŚƨţƹŢƣŵ ƲŘưƐƯ
ƎǀººŰƯƱřƺººƴƗƶººŝƶººĩŚººƷŹřżƟřƭźººƳŻřƵŵŚƠŤººſřƾŤƴººſƹƦǀººſǈƧįŚƸºƃƹŹŻřƹƵŵƺººŝźººǀƜŤƯƶŤººſřƺųƲººƿřƭŚººŬƳř
CƹƱźººţźƟįŚººƷŹřżƟřƭźººƳŮƐººſŹŵƹŶººƳŵźĩİººƯƪººưƗźŝŹŚººƧƎººſƺţƵŶººƃƞººƿźƘţƽŚƸƫŶººƯįřźººŝƶƐººſřƹ
ħƺººƬŝƶººǀƸţŽŚººſřźºŝƶººƧƾƧƺººƬŝįŚºƷƁƹŹŻřƵŵŚƠŤººſřŚººţŶºƳŵƺŝùƩŚƈººţřƽŚººƷŢºſźƸƟƪĪººƃƶººŝľǇƺºưƘƯø
ƵŵźŤƀºĭŶƴºƃŚŝİºƯƪƈºŤƯŵŹƺºƯƞºƿźƘţŮƐºſƶºŝƹƵŵźºĩƪºưƗƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţƂǀºěŻřƲǀƿŚě ŮƐſƽŚƷƹźƧŚƯ
ƂƿŚºưƳƽřźºŝŢºſřƲºĪưƯŵƺºūƺƯ ƵŹƺºƔƴƯƶºưƷ ƾţŹŚºŬţ ƱŹŶºƯ ƽŻŚºſ ƶǀŞºƃ ƽŚƷŹřżŝř ŜƬƛř ƵƹǈƘŝŶƴƃŚŝİƯ
ƾººƨƿźŤƨƫřįŚººƷƶƨŞººƃŹŚººŝƂººŴěƽŚººƷƾººƴŰƴƯƁƹŹƶƳŚƠººſŐŤƯŶººƳŵźĭƵŵŚƠŤººſřƶĪŞººƃźƿŸººěƝŚººƐƘƳřƹƵĦººƿƹ
ŶƷŵƾưƳƂƃƺě
İƟŚĩŶůƶŝřŹƅŚų
řŹįŹřŶººƿŚěƶººƯŚƳźŝŻřƾŤưƀººƣƶººƧƝŚººƐƘƳřƪººŝŚƣƽŻŚººſƩŶººƯƹƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃŹřżººŝřƦººƿŵŚººŬƿřŹƺººƔƴƯƶººŝ
ŻřźºƿŻƾƬºƇřƽŚºƸǀĭĦƿƹƶºĩŢºſřƵŶºƃŵŚºŬƿřƽŻŚºſ ƶǀŞºƃ ƱŚºŝŻ źºŝİƴŤŞƯƩźŤƴĩƮŤƀǀſ Ʀƿ ŶƷŵİƯ ƪǀƨƄţ
ŶƳřƵŶƃŹƺƔƴƯƱōŹŵDIgSILENTƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃƱŚŝŻ
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŵřŵŹřźƣ
CSSLƶĪŞƃƶŤſƺǀěƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃƱŚŝŻƦƿƶƤŞƏŹŵƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃŹřżŝř 
İƳŚººƯŻƶŤººſƺǀěƾººƐųźººǀƛƹƾººƐųƽŚººƷƶƨŞººƃ
ŻřƪººƯŚƧƾººƋŚƿŹƞǀººƇƺţƦººƿƪƯŚººƃDSL 
ŶƃŚŝƾƯ

ƱƹŶºŝƱŚºŝŻ Ĩºƿ ƶºŝ ŢºſřƵŶºƃŚºƴŝ ƾºƤƐƴƯƽŚºƷŹřŵƺưƳƹƥźŤƄƯ ƩźŤƴĩƶƿŚěźŝ ƶĩ ƽŻŚſ ƶǀŞƃ Źřżŝř 
šŹŚºŞƗƶºŝŵźºƧśŚºŴŤƳřƵřƺºŴƫŵƶºŝƱřƺºţƾºƯřŹźºƇŚƴƗ İƫřƺºţƱōŹŵ ƶºƧŵƺºƃƾºƯ ƵŵřŵơƺſƶƿƹŹ
ŵƺƃƪƿŶŞţƾƨǀƟřźĭƶŗřŹřƦƿƶŝŶƳřƺţƾƯ
DSLƩŶƯƦƿźĮƿŵ
ƾƬºƇřźºƇŚƴƗƽźºŞūšǇŵŚºƘƯŶºƳřƺţƾºƯƶºƧŚºƷƹźƧŚƯŻřźƿŸºěƝŚºƐƘƳřƞƿźƘţ ĨƿŵŚŬƿřƹƶǀƸţ 
ęŚěƺºſƽŚºƷƵƹźºĭƕřƺºƳřƪºŨƯƪºƯŚƧƾºƨƿżǀƟƽŚºƷƮŤƀºǀſźƿŻƾŤů Śƿ PTn Śƿ PIDŶƴƳŚƯƩźŤƴĩ
ŵźǀĭźŝŹŵřŹƵŶƴƴĩƦƿźŰţƽŚƷƮŤƀǀſŚƿ
"select" , "lim" , "limits" , "lapprox" , ƪººŨƯƞººƬŤŴƯƾººƳƹŹŵƖººŝřƺţƶººǀƸţ 

ŚƸƫŶƯźŝƪƯŚƧƩźŤƴĩƦƿƱŵźƧƮƷřźƟŹƺƔƴƯƶŝ"picdrop"
ƶºƤƬůƾƿŚºſŚƴƃ ƪºŨƯƾƄºƿŚƯŻō ƝřŶºƷř ƹ ŚºƐųƾƿŚºſŚƴƃƽřźºŝƞºƬŤŴƯƾưºſŹƽŚƷ ƁƹŹŵŚŬƿř 
ƵŶƃƝŸůƶǀƫƹřƎƿřźƃƹƵŶƄƳƞƿźƘţƹƶŤƟźƳŹŚƨŝƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯƁŹřżĭƽźŞū

Digilent DSLƮŤƀǀſŹŚŤųŚſÎÐƪƨƃ
3.2 DSL Implementation: an Introduction
įŚƸƫŚƴĮǀººſƶººƧŶººƿŶūİƨǀƯŚººǀƳŵƽŚº ƷƵŶººƴƴƧƩźººŤƴƧƞº ƿźƘţŹƺººƔƴƯƶº ŝDIgSILENTƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃƱŚººŝŻ

ƪºưƘƫřžºƨƗźºĮƿŵįŚºƷƩŚƴĮǀºſƾºųźŝźºǀǀƜţŚºŝƹƵŵźºƧŢºƟŚƿŹŵƵŶºƃƽŻŚſ ƶǀŞƃ šŹŶƣƶƨŞƃŻřřŹƽŵƹŹƹ
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſřŶƷŵ

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ƲŤºƃƺƳƹƱŶºƳřƺųŢºǀƬŝŚƣŶºƳřƺţƾºƯDSLƩŶºƯŹŵƹÏÒÍÍŻřƂǀºŝƖºƣřƹŹŵ İƬºƇřƶºƯŚƳźŝ ŹŵƵŶºƃ ƞƿźƘţ
ƖºưūŚºƿƮŤƀºǀſŹŵŵƺºūƺƯƩŚƴĮǀºſźºƷƶºŝƾºſźŤſŵƱŚºƨƯřƽřźºŝƾºƗźƟƹƾƬƇřŽŹŵōƽŚƸǀĭĦƿƹŶƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵ
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ŢſřƵŶƃźĩŷƖŝŚţšŹŚƧFunction card

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ŶƳŵźĭİŝŚƿŻŹřŢŝƺƳƶŝŶƿŚŝŚƸƳōƶƧİƿŚūŶƳƺƃƽżƧźƯƶƯŚƳźŝ
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ŵƺƃİƯƾūƹźųƵźŬƴěŹŵźŝŹŚƧƎſƺţƵŶƃƞƿźƘţƽŚƸƯŚƜǀě
ƩŶºƯƶºŝƍƺºŝźƯƵŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſřƩŚºŨƯŢºſřƵŶºƿŵźĭƞǀºƇƺţƾŝƺºųƶºŝƩŚºŨƯƢºƿźƏŻř DSL ƩŶºƯŹŚŤųŚſ
ŢºſřƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţƾºƨǀƟřźĭšŹƺºƇƶºŝ DSL ƩŶºƯƲºƿřŶºƃŚŝƾºƯƵŵŚºſƾŝōƲǀŝŹƺţƦƿƶǀƫƹřƥźŰƯŶůřƹ
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ŻřŢſř
ƾƿřŶºŤŝřƽŚºƷƵŶºƴƴƧƩźºŤƴƧƪƯŚºƃŚƸƫŶºƯƲºƿřŢºſřƵŶºƃŵŚºŬƿřƶºƿŚě DSL ƽŚƸƫŶºƯŻřƶƗƺưŬƯƦƿ Î
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graphics ƦƿƾŤƣƹŢſřƵŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřƾŝōƲǀŝŹƺţƩŶƯƞƿźƘţƽřźŝƶƧŶƷŵİƯƱŚƄƳřŹįŹřŵƺưƳÏÐƪƨƃ
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1. model pt = 'pmu - hydro ' (At , C; x1;Ti;)
2. pt - x = 'I. BlkDef ' (xe ; x1 ;Ti;)

3. i3 = i1 / i2
4. i1 = At * At
5. i2 = pt - x*pt - x
6. i4 = xe * pt - x
7. xe = i3 - c
8. pt = pt - x - i4
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Output signals : pt ƾºūƹźųƩŚƴĮǀºſ
input signal : At ,C ƽŵƹŹƹƩŚƴĮǀºſ
State variables : X1 ŢǀƘºƋƹƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯ
Parameter : Ti źŤƯřŹŚºě
Internal variables : ƾºƬųřŵƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯ
ƞǀºƇƺţPtƾºūƹźųƩŚƴĮǀºſƹ Cƹ At ƽŵƹŹƹįŚºƷƩŚƴĮǀºſŚºŝřŹƵŵŚºſƾºŝōƲǀŝŹƺºţĨºƿƩŶºƯ ƩŚºŨƯƲƿř
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1. model y = 'I' (xe ; x1 ; Ti;)
3.
2. [Ti] = 's'
limits (Ti) = (0,)
4. inc (x1) = y
5. inc (xe) = 0
6. x1. = xe/ Ti
7. y = x1
ŢſřƵŶƃŵŚŬƿřƭřźĭŚƿŵħƺƬŝƂƿřźƿƹƽřƵŹƹŚŰƯŹŵŚƧŻř Equations ƶưƧŵƱŵřŵŹŚƄƟŚŝÎƎų

ŶƳřƵŶƃŵŹřƹƾŤſŵšŹƺƇƶŝÔŚţÏƎų
ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřźƿŻŵŹřƺƯƮǀƔƴţƽřźŝħƺƬŝƞƿźƘţƽřƵŹƹŚŰƯŹŵŚƧ
Output signals :y
Input signals : xe
State variables : x1
Parameter : Ti
Internal Variables :

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DSL ƩŶƯƞǀƇƺţ Ï
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model pt = pmu - hydro (At , C;x1 ; Ti ; )
įŚººƷƩŚƴĮǀººſƹƽŻŚººſŵƹŶººŰƯƽŚººƷźŤƯřŹŚěƞººƿźƘţƵŻŚººūřƲƿřźººŝƱƹżººƟřƭřźĭŚººƿŵħƺººƬŝƽřƵŹƹŚººŰƯŹŵŚººƧ
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ŶƃŚŝƾƯźƿŻŵŹřƺƯ

ƪƯŚƃ DSLƞǀƇƺţŶƿŚưƳƾƯŮƿźƄţƹƵŵźƧƞƇƹƶƐſřƹŹŵƵŶƃ

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ŶůřƹƹƭŚƳźŤƯřŹŚěšŚƠǀƇƺţ 
źŤƯřŹŚěŻŚŬƯƽŚƷƶƴƯřŵ 
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źǀĮƫřźĮŤƳřƩŚŨƯ

2. [ Ti] = ' s ' ! the unit of Ti is seconds
3. limits (Ti) = ( 0 )! Ti > 0
4. inc (x1) = y ! initially x1 = y
5. inc (xe) = 0 ! initially xe = 0
6. x1. = xe / Ti ! equation 1 : &*1/ &t = xe / Ti
7. y = x1 ! equation 2 : y = x1
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ŶƴƃŚŝƾƯƾƿřŶŤŝř
DSLŚƿƵźǀƛƹŚƷƵŶƴƴƧśźƋŽŹŵōƦģƺƧŵŹřŶƳŚŤſřƽŚƷƶƠƫƺƯŚƷƩŚƴĮǀſ
ŚºţŢºſŚǀƸƯżºǀƳƱŚºƨƯřƲºƿřŵƺºƃƾºƯŵŚºŬƿřƾºƨǀƟřźĭšŹƺºƇƶºŝƵŶºǀĤǀěħƺºƬŝƞºƿźƘţźƈƴƗƦƿƶģźĭ
ŵƺưƳƞƿźƘţƶƳŚĭřŶūŢſřŹřƺƃŵƾƨǀƟřźĭƁƹŹŹŵŚƸƳōƱŵźƧŵŹřƹƶĩřŹDSLšǇŵŚƘƯźƿŚſ
ƵŶƄºƳƶºŤųřŵźěŵƺºƃƾºƯƶŤųŚºſƵŶºǀĤǀěƭřźĭŚºƿŵħƺºƬŝƦºƿŚºƸƳōŹŵƶºƧƾºƨǀƟřźĭįŚƷƎǀŰƯƶŝŚūƲƿřŹŵ
ŶǀƴƧƶƘūřźƯUser's ManualƶŝźŤƄǀŝšŚƗǈƏřŜƀƧƽřźŝŢſř
3.4 The DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL)
ƵŵŚƠŤºſřƽŚºƷƶºƠƫƺƯźƿŚºſƹƾºƨƿźŤƨƫřƽŚºƷƵŶºƴƴƧƩźºŤƴƧƽřźºŝƾƿŚƸƫŶºƯƽżºƿŹƶºƯŚƳźŝįřźºŝ öDSLõ ƱŚŝŻ

źºĮƿŵİƀºƿƺƳƶºƯŚƳźŝƱŚºŝŻƹƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃźºƷŶºƴƳŚƯŢºſřƵŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſřƾºƨƿźŤƨƫřšŹŶƣƽŚƷƶƨŞƃŹŵƵŶƃ
ŢſřƵŶƃƮƷřźƟƩŶƯƾƀƿƺƳƩƺƯźƟƽřźŝƅŚųźƯřźĭƦƿ
ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵŮǀƋƺţźƿŻŜǀţźţƶŝźƯřźĭƲƿř

šřŹŚƈŤųřƹšŚůǈƐƇř ŏ
DSLİƯƺưƗźƯřźĭ ś
DSL ƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯ ũ
DSL ŹŚŤųŚſ ŵ
DSLźƯřźĭ Ƶ
ŚƷƉźƟƂǀě ƹ
šřŹŚƈŤųřƹšŚůǈƐƇřÎÑÐ
ŶƳřƵŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřDSLźƯřźĭƞǀƇƺţƽřźŝźƿŻšřŹŚƈŤųřƹšŚůǈƐƇř
ŵƺƃƮŤų';'ŢƯǈƗƶŝŶƿŚŞƳƶĩİƋŚƿŹƾţŚŞſŚŰƯšŹŚŞƗexpr
+ , - , * , / İţŚŞſŚŰƯƽŚƷźĮƬưƗ 
ŶƴƴƧƾƯƪưƗƾƤǀƤůŵřŶƗřƱřƺƴƗƶŝƶƧƽŵřŶƗřƶưƷ
Ţŝřƺŧ 
ŵŹřŶƳŚŤſřƖŝřƺţ 
sin (x) , cos (x) , tan (x) , asin (x) , acos (x) , atan (x) , sinh(x) , cosh(x) , tanh (x) ,
exp(x) , In(x) , log(x) [basis 10] , sqrt(x) [square root] , sqr(x) [power of 2] , pow (x , y),
abs (x) , min (x,y) , max(x,y) , modulo( x , y ) , trunc(x) , frac(x) , round(x) , ceil(x),
ŶƳřƵŶƃŮƿźƄţƽŶƘŝƂŴŝŹŵƪƈƠƯŹƺƐŝŵŹřŶƳŚŤſřƖŝřƺţƲƿř
floor (x).
ƾţŚŞſŚŰƯšřŹŚŞƗŚƷżŤƳřźě 
(RAD)ŶƴƃŚŝİƯŚƷƱŚƿŵřŹŽŚſřźŝƾţŚŨƬŨƯƖŝřƺţƶưƷ
A=x1+2.45*T1/sin(3.14*y) ƩŚŨƯ
ŵƺƃƮŤų';'ŢƯǈƗƶŝŶƿŚŞƳƶƧƾƤƐƴƯšŹŚŞƗboolexpr
< , > , < > (inequality) , >= , <= , =ƾƤƐƴƯƎŝřƹŹ 
notƾƳŚƨƿƽŚƷŵźƨƬưƗ 
.and. .or. .nand. .nor. .eor.İƿŚţƹŵįźƴƿŚŝƽŚƷŵźƨƬưƗ 
ƾƤƐƴƯšŹŚŞƗŚƷżŤƳřźě 
A = { x1 > 0. and. . not. x2 ≤ 0.7 }.or.T1=0.0 ƩŚŨƯ
ŵźǀĭŹřźƣ' 'ŢƯǈƗƲǀŝƶĩżǀģźƷstring
A = ' this is a string' ƩŚŨƯ
DSL İƯƺưƗźƯřźĭÏÑÐ
ŚººŝŶººƿŚŝřŹźººţƾƳǇƺººƏƍƺººƐųŶººƃŚŝƾººƯźŤƧřŹŚººƧÕÍƎººųƩƺººƏźŨƧřŶººůƎººųƩƺººƏLine Length

ƱƺŤºſƽřŶºŤŝřŹŵ&ŢºƯǈƗŵƺºưƳƮǀƀºƤţƹŢƀºƨƃƂºŴŝŶºƴģŚºƿƹŵƶºŝƩƹřƱƺŤºſŹŵ & ŢƯǈƗŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř
ŶƳŵźĭƪƈŤƯźĮƿŶĪƿƶŝƲǀƄǀěźƐſƹįŹŚūźƐſŚţŵŵźĭİƯŦƗŚŝ
ƩŚŨƯ
y = lapprox ( x , 1.674 , 7.367 , 2.485 , 12.479 , 5.457 , 18.578
ŵźƧƵŵŚƠŤſřŚƷƶŤƃŹŚƿŚƸƯŚƳƅƺƈųŹŵƱřƺţƾưƳřŹƎųƲŤƀƨƃƵŶƗŚƣ

& 6.783 , 15.54 , 8.453 , 12.589 , 9 , 569 , 6.478 )
ƖººŝřƺţŚººƸƯŚƳįŶººǀƬƧįŚººƷƵĥřƹƭŚººưţƝƹźººůƾººĭŹżŝƹƾƨģƺººƧƶººŝŢǀſŚƀººůCase sensitivity

ŶƴŤƀƷŽŚƀůƝƹźůƶŝŢŞƀƳƹŚƷƹźƧŚƯŚƸƫŶƯŚƷźǀƜŤƯ
żºŬŝŶƳƺºƃƾºƯƶŤºƃřŵźŝƾƫŚºųƽŚºƷŚūƭŚºưţŵƺºƃƾºƯƁŻřŵźºěDSLŶºĩƾºŤƣƹİƫŚºųƽŚūBlanks
ŶƳƺƃƾƯƒƠůƾƫŚųƽŚƷŚūƲƿřƶĩŚƷƶŤƃŹŹŵ

ƶººŝŵŹřŵřŹŢººƯǈƗƲººƿřƶººĩįźƐººſšŚººƿƺŤŰƯŚººţŵƺººƃƾººƯŦººƗŚŝ!ŢººƯǈƗšŚŰǀººƋƺţComments
ƩŚŨƯŶƃŶƴƷřƺųƶŤƃřŵźŝšŚŰǀƋƺţƭŚưţŵƺƃƁŻřŵźěDSLŶĩƾŤƣƹŵƺƃŹƺƔƴƯŮǀƋƺţƱřƺƴƗ
! comments may start at the beginning of a line
x1. = select (at < > 0 , ! comments may be used in broken lines
& (1 - sqr (x1) / sqr (at) / Tw , 0 )
DSL ƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯÐÑÐ
ŶƴƧƵŵŚƠŤſřźǀƜŤƯƕƺƳÒŻřŶƳřƺţƾƯ
DSLƩŶƯƦƿ
ƶººŝƾººūƹźųįŚººƷƩŚƴĮǀººſŻřźººţƵŶººǀĤǀěƽŚƸƫŶººƯŹŵƾººūƹźųįŚººƷƩŚƴĮǀººſOutput signals
ŵƺƃİƯƵŵŚƠŤſřƽŵƹŹƹƱřƺƴƗ
ŚººƿDSLźººĮƿŵƽŚƸƫŶººƯŻřŢººſřƲººĪưƯƽŵƹŹƹƽŚººƷźǀƜŤƯƽŵƹŹƹįŚººƷƩŚƴĮǀººſInput Signals
źººƷƹŚººƷƱŚººƿźūƹŚººƷĥŚŤƫƹŻřƱřƺººţİººƯƭƹŵŵŹƺººƯŹŵŶƴººƃŚŝƵŶººƯōŢººſŶŝšŹŶººƣƮŤƀººǀſźƈººƴƗƦººƿŻř
ŵƺưƳƵŵŚƠŤſřDSLƩŶƯŹŵŶƃŚŝƵŶƯōŵƺūƺŝšŹŶƣƶƨŞƃżǀƫŚƳōŻřƶĩįźĮƿŵŵƺūƺƯƩŚƴĮǀſ
ƶºĩŶƴºƃŚŝİºƯƾƳŚºƯŻƶºŝƶŤƀºŝřƹįŚºƷƩŚƴĮǀºſŢºƫŚůƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯŢƫŚůƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯState variables
ŶƳźǀĭİƯŹřźƣƵŵŚƠŤſřŵŹƺƯƹƵŶƃŵŚŬƿřDSLƩŶƯŵƺųŹŵ
ƩŶººƯŹŚººŤƟŹƱŵřŵźººǀǀƜţŹƺº ƔƴƯƶººŝƶººƧŶƴŤƀººƷƾƳŶººƳřƺųƎººƤƟŵřŶººƗřŚººƷźŤƯřŹŚěŚººƷźŤƯřŹŚěParameters
ŶƳƺƃƾƯƮǀƔƴţ
DSL
ƵŵŚƠŤººſřDSLƩŶººƯŹŵƹƵŶººƃƞººƿźƘţƾººƬųřŵƽŚººƷźǀƜŤƯƾººƬųřŵƽŚººƷźǀƜŤƯInternal variables
ŶƳƺƃƾƯ
DSLšǇŵŚƘƯƶƗƺưŬƯƲŤųŚſŹŵƪǀƸƀţŜŞſƹŶƳřƵŶƃ
šŚĪƳ
ƽźºƯřƲǀºƴģźºĭřŶºƃŚŝƮºƷƾºūƹźųźºǀƜŤƯƱřƺºƴƗƶºŝƱŚºƯŻĨºƿŹŵŶºƳřƺţİưƳŢƫŚůźǀƜŤƯƦƿ 
ŵƺƃƾƯƶǀƇƺţ
y = x1ƪŨƯƲǀƄƳŚūźǀƜŤƯƦƿŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŶƃŚŝƭŻǇ
ŶƴŤƀƷƾƘƣřƹŵřŶƗřŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěƶưƷ 
ŹƺººƔƴƯƶººŝźƈººƴƗ2*iiiiŵřŶººƘţŚººŝiƮººƣŹÑźŨĩřŶººůŚººŝ'iiiióƶººƿřŹō'ƅŚººųźŤƯřŹŚººěƦººƿ 
ŶǀƴƧƵŚĮƳ"lapprox"ƁƹŹƶŝŶƃŚŝİƯŽźŤſŵŹŵŚƷƾƴŰƴƯƞƿźƘţ
ŵřŵƅŚƈŤųřřŹİţŹŚŞƗƱřƺţƾƯŢƫŚůƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯįŚƷƢŤƄƯƶŝŚƸƴţ

DSLŹŚŤųŚſÑÑÐ

ŶƳřƵŶƃƶŤųŚſŢưƀƣƶſŻřDSLƽŚƸƫŶƯ
ŢưƀºƣƲºƿřŶºƴƧƾºƯƱŚºǀŝřŹŚºƷźǀƜŤƯƶºƗƺưŬƯƹƽŶºƴŝƶºƤŞƏƱřƺºƴƗƩŶºƯƭŚƳƶƧƶƐſřƹŢưƀƣ 
ŢſřƵŶƃƮǀƔƴţƭřźĭŚƿŵħƺƬŝƂƿřźƿƹƽřƵŹƹŚŰƯŹŵŚƧƩƹřƶŰƠƇŹŵ
ƞƿźƘţŶƧ 
ƶƫŵŚƘƯŶƧ 
ŵŹƺººƯƽŶººƘŝƽŚººƷƂººŴŝŹŵƹƵŵŹƹōŵƺººūƹƶººŝřŹƾººƘƣřƹƵŶººƴƴƧƩźººŤƴƧƶƨŞººƃƞººƿźƘţŶººĩƹƶººƫŵŚƘƯŶººƧ
ŢƟźĭŶƴƷřƺųŹřźƣƾſŹźŝ
ƞƿźƘţŶƧÒÑÐ
ƶºǀƫƹřƎƿřźºƃƹźŤƯřŹŚºěƽŚºƷƶƈºŴƄƯƞºƿźƘţƽřźºŝDSLƩŶºƯƦºƿƶºƫŵŚƘƯŢưƀºƣŹŵ ƞºƿźƘţŶºƧ Ʀƿ
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſř

