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BaiGiang Matcad
BaiGiang Matcad
I.
CC THAO TC CN THIT
I.1. Khi ng Mathcad 2001i
khi ng Mathcad 2001i, c th thc hin theo cc cch sau: Nhp p vo biu tng . Nhp vo nt Start/Mathsoft Apps/Mathcad 2001i professional.
I.3. Lu tr
I.3.1. Lu Worksheet vi tn mi
Khi va khi ng Mathcad 2001i, khi mun lu tr li hoc t file c mun lu tr li vi tn mi, bng cc cch sau: Trn thanh menu T bn phm : chn File/Save As : nhn t hp Alt+F+A
Mathcad 2001i s m ra hp thoi Save As (hnh 1.1) cho php t tn v chn ni lu tr, trong :
KS. HUNH VNG THU MINH - Trang 4 -
: chn th mc cn lu tr (hnh 1.1) chn th mc Mathcad 2001i. : ni t tn cho Worksheet. : cho php lu tr Worksheet theo cc phin bn ca Mathcad hoc dng Template,
Sau , nhp vo nt Save (hoc g Enter) hon tt vic lu tr. I.3.2. Lu Worksheet c tn sn : nhp vo biu tng . : nhn t hp Ctrl+S (hoc Alt+F+S). : chn File/Save.
I.4. M mt Worksheet
I.4.1. M mt Worksheet hon ton mi : nhp vo biu tng . : nhn t hp Ctrl+N (hoc Alt+F+N). : chn File/New.
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Trn thanh cng c chun : nhp vo biu tng . T bn phm : nhn t hp Ctrl+O (hoc Alt+F+O). Trn thanh menu : chn File/Open. Sau , xut hin Hp thoi Open nh hnh 1.3 Mc Look in : chn th mc c cha fie cn m. Mc File name : tn file cn m. Mc Files of type : c th m cc tp tin ca Mathcad vi cc ui *.mcd (cac Worksheet); *.mct (cac Template); *.hbk (sch gip ca Mathcad); *.* (hien th tat ca cac tap tin). Sau chn Open hon tt vic m