ƞǀƇƺţƹŶůřƹ
varnmźǀƜŤƯƽřźŝƭŚƳƹŶůřƹvardef (varnm) = unitstring;namestring

ŚƸƫŚŨƯ
vardef (Ton) = ; ' pick up time for restart ' ! only defines name
vardef ( Ton) = 's' ; ' pick up time for restart ' ! defines unit and name
vardef (Ton) = ' s ' ; ! only defines unit
źŤƧřŹŚƧÎÍįŚƴƸěŚţźŨƧřŶůvarnmźǀƜŤƯƽřźŝŶůřƹ[varnm ] = unitstring
ƩŚŨƯ
[Ton ] = 's' ŶƴĩİƯƞƿźƘţřŹŶůřƹ
ŶƴºƃŚŝƶŤºƃřŶƳŢºƤŝŚƐƯƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţƽŚƷŶºůřƹŚºŝƵŶºƃįŹřŸºĮƿŚū ƲǀƄºƳŚūƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯŶůřƹźĭř źĩŸţ
ŵƺưƳŵŚŬƿřřŹŚƐųįŚƷƭŚƜǀěƱřƺţİƯƵŶƃƵŶƳřƺųřźƟƹźƧŚƯĨƿƶƬǀſƺŝ
źŞŤƘƯźƿŵŚƤƯƵŵƹŶŰƯ
įřźººŝŻŚººŬƯƶƬººƇŚƟLimits (varnm) = [/(minimum value , maximum value ] / )

ŶƃŶƷřƺųƁŹřżĭƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃƪưƗƾƏŹŵƶƬƇŚƟŵƹŶůšŚƳŚſƺƳŶƴƧİƯƞƿźƘţřŹvarnmźǀƜŤƯ
limits (yt) = (,1)
ŚŝŢſřŻŹřƮƷ
output (yt > 1 ,' Maximum exceeded: yt = yt>1' )
ŚººƿƪƣřŶººůŹřŶººƤƯŶººůƱōŶººƳźǀĭŹřźººƣƶººĩƶƬººƇŚƟƞººƿźƘţƵŵƹŶººŰƯŢưººſźººƷŹŵƹįŚººƷżŤƳřźě

ŵƺŝŶƴƷřƺųƶƬƇŚƟįřƶƳřźĩźƿŵŚƤƯƵŶƳźǀĭźŝŹŵ']'ƹ'['ƽŚƸŤĩřźŝƪŝŚƤƯŹŵƹŶƴƴƧƾƯİƴŨŤƀƯřŹ
źŨƧřŶů
ŚƸƫŚŨƯ

limits (x) = [min , max] ! min ≤ x ≤ max

limits (x) = [min , max] ! min < x ≤ max
limits (x) = (, max] ! x ≤ max
limits (x) = (min ,) ! min < x
ƱŚººưƷŻřƶƬººƇŚƟƲƿŶººƴģƲǀººŝŹŵřŹƶƬººƇŚƟƲƿźŤƨģƺººƧŹŚººƧŵƺųŹƺƐŝƶººƯŚƳźŝŶººƃŚŝƲººƨưƯƹƭŻǇźººĭř
2<x<3İƴƘƯƶŝlimits(x)=(2,4]ƹlimits(x)=(1,3)ƩŚŨƯįřźŝŶƴƧƾƯƲǀǀƘţřŹŚƷźǀƜŤƯ

ŶººƴƧƾºƯƵŵŚƠŤººſřƹźƧŚºƯŻřƶºƧİƫŶººƯŶºƴƿŚưƳƾºƯƞºƿźƘţřŹƾºƴǀƘƯƽŚººƷźǀƜŤƯŵƹŶºůŜººƬƛřƹźƧŚºƯƽŚƸƫŶºƯ
ŶºƴƧƞºƿźƘţżºǀƳřŹŶºƳřƵŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſřƹźƧŚºƯƽŚºƷİƳřƺºųřźƟŹŵƶºƧřŹƾƿŚºƷźǀƜŤƯŵƹŶºůŢſřƲƨưƯƲǀƴĤưƷ
ŵƹŶºůƶºĩŵřŵİºƯřŹƵŻŚºūřƲºƿřƵŶºƃƵŶºƳřƺųřźƟƩŶºƯƶºŝƶƬºƇŚƟƲƿźŤƨģƺºƧ"Smallest interval"ƁƹŹ
ŶƿŚưƳƲǀǀƘţľřŵŶŬƯİƬųřŵƽƹźƧŚƯŵƹŶůƞƿŹŚƘţŹŵƩǈŤųřŵŚŬƿřƱƹŶŝřŹźŤƯřŹŚě
ƶǀƫƹřƎƿřźƃ
ƮǀƤŤƀƯƮǀƔƴţ
ƵŶƄººƳƞººƿźƘţinc(varnm) źººĭřvarnmźººǀƜŤƯƶººǀƫƹřƎƿřźººƃƞººƿźƘţInc(varnm ) = expr
ƕƺººƳŻřvarnmƶººƧŢººſřƲººƨưƯƾººŤƣƹƎººƤƟŹŚººƧƲººƿřŶººƃŶººƷřƺųƶŞººſŚŰƯƽŵŚººƗƾŝŚƀººŤƳřšŹŚººŞƗŶººƃŚŝ
ŵƺººƃƾººƯƽŻřŶººƳřƵřŹƵŹŚººŝƹŵƩŶººƯƾººŤƣƹŶººƃŚŝƵŶººƃƞººƿźƘţ(incvarnm)źººĭřŶººƃŚŝƾººƬųřŵŚººƿƽŵƹŹƹ
ŶƃŶƷřƺųƾŝŚƿŻŹřľřŵŶŬƯ
ƾººūƹźųƹƽŵƹŹƹƽŚººƷźǀƜŤƯƽřźººŝvarnmźººǀƜŤƯƶººǀƫƹřƎƿřźººƃƞººƿźƘţInco(varnm) = expr
ŻřŶºƳřƺŤƳvarnm źºǀƜŤƯƶºĩŵƺºƃİºƯƵŵŚƠŤºſřƾºŤƣƹƎºƤƟ inc() ŹƺŤºſŵŻřƕƺºƳƲºƿřŶºƃŚŝİºƯƵŶƄƳƪƇƹ
ŻŚººŝƽřźººŝinc()ŹƺŤººſŵƲƿřźŝŚººƴŝŵƺººƃįŻřŶººƳřƵřŹƪƈººŤƯƽŵƹŹƹƹƾººūƹźųƩŚƴĮǀººſƶººǀƫƹřƎƿřźººƃƢººƿźƏ
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſřƾūƹźųƹƽŵƹŹƹƽŚƸƫŚƴǀƯźţƾƫŚưŤůřƱŵźƧ

ƶººǀƫƹřƾƷŵŹřŶººƤƯƶººƧŵŹřŵŹŚººŞŤƗřƾººŤƣƹƎººƤƟinc () ŹƺŤººſŵŻřƶººƳƺĭƲººƿřincfix(varnm) = expr
incfixŚºŝŵƺºƃƾºƯƵŵŚƠŤºſřƶºƳŚĭƹŵƽŚºƷŢºǀƘƣƺƯŹŵƶºǀƫƹřźƿŵŚºƤƯƲǀºǀƘţƽřźºŝƹŶƃŚŝƾƯźŞŤƘƯŶƃŚŝŹŚƧŵƺų
ŹŚºƧŵƺųŹƺƐŝŶºƴƳřƺţƾºƯŚºƷźǀƜŤƯźƿŚºſƶºǀƫƹřźƿŵŚºƤƯƶºƧƾƫŚºůŹŵƵŶºƃƶǀƫƹřƾƷŵŹřŶƤƯľŚưǀƤŤƀƯźǀƜŤƯŶƴģŚƿƦƿ
ŶƳƺƃƾƷŵŹřŶƤƯ
ƩŚŨƯ
ƾººūƹźųŹřŶººƤƯŚººŝŶººƃŚŝƾººƯ
(uerrs)ƾººūƹźųƦººƿƹ(upss, usetp)ƽŵƹŹƹƹŵƽřŹřŵAVRƩŶººƯ
ŻřƾºƨƿƶºǀƫƹřŹřŶºƤƯƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝŵřŵŢŞƀºƳƶºǀƫƹřŹřŶºƤƯƽŵƹŹƹƹŵźºƷƶºŝŹŚºƧŵƺųƹƱŚºƯżưƷŹƺƐŝƱřƺţƾưƳŚƸƴţ
ŻřƵŵŚƠŤººſřŚººŝusetpƶººǀƫƹřŹřŶººƤƯƵŚººĮƳō'incfix (upss)=0'ƩŚººŨƯŹƺººƏƶººŝŵřŵƾŤŝŚººŧŵŶººƗŶººƿŚŝřŹŚººƸƿŵƹŹƹ
ŵƺƃƾƯƲǀǀƘţŹŚƧŵƺųŹƺƐŝ
upss = 0
ŹřźƨţƮǀƔƴţ
ŻřŶººººƴţŹŚŞƗƶººººƧŵŹřŵŵƺººººūƹƖŝŚººººţƶººººſŹźƨƯŹƺººººƐŝƶººººǀƫƹřźƿŵŚººººƤƯƲǀººººǀƘţŹƺººººƔƴƯƶººººŝ
ŚººƷźŤƯřŹŚěŻřƶººƗƺưŬƯƦººƿƶººǀƫƹřŹřŶººƤƯƱŵźººƧřŶººǀěƽřźººŝƖººŝřƺţƲººƿřnewtonnic, intervalinc, loopinc
ƭƺºƬƘƯŶƴŤƀºƷƩƹřƶºƗƺưŬƯŻřƾƘŝřƺºţƖºƣřƹŹŵƶºƧŚºƷźŤƯřŹŚěźºĮƿŵƶºƗƺưŬƯƶºǀƫƹřźƿŵŚºƤƯźºĭřŵƺƃƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſř

ƵŶºƃƶŤųŚƴºƃźŤƯřŹŚºěƲºƿřƶºƧƾƈºŴƄƯŚºƳƽŚºƷźŤƯřŹŚěźƿŵŚºƤƯƾºŞƿźƤţƱŵźºƧřŶºǀěƽřźºŝŹřźºƨţƖºŝřƺţŶƴƃŚŝ

ŶƳƺƃƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſřŵźǀĭ

ƾƯřŹŚƸƳōƶǀƫƹřźƿŵŚƤƯ
ƲŤƟŚºƿƽřźºŝřŹƵŵŚºſƾºƐųƽƺŬŤƀºūƦºƿƖŝŚºţƲºƿřloopinc(varnm, min, max, step , eps )
ƭƺºƬƘƯƶºǀƫƹřŹřŶºƤƯƶºŝŹřŶºƤƯƲƿźºŤƨƿŵżƳvarnmźŤƯřŹŚºěƱōŌřŻřŹŵƶºƧŶºƷŵƾºƯƭŚºŬƳřƽŵźºƠŝźƈºŰƴƯŹřŶƤƯ
ŶƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵŵƺų
ŶƃŚŝƭƺƬƘƯƶǀƫƹřŹřŶƤƯƶƧƾƿŚƸƳźǀƜŤƯ Varnm
min =ƲǀƿŚěŶůmax = ǇŚŝŶů
step =ƭŚĭƵŻřŶƳř eps = ŚƐųźŨƧřŶů

ƾƴƘƿinc(a) = loopinc(b , -5 , 5 , 0.01 , 0.001) ƩŚŨƯ
ƱŚººƿŚěa=5ŹŵƹƵŶººƃƕƹźººƃa=-5ŻřŶººƿōƾººƯŢººſŶŝ"b"źŤƯřŹŚººěƶŞººſŚŰƯŚººŝ"a"źººǀƜŤƯƶººǀƫƹřŹřŶººƤƯ
ŶƃŚŝƾƯ
ÍÍÎƾƄƿřżƟřƭŚĭƵŻřŶƳřƹŶŝŚƿƾƯ

Żř"b"źººǀƜŤƯƝřźººŰƳřƲƿźŤƨģƺººƧŌřŻřŹŵƶººƧŵƺººŝŶººƷřƺų"a"źººǀƜŤƯƽřźººŝƽŹřŶººƤƯƾŤƄººĭźŝŹřŶººƤƯ
ƽŹřŶƄººƷŶººƃŚŝźººŤĭŹżŝepsƽŚººƐųƮưƿżƧŚººƯŻřƝřźººŰƳřƲƿźººŤưƧźººĭřŢººſřƵŶººƯōŢººſŶŝƁřƶººǀƫƹřŹřŶººƤƯ
ŶƃŶƷřƺųƵŵřŵ
ŵƺƃƵŵŚƠŤſřŶƳřƺţƾƯ
inc( )ŹƺŤſŵŢſřŹŢưſŹŵƎƤƟŢƿŵƹŶŰƯ
ŚººŝƽřƶƬººƇŚƟƲǀººŝƽƺŬŤƀººūƦººƿƖŝŚººţƲººƿřintervalinc(varnm, min, max, iter, eps)
źŤƯřŹŚººěƱōŌřŻřŹŵƶººƧŶººƷŵƾº ƯƭŚººŬƳřƽŵźººƠŝźƈººŰƴƯŹřŶººƤƯƲŤƟŚººƿƽřźººŝřŹźººţżƿŹŌřżººūřƶººŝƶƬººƇŚƟƮǀƀººƤţ
ŶƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵŵƺųƭƺƬƘƯƶǀƫƹřŹřŶƤƯƶŝŹřŶƤƯƲƿźŤƨƿŵżƳvarnm
ŶƃŚŝƭƺƬƘƯƶǀƫƹřŹřŶƤƯƶƧƾƿŚƸƳźǀƜŤƯ Varnm
expr4 ŚƐųźŨƧřŶůmin ƲǀƿŚěŶů
max ǇŚŝŶů
iter ŹřźƨţšŚƘƟŵŵřŶƘţźŨƧřŶů

inc(a) = intervalinc( b , -5 , 5 , 40 ,0.001)ƩŚŨƯ

źººǀƜŤƯƶººǀƫƹřŹřŶººƤƯŚººţŵŹřŵƾƘººſźŤƨģƺººƧƪººƇřƺƟƶººŝ[ÒƹÒ]ƶƬººƇŚƟƾƫřƺººŤƯƮǀƀººƤţƢººƿźƏŻřŮǀººƋƺţ
ŶºƷřƺųƶºƯřŵřšŚºǀƬưƗŶºƃŚŝźºŤưƧepsŻřƁřƶºǀƫƹřŹřŶºƤƯŚºŝ "b" źºǀƜŤƯƝřźºŰƳřƶƧƾƳŚƯŻŚţƹŶŝŚǀŝřŹ "a"
ƲƿźººŤưƧźºĭřƹŶººƃŶºƷřƺųƞºƣƺŤƯŹřźººƨţŶºƴƿōźƟŶºſźŝŵƺººųŹřŶºƤƯźŨƧřŶººůƶºŝŚºƷŹřźƨţŵřŶººƘţźºĭřŢºƟŚƿ
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŵ
řŵŹřŶƄƷƭŚƜǀěƦƿŶƃŚŝ
epsŻřƂǀŝƝřźŰƳř
ŵƺƃƵŵŚƠŤſřŶƳřƺţƾƯ
inc( )ŹƺŤſŵŢſřŹŢưſŹŵƎƤƟŢƿŵƹŶŰƯ
ƦººƿźŤƯřŹŚººěŶººƴģŚººƿƦººƿƶººŝƾŝŚǀŤººſŵƝŶººƷŚºŝnewtoninc(initexpr , start , iter , eps )
ŶƷŵƾƯƭŚŬƳřšǇŵŚƘƯũƹŻŻřƶƗƺưŬƯƦƿŹŵŚƐųƱŵźƧƪƣřŶůƢƿźƏŻřřŹƲţƺǀƳƽŹřźƨţƽƺŬŤƀū

ŶƃŚŝźŝřźŝŢſřƵŶƃƺŬŤƀūŚƸƳōƶǀƫƹřŹřŶƤƯƶƧƾƿŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěŚŝŶƿŚŝƶƧƾţŹŚŞƗ intexpr
ŢſřƵŶƃƺŬŤƀūƱōƶǀƫƹřŹřŶƤƯƶƧƽźŤƯřŹŚěƽřźŝƶǀƫƹřŻřŶƳřƵřŹŹřŶƤƯ Start
ŚƷŹřźƨţŻŚŬƯŵřŶƘţźŨƧřŶů iter
ŢſřƵŶƃƺŬŤƀūƱōƶǀƫƹřŹřŶƤƯƶƧƽźŤƯřŹŚěƹinitexprƲǀŝŻŚŬƯƢƬƐƯƽŚƐųźŨƧřŶů eps
ƩŚŨƯ
qto = 0.5
maxiter = 100
eps = 0.000001

inc (hedr ) = newtoninc (hw - sqr (qedr ) * (Rds + Rdr ),hw,maxiter,eps )
inc (qt2) = newtoninc (pt2 / (4*dh * eta2 ) , qto , maxiter , eps )

źŤƯřŹŚººěÒƶºǀƫƹřźƿŵŚººƤƯƱōŹŵƶºƧŶººƷŵƾºƯƱŚƄººƳƾƫŶºƯƽřźººŝřŹƶºǀƫƹřŹřŶººƤƯƞƿŹŚºƘţŻřƾŤưƀººƣƩŚºŨƯƲºƿř
ƲţƺºººǀƳƽŹřźºººƨţƁƹŹŚºººŝƱōƪºººůƹšǇŵŚºººƘƯũƹŻŻřƾưŤƀºººǀſƪǀƨƄºººţŚºººŝ('hedr','qt1',...,'qt4')
ŢƃřŵƮǀƷřƺųŢƿŚƸƳŹŵŢſřƵŶƃƪůƱŚƯżưƷŹƺƐŝ
hedr ≈ hù - sqr (qedr) * (Rds + Rdr )
qt1 ≈ pt1 / ( 4*dh * eta1 )
qt2 ≈ pt2 / ( 4* dh * eta2)
qt3 ≈ pt3 / (4 * dh * eta 3 )
qt4 ≈ pt4 / ( 4 * dh * eta4 )
ƶƫŵŚƘƯŶƧÓÑÐ
ƶººƗƺưŬƯŢººſřƵŶººƃƵŶººƳŚŬƴĭƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃƽŚƸƫŶººƯƲŤųŚººſƽřźººŝƭŻǇšǇŵŚººƘƯƶººưƷƶººƫŵŚƘƯŶººƧŹŵ
ƲǀººŝƪƿŶººŞţƖººŝřƺţƵŶººƴƴĩƞǀººƇƺţƶººƧŶººƴƧƾººƯƞººƿźƘţřŹƪǀƀººƳřźƠƿŵšǇŵŚººƘƯũƹŻŻřƽřƶŤººſŵšǇŵŚººƘƯ
ƹƾºūƹźųƩŚƴĮǀºſĨºƿŚºŝİºƐųƵŵŚºſƖºŝřƺţŻřŶºƴƳřƺţƾºƯƪƿŶºŞţƖºŝřƺţŢºſřƾūƹźųƹƽŵƹŹƹįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſ
ŶƴƃŚŝźǀƜŤƯİūƹźųƹįŵƹŹƹŶƴģŚŝƶŤſƺǀěŚƳƵŶǀĤǀěİƐųźǀƛƖŝřƺţŚţƽŵƹŹƹƩŚƴĮǀſĨƿ
šřŹŚºŞƗŢºſřƲºƨưƯŵƺºƃƾºƯƵŵŚƠŤºſřŚºƷźǀƜŤƯźºĮƿŵƹŚƸƫŚƴĮǀºſƲǀºŝƮǀƤŤƀºƯƍŚŞţŹřƞǀƇƺţƽřźŝ DSL
ƶºūŹŵŚºŝƪǀƀºƳřźƠƿŵšǇŵŚºƘƯƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝŶƳƺºƃƵŵřŵƅŚƈºŤųřƱōŢºƫŚůźºǀƜŤƯƩƹřƢŤƄºƯƶºŝŚºƿźºǀƜŤƯŵƺųƶŝ
ŵƺưƳƪƿŶŞţƩƹřƶŞţźƯƪǀƀƳřźƠƿŵšǇŵŚƘƯŻřįřƶŤſŵƶŝźĮƿŵŢƫŚůƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯƾƟźƘƯŚŝŶƿŚŝřŹźţǇŚŝ
ƶƫŵŚƘƯŹƺŤſŵÔÑÐ
ƭŚººưţƍŚººŞţŹřƲƿřźŝŚººƴŝŵƺººƃƾººƯƵŵŚƠŤººſřŚººƷźŤƯřŹŚěƶººŝŚººƸƫƺƯźƟƱŵřŵƅŚƈººŤųřƽřźººŝƶººƫŵŚƘƯšřŹƺŤººſŵ
ŶƷŵİƯƱŚƄƳƪǀƀƳřźƠƿŵšǇŵŚƘƯŻřƶŤſŵƦƿŹŵřŹŚƷźŤƯřŹŚě
źƯřźĭ
ŶƷŵƾƯƾƇŚƈŤųř
varnmźǀƜŤƯƶŝřŹexprƩƺƯźƟVarnm = expr
ŚƸƫŚŨƯ
y = sin (a) + 3* x1
ŶƷŵƾƯƅŚƈŤųř
varnmźǀƜŤƯƢŤƄƯƲǀƫƹřƶŝřŹexprƩƺƯźƟvarnm. = expr
y =. not. x1 >2.or.a<= 3
ŚƸƫŚŨƯ
x1. = ( xe - x1) /T1
šŚŰǀƋƺţ
x2. = x1

ƶŞººſŚŰƯźººŝƾƫřƺººţƹŜººǀţźţƲººƿřŶººƷŵűŹŢººſřƲººĪưƯƾƫřƺººţźººƷŹŵDSLƱŵřŵŹřźººƣƩŵŚººƘƯ 
ŵŹřŶƳƽźǀŧŐţŚƷƩƺƯźƟ
ƵŶººƃƵŵřŵƆǀƈººŴţİººƿƹŵƹŵšŹŚººŞƗƦººƿƶººŝźººĭřƾººŤůŶƴŤƀººƷƽŹŚƄº ƗřƕƺººƳŻřŚººƷźǀƜŤƯƶººưƷ 
ŵƺŝŶƷřƺų1.000Śƿ 0.000ƁŹřŶƤƯŢƫŚůƱōŹŵƶƧŶƴƃŚŝ
źºǀŞƘţƵŚºĮƳōy =. not. zľǈŨºƯŵƺºƃƾºƯƵŵŚƠŤºſřƾºƤƐƴƯšŹŚºŞƗƦºƿŹŵzźºǀƜŤƯĨºƿƾºŤƣƹ 
ŵŵźĭİƯźǀŞƘţźƿŻƪĪƃƶŝƹƵŵƺŝ(z > 0.5)ƶƐŝřŹƶŝƶūƺţŚŝzŻř1ƾƤƐƴƯŵŶƗ
y1 = ( z = < 0.5 ) ŚŝŢſřƩŵŚƘƯy1 =. not. z
ƲƿřźŝŚººƴŝŵƺººƃİººưƳƵŵřŵįŹŚººƐųřŚººƷƩƺºƯźƟŹŵƶŤƀººƀĭŚƳƹƾººƤƐƴƯįŚººƷźǀƜŤƯŜººǀƧźţƭŚººĮƴƷƶºŝ 
źƿŻƎŝřƹŹƭŚƛŵř
y =. not. x1>2.or.a<= 3
ŢƟźĭŶƷřƺųřŹx1ƎƤƟŚƿx1+4/0ŹřŶƤƯzyƶŝƶŤƀŝŶƃŶƷřƺŴƳİƯŚƜǀěŪǀƷƶŝźŬƴƯ
z = 4.0* y + x1
ƵŵřŵƆǀŴƄºţŚºƷźǀƜŤƯƲǀºŝšŚºƏŚŞţŹřƶºƧŢºſřįřƶºƳƺĭƶºŝźºǀƜŤƯƦºƿƶºŝŹřŶºƤƯƱŵřŵƅŚƈŤųř 
źƿŻƩŚŨƯįřźŝŶƃŶƷřƺų
1. a = b+5
2. b = x1
3. x1. = 1
ŶƿŵźĭŶƷřƺųƶŞſŚŰƯƩƹřźƐſƱōƵŶƯōŢſŶŝƶŬǀŤƳŻřžĜſƹƵŶƃƶŞſŚŰƯƭƹŵźƐſřŶŤŝř
ŶƃŶƷřƺųźƷŚƓŚƐųƭŚƜǀěƦƿźƿŻƩŚŨƯŹŵŶƃŚŝİưƳŻŚŬƯİƋŚƿŹšřŹŚŞƗŻřƶƤƬůƪǀĪƄţ 
a=b+5
ƒººƠůřŹŵƺººųƶººǀƫƹřŹřŶººƤƯvarnmŵƺƄººƳƵŵřŵŢŞƀººƳvarnmźººǀƜŤƯƶººŝįŹřŶººƤƯĢǀººƷźººĭř
b = 2*a

ŵźĩŶƷřƺų
ĚºģŢưºſŹŵƎºƤƟŶºƿŚŝŚºƷƢŤƄºƯŶºƃŚŝšřŹŚºŞƗįŚºƷƢŤƄºƯƪƯŚºƃŶƿŚŞƳŢſřŹŢưſšŹŚŞƗ 
ŶƳƺƃźƷŚƓƶƫŵŚƘƯ
ŢſřŮǀŰƇx1. = asin (a)ƹƎƬƛa = sin (x1.)
DSL ƽŚƷƹźƧŚƯ
ŻřŹƺººƔƴƯƶººƧŢººſřDSLƵŶºǀĤǀěƖŝŚººţŚººƿİƿřŶºŤŝřƖŝŚººţƵŶººƃƞººƿźƘţƂǀºěŻřƩŶººƯDSLƽƹźƧŚººƯƦºƿ
ħƺººƬŝƂƿřźººƿƹƽřƵŹƹŚºŰƯŹŵŚººƧŵƺºƃƵŶººƳŚŬƴĭDSLźţǇŚºŝŮƐººſƽŚƸƫŶººƯŹŵŶºƿŚŝƶººĩŢºſřƲººƿřİƿřŶºŤŝř
ƹźƧŚºƯƱřƺºƴƗƶºŝƩŶºƯįŹřŸºĭŢºƯǈƗƮǀºƔƴţŹŵŶºƳřƺţƾºƯƶºƧŶºƴƧƾƯƶŗřŹřřŹ "Macro" ƽŶƴŝƶƤŞƏƶƴƿżĭƦƿ
ƾƧƺººƬŝƖººūźƯĨººƿŵŚººŬƿřŚººŝŚººƿźţǇŚººŝŮƐººſƩŶººƯĨººƿŹŵDSLƽƹźƧŚººƯƦººƿƱŵƺººưƳƑŚººŰƫŵƹŹŹŚººĩƶººŝ
DSLƶƫŵŚƘƯƦƿŹŵİƤƐƴƯƹŮƋřƹƍŚŞţŹřŚŝŚƿŢſřźƿŸěƱŚĪƯřƭřźĭŚƿŵħƺƬŝƽŚƸƨǀƟřźĭŹŵ
źƯřźĭ
varnm1,varnm2,...= macroname(i1,i2,... ;s1,s2,... ;p1,p2,... ;i1,i2,...)

varnm2varnm1ƽŚººƷźǀƜŤƯƶººŝřŹƾººūƹźųįŚººƷƩŚƴĮǀººſmacronameƭŚººƳŚººŝDSLƽƹźƧŚººƯ
ŢººƫŚůƽŚººƷźǀƜŤƯŻřƹźƧŚººƯƲººƿřŢººſřƵŵřŵƅŚƈººŤųři2ƹi1ƽŚººƷźǀƜŤƯƶººŝřŹƽŵƹŹƹįŚººƷƩŚƴĮǀººſƹƹ
ŢſřƵŵƺưƳƵŵŚƠŤſřżǀƳi2ƹi1įŵƹŹƹįŚƷźǀƜŤƯƹöp2õƹöp1õįŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěöp1õƹös2õ
P1,P2 = '\ User\ I.BlkDef'(i1,i2;s1,s2;T1,T2)ƩŚŨƯ
ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƆǀƈŴţDSLŻř'User\ I.BlkDef'ƩŶƯİūƹźųP2ƹP1ƶŝƩŚŨƯƲƿřŹŵ
ƾºūƹźųźºǀƜŤƯƦºƿįřŹřŵƎºƤƟŚºƸƳōźºĭřƾºŤůŵŹřŶºƳŵƺºūƹŚºƸƫƺƯźƟƪųřŵŹŵƹźƧŚƯƽŚƷƾƳřƺųřźƟƱŚĪƯř
ŶƴƃŚŝ
ŶƃŚŝİƯŮǀŰƇİƫŚŨƯy = my_macro (x1 , s1 , p1 , i1)
ŚƯř
ƲƿżĮƿŚºūźºƿŻšŹƺºƇƶºŝŶºƿŚŝƶºĩŢºſřŢºſŹŵŚƳy = 3* my_macro (x1 , s1 , p1 , i1 ) + 4
ŵƺƃ
y1 = my - macro (x1 , s1 , p1 , i1 )
y = 3 * y1 + 4
DSL ƾƬųřŵƽƹźƧŚƯŚŝƱŵźĩŹŚĩ
ƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯŶºƴƧƲǀƄºƳŚūƹźƧŚºƯƶºƫŵŚƘƯŶºƧŚºŝřŹƹźƧŚºƯƾƳřƺºųřźƟźºƷŚºţŵŹřŵƶºƠǀƓƹźºĮƬǀƬŰţƂǀºěƦƿ
İƯƺººŝƽŚººƸƯŚƳŶººƳřƵŶººƃƲƿżĮƿŚººūƹźƧŚººƯƾƳřƺººųřźƟŹŵƵŶººƃƵŵŚƠŤººſřƽŚººƷźǀƜŤƯƶƬǀººſƺŝƹźƧŚººƯDSLƩŶººƯ
ŢƟŹŶƴƷřƺųƲǀŝŻřİƬǀƬŰţƂǀěƶƬůźƯŻřŶƘŝŚƷƹźƧŚƯźǀƜŤƯ
DSL ƽŚƸƫŶƯ
ŻřŶƴţŹŚŞƗƶƧŵŹřŵŵƺūƹDSLİƬƇřƩŶƯƕƺƳƹŵƾƬƧŹƺƏƶŝ
ƶƬǀººſƺŝŚƸƫŶººƯƲººƿřHVDCƽŚºƷƮŤƀººǀſŚººƿŚººƷŹŚŝŚºƷŹƺţřźƳĥŶººƴƳŚƯƾººƨƿźŤƨƫřƽŚƸƷŚĮŤººſŵƽŚƸƫŶºƯ Î
ƶƨŞºƃƶºŝƲǀºƘƯŹŚºŝŽŚºŝƦºƿŹŵƶºƧ öcomplex device currentõƱŚºƃŵƺųƾƬºƇřƾºūƹźųƩŚƴĮǀºſ
ƲºƨưƯƾºƨƿźŤƨƫřšřƹŵřįŚºƷƱŚºƿźūźºŝƵƹǈºƗƩŚºůźƷƶºŝŶºƳřƵŶºƃƆŴƄƯŢſřƵŶƃƢƿŻźţƾƨƿźŤƨƫř
ŵƺưƳƞƿźƘţƾūƹźųƩŚƴĮǀſƱřƺƴƗƶŝżǀƳřŹźĮƿŵźǀƜŤƯźƷŢſř
ƶŤºƃƺƳŚºưƴƷřŹśŚºŤƧƲºƿřƶºƧ ƾƳŚºƯŻŶºƳřƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţźŝŹŚºĩƎºſƺţƶºĩšŹŶºƣƮŤƀǀſšřƹŵřƲƿř ƶūƺţ
ŢſřƶŤƃřŶƳŵƺūƹŹřżƟřƭźƳŹŵƵŶƃİƯ
ŶºƳřƵŶƄºƳƢºƿŹżţƾºƬƧƽŚƸƷŚĮŤºſŵƾºƨƿźŤƨƫřƶƨŞºƃƶºŝľŚưǀƤŤƀºƯƶºƧƾūƹźųįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſŚŝƾƿŚƸƫŶƯ Ï
ƵźºǀƛƹƶŞºſŚŰƯįŚƸºƃƹŹŚºƷƶºƫŹĥŚºŤƫƹƽŚºƷƵŶºƴƴƧƩźºŤƴƧƶºǀƫƹřƥźŰƯƽŚƷŶůřƹŚƸƫŶƯƕƺƳƲƿřƶƬưūŻř
ŵźŝƭŚƳƱřƺţİƯřŹ
ŚƸƯŚƜǀěƹťŵřƺů
ƾºūƹźųƵźºŬƴěƶºŝŚºƐųƭŚºƜǀěĨºƿƩŚºſŹřįřźºŝŚºƿƶºƠƣƹŵřŶųŹƦƿŵŚŬƿřƽřźŝřŹƾƿŚƷƁƹŹ DSL ƱŚŝŻ

ŻřŶƴţŹŚŞƗƶƧŢſřƵŵƺưƳƮƷřźƟ
źººƷŻŚººƛōŹŵƹƵŵƺººưƳŵŚººŬƿřřŹŵřŶººųŹƦººƿƶººƧFault(boolexpr , event_string)ƁƹŹ 
ŶƴĩƾƯƶŞſŚŰƯřŹƱōƾƳŚƯŻƶƬě


ŹŵƹŶººƴƧƾººƯŵŚººŬƿřİººūƹźųƭŚººƜǀěƦººƿoutput(boolexpr , message_string) ƁƹŹ 

ŵƺƃƾƯƶŞſŚŰƯƾƳŚƯŻƶƬěźƷƱŚƿŚě

ƾºƫƹřƶºŞţźƯŶƳƺºƃƾºƯƶŞºſŚŰƯƩŶºƯƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃŶºƴƿřźƟŻřƾƳŚºƯŻƶºƬěźºƷŹŵ output ƹ fault ƽŚƸƃƹŹ

ƾººūƹźųƵźºŬƴěƶººŝİƯŚºƜǀěƹŶºƃŶººƷřƺųƁŻřŵźºěƶŤºƃŹƲººƿřŢºſřŮǀŰºƇboolexprŵƺººƃƆŴƄºƯƶºƧ
ƽŚƸººƃƹŹƲººƿřŻřŶººƘŝŶººƃŶººƷřƺųƵŶǀƄººĩDIgSILENTƶººŧŵŚůƞººƇƶººŝįŵřŶººųŹŚººƿŵƺººƃƾººƯƵŵŚŤººſźƟ
'DSL'ƩŶººƯƶººƧƾƳŚººƯŻŚººţťŵřƺººůƹŚººƸƯŚƜǀěįŚººſōƪǀººſƩŚººſŹřŻřƽźǀĭƺººƬūŹƺººƔƴƯƶººŝoutputƹfault
ŶƃŶƴƷřƺųƩŚƘƟźǀƛŵƺƃƽŻřŶƳřƵřŹƵŹŚŝƹŵ
ŶƳřƵŶƃŮƿźƄţƽŶƘŝƽŚƸƄŴŝŹŵƪǀƈƠţƶŝƁƹŹƹŵźƷ

Output(boolexpr , message_string )
Śººººƿnum(boolexpr)ƅŚººººųƖŝŚººººţƹŚººººƷźǀƜŤƯƪƯŚººººƃŢººººſřƲººººƨưƯmessage_string
ŶƃŚŝnum(expr)
ƱŚºƃŵƺųƾºƘƣřƹźƿŵŚºƤƯƶƬǀºſƺŝŶƳƺºƃƾºƯźƷŚºƓ '=' ŢºƯǈƗŻřŶºƘŝƶƬƇŚƟǈŝƶƧİƿŚƷźǀƜŤƯİƯŚſř 
ƩŚŨƯįřźŝŶƃŶƴƷřƺųƲǀƄƳŚū
output(yymax : 'maximum excoeded : y = yt > ymax = ymax' )

yt=1.2 > ŢººſřƵŵźººĩŻƹŚººŬţźŨƧřŶººůŹřŶººƤƯŻř
ƭŚººƜǀěŶººǀƫƺţƶººŝźººŬƴƯŢººſřƲººĪưƯƶººƧ
ŵŵźĭ ymny=10
ŶƃŶƴƷřƺųƲƿżĮƿŚūƩƺƯźƟƵŶƃƶŞſŚŰƯŹřŶƤƯŚŝnum(bool expr)Śƿnum(expr ) 
ƩŚŨƯ
ŶƿŚưƳŵŚŬƿřřŹvalue = 3.5000 ŹřŶƤƯŢſřƲƨưƯƶĩvalue = num ( a + b )
Fault(boolexpr , event_string )

ƩŶºƯŹŵƩŚºŨƯŹƺºƏƶºŝŶºƃŚŝƾºƯįŻŚºſƵźºǀųŷŢºƸūƾºƬŰƯƶŝťŵřƺůƩŚƤŤƳřŢǀƬŝŚƣƽřŹřŵ DSL ƩŶƯźƷ
ŵƺºưƳŻŚºŝŶºǀƬƧŵřŶºųŹŮǀŰºƇƞºƿźƘţƢºƿźƏŻřřŹƎºųƦºƿšŹŶºƣŶºǀƬƧŶºƳřƺţƾƯžƳŚŤƀƿŵƶƫŹƦƿ DSL
ƽŚººƷƵŵřŵƵŚººĮƿŚěŹŵŵƺººūƺƯŵřŶººųŹƦººƿƽřźººūřŚººŝŵřŶººųŹƦººƿŵŚººŬƿř"Throwing an event"
ŵƺƃƾƯřźūř
DIgSILENT
ŚºŝƱŚºƯżưƷŹƺƐŝŶºƿŚŝŶƴºƃŚŝƵŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſř DSL ƩŶºƯƶƬǀºſƺŝŢºſřƲºƨưƯƶºƧİƿŚƷŵřŶºųŹƶưƷƶŬǀŤƳŹŵ
ŶƳƺººƃƵźººǀųŷeventƶººưƧŵElmDSLƥźŤƄººƯƩŶººƯƪººųřŵŹŵŶººƿŚŝŚººƸƳōƶººưƷŶººƳŵźĭŵŚººŬƿřDSLƩŶººƯ
ŵřŵŶƴƷřƺųƪǀĪƄţřŹDSL ƩŶƯŻřƶŤſƺǀěŢưƀƣƦƿDSL eventsƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ
źºĭřƶŞºſŚŰƯŹŵŵƺºƃƵŵřŵƕŚºūŹřŚƷŵřŶºųŹƲºƿřŻřƾºƨƿƭŚºƳƶºŝİŤƀºƿŚŝŚºƐųƩƺºƯźƟŹŵevent_string
ƶǀŞºƃŶºƴƿřźƟƶºƧƲºƿřƊºŰƯƶºŝŵƺºƃƾºƯƵŶǀƄºĩƶºŧŵŚůƶŤƄºěƱƹŹŵƶŝŵřŶųŹƵŚĮƳōŶƃŚŝŢſŹŵ boolexpr
ƮǀºƔƴţŚºŝŢºſřƲºĪưƯřŹƽźǀųŐºţŵřŶºųŹƦºƿƶºŬǀŤƳŹŵŵƺºưƳŶºƷřƺųřźºūřřŹƱōŶǀºſŹŵřŶųŹƲƿřƶŝƽŻŚſ
ŵƺưƳřźūřDSLƩŶƯƶƬǀſƺŝƹƽŹŚūƱŚƯŻŻřźţƺƬūřźūřƱŚƯŻ
ƁƹŹŵźºƧŭǈºƇřŶºƿŶūŹřŶºƤƯƦºƿƱŵřŵƅŚƈºŤųřŚºŝƱřƺºţƾºƯřŹŚºƐųƶŤºƃŹƲºƿřŹŵŵřŶųŹƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚě
ŶƃƞǀƇƺţƾūƹźųƁƹŹŵŹƺƯŹŵƹơƺƟŹŵƶĩŢſřƱŚưƷŹŚĩ

ƩŚŨƯ
ƶŤƄººěƱƹŹŵƶººŝMySwitchEvent1ŚººŝƵŶººƃƵŶººǀƯŚƳŵřŶººųŹƵŚººĮƳōŵŵźººĭźŤƄººǀŝ1.1ŻřuźººǀƜŤƯźººĭř
Fault ( u > 1.1 , 'name = MyswitchEvent1 dtime = 0.15 ' )
Ŷº ƿŵźĭŶººƷřƺųƮǀººƔƴţƶººǀƳŚŧƾººƬǀƯÎÒŹŵŵřŶººųŹƾŞƀººƳƱŚººƯŻdtimeźººǀƜŤƯƹŶººƃŶººƷřƺųƵŶǀƄººĩŵřŶººųŹ

ƦºƿƱŵźºƧŻŚºŝƽřźºŝƭŻǇƱŚºƯŻŵŹƺºƯƲºƿřŹŵƶºƧŵŚºŤƟřŶºƷřƺųźǀųŐºţƶŝƾƳŚƯŻŹřŶƤƯƱōƶŝŵřŶųŹƲƿřƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ
ƞººƿźƘţ"MySwitchEvent1"ŵřŶººųŹŹŵŵƺººƃƾººƯŻŚººŝƶººƧƾĤǀƿƺººſƹŶººƴĩƾººƯƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃřŹĢǀƿƺººſ
ŢſřƵŶƃ

ŚƸƫŚŨƯÕÑÐ
ƵŶƃƵźǀųŷŹŚŴŝŚŝƵŶƃƭźĭƵŹŚŝƹŵƾţŹřźůƲǀŝŹƺţ
ƵŶƴƴƧƩźŤƴƧƩŶƯ
model pt , ptmw
'pmu - 1 ' ( at , sgn , cosn , ngnum ; x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ;Thp , Tip , Tlp , alflp , Tspi )
[T1] = 's'
limits (T1) = [0 , )
limits (alfhp ) = [0 , 1 ]
vardef (alfhp) = ; 'High pressure turbine ratio ' ;
limits (alflp) = [0 , 1 - alfhp ]
vardef (alflp ) = ; ' Low pressure turbine ratio ' ;
vardef (Tspi) = 's' ; 'Boiler capacity time constant ' ;
limits (Tspi) = ( 0 , )
vardef (Thp ) = 's' ; 'High pressure turbine time constant ' ;
vardef (Tlp) = ' s ' ; ' second reheater time constant ' ;
vardef (Tip) = 's' ; ' First reheater time constant ' ;
inc (x1) = y / k
inc (xe ) = y / k
inc (x4) = 1.0
inc (steamflow0) = pt
inc (at) = pt
inc (ylp ) = pt
x1. = select ( T1 > 0 , ( xe - x1) / T1. 0 )
steamflow = at * x4
y = k* select (T1 > 0 , x1 , xe ) ! if T1 = 0 = > y = xe
yhp = PT1 (steamflow ; x1 ; Thp ) ! high pressure part

x4. = ( steamflow0 - steamflow ) / Tspi ! boiler

yip = PT1 ( yhp ; x2 ; Tip ) ! medium pressure part
ylp = PT1 ( yip ; x3 ; Tlp ) ! low pressure part
ptmw = pt * sgn * cosn * ngnum ! only for output purposes

pt = yhp * alfhp + ylp * alflp + yip * ( 1. 0 - alfhp - alflp )


ŵƺƃƾƯƞƿźƘţźƿŻšŹƺƇƶŝ
'PT1'ƵŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřƽƹźƧŚƯ
model y = ' PT1 ' ( xe ; x1 ; k , T1 ; )
x1. = Select ( T1 > 0 , ( xe - x1) / T1 , 0)

y = k* select (T1 > 0 ,x1 , xe ) ! if T1 = 0 = > y = xe
inc (x1) = y/k
inc (xe) = y / k
limits (T1) = [ 0 , )
[T1] = 's'

3.5 DSL Funtions
ŵŹřŶƳŚŤſřƖŝřƺţÎÒÐ
sin(x) sine sin(1.2)=0.93203

cos(x) cosine cos(1.2)=0.36236
tan(x) tangent tan(1.2)=2.57215
asin(x) arcsine asin(0.93203)=1.2
acos(x) arccosine acos(0.36236)=1.2
atan(x) arctangent atan(2.57215)=1.2
sinh(x) hyperbolic sine sinh(1.5708)=2.3013
cosh(x) hyperbolic cosine cosh(1.5708)=2.5092
tanh(x) hyperbolic tangent tanh(0.7616)=1.0000
exp(x) exponential value exp(1.0)=2.718281
ln(x) natural logarithm ln(2.718281)=1.0
log(x) log10 log(100)=2
sqrt(x) square root sqrt(9.5)=3.0822
sqr(x) power of 2 sqr(3.0822)=9.5
pow (x,y) power of y pow(2.5, 3.4)=22.5422
abs(x) absolute value abs(-2.34)=2.34
min(x,y) smaller value min(6.4, 1.5)=1.5
max(x,y) larger value max(6.4, 1.5)=6.4
modulo(x,y) remainder of x/y modulo(15.6, 3.4)=0.58823
trunc(x) integral part trunc(-4.58823)=-4.0000
frac(x) fractional part frac(-4.58823)=-0.58823
round(x) closest integer round(1.65)=2.000
ceil(x) smallest larger integer ceil(1.15)=2.000
floor(x) largest smaller integer floor(1.78) = 1.000
pi() 3.141592... p=3.141592...
twopi() 6.283185... 2p=6.283185...

e() 2,718281... e=2,718281...
ŶƃŚŝƾƯƱŚƿŵřŹƾţŚŨƬŨƯƖŝřƺţƶưƷƱŚƯƺĭŹō

ƅŚųƖŝřƺţÏÒÐ

ƾƐųźǀƛƵŶƴƴƧŵƹŶŰƯƖŝŚţ Lim( u , min , max )

 min ifx  min 
returns
 
 max ifx  max 
 xif min  x  max 
 
ŵƹŶºŰƯƽŚºƷźǀĭƩřźºĮŤƳřŵŚºŬƿřƽřźºŝƾºƐųźºǀƛƵŶºƴƴƧŵƹŶºŰƯƖŝŚºţ Limstate (x1 , min , max )

ƵŶƃ
:ƩŚŨƯ
x1. = xe/Ti ;
ŢſřƵŶƃİſŹźŝ" lim "ƹ"Selecte "ƖŝřƺţŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřƶƬǀſƺŝľǈŞƣŵŹƺƯƲƿř

y = limstate (x1 , min , max ) ;
x1. & = & select ( { x1$>$ = max. and. xe$ > $0}
& . or. { x1 $ < $ = min. and. xe$ < $0 } , 0 , xe / Ti ) ;
y & = & lim (x1 , min , max ) ;
ŹřŶºƤƯƹƵŵźºƧƵźºǀųŷřŹx(Tnow)ŹřŶºƤƯƽźǀųŐºţƖŝŚºţdelay(x , Tdelay )
ŶººƃŚŝƾººƯ
źººŤĭŹżŝ0.0ŻřƹƵŵƺººŝƶººǀƳŚŧŜƀººůźŝTdelayŶººƳřŵźĭƾººƯźººŝřŹx(Tnow,Tdelay )
ŢºŝŚŧŜƿřźºƋƪƯŚºƃƎºƤƟŶºƿŚŝƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝƹŵƺºƃƶŞºſŚŰƯƱŚºƯŻŻřƪƤŤƀºƯŜƿźƋƦƿšŹƺƇƶŝŶƿŚŝ Tdelay
ŶƃŚŝƽźĮƿŵƖŝřƺţƪƯŚƃŢſřƲĪưƯx(t)šŹŚŞƗŶƃŚŝįźŤƯřŹŚěƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯƹ
y = delay( xe + delay ( x1 , 1.0 ) , 2.0) ƩŚŨƯ
ŶƿŚưƳƾƯƶǀƫƹ
řİƷŵŹřŶƤƯx(Treset ) ŚŝřŹƱōƽźǀųŐţƖŝřƺţDSLƩŶƯƦƿŵŶŬƯƮǀƔƴţ
šŹƺºƇƲºƿřźºǀƛŹŵƹŶºƳřŵźĭƾºƯźºŝřŹxŶºƃŚŝŢºſŹŵboolexprźºĭř:selecte(boolepr , x , y )
ŵƺƃƾƯƵŶƳřŵźĭźŝ
y
źƠƇźŝƱŶƃƮǀƀƤţŻřƽźǀĭƺƬūƽřźŝƩŚŨƯ
x1. = select ( T1 > 0 , xe / T1 , o/o )
array_iiiiƶƬǀººſƺŝfƶººƧƾƿŚººūŹŵřŹy = f (x)ƾººƐųŜººƿźƤţ:Lapprox(x , array_iiii )

ŶƳřŵźĭƾƯźŝŢſřƵŶƃƞƿźƘţ

:ƩŚŨƯ
y = lapprox ( 1.8 , array - valve )
ŶƴƧƾƯŽƺƨƘƯ
array_iiii ŚŝřŹLapproxƖŝŚţ: invlapprox(y , array - iiii )
ŜººƧźƯƩŶººƯįŚººūƶººŝElmFile źƈººƴƗƦººƿŻř:file(ascil-parm , expr)!OBSOLETE
ŶƴƧƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſř

ŚºƷƶºƫŹƽřźºŝöpick - up - drop - offõƾºƤƐƴƯƖŝŚºţ :Picdro(boolexpr , Tpick , Tdrop )
ŢºſřšŹŚºŞƗƾºƬųřŵŢºƫŚůƦºƿŚºƿźƠºƇƾºƴƘƿŶºƳřŵźĭƾºƯźŝřŹƾƬųřŵƾƤƐƴƯŢƫŚůƖŝŚţƲƿřŶƃŚŝƾƯŶǀƠƯ
Żř

ƦººƿƶººŝźƠººƇŻřŶººƃŚŝboolexpr = 1ƶººǀƳŚŧTpickƪƣřŶººůƩŵŚººƘƯİƳŚººƯŻšŶººƯƽřźººŝźººĭř 
ŶƴƧƾƯřŶǀěźǀǀƜţ

ŶƴƧƾƯřŶǀěźǀǀƜţźƠƇƶŝƦƿŻřŶƃŚŝ
bollexpr = 0 ƶǀƳŚŧTdrop Żřžěźĭř 
ŶƳŚƯƾƯƾƣŚŝźǀǀƜţƱƹŶŝźĮƿŵƽŚƷŢǀƘƋƹŹŵ

řŹƾººƬųřŵƾººƤƐƴƯŢººƫŚůƖŝŚººţƲººƿřƾººƤƐƴƯęǈººƟĚººǀƬƟƖŝŚººţ:flip flop(boolset , boolreset )

ŻřŢſřšŹŚŞƗƾƬųřŵŢƫŚůƦƿŚƿźƠƇƾƴƘƿŶƳřŵźĭƾƯź
ŝ
(SET)ŶŝŚƿƾƯźǀǀƜţƦƿƶŝźƠƇŻř
ŶƃŚŝboolreset = 0 ƹboolset = 1 źĭř 
.(RESET)ŶŝŚƿƾƯźǀǀƜţźƠƇƶŝƦƿŻř
ŶƃŚŝ boolset = 0 ƹboolreset = 1źĭř 
.(HOLD)ŶƳŚƯƾƯƾƣŚŝźǀǀƜţƱƹŶŝźĮƿŵƎƿřźƃŹŵ

ƶǀƫƹřŹřŶƤƯBoolset
ŵƺƃƾƯŚƐųƭŚƜǀěŵŚŬƿřŦƗŚŝ
boolset = boolreset = 1 ƶǀƫƹřƎƿřźƃ
ƽƹŚƀºƯƾºƬųřŵŢǀƘºƋƹźºĭřƶŤºſƺǀěęǈºƟĚºǀƬƟƖŝŚºţƦºƿaflipflop(x , boolset , boolreset)

řŹxİƳƺººƴĩŹřŶººƤƯšŹƺººƇƲººƿřźººǀƛŹŵƹƵŶººƳřŵźĭźŝSET-timeŹŵxƽřźººŝřŹƾººƬŞƣŹřŶººƤƯŶººƃŚŝÎ
ŶƳřŵźĭƾƯźŝ

ŻřŢſřšŹŚŞƗƾƬųřŵŢǀƘƋƹƲƿř
.(SET)ŶŝŚƿƾƯźǀǀƜţƦƿƶŝźƠƇŻř
ŶƃŚŝöboolreset = 0ƹboolset = 1 õźĭř 
(RESET)ŶŝŚƿƾƯźǀǀƜţźƠƇƶŝƦƿŻř
.ŶƃŚŝöboolrest= 1ƹboolset = 0 õźĭř 
.(HOLD)ŶƳŚƯƾƯƾƣŚŝźǀǀƜţƱƹŶŝźĮƿŵƽŚƷŢǀƘƣƺƯŹŵ

ŶƳřŵźĭƾƯźŝřŹƽŹŚūƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃƱŚƯŻ
Time()
ƩŚŨƯ
t = time () , y = sin (t) or y = sin ( time ( ) )


ƭƺſƂŴŝ
1.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 2
1.4 Run Simulation ...................................................................................... 9
1.5 Result Objects........................................................................................ 9
1.6 Events.................................................................................................. 10

2.3 The Common Model ........................................................................... 18

3.5 DSL Functions..................................................................................... 47


5.6 Result Objects...................................................................................... 75
5.8 Triggering............................................................................................ 80

6.3 Failure Models....................................................................................100
DIgSILENT PowerFactory Model Parameter Identification
Chapter 4
Model Parameter Identification

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DIgSILENTƾƿŚſŚƴƃƖŝřƺţšŚǀƿżūƭŚưţ


ƾƿŚſŚƴƃİƬĩƵŶƗŚƣÎÑƪƨƃ
4.1 Target Functions and Composite Frames
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ŢſřƵŶƃƵŶǀƄĩźƿƺƈţ


ƵŵŚſƾƿŚſŚƴƃƭřźĭŚƿŵƥƺƬŝÏÑƪƨƃ

ƽŚƸƫŶºƯƹƵŶºƴƴĩƶƀºƿŚƤƯƽźºǀĭƵŻřŶºƳřƽŚºƸƬƿŚƟƶºŝŚƌºƟƆǀƈºŴţįřźºŝƾƿŚƸƫŚƈºţřƝŚĪºƃƭřźĭŚºƿŵħƺƬŝ
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ƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřƪƿŚƟƩŚƈţřƝŚĪƃÎÎÑ
ŶƃŚŝƾƯźƿŻŵƺūƺƯ
įŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſƽřŹřŵ(ElmFile)ƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřƪƿŚƟźƈƴƗ
ÍƽŵƹŹƹįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſŵřŶƘţ 
ÎÍƾūƹźųįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſŵřŶƘţ 
įŵƹŹƹįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſİƯŚſř 
"y1 ,..., y10 " ƾūƹźųįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſİƯŚſř 
ŶƃŚŝƾƯźƿŻšŚưǀƔƴţƽřŹřŵźƿŻƩŚŨƯŹŵƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřƪƿŚƟƩŚƈţřƝŚĪƃ

"ElmFile "ŽǈƧƭŚƳźŤƬǀƟ 
"y1 , y2 "ƾūƹźųƽŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſ 
ƵŶººƃŮƿźƄººţTechnical Reference ManualŻřDSLƂººŴŝŹŵƽźººǀĭƵŻřŶººƳřƪººƿŚƟźƈººƴƗŵƺººų

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ŶƿŚưƳƾƯŵŚŬƿřƵŹŚŝƹŵƾƿŚſŚƴƃŶƴƿōźƟƾƏ

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ŶƳřƶŤƟŹŹŚƧƶŝżǀƳƾƿŚſŚƴƃƭřźĭŚƿŵħƺƬŝŹŵŶƳŶƃƾƯ

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ƪººƯŚĩƭŚººƳźººĩŷƶƬǀººſƺŝƾººūƹźųƹƽŵƹŹƹįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀººſŶººƴƿŚưƳƵŵŚƠŤººſřƾººūƹźųŚººƿƽŵƹŹƹƱřƺººƴƗƶººŝšŹŶººƣ
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Vco1ƩŚƈţřƝŚĪƃÏÑƩŚŨƯŵŹƺƯŹŵ
"Elm vco*"ƶƤŞƏƭŚƳźŤƬǀƟ 
" uerrs "ƾūƹźųįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſ 
" u "ƽŵƹŹƹįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſ 
ƶƀƿŚƤƯƩŚƈţřƝŚĪƃÐÎÑ

ŶƃŚŝƾƯźƿŻƅřƺųƽřŹřŵ
ElmCompareƶƀƿŚƤƯźƈƴƗ
ÏÎƽŵƹŹƹįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſŵřŶƘţ 
ÍƾūƹźųįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſŵřŶƘţ 
"in1mea ,... , in10mea "ƵŶƃƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřŲſŚěƩŚƴĮǀſİƯŚſř 
"in1sim ,...,in10sim "ƵŶƃƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃŲſŚěƩŚƴĮǀſİƯŚſř 
"qzpf"įŶƴŝŢƿƺƫƹřŜƿźƋ 
ƾūƹźųįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſİƯŚſř 
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ŵŵźĭźƠƇŢſřƵŶƄƳƵŵŚƠŤſřƾƿŚſŚƴƃŶƴƿōźƟŹŵƶƧƾţŚƔŰƫƽřźŝƝŶƷƖŝŚţŵƺƃƾƯ

ŢſřźƿŻƵŶƃƮǀƔƴţƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěƽřŹřŵƶƀƿŚƤƯƩŚƈţřƝŚĪƃÏÑƩŚŨƯŵŹƺƯŹŵ
"Elm Compare"ƶƤŞƏƭŚƳźŤƬǀƟ 
"in1 meas , in 1 sim "ƽŵƹŹƹįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſ 
4.2 Creating The Composite Identification Model
ŢºſřŻŚºǀƳŵŹƺºƯƾƿŚºſŚƴƃŶºƴƿōźƟƽřźºŝƶºƧřŹƶºŤƟŚƿƮǀºưƘţįŹŚºĩƎǀºŰƯƦºƿŚƸƴţƾƿŚſŚƴƃƭřźĭŚƿŵħƺƬŝ
ƶººŝŻŚººǀƳŚººƯƲǀººƴĤưƷƹŢººſřöComposite FrameõŜººĩźƯśƺģŹŚººģƶǀŞººƃƱōŵźººĪƬưƗŶººƴƧƾººƯƞººƿźƘţ
ƵĦºƿƹźºƇŚƴƗƅŚºųƽŚºƷźŤƯřŹŚěƮǀƳřƺºŤŝƱōĨºưĩƶºŝŚºţƮºƿŹřŵƭřźĭŚºƿŵħƺƬŝŽŚſřźŝŜƧźƯƩŶƯĨƿƲŤųŚſ
ƮǀƿŚưƳƆŴƄƯřŹ
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ŵŹřŶƳįŻŚǀƳšŹŶƣƮŤƀǀſƶƨŞƃƦƿƶŝİƿŚſŚƴƃŶƴƿōźƟŶƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵİſźŤſŵ
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ŶƳŹřŵŻŚǀƳƮŤƀǀſƶƬůźƯƶƃƺěŻřƩŚƘƟƶƨŞƃĨƿŜƫŚƣŹŵƶŞſŚŰƯ
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ƮǀƿŚưƳřŶǀěżǀƳ"ta"ƹ"ka"ƽřźŝřŹƲĪưƯźƿŵŚƤƯƲƿźŤƸŝŚţƮǀƷřƺųİƯ

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ŚŝŢſřźŝřźŝƵŶƴƴĩƶƀƿŚƤƯźƈƴƗŚŝƵŶƃƶŞſŚŰƯƝŶƷƖŝŚţ
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Ţſř" in1sim"ƾƴƘƿƵŶƃįŻŚſƶǀŞƃŲſŚěSi 

Ţſřnr. 1ƝǈŤųřƩŚƴĮǀſƽřźŝƾƴƘƿİƳŻƹŜƿźƋ ùi 
ŶƃŚŝİƯƱřƺţ p 

ƶƀƿŚƤƯźƈƴƗƽřƵŹƹŚŰƯŹŵŚƧÑÑƪƨƃ
4.3 Performing a Parameter Identification
ƽƹŹźºŝ ƶºưƧŵŹŚƄºƟŚºŝƱřƺºţƾºƯřŹƱŚºƯźƟƲºƿřŵƺºƃƾºƯřźūř ComIdent ƱŚƯźƟŚŝƾƿŚſŚƴƃŶƴƿōźƟ
ƢººƿźƏŻřƩƹřŹŚºŝįřźºŝƶºƧ"Stability"ƾºƗźƟŹřżºŝřŹřƺºƳŹŵƱřƺººţƾºƯřŹ ƶºưƧŵŵźºƧŻŚºŝƾƬºƇřƽƺºƴƯ
ŶƃŶƷřƺųƵŵƺƄĭ ƶưƧŵžĜſƹ ƶưƧŵƱŵźƄƟ

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ŶƃŶƷřƺųƵŵŚƠŤſřƾƿŚſŚƴƃ
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ƾƿŚſŚƴƃƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěƮǀƔƴţÓÑƪƨƃ

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ŶƴƧƾƯƲǀǀƘţřŹźŤƯřŹŚěƽŚƷŢƿŵƹŶŰƯźŤƯřŹŚěŢſźƸƟŹŵ
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ŵźƧƵŵŚƠŤſřƾƿŚſŚƴƃŶƴƿōźƟŻřŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěŻřƾƌƘŝŢƣƺƯƱŵźƧũŹŚųƽřźŝƱřƺţƾƯřŹƶƴƿżĭ

ŶƃŚŝƾƯŚƷŢƿŵƹŶŰƯƱƹŶŝźŤƯřŹŚěƽŻŚſƶƴǀƸŝƽŚƴƘƯƶŝ
1
ŻřźŤƄºǀŝƶƄºǀưƷŶºƿŚŝźŤƯřŹŚºěŹřŶºƤƯƶºƧŢƿŵƹŶºŰƯƲºƿřƲŤƟźºĭźºƔƳŹŵŚºŝźŤƯřŹŚěƽŻŚſƶƴǀƸŝƽŚƴƘƯƶŝ 2
ŶƴƧƾƯƆŴƄƯřŹŶƃŚŝźƠƇ

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ƢºƬƘŤƯźƈºƴƗƱōƶºƧƾƯřŵŚºƯŚºţźºĮƿŵźƈºƴƗźºƷŻřįźºĮƿŵźŤƯřŹŚºěźºƷƱŵźºƧŵŹřƹŢºſřƵŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřŜƧźƯ
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ƮǀƿŚưƳƶƴǀƸŝřŹƶƿƺƳŚŧƵŚĮŤſŵŹŚŤƟŹŚţƮƿŹřŵŶƈƣƶǀƫƹřƵŚĮŤſŵ
4.4 Identifying Primary Appliances
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ŵŹřŶƳŵƺūƹƱōŲſŚěįŻŚſƶǀŞƃŹƺƔƴƯƶŝŹŚŝƩŶƯƦƿƶŝƵŶƃįźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřƩŚƴĮǀſƮǀƤŤƀƯƩŚƈţř
ƱōƶºŝŢºſřƲºĪưƯƶºƧŢºſřƵŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſřƶƨŞºƃźŤĪģƺºĩƩŶºƯƦºƿƶǀƫƹřźƈƴƗĨƿƩŶƯƾƿŚſŚƴƃƽřźŝ
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ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳźƿŻƪƨƃŹŵƁƹŹƲƿřŻřƩŚŨƯƦƿ

ƶǀƫƹřźƈƴƗŚŝƾƿŚſŚƴƃŹřŵƺưƳÔÑƪƨƃ

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ŵŹƹōŶƷřƺųŢſŶŝřŹ

ĥŚŤƫƹƖŞƴƯƹƶǀƫƹřźƈƴƗÕÑƪƨƃ

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ŵźƧƽŶƴŝŢſźƸƟƱřƺţƾƯřŹŹŚŝƭƺƬƘƯŚƳƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚě
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ƭƺſƂŴŝ
1.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 2
1.4 Run Simulation ...................................................................................... 9
1.5 Result Objects........................................................................................ 9
1.6 Events.................................................................................................. 10

2.3 The Common Model ........................................................................... 18

3.5 DSL Functions..................................................................................... 47


5.6 Result Objects...................................................................................... 75
5.8 Triggering............................................................................................ 80

6.3 Failure Models....................................................................................100
DIgSILENT PowerFactory The Medinas Monitoring System

Chapter 5
The Medinas Monitoring
System

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ŢſřƶŤƟŚƿƶƘſƺţ
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šŚƄºƿŚƯŻōƹ(LMS)ŹŚºŝƽźºǀĭƵŻřŶºƳřƽŚºƷƮŤƀºǀſƽŻŚºſƵŵŚºǀěŹƺºƔƴƯƶºŝŶºƃŚŝƾºƯŵƺūƺƯŶƳřƵŶƃƞƿźƘţ
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ƽřźºŝ LMS ƮŤƀºǀſƶºƳƺưƳŹƺºƐŝŶºƃŚŝƶŤºƃřŵšƹŚºƠţƽźºĮƿŵŚºŝŵƺºųƪºưůŢºǀƬŝŚƣƹƦŞºſźŝŚƴŝŶºƳřƺţƾƯ
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ÎÏHUsŚŝƁŵƺųƪưůƪŝŚƣƽŚƷƶƔƠŰƯ
5.1 Hardware Description
ŢſřƵŶƃƶŤųŚſźƿŻƽŚƷƶƠƫŒƯŻřMedians ƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřƮŤƀǀſ
źƿŻƽŚƷƶƈŴƄƯŚŝ19" ƾŤƘƴƇźţƺǀĜƯŚƧ
żţźƷŚĮƯÐÒÍŢƗźſŚŝIIƭƺǀŤƴěƵŶƳŻřŵźě 
ŢƿŚŝŚĮƯÏÒÓ(GPMS)ŚƿÎÏÕŢƿŚŝŚĮƯ(LMS)ƾƬƇřƶƔƟŚů 
ƭŵƺƯƾƀǀƏŚƴƜƯƎŞƋŹřƺƳCD-ROM3.5"ƦƀƿŵƾěǈƟ 
ŢƿŚŝŚĮǀĭÕŢǀƟźƓŚŝƦƀƿŵŵŹŚƷƶƔƟŚů 
ƩŚƳŚƧÐÏŚŝŢǀŝÎÓīƺƫŚƳōƽŵƹŹƹƮŤƀǀſ 
ƽŚºƷŻŚǀƳƾƯŚºưţƹŢºſřƵŶºƃŜƈºƳƪºƯŚƧŹƺºƐŝƶºƧWindows NTƪºƯŚƗƮŤƀºǀſŚºŝMediansźţƺǀĜƯŚºƧ
ŵƺƃƾƯƶŗřŹřƱōŻŚǀƳŵŹƺƯƽŚƷŹƺƿřŹŵƶưƷƹ
DIgSILENT Power Factory ŹřżƟřƭźƳ
źŝŹŚƧƎſƺţƶģŹŚĜƨƿƮǀƔƴţƽŚƷŢǀƬŝŚƣƹÎÍÏÑ ÔÓÕŭƺƋƹŢǀƠǀƧŚŝ15 " TFTŹƺŤǀƳŚƯ
źŨƧřŶºůřżºŬƯƵŶºƴƴƧŢºƿƺƤţŚºŝīƺƫŚºƳōƽŵƹŹƹƩŚºƳŚƧ ÐÏ źŨƧřŶºůŚºŝ ƩŚƴĮǀºſšŚƈºŴƄƯŭǈºƇřŶůřƹ

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GPMSƹLMS
GPMS : 1*3 100 V inputs for VT connection
1 * 3 5 A inputs for CT connection
18 10 V inputs for LV signals (GP)
LMS : 2 * 3 100 V inputs for VT connection

6 * 3 5 A inputs for CT connection
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5.6 Result Objects
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"Triggered"

ƶŬǀŤƳźƈƴƗÎÏÒƪƨƃ

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ƶǀƳŚŧŜƀůźŝźĮƿźţƩŚƴĮǀſŻřƪŞƣƱŚƯŻPre-
ƶǀƳŚŧŜƀůźŝźĮƿźţƩŚƴĮǀſŻřŶƘŝƱŚƯŻPost-
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ŶǀƴƧƶƘūřźƯBasic User's ManualŹŵ Monitor Variable Set (IntMon)ƶŝĬƴƿŹƺŤǀƳŚƯ

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“y1 , y2 , y3 , …”ƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚěŜƫŚƣ
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źĮƿźţƂƿřźƿƹÐÓÒ
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ŶƃŚŝƾƯŻŚǀƳŵŹƺƯƱŚƯźƟƶſƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃƕƹźƃƽřźŝƾƫƺưƘƯƽřŹŸĭżǀƫŚƳōŚŝƶŝŚƄƯ

ŶƃŚŝƵŶƃƶŞſŚŰƯƾŤƀƿŚŝŹŚŝƂŴěƦƿ 
ŶƃŚŝƵŶƃƶŤƟźĭźƔƳŹŵŶƿŚŝƶǀƫƹřƎƿřźƃ 
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

ƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřƶŤƟźƄǀěƽŚƷƶƴƿżĭÎÑÒƪƨƃ

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ƱŚºººƯźƟźƈºººƴƗƶºººſComMeasureƱŚºººƯźƟƢºººƿźƏŻřƦºººǀţŚƯƺţřŹƺºººƏƶºººŝƱřƺºººţƾºººƯƮǀºººƷŵƭŚºººŬƳř
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ŶƳƺƃƾƯŢƿźƿŶƯƹƩźŤƴƧ
ComMeasureƶƬǀſƺŝ
źººĮƿźţźººƷŵƺººƃƾººƯƵŵŚƠŤººſřƵŶººƃźĮƿźţƶººŬǀŤƳźººƇŚƴƗƾŤººſŵźººĮƿźţśŚººŴŤƳřƽřźººŝƾŤººſŵźººĮƿźţƶººƴƿżĭ
ƾŤºſŵźºĮƿźţƦºƿƾŤƀºƿŚŝźºŤƸŝƾĭŶǀºſŹƽřźºŝŚºƯřŵźºŝŹŚºƧƶºŝƾŤºſŵźĮƿźţƦƿƱřƺƴƗƶŝƱřƺţƾƯřŹŵƺūƺƯ
"Out of Service"ŜƀºģźŝƽŹřŸºĭŢºƯǈƗŚºŝƱřƺºţƾºƯřŹƾŤºſŵźºĮƿźţŶºƃŚŝƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţƪŞƣŻřƅŚų
ƩŚºƘƟźºǀƛŢºſřƵŶºƃŻŚºŝƽŶºƴŝźƨǀěƶŰƠºƇƽƹŹźºŝ Edit Trigger ƶºưƧŵƶƬǀºſƺŝƶºƧƽźºĮƿźţŢƀºǀƫŹŵ
ŵƺưƳ
ƹŶººƷŵƾººƯƱŚƄººƳŹřżººƟřŢŴººſšŚººưǀƔƴţŹŵřŹDAQŵŹƺººŝƶººƗƺưŬƯ"Data Acquisition Board"
ŶǀƴƧƶƘūřźƯ5.4.2 ƂŴŝƶŝźŤƄǀŝšŚƗǈƏřƽřźŝ
ŶºººǀƷŵźºººǀǀƜţřŹƾºººƨǀƟřźĭƽŚºººƷƵźºººŬƴěrefreshŌŚºººǀůřűźºººƳŶºººǀƳřƺţƾºººƯƾƿřŹŚºººƧƂƿřżºººƟřƽřźºººŝ
ƵŵźººƧƝŸººůƦººǀƟřźĭŹŵřŹŚººƷƵŶººƳřƺųŻřŵŹƺººƯƶººſŹŚººŞūřƶººŝ"Refresh graphic every 4 readings"
ƽźººŧřƵŶººƃƽźººǀĭƵŻřŶººƳřƽŚººƷƵŵřŵƽƹŹźººŝšŚººưǀƔƴţƲººƿřŶººƷŵƾººƯƂƿŚººưƳřŹŵŹƺººƯƲǀƯŹŚººƸģƹ
ŵŹřŸĭƾưƳ

ƽŹƹōƖººưūƪººưƗŚººƐųƱŶººƃżƿŹźººſŻřŶººƘŝ"Restart measurement after overrun error"
ƕƹźºƃŚºŝŶºƃŚŝƵŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſř"Results"ƪºƿŚƟƦºƿźºĭřŶºƴƧƾºƯƕƹźºƃƵŹŚºŝƹŵŹŚƧŵƺųšŹƺƇƶŝřŹŚƷƵŵřŵ
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ŵƺƃƾƯ


5.7 The Measurement Toolbar
ŵƺƃİƯśŚŴŤƳřƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřŹřżŝřŹřƺƳ ƹ įŚƷƶưĩŵƱŚƯżưƷƱŵźƄƟŚŝ

ŶƃŚŝƾƯźƿŻƽŚƷƶưƧŵƽřŹřŵƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřŹřżŝřŹřƺƳ

ŶººƃŚŝƾº ƯƽźººǀĭƵŻřŶººƳřƱŚººƯźƟƽřƵŹƹŚººŰƯŹŵŚººƧŹƺººƸƓƽřźººŝįźŞƳŚººǀƯƽźººǀĭƵŻřŶººƳřƕƹźººƃƶººưƧŵ
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ƪºưƗƾºƏŹŵƎºƤƟƶºưƧŵƲºƿřŶºƴƧƾºƯƞºƣƺŤƯřŹƽźºǀĭƵŻřŶºƳřƽřźūřƪưƗƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřƞƣƺţƶưƧŵ
ŵƺƃƾƯ
ƩŚƘƟźǀƛStop measurementŵƺƄƳƭŚŬƳřƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřĢǀƷźĭřŵƺƃƾƯƩŚƘƟƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳř

ŢºſřƩŚºƘƟƽźºǀĭƵŻřŶºƳřİºƏŹŵƎºƤƟƶºưƧŵƲºƿřŵźƄºƟřŹƶºưĩŵƲºƿřŶºƿŚŝźĮƿźţƾŤſŵƭŚŬƳř ƽřźŝ
ŵŵźĭƾƯƩŚƘƟźǀƛźƿŻƪƿǇŵŻřƾƨƿƶŝŚƸƴţƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳř
ƾƏŹŵƩŚƘƟźĮƿźţƶưƧŵƦƿ
ŶƃŚŝƵŶƃƮǀƔƴţOut of ServiceįƹŹźŝƾŤſŵźĮƿźţ Î
ŶƃŚŝƵŶƄƳƮǀƔƴţStart MeasurmentƱŚƯźƟŹŵƾŤſŵźĮƿźţ Ï
ŻřŶºƘŝƶƬºƇŚƟǈŝŢºŞŧƪºưƗŶºƴƧƾºƯƞºƣƺŤƯřŹźºĮƿźţƪºưƗŻřŶºƘŝƽŚƷƵŵřŵŢŞŧ źĮƿźţƞƣƺţƶưƧŵ
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ŶǀƿŚưƳƶƘūřźƯ5.8.2ƂŴŝƶŝźĮƿźţšŚưǀƔƴţŵŹƺƯŹŵźţƪƈƠƯ
5.8 Triggering
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ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵŹƹōÎÒÒƪƨƃŹŵźĮƿźţźƈƴƗƦƿŻřƾƫŚŨƯ

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ŵřŶººƘţƵŶººƴƴĩƱŚººǀŝ'Number of Measured values after Start until trigger gets active'

ŶƳƺƃƶŤƟźĭƵŶƿŵŚƳŶƿŚŝƶƧŢſřƾƿŚƷƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳř
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ŵƺƃƾƯŹŚƧƲƿřƝźƇżǀƳƽźţŵŚƿŻŢƣƹƶĩšƹŚƠţƲƿřŚŝŶƴƧ

ƾƯŵŚŬƿřřŹ 'Out of Service'

žƳŚƧźƟźĮƿźţƦƿŻřƾƫŚŨƯÎÒÒƪƨƃ

įřźºŝƶºĩİţŹƺºƇŹŵŚºƸƴţŢºſřƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţŢǀƘºƋƹƶºſźºƷƽřźºŝƾƿŚºƷƕƹźºƃƶºƐƤƳ ƾƿŚºƷƶƳŚŤſō
ƹŶºƃŶºƷřƺųƩŚºƘƟźºĮƿźţFALSE)ŵŵźºĭƊºƤƳƎƿřźºƃöSet After..õİƫřƺºŤƯįŚºƷįźºǀĭƵŻřŶºƳřźŤƄǀŝ
(TRUE)ŶººƃİººƯƵŵŹƹōźººŝƎƿřźººƃöReset after..öİƫřƺººŤƯįŚººƷįźººǀĭƵŻřŶººƳřźŤƄººǀŝįřźººŝľřŵŶººŬƯźººĭř
ŵƺƄǀƯƵŶƳřŵźĭźŝƁřƶǀƫƹřŢǀƘƋƹƶŝľřŵŶŬƯźĮƿźţ
EvTriggerŵƺưƳŶƷřƺųŵŚŬƿř"Triger Event"źĮƿźţŵřŶųŹĨƿŵƺƃİƯƩŚƘƟƶĩįźĮƿźţ
ƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřƾƳŚƯŻƪƇřƺƟƶŞſŚŰƯ
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dt = 128 / 1.8 kHz = 71.11 ms
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128 / 1. kHz * 10 = 711.1 msŚŝŢſř
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(50.085 – 50.032) / (10 * 71.11) = 74.5 mHz/s
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ŶƴƃŚŝƩŚƴĮǀſƎƿřźƃŭǈƇřƹƵŵřŵįŹƹō
ŵƺƃƎƬƛŵźƨƬưƗŦƗŚŝŢſřƲĪưƯįřƶƳŚųŹŚƧšŚưǀƔƴţƱŵřŵźǀǀƜţ


ƭƺſƂŴŝ
1.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 2
1.4 Run Simulation ...................................................................................... 9
1.5 Result Objects........................................................................................ 9
1.6 Events.................................................................................................. 10

2.3 The Common Model ........................................................................... 18

3.5 DSL Functions..................................................................................... 47


5.6 Result Objects...................................................................................... 75
5.8 Triggering............................................................................................ 80

6.3 Failure Models....................................................................................100
DIgSILENT PowerFactory Reliability Assessment Functions
Chapter 6
Reliability Assessment
Functions
ȄȇƢºǻơȂƫķƥƢºȇǃǁơǞºǫơȁǁƽǾıƦºǋǃơȄȇƢȀƬǸǈºǫƢºȇƩǁƾǫǾıƦǋįȇǹƢǼȈǸǗơƪȈǴƥƢǫȃƢǿǎƻƢǋķƥƢȇǃǁơȄǴİǁȂǗǾƥ
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ǨȈİƢƥǾƬƦǳơȁǹƕǾƥǲǐƬǷǹƢĴƾǼǼİǥǂǐǷǾȈǴİǩǂƥǺȈǷƘƫȃơǂƥǾıƦǋǹƕ
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ŶƳƺƃƾƯƵŵřŵƽŵƹŹƹšŚƗǈƏřƱřƺƴƗƶŝƵŶƴƿōŹŚŝƽŚƷŚƋŚƤţƹŶƳŹřŵ

ŻřŶƴţŹŚŞƗƶƧŶƳřƵŶƃŵŚŬƿřƪŞƣŻřƱŚƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣİŝŚƿŻŹřŹƺƔƴƯƶŝƞƬŤŴƯƖŝŚţƶſ
ƽřźººŝŚººƷĥŚŤƫƹƹƽźǀĭŹŚººŝƪƣřŶººůŚººƿźŨƧřŶººůƱřżººǀƯŻřįŹŚººƯōźººǀƛƲǀººưŴţContingency Analysis
ƶƨŞƃŌřżūřƽŚƷİƘƐƣŻřƾƇŚųŜǀƧźţ
ƪººƧƱŵřŵƂººƃƺěƽřźººŝŹƺººţřźƳĥƖººŞƴƯƾƿŚººƳřƺţƾŝŚººƿŻŹřGeneration reliability assessment
ƮŤƀǀſŹŚŝƽŚƋŚƤţ
ƽŚƷŹŚŞººſŚŝƹŚººƷŹŚŝƽřźººŝƾººƘƐƣƽŚººƷƵŵřŵƽŹŚººƯōƾŝŚººƿŻŹřNetwork reliability assessment
ƶƨŞƃƾƇŚƈŤųř
6.1 Contingency Analysis
ŢºſřŹŚºŝƂºŴěŪƿŚºŤƳīŹżºŝƶºƗƺưŬƯƦºƿŻřƲºƨưƯšŚºŞǀƧźţƶºǀƬƧƽźǀĭŹŚƨŝƶŬǀŤƳ ťŵřƺůżǀƫŚƳō ľŚſŚſř

ŶƳřƵŶƃřźūřƶƠƫŒƯŶƴģŚƿƦƿƾƘƐƣƹũƹźųƉźƟŚŝŚƸƳōŻřƭ
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(ComSimontage)"Outage Simulation"ƱŚºººƯźƟƽřźºººūřƶƬǀºººſƺŝťŵřƺºººůƪºººǀƬŰţƹƶºººƿżŬţ
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ŶƃŚŝŶƴŤƀƷũŹŚųžƿƹźſ
"Prepare N-K Simulation"ƅŚųŹƺŤººſŵİººƘƐƣŵŹřƺººƯŻřƽřƶººƗƺưŬƯƖƿźººſƞººƿźƘţŹƺººƔƴƯƶººŝ
ƾººƐųƦººţŹřŵƺººưƳŹŵƵŶººƃśŚººŴŤƳřźºƇŚƴƗŻřƽŵřŶººƘţƽƹŹźººŝƶººƨǀƳŚƯŻŶººƃŚŝƾºƯŵƺºūƺƯ(ComNmink)
řŹ"Calculate-Outage Simulation"ƱřƺººţƾººƯƹŵƺººƃ
ƾººƯƱŚººƿŚưƳŹƺŤººſŵƲººƿřƮǀƿŚººưƳƦººǀƬƧŢººſřŹ
žĜººſŶººƃŶººƷřƺųŵŚººŬƿřŹŚººƧŵƺųŹƺƐŝƵŶººƃƵŵŚººƯōƱŚººƯźƟŹŵƵŶººƃśŚººŴŤƳřźººƇŚƴƗšŚººƗŚūŹřŵƺººưƳśŚººŴŤƳř
ŵźººƧƵŵŚººƯōřŹƵŶººƃƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃƾººƘƐƣ n  2 Śººƿ n  1 ŵřŶººƘţƵŶººƃśŚººŴŤƳřźººƇŚƴƗƽřźººŝƱřƺººţƾººƯ

ƶƟŚºƋřƵŶºƃśŚºŴŤƳřŌřżºūřƶºŝƱřƺºţƾºƯřŹŚºƷŹƺţřźƳĥŚºƿŚƷŹƺţŚƯŹƺƠƀºƳřźţŚºƸƬŝŚƧŚƿƍƺƐųƾƯŚưţƽŹŚǀŤųřŹƺƐŝ
ŵźƧ
N-KƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃƱŵźƧƵŵŚƯōææë
ÎİţŚººƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺººƯŹŵřŹ(ComSimOutage)İººƘƐƣƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃƱŚººƯźƟN-KƽŻŚººſƵŵŚººƯōŹƺŤººſŵ
ŶƿŚưƳİƯřźūřƹŚǀƸƯįŹŚūƩŚƘƟ
ŢººſźƸƟƲººƿřŶººƴƧƾººƯŵŚººŬƿřƵŶººƃśŚººŴŤƳřźººƇŚƴƗŢººſźƸƟŻřřŹİººƘƐƣŵŹřƺººƯƽŻŚººſƵŵŚººƯōƱŚººƯźƟ
ƵŶƳźǀĭźŝŹŵ

ƽŻŚſƵŵŚƯōŹƺŤſŵŵƺųŹŵŚƷźŞƳŚǀƯƎſƺţƶŝƵŶƿŵźĭŵŚŬƿřƵŶƃƵźǀųŷźƇŚƴƗƶưƷ 
ƵŶƃśŚŴŤƳřƍƺƐųƹŚƸƬŝŚƧƶưƷ 
ƵŶƃśŚŴŤƳřƽŚƷŹƺţŚƯŹƺƠƀƳřźţƶưƷ 
ƵŶƃśŚŴŤƳřƱƹźƨƴſōƽŚƷŹƺţřźƳĥƶưƷ 
ŚƷƶƴƿżĭ
ŵŚººŬƿřřŹŚººƸƴţİººƘƐƣŢǀƘººƋƹƦººƿƵŶººƃśŚººŴŤƳřźƈººƴƗźƷƽřźººŝƶººƴƿżĭƲººƿřOutage Level n-1
ŵźƧŶƷřƺų
ƵŶººƃśŚººŴŤƳřźººƇŚƴƗũƹŻŻřŵźƠŝźƈººŰƴƯŜººǀƧźţźººƷƽřźººŝƶººƴƿżĭƲººƿřOutage Level n-2
ŵƺưƳŶƷřƺųŵŚŬƿřřŹƾƟŚƋřƽŚƷİƘƐƣ

ŶƴƧƾƯƩŚſŹřřŹƽŹŚƐųřƭŚƜǀě
ÎÍÍŵŶƗŻřŚƷƾƘƐƣŵřŶƘţŻƹŚŬţšŹƺƇŹŵƶƧƽŻŚſƵŵŚƯōƱŚƯźƟ
ƲººƿřŵřŵŶºƷřƺųźºǀǀƜţƽŹŚºūƩŚººƘƟƾţŚŞºſŚŰƯŵŹƺºƯŹŵřŹİºƘƐƣƽŻŚºſƶǀŞººƃŹƺŤºſŵƽŻŚºſƵŵŚºƯōƱŚºƯźƟ
žĜººſŵƺºưƳŶººƷřƺųƲƿżĮƿŚºūİººƘƐƣŵŹřƺºƯŻřƽźţŶºƿŶūƶººƗƺưŬƯƶºŝřŹŵƺººūƺƯİºƘƐƣŵŹřƺººƯƶºưƷŹƺŤºſŵ
ŵřŵŶƷřƺųƂƿŚưƳřŹİƘƐƣƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃŹƺŤſŵƽŻŚſƵŵŚƯōƱŚƯźƟ
ƽŻŚºſƵŵŚºƯōƱŚºƯźƟƮǀƿŚºưƳƦºǀƬƧŢºſřŹƾºƐųƦºţŹřŵƺºưƳŻřƽřƵŶºƃśŚºŴŤƳřźºƇŚƴƗƽƹŹźŝƶƧƾŤƣƹ
ŢººſřƵŶººƃśŚººŴŤƳřƱōŻř"Calculate-Outage Simulation"ƶººƴƿżĭƶººƧŵƺººƃƾººƯźƷŚººƓƾƫŚººůŹŵ
ŶƃŶƴƷřƺųƵźǀųŷƽŻŚſƵŵŚƯōƱŚƯźƟŹŵŹŚƧŵƺųšŹƺƈŝƵŶƃśŚŴŤƳřźƇŚƴƗƽŚƷźŞƳŚǀƯžĜſ
ƾŤºſŵšŹƺƈºŝƱřƺºţƾºƯƾºƐųƦºţŹřŵƺºưƳŹŵƵŶºƃśŚºŴŤƳřźºƇŚƴƗƽƹŹźºŝƱŵƺưƳƦǀƬƧŢſřŹƽŚū ƶŝ
ƵŚººĮƿŚěŢƿźƿŶººƯŹŵźƈººƴƗƲƿŶººƴģŚººƿƦººƿƶººƧŵŹřŵƱŚººƨƯřŵƺººưƳŵŚººŬƿřƶƨŞººƃźººƇŚƴƗƽřźººŝřŹƾƿŚººƷźŞƳŚǀƯ
ƹƽŻŚºſƵŵŚºƯōŹƺŤºſŵšŚºƿƺŤŰƯźºŝƦºǀƬƧŢºſřŹŚºŝŶºƴƳřƺţƾºƯŚºƷźŞƳŚǀƯŶƴºƃŚŝƵŶºƃƾºĜƧŹřżºƟřƭźƳƽŚƷƵŵřŵ
śŚººŴŤƳřźººƇŚƴƗƶººƧŵŹřŵŵƺººūƹżººǀƳƱŚººƨƯřƲººƿřƲǀººƴĤưƷŶƳƺººƃŵŚººŬƿř"Paste Shortcut"śŚººŴŤƳřžĜººſ
"DPL"ƶƐººſřƹƵŶººƳŻřŵźěŵźººƧŵŚººŬƿř"DPL"ƽŚººƷŢĜƿźƨººſřŻřƵŵŚƠŤººſřŚººŝřŹƾººƘƐƣƩŚººưƗřƽřźººŝƵŶººƃ
ŶƃŚŝƾƯźƿŻƽŚƸƃƹŹƪƯŚƃ

ŶƴƧƾƯƶƟŚƋř
OźƈƴƗƶŝřŹźŞƳŚǀƯƦƿComNmink. AddRef (object O) 
ŶƴƧƾƯƝŸůřŹŚƷźŞƳŚǀƯƶưƷ
ComNmink. Clear ( ) 
ŹƺŤºººſŵŹŵŚºººƷźŞƳŚǀƯƶƬǀºººſƺŝƵŶºººƃƵźºººǀųŷźºººƇŚƴƗƶºººưƷComNmink. GetAll ( ) 
ŶƳřŵźĭƾƯŻŚŝřŹƽŻŚſ

ƵŵŚƯō
1
- Case Study
ơźŝİƘƐƣƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃçæë
ơźººŝİººƘƐƣƲººƨưƯƽŚººƷŢǀƘººƋƹƶººưƷƽřźººŝ(ComSimoutage)İººƘƐƣƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃŹƺŤººſŵ
ŻřƪººŞƣŶººƳřƺţƾººƯƾººƘƐƣŵŹƺººƯźººƷŶººƴƧƾº ƯřźººūřřŹŹŚººŝƂººŴěšŚŞººſŚŰƯ(Comoutage)ƵŶººƃƵźººǀųŷ
řŹŶº ƳŵźĭƖººƐƣƱŚººƯżưƷŹƺººƐŝŶººƿŚŝƶººƧřŹźƈººƴƗŶººƴģŚººƿƦººƿİººƘƐƣŢǀƘººƋƹƱōƽřźººŝŹŚººŝƂººŴěƶŞººſŚŰƯ
ŶƿŚưƳƞƿźƘţ
ƽŻŚººſƵŵŚººƯōŹƺŤººſŵƶƬǀººſƺŝľǇƺººưƘƯİººƘƐƣƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃŹƺŤººſŵŹŵƵŶººƃƵźººǀųŷơźººŝİººƘƐƣŵŹřƺººƯ
ƾŤºſŵšŹƺºƇƶºŝƱřƺºŤŝŢºſřƲºƨưƯřŹŶºƿŶūŵŹřƺºƯŚºƯřŶƳƺºƃƾƯŵŚŬƿřŹŚƧŵƺųŹƺƐŝ
(ComNmik) N-K
ŵźƧƶƟŚƋřżǀƳ
ƲƿŶºŝƶºƧŵƺºưƳƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃřŹơźºŝ ƾºƘƐƣŚºƿƶºƠƣƹ "DPL" ŢĜƿźƨºſřƦºƿƢºƿźƏŻřƱřƺţƾƯƲǀƴĤưƷ
ŢſřƵŶƃŵŚƸƴƄǀěƪƿŷ"DPL"ƶƐſřƹƽŚƸƃƹŹŹƺƔƴƯ
ŶƴƧƾƯřźūřŪƿŚŤƳŵŶŬƯƮǀƔƴţŻřŶƘŝřŹİƘƐƣƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃ
Execute ( )
ŶƴƧƾƯƮǀƔƴţľřŵŶŬƯřŹŪƿŚŤƳReset ( )
ƹOźƈººƴƗŹŵƵŶººƃƵźººǀųŷơźººŝƖººƐƣŵŹřƺººƯƭŚººưţƽřźººŝExecuteCntcy (ComSimoutage O)
ŶƷŵƾƯƭŚŬƳřřŹƽřƶƟŚƋřƽŚƷŹŚŝ

ƂŴěŪƿŚŤƳŵŶŬƯƽŻřŶƳřƵřŹƱƹŶŝ
řźººūřřŹƽřƶƟŚººƋřŹŚººŝƂººŴěOźƈººƴƗŹŵİººƘƐƣŵŹƺººƯƽřźººŝAddCntcy (ComOutage O)
ŶƴƧƾƯ

ƹUmnŹŵřŹĥŚººººŤƫƹŵƹŶººººůSetLimits (double Umn,double Umx,doubleLmx)
ŶƴƧƾƯƮǀƔƴţ
LmxŹŵřŹƽźǀĭŹŚŝŶůƹUmx
ƶººŗřŹřƶººŝƽźººǀĭƁŹřżººĭŹƺŤººſŵƶººƧƾţŚƗƺººƋƺƯƶººŝŢƄººĭŻŚŝSetReportObjs (set s,int mode)
ŢſřƵŵřŵřŹƾƫƺưƘƯšŹƺƈŝƾƘƐƣƕƺƣƹƩŚưŤůřšŚƃŹřżĭ
ŶƃŚŝƾƯźƿŻŭźƃƶŝ
ComOutageźƇŚƴƗƶŝƍƺŝźƯƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚě
Obj ƵŶƃƵŶƿŵźƈƴƗ
Elms źƇŚƴƗƾƘƐƣ
Loading ƽźǀĭŹŚŝ
OutDisF ƾƘƐƣƖƿŻƺţŜƿźƋ
U ĥŚŤƫƹ
Uarc ƶƿƹřŻ
OutGen1 ƩƹřŹƺţřźƳĥũƹźų
OutGen2 ƭƹŵŹƺţřźƳĥũƹźų

ŶƳƺƃƶŤƟźĭŹŚƨŝŵŵźĭƾƯƶŗřŹřźŝŹŚƧƎſƺţƶƧƾūƹźųƁŹřżĭƶŗřŹřŹŵŶƴƳřƺţ

ƾƯźƇŚƴƗƲƿř

ƾºƘƐƣƖºƿŻƺţŜŗřźºƋƹĥŚºŤƫƹŭƺƐºſƲƿźŤƄºǀŝƹƲƿźºŤưƧƽźǀĭŹŚºŝűźºƳƲƿźŤƄºǀŝơźºŝƖºƐƣƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃ
ŢſřƵŶƃƞƿźƘţšŹƺƇƲƿŶŝƾƘƐƣƖƿŻƺţŜƿźƋŶƴƧƾƯƶŞſŚŰƯřŹ
(ODF)

I ij
ODFij , mn 
I mn
ƎººųŹŵŚººƐųƂǀººěƱŚººƿźū I mn Ţººſřm-nƎººųũƹźººųƪǀƫŶººŝi-jƶųŚººƃŹŵƱŚººƿźūźººǀǀƜţ I ij ƶººƧ
ŶƴƃŚŝƾƯ
( I net )ŶůřƹƽŚƴŞƯƦƿŚŝŢǀƳƺƿźěźƿŵŚƤƯƽřŹřŵŚƸƳŚƿźūƶưƷƹŢſřm-n
ƶƧƽřƶƳƺĭƶŝŶƳřƵŶƃƶŞſŚŰƯŹƺţřźƳĥƽŚƷƶƠƣƹƽřźŝơźŝƖƐƣƖƿŻƺţŜŗřźƋƲǀƴĤưƷ
I ij
ODFij ,m 
Im
ŢſřŹƺţřźƳĥŹŵŚƐųƂǀěƱŚƿźū I m ƹŶƃŚŝƾƯƭř
mŹƺţřźƳĥũƹźųƪǀƫŶŝƱŚƿźūźǀǀƜţ I ij ƶƧ
ŻřŶƴţŹŚŞƗƶƧŶƴĩİƯŵŚŬƿřƁŹřżĭƕƺƳÑơźŝƾƘƐƣƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃ
ŶǀƴǀŞŝřŹÏÓƪƨƃƶƨŞƃƽźǀĭŹŚŝƲƿźŤƄǀŝ 
ŶǀƴǀŞŝřŹÐÓƪƨƃĥŚŤƫƹƵŵƹŶŰƯ 
ŶǀƴǀŞŝřŹÑÓƪƨƃŹŚŝźěƍƺƐų 
ŶǀƴǀŞŝřŹÒÓƪƨƃĥŚŤƫƹšŚƳŚſƺƳ 
ƱřƺºţƾºƯŢºſřƵŶºƃƮǀºſźţżºǀƳÎÓƪƨºƃŹŵƶºƧƶºƳƺĮƳŚưƷƵŶºƃżǀƫŚƳōİºƘƐƣŵŹƺºƯźºƷƽřźºŝƵƹǈºƗƶŝ
ŢƟźĭŢƴƿźěřŹƶŧŵŚůƕƺƣƹƩŚưŤůřƁŹřżĭƦƿ

ƶŧŵŚůƁŹřżĭŻřƾƫŚŨƯÎÓƪƨƃ

ƲƿźŤƄººǀŝŚººƷƶųŚº ƃƭŚººưţƽřźººŝƹƾººƘƐƣƕƺººƣƹšǇŚººưŤůřƭŚººưţƲǀººŝŻřƽźǀĭŹŚººŝŶººůƲƿźŤƄººǀŝƁŹřżººĭ
ƁŹřżºĭżºǀƳƶųŚºƃźƷODF źƓŚºƴŤƯƶºŧŵŚůƽřźºŝƵƹǈºƗƶºŝŶºƷŵƾºƯƱŚƄºƳřŹƶŤºſƺǀěƕƺºƣƺŝƽźǀĭŹŚŝƱřżǀƯ
ŶººƴƿŚưƳƾººƯŵŚººŬƿřźƠººƇƽŚººƷODFŢº ſřƾººƘƐƣŵŹƺººƯƦººƿŻřƂǀººŝŹƺººƔƴƯƶººƳŚĭŶƴģťŵřƺººůŵƺººƃƾººƯ
źºƇŚƴƗƹŢºſřƵŶºƃƆŴƄºƯŵŶºƗƶƬǀºſƺŝŢºſřƵŵřŵűŹƱōƅƺƈºųŹŵƽźǀĭŹŚºŝűźºƳƲƿźŤƄºǀŝƶºƧƽŵŹƺƯ
ƖººƐƣƱƹźƨƴººſŹƺººţřźƳĥƲǀººƯƹŵƹƲǀººƫƹřöGen2õƹöGen1õƽŚƸƳƺŤººſŶººƳřƵŶººƃŢººſźƸƟżººǀƳƵŶººƿŵźĭƖººƐƣ
ƖººƐƣƽŹƺººţřźƳĥźººǀƛźººƇŚƴƗƹƲǀƯƺººſƲǀººƯƹŵƲǀººƫƹř'Element...'ƽŚƸƳƺŤººſŶººƴƷŵƾººƯƱŚƄººƳřŹƵŶººƿŵźĭ
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ŵƺƃƾƯƞƿźƘţźƿŻƪƨƃ

 (' Lambda ' ) ƾŝřźųűźƳŢŝŚŧƦƿ 
 (' mu ' ) ƾŝřźųƖƟŹűźƳŢŝŚŧƦƿ 
ŶƳƹŹŹŚƨŝźƿŻŵŹřƺƯƶŞſŚŰƯƽřźŝŶƴƳřƺţƾƯźŤƯřŹŚěƹŵƲƿř

TTF  1 /  ƾŝřźųŚţƲǀĮƳŚǀƯƱŚƯŻ 
TTR  1 /  źǀưƘţŚţƲǀĮƳŚǀƯƱŚƯŻ 
P  TTF/(TTF  TTR) ƱŵƺŝŽźŤſŵŹŵƹƵŵŚƠŤſřŢǀƬŝŚƣ 
Q  TTR/(TTF  TTR) ƽźƿŸěŚƳŽźŤſŵƱŵƺŝƵŵŚƠŤſřƪŝŚƣźǀƛ 
ƱŚƄººƳřŹŶººƴƧƾº ƯŹŚººƧƹŢººſřŹřŶººƯŹŵźººƔƳŵŹƺººƯźƈººƴƗƱōŹŵƶººƧřŹƱŚººƯŻŻřƽźƀººƧƽźƿŸººěŽźŤººſŵ
ƹŶºƷŵƾºƯƱŚƄºƳŢºſřƆºƤƳƖºƟŹƹźºǀưƘţŢºſŵŹŵźƈºƴƗƲºƿřƶºƧřŹƾƳŚºƯŻƵŻŚºŝƽźƿŸºěŚƳŽźŤſŵŶƷŵƾƯ
P+Q=1.0ƍźƃŚŝƶŤŞƫř
ƵŶƷŚƄººƯƩŚººſÎÍƾººƏŹŵƾººŝřźųŵŹƺººƯÎÑÍƵŶººƃŹƺŤǀƳŚººƯŹƺţŚƯŹƺƠƀººƳřźţŵŹƺººƯÔÒÍÍŻřźººĭřƩŚººŨƯƽřźººŝ
ƵŚĮƳōŶƃŚŝƵŶƃƝźƇŚƸƳōźǀưƘţƽřźŝŢƗŚſÔÐÓÍľŚƘưūƹŶƃŚŝƵŶƃ

ë  0.00191/a 
140
10.7500
TTF   530a 
1
ë
TTR   52.6 h  0.006 a 
7360

140
ì  167 1/a 
1
TTR
P  0.999989
530
530  0.006
Q  6 min/a 
0.006
530  0.006
ƾººƟźƘƯřŹƱŚººƴǀưƏřŢººǀƬŝŚƣİŝŚººƿŻŹřŹŵƵŶººƃƵŵŚƠŤººſřƽŚƷŶººůřƹŻřƽŵřŶººƘţƲǀººƴĤưƷšǇŵŚººƘƯƲººƿř
ŶƴƿŚưƳƾƯ

ŶƳƺƃƾƯƱŚǀŝ
1/a ' per  annum'  per  year ƩŚſŜƀůźŝľǇƺưƘƯŚƸƀƳŚƧźƟ 
a  ' annum' ƩŚſŜƀůźŝľǇƺưƘƯŚƷźưƗƩƺƏ 
h ' hours ' ŢƗŚſŜƀůźŝľǇƺưƘƯźǀưƘţƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ 
ƱŚºǀŝ h/a , min/a  ƩŚºſŹŵƢºƬƐƯƱŚºƯŻŚºƿƱŚºƯŻŻřƽźƀºƧšŹƺºƇƶºŝšřŹŚƔŤƳřŚƿšǇŚưŤůř 
ŶƳƺƃƾƯ

ƾºƬưƗƲǀºƴģƭŚºŬƳřŵŹřŵŵƺºūƹżºǀƳŢºƫŚůƹŵŻřƂǀºŝŚºŝƝƺƧŹŚºƯƲºĮưƷƩŶºƯƦºƿƞºƿźƘţƩŚưŤůřƶŤŞƫř
ƱŚººƯŻƶººŝƶººƧƾŝƺººǀƗƹŶƳƺººƃźººǀưƘţľŚƘƿźººſŶººƴƳřƺţƾººƯƾººƤƐƴƯźººƔƳŻřƶººƧƾƈººƣřƺƳƲǀººŝƶººƧŢººſřƱōƭżƬŤƀººƯ
ƭŻǇƲǀĮƳŚºǀƯƱŚºƯŻƦºƿŚºŝƭřŶºƧźºƷƆºƤƳƖºƟŹŢºƫŚůƹŵƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝƮƿƺºƃƪŗŚƣšƹŚƠţŶƳŹřŵŻŚǀƳƽźţƾƳǇƺƏ
Ţſř
źºĭřƶºƧŚºƴƘƯƲƿŶºŝŶºƃŚŝƾºƯƶºƔƟŚůƱƹŶºŝľǈƯŚºƧƩŶºƯƲºƿřƶºƧŢſřƲƿřƝƺƧŹŚƯƲĮưƷƩŶƯƾĭĦƿƹƦƿ
ƶºƧƾºĭĦƿƹƲºƿřƵŚºĮƳōŵƺºƃƭŚºŬƳřƶƳřźǀĮƄºǀěšŚƯřŶºƣřźƈºƴƗƦºƿƱŚºƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣŵƺŞƸŝŹƺƔƴƯƶŝŵƺƃƶŤſřƺų
ƩŚºưŤůřŢºƃřŵŶºƷřƺŴƳƽźǀŧŐºţĢǀºƷŢºſřƵŶºƃƭŚºŬƳřƂǀºěƩŚºſŪƴºěŚºƿƪºŞƣƶºŤƠƷƦºƿšřźºǀưƘţƲƿźųō
ŢſřƱŚƀƨƿŵŹřƺƯƾƯŚưţŹŵŶƘŝƽŚƸƳŚƯŻŹŵźƈƴƗƲƿřƾŝřźųŻƹŹƶŝ

ƶŞºſŚŰƯƶƳřźǀĮƄºǀěšřźºǀưƘţƹƽŹřŶºƸĮƳŹŵźºǀǀƜţšřźºŧřŵƺºƃƾºƯƵŵŚƠŤºſřƝƺƧŹŚºƯƲºĮưƷƩŶƯŻřƾŤƣƹ
ŵźƧƶŞſŚŰƯŶƃŶƷřƺŴƳ
ƶºŝƱŚºƃƎºſƺŤƯƵŹƹŵƩƺºƏŻřƪƤŤƀºƯšřźºǀưƘţƶºưƷƶºƧŵƺºƃƾºƯŦºƗŚŝƱŵƺºŝ ƶºƔƟŚůƱƹŶºŝƾĭĦƿƹƲƿř
ƲººĮưƷƽŚƸƫŶººƯŻřƵŵŚƠŤººſřƭŚººĮƴƷƶººŝƎººƤƟƱřƺººţƾººƯřŹƲǀĮƳŚººǀƯƵŹƹŵƩƺººƏƹŶººƴƿŚưƳƪººưƗƶŝŚƄººƯƾƬƨººƃ
ƱŚºƯŻŻřźºţƾƳǇƺºƏƶºƧŢºſřƾºţřźǀưƘţŶºƇŹŵƶºŝƶŤƀºŝřƹƾºƘƐƣƽŚºƷƶƴƿżƷƩŚůźƷƶŝŵźƧƶŞſŚŰƯƝƺƧŹŚƯ
ŚººƯřŶººƯŚŬƳřƩƺººƐŝŢƗŚººſÏƎººſƺŤƯŹƺººƏƶººŝŢººſřƲººƨưƯƆŴƄººƯźººǀưƘţƦººƿƩŚººŨƯƽřźººŝŶƴººƃŚŝƾººƴǀƘƯ
ÏÍŹŵƶººƧƾƳŚººƯŻƹŵƺººƃƶººŤųřŵźěŢººƯřźƛŢƗŚººſÐŻřźººţƾƳǇƺººƏƽŚººƷƾººƘƐƣƽřźººŝŢººſřŹřźººƣƶººƧƾƳŚººƯŻ
ƾƿŚºƸƴţƶºŝƲǀĮƳŚºǀƯƱŚºƯŻƩƺºƏŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſřŶºƷŵűŹƾƳǇƺºƏšřźºǀưƘţƲǀºƴģŢºſřƲºƨưƯŵŹřƺƯƪƧŻřŶƇŹŵ

İŝŚºƿŻŹřƦºƿŵƺºƃƾºƯƵŵŚƠŤºſřƝƺƧŹŚºƯƲºĮưƷƩŶºƯŻřƾºŤƣƹƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝŶºƃŶƷŚŴƳźŬƴƯŮǀŰƇŪƿŚŤƳŵŚŬƿřƶŝ
ŵƺưƳƲǀǀƘţƱřƺţƾưƳřŹơźŝƾƘƐƣƽŚƷƶƴƿżƷŻřƾƘƣřƹ

ƭ(WM-model) ƩŶººƯŽŚººſřźººŝöDIgSILENTöŹŵƱŚººƴǀưƏřŢººǀƬŝŚƣİŝŚººƿŻŹřƖººŝřƺţƶººưƷƲƿřźŝŚººƴŝ
ŶƃŚŝƾƯźƿŻƽŚƸǀĭĦƿƹƽřŹřŵƶŤƟźƄǀěįŹŚƯōƩŶƯƲƿř
ŶƳřƵŶƃƵŵřŵŹřźƣö Markovóweibullõ
ŜƿźººƋƦººƿŻřƖººƿŻƺţƲººƿřįŹŚººƯōƽŚººƷƵŹƹŵƩƺººƏƭŚººưţƽřźººŝöWeibullõƖººƿŻƺţŻřƵŵŚƠŤººſř 
ŹřŶºƤƯŹŵ öbetaö ƾºƷŵƪƨºƃźŤƯřŹŚºěƱŵřŵŹřźºƣŚºŝŶºƴƧƾºƯƵŵŚƠŤºſřƾƳŚƯŻƾƴŰƴƯƦƿƹƾƷŵƪƨƃ
ŶƯōŶƷřƺųŢſŶŝƝƺƧŹŚƯƲĮưƷƩŶƯƦƿ1.0
ƝƺƧŹŚººƯƩŶººƯŚººŝŶººƇŹŵÎÍÍƹƵŵƺººŝźƿŸººěŢƄººĭŻŚŝö MarkovóweibullõƩŶººƯƶººƨǀƿŚŬƳōŻř 
ƩŶºŞƯƶºŝŻŚºǀƳƱƹŶºŝƹƮǀƤŤƀºƯšŹƺºƇƶºŝřŹƝƺƧŹŚºƯƲºĮưƷƩŶºƯƽřƵŵřŵƱřƺţƾƯŢſřŹŚĭŻŚſ
ŵźƧƵŵŚƠŤſř
šřżǀƸŬţƽźǀěƹšřźǀưƘţšřźŧřŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřƱŚƨƯř 
ŵŹřƺƯƭŚưţŹŵƾƘƐƣƽŚƷƶƴƿżƷƢǀƣŵƹƖƿźſƶŞſŚŰƯƱŚƨƯř 
ŢſřƵŶƃƮǀſźţÕÓƪƨƃŹŵŢƫŚůƶſŚŝöMarkovóweibullõƩŶƯƦƿ

öMarkovóweibullõƩŶƯƦƿÕÓƪƨƃ

źººĭřŶººƷŵƾººƯƱŚƄººƳřŹöMarkovóweibullõƩŶººƯƦººƿƞººƿźƘţƽřźººŝƭŻǇƽŚººƷźŤƯřŹŚěƶººưƷƩŚººŨƯƲººƿř
ƵŚĮƳōŶƃŚŝƵŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřŹƺţřźƳĥƦƿŹŚŤƟŹƞǀƇƺţƽřźŝƩŚŨƯƩŶƯ
ŶƷŵƾƯ
ƱŚƄƳřŹŢǀƟźƓŶƇŹŵ
ÎÍÍŚŝƾŤƫŚůState 0 
ŶƷŵƾƯ
ƱŚƄƳřŹƶŤƟŚƿŵƹŶŰƯŢǀƟźƓŚŝ

ƵŶƃƩźŤƴƧŢƫŚůƦƿ State 1 
ŶƴƧƾƯƞǀƇƺţřŹźǀưƘţŢǀƘƋƹ
State 2 
öTTFöƾºººƴƘƿŢºººƫŚůźºººƷįŹŚºººƯōƵŹƹŵƩƺºººƏƞºººƿźƘţƽřźºººŝ  (' eta' ) ƹ  (' beta' ) ƽŚºººƷźŤƯřŹŚě

ƾŤƫŚºůƶºŝŹƺºţřźƳĥƶºƨƴƿřƩŚºưŤůř Prij  řŹŸºĭšǇŚºưŤůřŶºƳřƵŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſřState 2öTTRõŚºƿState0
ƖºƐƣŹƺºţřźƳĥƶºƧŢºſřƾƿŚºƸǀŝřźųŶºƇŹŵŚºŝƩŵŚºƘƯ Pr01  ƩŚºŨƯƽřźºŝŶºƴƧƾºƯƞºƿźƘţřŹŶºƴƧźºǀǀƜţźĮƿŵ
ŢºſřƾƿŚºƸǀŝřźųŶºƇŹŵŚºŝƩŵŚºƘƯ Pr02  ƩŚºưŤůřŢºſřƵŶºƳŚƯƾƣŚºŝŹřŶºƯŹŵƶºŤƟŚƿƂƷŚƧƾŤǀƟźƓŚŝŚƯřƵŶƄƳ
Ţſř Pr01  Pr02  1.0 ƩŚŨƯƲƿřŹŵƹŵƺƃƖƐƣŹƺţřźƳĥŶƳřƵŶƃŦƗŚŝƶƧ
ŵƺŝŶƷřƺųźƿŻšŹƺƇƶŝW-MƩŶƯŵźŝŹŚƧƶŬǀŤƳƵŶƃŹƺŤǀƳŚƯŹƺţŚƯŹƺƠƀƳřźţŵŹƺƯÔÒÍÍƩŚŨƯŹŵ
ç0   530a 
10.7500
140
TTF  ç0  530a 
ç1   0.006 a 
7360
140
TTR  ç1  52.6 h 
â0  1.0
â1  1.0
ƱŚƄººƋźƟƂǀººěźƿŵŚººƤƯŹŵŶººƃŚŝƵŶƄººƳƆŴƄººƯâ-1ƹâ-0ƾººƷŵƪƨººƃŜƿźººƋƽřźººŝƽřƵŵřŵĢǀººƷźººĭř
ŵŹƹōŢſŶŝřŹƽźţƾƘƣřƹźƿŵŚƤƯŚţŵƺưƳƁŻřŵźěƱřƺţƾƯřŹƭŚųƽŚƷƵŵřŵƩŚůźƷƶŝ
ŶƳŚƯŶƷřƺųƾƣŚŝ
6.3 Failure Models
ŶƴƃŚŝƾƯŵƺūƺƯźƿŻźƇŚƴƗƽřźŝƾŝřźųƽŚƸƫŶƯ

ŚƸƫŚƴǀƯźţƹŚƷŹŚŞſŚŝ 
ŚƸŤưƀƣƹŚƷźǀƀƯŚƸƬŝŚƧƹƍƺƐų 
ŚƷŹƺţŚƯŹƺƠƀƳřźţ 
ƱƹźƨƴſƽŚƷŹƺţřźƳĥ 
ŶƃŚŝƾƯŵƺūƺƯżǀƳƥźŤƄƯŵƺƯƾŝřźųƩŶƯƦƿƪŝŚƧ
ŚƿƎųƾŝřźųƩŶƯźŝƵƹǈƗ
źŧŒºƯƾºŝřźųƹƩǈŤºųřƦºƿŹŚºģŵŢºƣƹŶºƴģźºƷƶºƠƫŒƯƦºƿƶºƧŶºƴƴƧƾºƯƆŴƄºƯƾºŝřźųƽŚƸƫŶƯƶưƷ
ŻřƱřƺºŤƳřŹƾºŝřźųƦºƿƾºŤƣƹŶƳƺºƃƖºƟŹŢºƓŚƠůƢºƿźƏŻřŶºƿŚŝźŧŒºƯƽŚºƸǀŝřźųƹšǇǈŤºųřƶºưƷŵƺƃƾƯ
ŢºǀƬŝŚƣİŝŚºƿŻŹřŶºƃŶºƷřƺųŦºƗŚŝƩǈŤºųřƹƾºŝřźųƲºƿřŵźºƧřŶºū ŢºƿŚƸƳƶºŝƽŚºƷƲǀºƃŚºƿŚƷŹƺţřźƳĥƶưƷ
ŻřŶºƘŝƶƬºƇŚƟǈŝśƺºǀƘƯźƈºƴƗźºǀưƘţƶºƧŢºſřƵŶºƃƉźºƟŵŵźºĭƞºƣƺŤƯŚºƐųƭŚºƜǀěƦºƿŹƺƸƓŚŝƱŚƴǀưƏř
ƶºŝƭŻǇƱŚºƯŻŚºŝŶºƳřƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţƾºŝřźųƽŚƸƫŶºƯŹŵƶºƧźºǀưƘţšŶºƯƩƺºƏŵƺºƃƕƹźƃƾŝřźųƹƆƤƳƖƟŹ
ƶºƧƽźǀųŐºţƩŚºŨƯƽřźºŝ źºǀưƘţƕƹźºƃƽřźºŝƭŻǇƱŚºƯŻŶºƃŚŝƾºƯźŝřźŝźƈƴƗƱōŵźƨƬưƗƱŚƯŏƺţƾŝŚƿŻŚŝŹƺƔƴƯ
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ŚƸƫŚƴǀƯźţƹŚƷŹŚŞſŚŝƽŚƸǀŝřźųæèë
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ŢſřƵŶƃƮǀſźţÖÓƪƨƃŹŵƱōŻřƾƫŚŨƯƶƧŢſřƾŝřźųƩŶƯƦƿƶŝƾƗŚūŹřƽřŹřŵ
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ŶºƃŚŝƾºƯšǇŚƈºţřŵřŶºƘţŻřƪƤŤƀºƯźºǀưƘţƵŹƹŵƩƺºƏŶºƴƧƾºƯƞºƿźƘţŢºſřƵŶºƃƪƈºŤƯŹŚŞſŚŝƲƿřƶŝƶĤƳō
ŵƺƃƾƯƶŞſŚŰƯźƿŻƪƨƃƶŝŹŶǀƟƂƃŚŝƵŹŚŞſŚŝƶſƮŤƀǀſƦƿƽřźŝƪƧƾŝřźųƾƳřƹřźƟƩŚŨƯƽřźŝ

Ftot  3*Fbar  6*Fconnection 1/a 
ŵŵźĭƶƟŚƋřƩŚſŹŵÍÏÑŵŶƗƶŝƱŶǀſŹŚţƾŤƀƿŚŝƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳƾŝřźųƩŶƯƽřźŝƶƧ

ŹŚŝƕƺƳƽŚƸǀŝřźųÖÓƪƨƃ

ƶŰƠºƇŹŵřŹİºƘƐƣƲǀĮƳŚºǀƯƱŚºƯŻšŶºƯƹİºƘƐƣƩŚºưŤůřƪºƧƾºŝřźųƾºƳřƹřźƟŹŚºŝŚƿƩŚƴǀƯźţźƇŚƴƗƽřźŝ
ŶǀƴƧƵŚĮƳÎÍÓƪƨƃƶŝƩŚŨƯƽřźŝŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳƱŚƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣ

ŹŚŞſŚŝŚƿƩŚƴǀƯźţƽřźŝƱŚƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣƽŚƷƵŵřŵÎÍÓƪƨƃ

ήμѧѧѧϨϋϝΪѧѧѧϣϚѧѧѧϳΏΎѧѧѧΨΘϧ΍ΎѧѧѧΑϭέΎѧѧѧΑωϮѧѧѧϧϖѧѧѧϳήσί΍Ϫѧѧѧϛ΍έϲѧѧѧΑ΍ήΧϝΪѧѧѧϣΖѧѧѧγ΍ϦѧѧѧϜϤϣέΎѧѧѧΑΎѧѧѧϳϝΎѧѧѧϨϴϣήΗήμѧѧϨϋ
Ωέ΍ά̴ΑέΎϨϛϭϩΩϮϤϧΩέ΍έΖγ΍ϩΪϣ΁ΖγΪΑ

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ŢſřƵŶƃƮǀſźţÎÎÓƪƨƃŹŵƶƧŶƃŚŝƾƯƎų
ƾŝřźųƩŶƯƦƿƶŝƾƗŚūŹřƽřŹřŵ
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ƪƨƃ
ƾŝřźųƾƳřƹřźƟ ƱŚƯŻƎſƺŤƯƩƺƏ
ŢſřƵŶƃƞƿźƘţźŤƯƺƬǀƧÎÍÍƩƺƏźƷƽřźŝƹ

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ŵŹřŸĮŝŹŚƴƧƹƵŵƺưƳŵŹ



ƪŝŚƧŚƿƎųƽřźŝƱŚƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣƵŵřŵÎÏÓƪƨƃ

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ŹƺţŚƯŹƺƠƀƳřźţƽŚƸǀŝřźųèèë
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Ţſř

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ŚŝŢſřźŝřźŝơźŝİƘƐƣƩŚưŤůř
ƾŝřźųžƳŚƧźƟ źǀưƘţƲǀĮƳŚǀƯƱŚƯŻšŶƯ

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ŶƴƃŚŝźŧŒƯƕƺƳŻřŹƺţŚƯŹƺƠƀƳřźţƽŚƸǀŝřźųƶưƷƶƧŢſřƵŶƃƉźƟ
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ƭŚºĭƲǀºƫƹřŵŵźºĭźºţƪƨƄºƯƽŹŶºƣƾºŝřźųƩŶºƯƱŵƺºưƳƞºƿźƘţŚºţŢºſřƵŶºƃŦºƗŚŝƾºĭĦƿƹƲƿřƶģźĭ
ŢºƫŚůƦºƿƽřŹřŵƎºƤƟƉźºƟƂǀºěƩŶºƯƶºƧƾƫŚºůŹŵŵƺºưƳŢºſƺǀěƩŶºƯƶºŝřŹŢƫŚůƲƿŶƴģŚƿƦƿƶƨŤƀƳō
State Duration MatrixŹŵŵƺºūƺƯŢºƫŚůƦºƿƵŹŚưºƃźºŝƦºǀƬƧŢºſřŹŚºŝƱřƺºţƾºƯřŹŹŚºƧƲºƿřŢºſř
ŢſřƵŶƃƮǀſźţżǀƳÎÒÓƪƨƃŹŵƶƧƱŚƴĤƳōŵřŵƭŚŬƳřöAppend CellsõśŚŴŤƳřžĜſƹ


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ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵƂƿŚưƳÎÓÓƪƨƃŹŵƶĤƳōźǀƔƳŵƺưƳśŚŴŤƳřƱƹźƨƴſƲǀƃŚƯƦƿƽřźŝřŹƾŝřźųƩŶƯ

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ƶºŤŞƫřŶºƃŶºƷřƺųźºěŶºƷŵƾºƯűŹƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƲǀºƫƹřƾºƏŹŵƶºƧƾŧŵřƺůƶưƷŚŝƶŧŵŚůŢſźƸƟEvents
ŶƃŚŝƵŶƃƩŚƘƟCreate Event ObjectsƶƴƿżĭƶƨƳōƍźƃƶŝ
ƵŶººƃƽźººǀĭƲǀĮƳŚººǀƯźƿŵŚººƤƯŢººſřƵŶƄººƳƵŵřŵƱŚƄººƳƪƨººƃŹŵAnnualizedcaveragecvalues
"LOLE"ƪººƧƵźººǀųŷƶǀººƃŚůƮŤƀººǀſƪººƧƝźƈººƯƽŚººƋŚƤţƮŤƀººǀſƪººƧƽŶººǀƫƺţŢººǀƟźƓƽřźººŝƾººƬƧ
ŢųŚººſƽřźººŝŚºƸƳōŶºƳřƵŶººƃƵźºǀųŷƾººƬųřŵšŹƺººƇƶºŝƹƵŶººƃƶŞºſŚŰƯ"EDNS"ƹ"LOLF""LOLD"
ŶƳƺƃƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſřƱŚƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣ
İŝŚƿŻŹřƁŹřżĭ

ƺƫŹŚƧŢƳƺƯƁƹŹÎÑÓ
ŲƿŹŚºţŜºǀţźţƒºƠůŚºŝƲǀºƘƯšŶºƯƦºƿƽřźºŝřŹįŹŚºƯōšŹŶºƣƶƨŞºƃƺƫŹŚƧŢƳƺƯƱŚƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣİŝŚƿŻŹř
ƾººŝřźųƵŹƹŵƲǀĮƳŚººǀƯƪººǀŞƣŻřƲǀĮƳŚººǀƯźƿŵŚººƤƯƶŞººſŚŰƯŹƺººƔƴƯƶºŝƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃŶººƴƧƾºƯƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃƱŚºƯŻƹ
ƱřƺººƴƗƶººŝřŹƮŤƀººǀſƾººŝřźųƦººƿŶººǀƫƺţŢººǀƬŝŚƣİŝŚººƿŻŹřŹƺººƔƴƯƶººŝŶººƃŶººƷřƺųŹřźººƨţšŚººƘƟŵƶººŝƶƨŞººƃ
ƲºƿřŢºſřƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţŵŹřŶºƳŵƺºūƹƶƨŞºƃŹŵŹŚºŝƽŚºƋŚƤţƱŵŹƹōźºŝƽřźºŝƾƟŚºƧŶºǀƫƺţŢǀƟźƓƶƧƾŤǀƘƋƹ
šŹŶºƣƮŤƀºǀſƶƨŞºƃŵƺºƃƾºƯƲǀºǀƘţƶƨŞºƃŹŚºŝƪºƧƽŚºƋŚƤţŚºŝƶƨŞºƃŶºǀƫƺţƪƧŢǀƟźƓƶƀƿŚƤƯŻřŢǀƘƋƹ
ŢſřƵŶƄƳƶŤƟźĭźƔƳŹŵ
ŶƳřƵŶƃƶŞſŚŰƯźƿŻƱŚƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣƽŚƷžƿŶƳřƺƫŹŚƧŢƳƺƯƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃŻř
ƲǀĮƳŚººǀƯƱŚººƯŻƆųŚººƃƲººƿřThe Loss Of Load Expentancy in hours/year , LOLE
ŶƿŚưƳƾƯƆŴƄƯŶƿŚưƳ

ƾƯƩƹŶƗƹŻƹŚŬţƲƨưƯŶǀƫƺţŢǀƟźƓŻřŹŚŝƽŚƋŚƤţƱōƾƏƶƧřŹƩŚſŹŵ
ƽŚººƷƱŚººƯŻƲǀĮƳŚººǀƯƆųŚººƃƲººƿřThe Loss Of Load Duration in hours,LOLD
ŶƿŚưƳƾƯƞƿźƘţŢſřŵƺūƺƯŶǀƫƺţŢǀƟźƓŻřźţřźƟŹŚŝƽŚƋŚƤţƱōƾƏŹŵƶƧřŹƽřƶŤſƺǀě

ƽŚººƷƱŚººƯŻƎººſƺŤƯŵřŶººƘţƆųŚººƃƲººƿřThe Loss Of Load Frequency in 1/year,LOLF
ŶƿŚưƳƾƯƞƿźƘţ
ŵƹŹƾƯŵƺūƺƯŶǀƫƺţŢǀƟźƓŻřźţřźƟŹŚŝƽŚƋŚƤţƱōƾƏƶƧ
řŹƩŚſŹŵƽřƶŤſƺǀě
ƽŚººƋŚƤţƎººſƺŤƯƆųŚººƃƲººƿřThe Expected Energy Not Supplied in MW,EENS
ŵƺƃƲǀƯŐţŶƳřƺţƾưƳŶǀƫƺţŢǀƟźƓŵƺŞưƧźƏŚųƪǀƫŵƶŝƶƧŢſřƩŚſŹŵƽĥźƳř

ŵŹřŵšƹŚƠţřŹŸĭżǀƫŚƳōƽřźŝƵŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃ
ŚŝƪƿŷƽŚƷƾĭĦƿƹŹŵƺƫŹŚƧŢƳƺƯƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃ
ŚººƷƱŚººƿźūŚººƷĥŚŤƫƹŶººƴƳŚƯƾƨǀƯŚººƴƿŵƽŚººƷźǀƜŤƯƹřŹŸººĭżǀƫŚººƳōƽřźººŝƵŶººƃƵŵŚƠŤººſřƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃ 
ƱŵƺººưƳƪººůŚººŝƹƶŤººſƺǀěƶººưǀƳƁƹŹƦººƿŹŵřŹƵŶººƴƴƧƩźººŤƴƧƽŚƸƫŚƴĮǀººſŹƺººţƺƯƽŚººƷŢƗźººſ
ƶºǀƳŚŧƶºŞţźƯŻřƶºŤƟŹŹŚºƧƶºŝƾƳŚºƯŻƽŚƸºſŚǀƤƯŶºƴƧƾºƯƽŻŚſ ƶǀŞƃŚƷźǀƜŤƯƲƿřƪǀƀƳřźƠƿŵšǇŵŚƘƯ
ŪƿŚºŤƳŵƺºƃƾºƯŹřźºƨţƶŝŚƄºƯƶƨŞºƃƽřźºŝƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƱŚºưƷƾºŤƣƹŶƴºƃŚŝƾƯźǀƜŤƯƶǀƳŚŧƾƬǀƯŚţ
ŶƯōŶƷřƺųŢſŵƶŝżǀƳƾƳŚƀƨƿ
ƽŚººƷŹƺţřźƳĥƲŤƀººƳřŵŻŚººŬƯƢººƿźƏŻřřŹšŹŶººƣƶƨŞººƃįŹŚººƯōŹŚººŤƟŹƺƫŹŚººƧŢººƳƺƯƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃ 
ŶººƴƧƾººƯƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃƵźººǀƛƹƽŹřŶººƸĮƳƹšřźººǀưƘţƭŚººŬƳřŹŚººŝƽŚƷŚººƋŚƤţźººǀǀƜţŚººŝśƺººǀƘƯ
ƽŹŚºƯōšŚºƔŰƫŹŵšřźºǀǀƜţƲºƿřŵƺºƃƾºƯƵŵřŵźºǀǀƜţƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƾºƏŹŵšŹŶºƣƶƨŞºƃƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ
ŚºţƵŚºƯŻřƶºŤƟŹŹŚºƧƶºŝƾƳŚºƯŻƽŚƸºſŚǀƤƯƵŵƹŶºŰƯŶƴºƃŚŝƾºưƳƵŶºƃƶŤųŚƴºƃƪºŞƣŻřƹƵŶƃŵŚŬƿř
ľǇƺºưƘƯŵƺºƃŹřźºƨţŶºůřƹƶƨŞºƃƦºƿƽřźºŝƱŚƀºƨƿƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƦƿƾŤƣƹŶƴƃŚŝƾƯ ƵŵźŤƀĭƩŚſ
ŪƿŚºŤƳƱřƺºţƾºƯƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƵŹŚºŝƲƿŶºƴģŹřźºƨţŚºŝƩŚºůźƷƶºŝŶºƯōŶºƷřƺųŢſŶŝƽźĮƿŵŪƿŚŤƳ
ŵŹƹōŢſŶŝŢƣŵŻřƽřƶūŹŵźƷŚŝřŹƎſƺŤƯ
ŵŹřŶººƳƽŵźŝŹŚººƧLOLE=LOLD*LOLFƾººţřŷƶººƫŵŚƘƯƶƨŤƀººƴƿřƺƫŹŚººƧŢººƳƺƯƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃźººŧřƦººƿ
ƶºŝƵŶºƃƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃƽŚºƷƵŹƹŵźŤƄºǀŝŹŵŚºƷžƿŶºƳřƲºƿřƶºƧŢºſřƪºǀƫŵƲºƿřƶºŝƶƫŵŚƘƯƲƿřŻřƱŵźƨƳƵŵŚƠŤſř
ƲƿřźŝŚƴŝŶƳřƵŶƃƶŞſŚŰƯƎſƺŤƯźƿŵŚƤƯƱřƺƴƗ
 LOLE k
1 n
LOLE 
n k 1
 LOLD k
1 n
LOLD 
n k 1
LOLF   LOLFk
1 n
ƾƬƧŹƺƏƶŝŢſřƪƯŚƧƵŹƹŵƦƿƽŻŚſƶǀŞƃŵřŶƘţkƶƧ
n n 1
 LOLDk *  LOLFk   LOLDk * LOLFk èë

1 n 1 n 1 n
ƹ LOLDk řźººƿŻŶººƃŚŝƾººƯLOLD*LOLFƽřźººŝƾººŞƿźƤţLOLE n īŹżººŝźƿŵŚººƤƯįřźººŝƩŚººůźººƷƶººŝ

n k 1 n k 1 n k 1
ŶƴƃŚŝİƯźĮƿŶĪƿŻřƪƤŤƀƯįŹŚƯōƑŚŰƫƶŝ LOLFi
ŚºƷŹŚŝƹŚºƷŹƺţřźƳĥƾƯŚºưţƽŹřŶºƸĮƳƹźºǀưƘţƱŚºƴǀưƏřŢºǀƬŝŚƣšŚºƗǈƏřƺƫŹŚºƧŢºƳƺƯƽŻŚºſƶǀŞƃƭŚŬƳřŻřƪŞƣ
ŶƃŚŝƾƯŻŚǀƳŵŹƺƯ

6.5Network Reliability Assessment
šŹƺºƇƶºŝƖºƿŻƺţŚºƿƖºƿŻƺţơƺºƟƩŚºƤŤƳřŭƺƐºſƶƨŞºƃƱŚºƴǀưƏřŢºǀƬŝŚƣƽŚºƷƆųŚºƃƾºƬǀƬŰţİŝŚƿŻŹř

ŵƺƃƾƯƽŻřŶƳřƵřŹźƿŻ

ƭŚºĮƴƷƶºŝƱŚºƴǀưƏřŢºǀƬŝŚƣŹřżºŝřŹřƺºƳƱŵźºƧƩŚºƘƟŹƺºƔƴƯƶºŝƾƬºƇřŹřżŝřŹřƺƳŹŵ ƶưƧŵƦǀƬƧ 

ƭƹżƫ
ƶưƧŵƱŵźƧƦǀƬƧ 
ŢſřƵŶƿŵźĭƮǀſźţÐÑÓƪƨƃŹŵŢƫŚůƁŹŚưƃżǀƫŚƳōƽřƵŹƹŚŰƯŹŵŚƧ

ŢƫŚůƵŹŚưƃƲǀǀƘţżǀƫŚƳōƽřƵŹƹŚŰƯŹŵŚƧÐÑÓƪƨƃ
ŵřŵƭŚŬƳřźƿŻŵŹřƺƯƽřźŝƱřƺţƾƯřŹƶƨŞƃƽřźŝƱŚƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣİŝŚƿŻŹř

ƩŚƘƟƮŤƀǀſƪƧ 
ŚƸƴţƩŚƘƟƶƨŞƃƦƿ 
ŚƸƴţƵŚĮŤƀƿřƦƿ 
ƾºŝřźųƹŚºƐųźºŧřżǀƫŚºƳō źºĮƿŵƾºĭĦƿƹƦºƿźŝŹŚºƧƎºſƺţƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţźºƇŚƴƗŻřśŚŴŤƳřƦƿ 
ŶƃŚŝƾƯźŝŹŚƧƎſƺţƵŶƃśŚŴŤƳřźƇŚƴƗƽƹŹźŝ
(FEA)
ƶºƴƿżĭƱŵźºƧƩŚºƘƟźºǀƛŚºŝƩŚºŨƯƱřƺºƴƗƶºŝŵƺºưƳƩŚºƘƟźǀƛżǀƫŚºƳōƽřźºŝƱřƺºţƾºƯřŹŚƷŚƐųŻřƾƇŚųƕřƺƳř
ŶƴƃŚŝƾƯƮƫŚſŚƷŹƺţŚƯŹƺƠƀƳřźţƶưƷƱŚƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣšŚŞſŚŰƯŹŵžƳřźţƽŚƐų

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ŢƟźĭŶƷřƺųźƔƳŹŵƵŶƃƖƐƣƱŚƯŻƦƿŹŵƹƮƷŚŝřŹƪŝŚƧƹŵźƷŶƃŚŝ
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ŶƷŵƾƯƭŚŬƳřƵŶƃƩŚƘƟƾţŚƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯƪƧƽřźŝřŹƱŚƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣİŝŚƿŻŹř
ModecSystem
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ƦººǀţŚƯƺţřƽƾŤººſŵƽŻŚººſřŶūƱōŜººƣŚƘŤƯƹƾŤƓŚººƠůŶººǀƬƧŶººƴģŚººƿƦººƿƖƿźººſƱŵƺưƳŻŚººŝƢººƿźƏŻřƮŤƀººǀſ
ƶººŝƵŶººƃŢººƓŚƠůƶººǀůŚƳŻřƵŶººƳŚưǀƣŚŝƽŚººƷƂººŴŝŹŵƱřƺººţƱŶººƳřŵźĭŻŚŝƹŹřźƤŤººſřƹśƺººǀƘƯšřżººǀƸŬţ
ŹŵŢºſřƵŶºƃƵŵřŵƂƿŚºưƳÐÓÓƪƨºƃŹŵƕƺºƋƺƯƲºƿřŶºƷŵƱŚƄºƳƪºưƘƫřžºƨƗƵŵřŵűŹƽŚºƷƵŚţƺƧƩŚƈţř
ŶƷŵƾƯƱŚƄƳřŹƵŶƴƴƧřŶūƹŢƄĭŻŚŝƽŚƷŶǀƬƧƾŤƓŚƠůƽŚƷŶǀƬĩƪƨƃƲƿř

ƱřƺţİŝŚƿŻŚŝƹŚƐųƱŵƹŵŻÐÓÓƪƨƃ

ΎτΧϥΩϭΩίϭϥΩήϛϙΎ̡
ŻřƪººŞƣŻŚººƟŹŵŶººƴƷŵƾººƯƭŚººŬƳřřŹŢººƓŚƠůƾŝŚººŴŤƳřľǈƯŚººƧƹÎÍÍƪƨººƃƶººŝŚººƐųƱŵźººƧƥŚººěƖººŝřƺţ
ŚºƿŵŚºƿŻƱŚºƿźūƶºƫŹƶƬǀºſƹƶºŝŶºƴƳřƺţƾºƯƶºƧƶƨŞºƃŹŵŵƺºūƺƯƽŚºƷŶǀƬĩƶưƷƱŚƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣİŝŚƿŻŹřƁŻřŵźě
ƾŤƓŚºººƠůƽŚƷŶºººǀƬƧƱřƺºººƴƗƶºººŝŶƳƺºººƃƖºººƐƣƶºººƫŹŻřƽźºººĮƿŵƕƺºººƳźºººƷŚºººƿŻƺºººǀƟžƳŚŤƀºººƿŵƶºººƫŹ
ƹŶºǀƬĩƦºƿŹŚºŝŹŚºƸģŚºŝƵŵŚºſƶƨŞºƃƦºƿÐÔÓƪƨºƃŹŵŶƳƺºƃƾºƯƆŴƄƯ"Protection Breakers"
ƶººŝƶººƧƮŤƀººǀſŻřƽŵƺººūƺƯŢººƫŚůŶººƷŶǀƯƱŚƄººƳřŹ"back-stop switch"ƞººƣƺţŢƄººĭźŝŶººǀƬƧƦººƿ
ƶºƘƐƣźºŝƵŚºţƺƧƩŚƈºţřƦºƿŚºŝƶºƧŢºſřƾƄºŴŝŵŵźºĭƾºſŹźŝŶºƳřƺţƾºƯŹŚºŝƲºƨưƯƽŚƷƾƘƐƣƲŤƟŚƿŹƺƔƴƯ
ŢſřƵŶƃƆŴƄƯ"LR2"źǀƀƯ

ƎųƽƹŹƵŚţƺƧƩŚƈţřÐÔÓƪƨƃ

ƺŬŤƀºūƲºƿřŵƺºƃƾºƯƕƹźºƃśƺºǀƘƯƽŚºƷƶºƠƫŒƯƶºưƷŹŵƾƨƿĥƺºƫƺěƺţƽƺŬŤƀºūƦºƿŚƐųƽŻŚƀƧŚěŹŵ
řŶºǀěřŹŢºſřƵŶºƃŵƹŶºŰƯƾŤƓŚºƠůƽŚºƷŶºǀƬĩŚºŝƎºƤƟƶºƧřŹśƺºǀƘƯƶƠƫŒƯźƷƝřźƏřƶƨŞƃƶǀůŚƳƲƿźŤƨģƺƧ
ŶºƃŶºƷřƺųřŶºūƶƨŞºƃƵŶºƳŚưǀƣŚŝŻřƦºģƺƧƶºǀůŚƳƲºƿřŶƳƺºƃŻŚºŝƾŤƓŚºƠůƽŚƷŶºǀƬĩƲºƿřźĭřŵƺưƳŶƷřƺų
ƶºƧƾƿŚƷŶºǀƬĩŶºƃŶºƴƷřƺųŵƹŶºŰƯŶºƳřƵŵźºƧƖºƐƣřŹŚºƐųƱŚºƿźūľŚºƘƣřƹƶºƧƾƿŚƷŶǀƬƧƶŝ ƶƗƺưŬƯƲƿřžĜſ
ŶƃŶƴƷřƺŴƳŻŚŝŶƴƴǀŝƾưƳřŹŚƐųƶƧƾƿŚƷŶǀƬĩƾƴƘƿŶƳřƶŤƟźĭŹřźƣŚƐųƪŰƯŻřŶƘŝŹŶǀƟƲǀƿŚěŹŵ

ŶºƷřƺųƭŚºưţŚºƐųƽŻŚƀºƧŚěƶºƬůźƯƾŤƓŚºƠůƽŚƷŶºǀƬƧŻřƵŶºƃřŶǀěƪƣřŶºůƶºƗƺưŬƯƱŶºƃŻŚŝ ŵźƨƬưƗŚŝ
ƽŚºƷŹƺţřźƳĥźƿŚºſŻřřŹśƺºǀƘƯŌřżºūřƾŤƓŚºƠůƽŚºƷŶºǀƬĩƶƬǀºſƹƶºŝŚºƸƴţƱřƺºţƾºưƳƶºƧŵƺºƃƭƺƬƘƯźĭřŶƃ
İŝŚºƿŻŹřƹŶºƃŶºƷřƺųƶŤºƃƺƳŚºƐųƭŚºƜǀěƦºƿƵŚºĮƳōŵƺºưƳřŶºūƾūŹŚºųƵŶºƴƴƧƶºƿŸƜţƽŚƷƶƨŞƃŚƿƱƹźƨƴſ
ŢƟŚƿŶƷřƺųƱŚƿŚěƱŚƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣ
ƵŶºǀƯŚƳƵŶºƃŢºƓŚƠůƶºǀůŚƳŶºƳřƵŶºƃřŶºūƾŤƓŚºƠůƽŚºƷŶºǀƬĩƶƬǀºſƹƶºŝƶƧśƺǀƘƯŌřżūřƝřźƏřƶǀůŚƳ
ƱŚƄºƳŶºƳřƵŵƺºưƳŻŚºŝřŹƾŤƓŚºƠůŶºǀƬĩŚºƐųƽŻŚƀºƧŚěƖºŝřƺţƶºƨƴƿřŻřŶºƘŝřŹƩŚŨƯƶƨŞƃ ÐÕÓ ƪƨƃŵƺƃƾƯ
ŶƃŚŝƾƯ
ÐƹÏƹÎƵŶƃƖƐƣƽŚƷŹŚŝƹƾƴǀƿŚěƵŶƴƴƧƶƿŸƜţƎųƪƧƪƯŚƃƵŶƃŢƓŚƠůƶǀůŚƳŶƷŵƾƯ

ƵŶƃŢƓŚƠůƵŵƹŶŰƯÐÕÓƪƨƃ
ΎτΧϱίΎγ΍ΪΟ
ŶººƃŚŝƵŶººƃƩŚººƘƟƱŚººƯźƟƽřƵŹƹŚººŰƯŹŵŚººƧŹŵ"Use Power Restoration Switches"ƶººƴƿżĭźººĭř
ŵŶºŬƯƩŚƈºţřŚºŝŶºƃŚŝŵƺºūƺƯżºǀƳƱřƺºţİŝŚºƿŻŚŝŶºǀƬƧŶºƴģŚºƿƦºƿƲǀºƴĤưƷƹƽŻŚſřŶūŶǀƬƧŶƴģŚƿƦƿƹ
ŵŵźĭƪƣřŶůŚƐųšřźŧřŚţŢſřƵŶƃƁǈţƮŤƀǀſƮƫŚſƂŴŝƽŚƷŹŚŝŻřƲƨưƯŵřŶƘţƲƿźŤƄǀŝ
ŶƳŶººƃƞººƿźƘţŚººƐųƱŵƹŵŻƵŹƹŵƾººƏŹŵƵŶººƴƴƧƖººƐƣƽŚƷŶººǀƬĩƹƵŶººƃŢººƓŚƠůƶººǀůŚƳƶººƧƲººƿřŻřŶººƘŝ
ŵƺƃƾƯƕƹźƃƵŶƃ
řŶūƶǀůŚƳƪƣřŶůƲŤƟŚƿŹƺƔƴƯƶŝƾƿƺŬŤƀū
ƾƨƿĥƺººƫƺěƺţƽƺŬŤƀººūƱŚººưƷŻřƱřƺººţİŝŚººƿŻŚŝƹŚººƐųƽŻŚººſřŶūƁƹŹƹŵźººƷŚƷŶººǀƬƧƲŤƟŚººƿŹƺººƔƴƯƶººŝ
ŻŚººƟŶººƳŵƺŝƵŶººƃƵŵŚƠŤººſřŚººƐųƱŵƹŵŻƵŹƹŵƾººƏŹŵƾŤƓŚººƠůƽŚƷŶººǀƬƧƲŤƟŚººƿƽřźººŝƶººƧŶººƴƴƧƾººƯƵŵŚƠŤººſř

ƽƺŬŤƀººūƦººƿƵŶººƴƴƧřŶūƽŚººƷŶº ǀƬĩƶººŝŵƹŶººŰƯśƺººǀƘƯŌřżººūřƝřźººƏřƦººģƺƧƶººǀůŚƳŹŵŚººƐųƽŻŚººſřŶū
ŻřƶºǀůŚƳƲƿźŤƨģƺºƧŻŚºſřŶūƽŚƷŶºǀƬƧƲºƿřƱŶºƃŻŚŝŚºŝŶºƴƧƾºƯŻŚºƛōśƺºǀƘƯŌřżūřƲƿřƲǀŝŹŵřŹƦƿĥƺƫƺěƺţ
ƶººƴƿżĭƽŻŚººſƩŚººƘƟŚººŝƶººƧƾƿŚƷŶººǀƬƧƎººƤƟŚººƿƹƶŤƀººŝƽŚƷŶººǀƬƧƭŚººưţŶººƃŶººƷřƺųřŶººūƶƨŞººƃƶººǀƤŝ
ƱřƺºººƴƗƶºººŝƱŚºººƴǀưƏřŢºººǀƬŝŚƣƽřƵŹƹŚºººŰƯŹŵŚºººƧŻř"Only use marked seperating switches"
ŶººƴƷřƺųřŹƵŶººƴƴƧřŶūƂººƤƳƽŚººƠƿřƾĮŤƀººƿŚƃŶººƳřƵŶººƃƽŹřŸººĭŢººƯǈƗ"use for fault separation"
Ţƃřŵ
ŻŚººŝƾººŤƣƹƶººƧŵƺººŝŶººƷřƺųƵŶººƴƴƧřŶººūƽŚƷŶººǀƬƧŻřƽřƶººƗƺưŬƯŻŚººſřŶūƽŚƷŶººǀƬƧƽřźººŝƺŬŤƀººūƶººŬǀŤƳ
ƶººǀůŚƳƲººƿřŶººƴƴƧƾººƯřŶººūƶƨŞººƃƶººǀƤŝŻřřŹśƺǀƘƯźƈººƴƗƝřźººƏřŹŵƲººƨưƯƶººǀůŚƳƲƿźŤƨģƺººƧŶººƳŵźĭƾººƯ

ƶººǀůŚƳźººŝřźŝŚººƿźŤƨģƺººƧƵŶººƃřŶººūƶººǀůŚƳƲººƿřŢººſřƵŶººƃƵŶººǀƯŚƳƵŶººƃřŶººūƶººǀůŚƳ"seperated area"
ŵƺŝŶƷřƺŴƳƵŶƃŢƓŚƠůƶǀůŚƳŻřźţřźƟƵŚĮĤǀƷƶǀůŚƳƲƿřŶƃŚŝƾƯƵŶƃŢƓŚƠů

ŵŹřŵƱŚºƨƯřľǇƺºƇřřźºƿŻŵƺºƃƾºƯƵŶºǀƯŚƳƾŝŚºƿŻŚŝƪºŝŚƣƶºǀůŚƳƵŶºƃ řŶºūƹƵŶºƃŢºƓŚƠůƶǀůŚƳƲǀŝƶǀůŚƳ
ŶºƳřƵŶºƃŻŚºŝŻŚºſřŶūƽŚƷŶºǀƬƧƶºƨǀƫŚůŹŵřŹƶºƳƺưƳƶƨŞºƃÐÖÓƪƨºƃŵƺºƃƵźºǀųŷƾůřƺºƳƲƿřŹŵƱřƺţƶƧ
ƪƈºůŚƯƾŝŚºƿŻŚŝƪºŝŚƣƶºǀůŚƳƹŵŶºƃŚŝƾºƯśƺºǀƘƯƎºųźǀƀºƯƽřŹřŵƎºƤƟƵŶºƃřŶūƶºǀůŚƳƦƴƿřŶƷŵƾƯƱŚƄƳ
ƱřƺºţƩŚºƤŤƳřŶºƃŚŝƾºƯÐƹÏƽŚºƷŹŚŝƪƯŚºƃƶºƧƽřƶºǀůŚƳƹÎŹŚºŝƽƹŚºůƶƧƽřƶǀůŚƳ ŶƴƃŚŝƾƯŚƐųƽŻŚſřŶū
ŢưºſŻŚºſřŶūŶºǀƬƧƲƿźºţƾƿŚºƸŤƳřŵƺºƃƾºƯƾŝŚºƿŻŚŝŢºƓŚƠůŶºǀƬĩŵŶºŬƯƲŤƀºŝƲŤƀºŝƢºƿźƏŻř Î ŹŚŝƶŝ
ƲǀººƴĤưƷżººǀƳŢººƓŚƠůŶººǀƬĩŶººƃŚŝƾººƯƽřƶººƤǀƣŵÐƾƳŻŶººǀƬƧƱŚººƯŻƽřŹřŵƹŵƺººƃƾººƯƩźººŤƴƧŹƹŵƵřŹŻřĚººģ
ƶººƨǀƫŚůŹŵŢƗŚººſÍÍÒ ƵŶººƃƾŝŚººƿŻŚŝƶººƤǀƣŵÐŹŵÎŹŚººŝƲƿřźŝŚººƴŝƹŶººƃŚŝƾººƯŹƹŵƵřŹŻřƵŶººƃƩźººŤƴƧ
ŶƳƺƃƾŝŚƿŻŚŝŶƿŚŝŻƺƴƷÐƹÏƽŚƷŹŚŝ

ƱřƺţİŝŚƿŻŚŝƹŜǀƗƽŻŚſřŶūÐÖÓƪƨƃ

ϥ΍ϮΗ̶ΑΎϳίΎΑ
ŶººƃŚŝƵŶººƃƩŚººƘƟƱŚººƯźƟƽřƵŹƹŚººŰƯŹŵŚººƧŹŵ"Use Power Restoration Switches"ƶººƴƿżĭźººĭř
ƶººǀůŚƳŢưƀººƣƲƿźŤƄººǀŝƵŵŚººƗřŹƺººƔƴƯƶººŝƭŻǇƾŝŚººƿŻŚŝƽŚƷŶººǀƬƧŵřŶººƘţƪƣřŶººůƲŤƟŚººƿƽřźººŝƾƿƺŬŤƀººūƵŚººĮƳō
ƶººƧƾƿŚƷŶººǀƬƧƹƵŶººƃŻŚºŝƾŤƓŚººƠůƽŚƷŶººǀƬƧƎººƤƟƺŬŤƀºūƲººƿřƾººƏŹŵŶºƃŶºƷřƺųƕƹźººƃƵŶººƃŢºƓŚƠů
ŶººƳřƵŶººƃƽŹřŸººĭŢººƯǈƗ"available for power restoration"ƱřƺººƴƗŚººŝƹŶƴŤƀººƷŻŚººŝƽŵŚººƗŹƺººƐŝ
ŶƳřƵŶƃƶŤƟźĭźƔƳŹŵ

ƾůřƺººƳƶǀººƃŚůŹŵƖººƣřƹƾŝŚººƿŻŚŝƽŚƷŶººǀƬƧƶººưƷƽřźººŝƦººƿĥƺƫƺěƺţƽƺŬŤƀººūƦººƿŻřƱřƺººţİŝŚººƿŻŚŝƶººƬůźƯ
ƽřźºŝƾƿřŶºƿŶƳŚƧŢºſřƪºƇƹŹřŶºƣźŝƶºǀůŚƳƦºƿƶºŝƶºƧƾƿŚƷŶºǀƬƧŻřƭřŶºƧźºƷŶºƴƧƾºƯƵŵŚƠŤºſřƾŝŚƿŻŚŝƪŝŚƣ
ƶŤƀººŝŶººƿŶƳŚƧŶººǀƬƧƲƿźŤƘƿźººſƎººƤƟƾŝŚººƿŻŚŝƪººŝŚƣƶººǀůŚƳźººƷƽřźººŝŶººƃŶººƷřƺųśƺƀººŰƯƱřƺººţƾŝŚººƿŻŚŝ
ƶººǀůŚƳŵƺººƃƪƈººŤƯƵŶººƃƶººƿŸƜţŹřŶººƣźŝƶƨŞººƃƦººƿƶººŝľřŵŶººŬƯƶººƧƾŝŚººƿŻŚŝƪººŝŚƣƶººǀůŚƳźººƷŶººƃŶººƷřƺų
ŚººŝÎŹŚººŝƶººŝƾƫŚººƤŤƳřƱřƺººţƱōŹŵƶººƧƽřƶƨŞººƃÑÍÓƪƨººƃŹŵƩŚººŨƯƽřźººŝŵƺººƃƾººƯƵŶººǀƯŚƳ"restored"
ƶºŝƾƫŚºƤŤƳřƱřƺºţŢºſřƵŶºƃƵŵřŵƂƿŚºưƳŢºſřƵŶºƃƾŝŚºƿŻŚŝŢºƓŚƠůŶºǀƬĩƱŶºƃƶŤƀºŝƵŹŚºŝƹŵ ƱŶºƃƶŤƀŝ
ŶºººǀƬƧƶºººƧƾƿŚºººŬƳōŻřŵƺºººƃƾºººƯƾŝŚºººƿŻŚŝ"back-stop switch"ŶºººǀƬƧƲŤƀºººŝŚºººŝÐƹÏƽŚºººƷŹŚŝ
ƾŝŚººƿŻŚŝŢƗŚººſƮǀººƳŹŵÐƹÏƽŚººƷŹŚŝŶººƃŚŝƾººƯ
ƽřƶººƤǀƣŵÐÍƾƳŻŶººǀƬƧƱŚººƯŻƽřŹřŵback-stop switch
ŵŹřŵŹřźƣŚƐųŻřžěƎƿřźƃŹŵƶƨŞƃƱƺƴƧřŶƳƺƃƾƯ

back-stop switchŶǀƬƧƶƬǀſƺŝƱřƺţİŝŚƿŻŚŝÑÍÓƪƨƃ

ŹŵľǇƺºưƘƯƶºƧźºǀưƘţšŶºƯƩƺºƏƽřźºŝƵŶºƃřŶºūƶºǀůŚƳƦºƿŹŵŚƷŹŚŞºſŚŝƹŚƷŹŚŝƶưƷƶƧŢſřƵŶƃƉźƟ
ƱŚºƯŻŹŵƵŶºƃƾŝŚºƿŻŚŝƶºǀůŚƳƦºƿŹŵŚƷŹŚŞºſŚŝƹŚºƷŹŚŝƶºưƷƶºƧŵƺºƃƾƯƉźƟŶƴƃŚŝƾƯƾŤƗŚſƲƿŶƴģŵƹŶů
ŶºǀƬƧźºƷƽřźºŝŶƴºƃŚŝƵŶºƃƖºƐƣƱřƺºţİŝŚºƿŻŚŝƽŚƷŶºǀƬƧƭŚºưţƲŤƀºŝƹŚƷŻŚºſřŶūƾƯŚºưţƱŵźƧŻŚŝƽřźŝƭŻǇ
ƱŵŹƹōƲǀƿŚºěŚºŝƱřƺºţƾºƯřŹŹƹŵƵřŹŻřƩźºŤƴƧƹƱƺǀºſŚƯƺţřšřźºŧřŢºƟźĭźºƔƳŹŵƾƇŚƈºŤųřƱŚºƯŻƦƿƱřƺţƾƯ
ŵƺưƳƾſŹźŝƹżǀƫŚƳōŹƹŵƵřŹŻřƩźŤƴƧƽŚƷŶǀƬƧƽŻřŶƳřŹŚƧƶŝƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ
ƽŚºƷƾºƘƐƣƶºŝŢŞƀºƳƮŤƀºǀſƲºƿřƪºưƘƫřžºƨƗƶƨŞºƃƱŚºƴǀưƏřŢºǀƬŝŚƣİŝŚºƿŻŹřŢǀƟŚƠƃƂƿřżƟřŹƺƔƴƯƶŝ
ƽŚƷŶººǀƬƧƹƞººƬŤŴƯƾůřƺººƳŵźººƧŢººƿƹŹƾººƐųƦººţƽŚººƷŹřŵƺưƳŹŵƱřƺººţƾººƯřŹźŝŹŚººƧƎººſƺţƵŶººƃśŚººŴŤƳř
ƂƴºǀŝƦºƿƶºƧŵƺºƃƾºƯŦºƗŚŝƪºưƗƲºƿřŶºƴŝŚƿƾºƯƂƿŚºưƳƞºƬŤŴƯƽŚºƸĮƳŹƶºŝƽŻŚſřŶūƹƾŝŚƿŻŚŝŢƓŚƠů
ƮǀƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵŚƷŚƐųŜǀƧźţŚƿƹƅŚųƽŚƷŚƐųƲƨưƯšřźŧřŻřƾƫŚưūř

ƱřƺţƱŵŚŤƟřźƐųƶŝƹŹŚŝƶƟŚƋřƪƿŶƘţÏÒÓ
İºƃŚƳƍƺºƐųŹŚºŝƶƟŚºƋřƉźºƟŚºŝŢºſřƲºĪưƯƖºƿŻƺţįŚºƷ ƶĪŞƃŹŵƱŚƴǀưƏřŢǀƬŝŚƣšŚŞſŚŰƯŻřįŹŚǀƀŝ
ŹŚºŝƶƟŚºƋřƩŚºưƗÊřįŵŹřƺºƯƲǀºƴģŹŵŶºŤƟřİºƯơŚºƠţřšŹŶºƴŝƶºĩŶºƃŚŝƮŤƀºǀſŻřƶºƠƫŒƯŶºƴģŚºƿĨƿİƘƐƣŻř
ƩŚƈºţřƮŤƿŹƺºĮƫřĨºƿŻřŵŵźºĭƶƟŚºƋřšŚŞºſŚŰƯŢƗźºſŚºţŵŵźºĭİºƯƩŚºƘƟźǀƛ"overload verification"
ƪºƇƹŢºƿŚƸƳİºŝƶĪŞºƃŚºƿŹƺºţřźƳĥƶºŝİºĪƿżǀƟŹƺºƐŝŹŚºŝŚºƿŹŚŞºſŚŝĨºƿƶºĩƕƺºƋƺƯƲºƿřƱŵƺưƳƩźŤƴĩįřźŝ
ŶƳřƵŶƃƶƿŸƜţŹŚŞſŚŝŚƿŹŚŝƶĩŵƺƃİƯƶŤƠĭİŤƫŚůƲǀƴģƶŝľŚůǈƐƇřŵŵźĭİƯƵŵŚƠŤſřŢſř
ŵƺºūƹƩŚºưŤůřƲºƿřƶºĪǀƳŚƯŻƩŚºŨƯįřźºŝŶºƃŚŝİºƯƮºƸƯŹŚºŝƶƟŚºƋřƶºĩįŵŹřƺºƯŹŵŚºƿįƺƤƬůŹŚŤųŚſŹŵ
ƶºǀƬĩįřźºŝŵƺºưƳƵŵŚƠŤºſřŶºƿŚŝoverload verificationŻřŵŵźºĭŹŚºŝƶƟŚºƋřƶºŝźºŬƴƯŹŚºŝƂƿřżºƟřƶºĩŵŹřŵ
ACŹŚºŝƂºŴěŻřİŤƀºƿŚŝŶƳƺºƃİºƯƵŵŚƠŤºſřƱŚºƴǀưƏřŢºǀƬŝŚƣšŚŞºſŚŰƯƹŚºƷİŝŚƿŻŹřŹŵƶĩįŹřźƐƋřšǇŚů
ƹŚºƐųįŻŚºſřŶūŚºƐųƖºƟŹšŚºǀƬưƗƭŚºưţřŻřžºěŵƺºưƳƵŵŚƠŤºſřƮŤƀºǀſįŚºƐųŻřŶºƘŝŢǀƘƋƹƲǀǀƘţįřźŝ
ƮǀſŹƾƯƮŤƀǀſįŚƐųŻřŶƘŝŢƫŚůƶŝƱřƺţİŝŚƿŻŚŝ

įřŹřŵŚºƐųŻřŶºƘŝŢǀƘºƋƹŹŵƶºĩŢºſřŵƺºūƺƯİºƐųƶºƳƺưƳƶĪŞºƃŹŵƶºĩŶºƷŵİºƯƱŚƄºƳÑÎÓ ƪƨƃ
ŢſřƵŶƃįźǀĭŹŚŝæççŚţƶĩ"LnA"ƎųŢſřƵŶƃŹŚŝƶƟŚƋř

ŚƐųŻřŶƘŝŹŚŝƶƟŚƋřƎƿřźƃéæëƪĪƃ
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ŵƺƃŶƴƧƾƯřŶūřŹƵŶƃƪƤŤƴƯƽŚƷŹŚŝƶƧƽř

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ƂƷŚºƧřŹƵŶºƃƖºƐƣŹŚºŝƲºƿřƾºƬƧŹřŶºƤƯƽŻŚºſƶºƴǀƸŝƲºƿřƶƧŵƺƃƾƯ ƕƹźƃƽŻŚſƶƴǀƸŝƦƿŶƷŵƾƯƂƷŚƧřŹ
ƪƣřŶºůŚºŝŹřŶºƤƯƲºƿřřźºƿŻŵƺºƃƾºƯƵŶºǀƯŚƳ"Power at Risk "ƵŶºƃƖºƐƣŹŚºŝŹřŶºƤƯƪƣřŶůƶŬǀŤƳŶƷŵƾƯ

ƶºŤƟŚƿƂƷŚºƧƱřƺºţƲºƿřŶºƃŚŝƾºƯźºŝřźŝŵƺºƃƖºƐƣƶºǀƫƹřƶƨŞºƃƽŚºƐųŵřŶºųŹŢºƫŚůŹŵŶºƿŚŝƶºƧƽŹŚŝŹřŶƤƯ
ƽĥźºƳřƪºƧŵƺºƃƾºƯźºŝřźŝŶºƴģŶºſŹƾºƯ"Energy at Risk"ƶºŝƮŤƀºǀſŢºƫŚůƲºƿřƶƧƾƳŚƯŻšŶƯƶƬǀſƺŝ
"System ƱřƺºƴƗŚºŝƱŚºƴǀưƏřŢºǀƬŝŚƣİŝŚºƿŻŹřƲºƿřŻřŶºƘŝƮŤƀºǀſƾƫŚºưŤůřšǇŚºůƶºưƷƽřźºŝƶºŤƟŚƿƂƷŚºƧ
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ƾſŶƴƸƯƾƴƟŹřżƟřƭźƳƽŚưƴƷřŹƶĤŝŚŤƧ

2 Models For Stability Analysis ................................................................... 12

3 Programming Primitive Block Definitions ......................................... 29

4 Model Parameter Identification............................................................... 50

5 The Medinas Monitoring System ........................................................... 60

6 Reliability Assessment Functions ........................................................... 89

ƾƨǀƯŚºƴƿŵƩŶºƯŢºƫŚůƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯƽŚºƷƽźºǀĭƩřźºĮŤƳřƹ AC ƶƨŞºƃŹŚºŝƂºŴěƪºůƽřźºŝįŻŚſƶǀŞƃŹŵ

1.2 Algorithms and Modelling

Advanced User's Manual 3

Advanced User's Manual 4

Advanced User's Manual 5

1.3 Calculation Of Initial Values

Advanced User's Manual 6

ƾƳŚººƯŻƶƬººƇŚƟ Resolution Factor of the Event Control ŵřŶººųŹƩźººŤƴƧŢººƣŵŜƿźººƋ

Advanced User's Manual 7

1.4 Run Simulation

1.5 Result Objects

źººǀǀƜţƱŚººƯŻƶººŝŢŞƀººƳ ŚƸƫŚƴĮǀººſ ŚººƷźǀƜŤƯŻřƽŵŚººƿŻŵřŶººƘţEMTŚººƿRMSįŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃŶººƴƿōźƟƾººƏŹŵ

ŚººƷƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃ řŹŸººĭšŚŞººſŚŰƯƽřźººŝƮººƷƹ ƵŚººţƺƧƩŚƈººţřšŚŞººſŚŰƯ ŚŤƀººƿřšŚŞººſŚŰƯŹŵƮººƷŚƷŵřŶººųŹ

Advanced User's Manual 11

2 Models For Stability Analysis ................................................................... 12

3 Programming Primitive Block Definitions ......................................... 29

4 Model Parameter Identification............................................................... 50

5 The Medinas Monitoring System ........................................................... 60

6 Reliability Assessment Functions ........................................................... 89

ŢºƿźŨƧřŹŵŢºſřƵŶºƃŚºƴŝƮŤƀºǀſƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţ ƂǀºěŻřƽŚƸƫŶºƯ ŽŚºſřźŝľŚƯƺưƗƽŹřŶƿŚěżǀƫŚƳōšŚŞſŚŰƯ

2.1 System Modelling Approach

Advanced User's Manual 12

Advanced User's Manual 13

2.2 The Composite Model

ƍƺººƐųŚººŝŹřŵƺººưƳƦººƿľŚº ſŚſřŜººƧźƯƮƿźººƟŶººƃŚŝƾº ƯŜººƧźƯƮƿźººƟƶººŝİţŚººƗŚūŹřƽřŹřŵŜººƧźƯƩŶººƯ

Advanced User's Manual 14

ƮƿźººƟŹŵŚƸƟŚƨººƃŢººſřƵŶººƃƮǀººſźţÏÏƪƨººƃŹŵŜººƧźƯ śƺģŹŚººģ ƮƿźººƟƽřźººŝŚººƴŞƯƹƶººƿŚěŹřŵƺººưƳ

ŹřżººŝřŹřƺººƳƽƹŹźººŝnew ƶººưƧŵŻřƵŵŚƠŤººſřŚººŝƱřƺººţƾººƯřŹ İººŞǀĩźţƩŶººƯƦººƿ

Advanced User's Manual 15

Advanced User's Manual 16

ŜººƧźƯƮƿźººƟŻřřŹŚƷŹŚǀººƃƞƿŹŚººƘţƵŹŚººŝƹŵŜººƧźƯƩŶººƯŹŵ ŹŚǀººƃƽŹƹōŻƹŹƶººŝ slot update ƶººưƧŵ

ŵŚººŬƿřįŹŚººūƵĥƹźººěŹŵřŹƽŶººƿŶūƶººƃƺěŜººƧźƯƩŶººƯŹŵ ƽřƶººƬěŲººſŚě Step Response ƶººưƧŵ

Advanced User's Manual 17

2.3 The Common Model

Advanced User's Manual 18

Advanced User's Manual 19

2.4 The Composite Frame

ƾºūƹźųƹƽŵƹŹƹįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀºſŹŚǀºƃŶºƴģŚºƿƹŵ Śºŝ Ţºſř ƭřźĭŚºƿŵ ƥƺºƬŝ ƱŚºưƷ ŜºƧźƯ ŜºƫŚƣ ƮƿźƟƦƿ

Advanced User's Manual 20

2.5 The Composite Block Definition

Advanced User's Manual 22

ŢĜƿźƨºſřƾŤºſŵƱŵźºƧŵŹřƹŚºŝřŹƭřźĭŚºƿŵħƺºƬŝƱŚºưƷľŚºƤǀƣŵƶºĩŵŹřŵŵƺºūƹżºǀƳ ƱŚºƨƯř Ʋºƿř ƩŚºůźƷ ƶŝ

2.6 Drawing Composite Block Diagrams and Composite Frames

ƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝŶºƴƧƾºƯŵŚºŬƿřƾºƨǀƟřźĭĢǀºƷƱƹŶºŝřŹ Blkdef ƥƺºƬŝƞºƿźƘţźƈºƴƗƦºƿƎºƤƟƶưƧŵƲƿřŹŚƐųř

Advanced User's Manual 23

Advanced User's Manual 24

ƩŚƴĮǀºſƍƺºƐųŚºŝřŹŚºƸƳōƱřƺºţƾºƯŚºƷƵźºĭźºĮƿŵ ŚºƿħƺºƬŝƖºūřźƯ ŚºƿŚƷŹŚǀºƃƞºƿźƘţƹ Ʈǀſźţ ŻřŶƘŝ

Advanced User's Manual 25

ƦºƿƪºưƗƲºƿřŵřŵźºǀǀƜţ İĭŶºƴƴĩ Ɩºưū źƈºƴƗƂƿřźºƿƹŚºŝƱřƺºţƾƯřŹƾƳŻƖưūƍŚƤƳŹŵŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſ ŢƯǈƗ

Advanced User's Manual 26

Advanced User's Manual 27

2.7 The Block Definition

Advanced User's Manual 28

2 Models For Stability Analysis ................................................................... 12

3 Programming Primitive Block Definitions ......................................... 29

4 Model Parameter Identification............................................................... 50

5 The Medinas Monitoring System ........................................................... 60

6 Reliability Assessment Functions ........................................................... 89

ƾſŶƴƸƯƾƴƟŹřżƟřƭźƳƽŚưƴƷřŹƶĤŝŚŤƧ

ƾƨǀƯŚºƴƿŵƩŶºƯŢºƫŚůƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯƽŚºƷƽźºǀĭƩřźºĮŤƳřƹ AC ƶƨŞºƃŹŚºŝƂºŴěƪºůƽřźºŝįŻŚſƶǀŞƃŹŵ

ƾƳŚººƯŻƶƬººƇŚƟResolution Factor of the Event ControlŵřŶººųŹƩźººŤƴƧŢººƣŵŜƿźººƋ

źººǀǀƜţƱŚººƯŻƶººŝŢŞƀººƳŚƸƫŚƴĮǀººſŚººƷźǀƜŤƯŻřƽŵŚººƿŻŵřŶººƘţEMTŚººƿRMSįŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃŶººƴƿōźƟƾººƏŹŵ

ŚººƷƽŻŚººſƶǀŞººƃřŹŸººĭšŚŞººſŚŰƯƽřźººŝƮººƷƹƵŚººţƺƧƩŚƈººţřšŚŞººſŚŰƯŚŤƀººƿřšŚŞººſŚŰƯŹŵƮººƷŚƷŵřŶººųŹ

ŢºƿźŨƧřŹŵŢºſřƵŶºƃŚºƴŝƮŤƀºǀſƵŶºƃƞºƿźƘţ ƂǀºěŻřƽŚƸƫŶºƯ ŽŚºſřźŝľŚƯƺưƗƽŹřŶƿŚěżǀƫŚƳōšŚŞſŚŰƯ

ƍƺººƐųŚººŝŹřŵƺººưƳƦººƿľŚº ſŚſřŜººƧźƯƮƿźººƟŶººƃŚŝƾº ƯŜººƧźƯƮƿźººƟƶººŝİţŚººƗŚūŹřƽřŹřŵŜººƧźƯƩŶººƯ

ƮƿźººƟŹŵŚƸƟŚƨººƃŢººſřƵŶººƃƮǀººſźţÏÏƪƨººƃŹŵŜººƧźƯśƺģŹŚººģƮƿźººƟƽřźººŝŚººƴŞƯƹƶººƿŚěŹřŵƺººưƳ

ŜººƧźƯƮƿźººƟŻřřŹŚƷŹŚǀººƃƞƿŹŚººƘţƵŹŚººŝƹŵŜººƧźƯƩŶººƯŹŵŹŚǀººƃƽŹƹōŻƹŹƶººŝ slot update ƶººưƧŵ

ŵŚººŬƿřįŹŚººūƵĥƹźººěŹŵřŹƽŶººƿŶūƶººƃƺěŜººƧźƯƩŶººƯŹŵƽřƶººƬěŲººſŚěStep Response ƶººưƧŵ

ƾºūƹźųƹƽŵƹŹƹįŚƸƫŚƴĮǀºſŹŚǀºƃŶºƴģŚºƿƹŵ Śºŝ Ţºſř ƭřźĭŚºƿŵ ƥƺºƬŝ ƱŚºưƷ ŜºƧźƯŜºƫŚƣ ƮƿźƟƦƿ

ƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝŶºƴƧƾºƯŵŚºŬƿřƾºƨǀƟřźĭĢǀºƷƱƹŶºŝřŹBlkdefƥƺºƬŝƞºƿźƘţźƈºƴƗƦºƿƎºƤƟƶưƧŵƲƿřŹŚƐųř

ƩŚƴĮǀºſƍƺºƐųŚºŝřŹŚºƸƳōƱřƺºţƾºƯŚºƷƵźºĭźºĮƿŵ ŚºƿħƺºƬŝƖºūřźƯ ŚºƿŚƷŹŚǀºƃƞºƿźƘţƹ Ʈǀſźţ ŻřŶƘŝ

ƦºƿƪºưƗƲºƿřŵřŵźºǀǀƜţ İĭŶºƴƴĩ Ɩºưū źƈºƴƗƂƿřźºƿƹŚºŝƱřƺºţƾƯřŹƾƳŻƖưūƍŚƤƳŹŵŚƸƫŚƴĮǀſ ŢƯǈƗ

ƹƽŵƹŹƹŶºººƴģƾºººƐųźºººǀƛƾƿŚºººſŚƴƃƽŚƸºººƃƹŹƶƨŞºººƃƾƿŚºººſŚƴƃsystem identification

"select" , "lim" , "limits" , "lapprox" , ƪººŨƯƞººƬŤŴƯƾººƳƹŹŵƖººŝřƺţƶººǀƸţ 

ƶºŝŚƷŵřŶºųŹƩŚºſŹřŦºƗŚŝŢºſřƲºĪưƯ DSLƽŚƸƫŶºƯƶƬǀºſƺŝƵŶºƃƾŝŚºƿŻŹřƎƿřźºƃŚƷŵřŶųŹEvents

ƾƿřŶºŤŝřƩŶºƯƲºƿřŢºſřƵŶºƃƮǀºſźţƵŶºƃįŹřŸºĭŚūƾƿřŶºŤŝř DSL ƩŶºƯƾºƨǀƟřźĭƂƿŚºưƳÐÐ ƪƨƃŹŵ

ŢſřƵŶƃŵŚŬƿřƭřźĭŚƿŵħƺƬŝƂƿřźƿƹƽřƵŹƹŚŰƯŹŵŚƧŻř Equations ƶưƧŵƱŵřŵŹŚƄƟŚŝÎƎų

źǀĮƫřźĮŤƳřƩŚŨƯ

A = { x1 > 0. and. . not. x2 ≤ 0.7 }.or.T1=0.0 ƩŚŨƯ

ŚººŝŶººƿŚŝřŹźººţƾƳǇƺººƏƍƺººƐųŶººƃŚŝƾººƯźŤƧřŹŚººƧÕÍƎººųƩƺººƏźŨƧřŶººůƎººųƩƺººƏLine Length

ƖººŝřƺţŚººƸƯŚƳįŶººǀƬƧįŚººƷƵĥřƹƭŚººưţƝƹźººůƾººĭŹżŝƹƾƨģƺººƧƶººŝŢǀſŚƀººůCase sensitivity

įřźººŝŻŚººŬƯƶƬººƇŚƟLimits (varnm) = [/(minimum value , maximum value ] / )

ŚººƿƪƣřŶººůŹřŶººƤƯŶººůƱōŶººƳźǀĭŹřźººƣƶººĩƶƬººƇŚƟƞººƿźƘţƵŵƹŶººŰƯŢưººſźººƷŹŵƹįŚººƷżŤƳřźě

ƵŶºƃƶŤųŚƴºƃźŤƯřŹŚºěƲºƿřƶºƧƾƈºŴƄƯŚºƳƽŚºƷźŤƯřŹŚěźƿŵŚºƤƯƾºŞƿźƤţƱŵźºƧřŶºǀěƽřźºŝŹřźºƨţƖºŝřƺţŶƴƃŚŝ

inc(a) = intervalinc( b , -5 , 5 , 40 ,0.001)ƩŚŨƯ

inc (qt2) = newtoninc (pt2 / (4dh eta2 ) , qto , maxiter , eps )

inc (qt3) = newtoninc (pt3 / (4dh eta3 ) , qto , maxiter , eps )

ƾºƫƹřƶºŞţźƯŶƳƺºƃƾºƯƶŞºſŚŰƯƩŶºƯƽŻŚºſƶǀŞºƃŶºƴƿřźƟŻřƾƳŚºƯŻƶºƬěźºƷŹŵ output ƹ fault ƽŚƸƃƹŹ

Ŷº ƿŵźĭŶººƷřƺųƮǀººƔƴţƶººǀƳŚŧƾººƬǀƯÎÒŹŵŵřŶººųŹƾŞƀººƳƱŚººƯŻdtimeźººǀƜŤƯƹŶººƃŶººƷřƺųƵŶǀƄººĩŵřŶººųŹ

ƾƐųźǀƛƵŶƴƴƧŵƹŶŰƯƖŝŚţ Lim( u , min , max )

ŢſřƵŶƃİſŹźŝ" lim "ƹ"Selecte "ƖŝřƺţŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřƶƬǀſƺŝľǈŞƣŵŹƺƯƲƿř

řŹƾººƬųřŵƾººƤƐƴƯŢººƫŚůƖŝŚººţƲººƿřƾººƤƐƴƯęǈººƟĚººǀƬƟƖŝŚººţ:flip flop(boolset , boolreset )

ƽƹŚƀºƯƾºƬųřŵŢǀƘºƋƹźºĭřƶŤºſƺǀěęǈºƟĚºǀƬƟƖŝŚºţƦºƿaflipflop(x , boolset , boolreset)

ŢºſřƵŶºƃƭŚºŬƳřƶºƧƾºƇŚųƽŚºƸƿźǀĭƵŻřŶºƳřƶºŝƶºūƺţŚºŝšŹŶºƣƮŤƀºǀſźºƇŚƴƗźŤƯřŹŚºě ƲǀºưŴţ ŶƴƿōźƟ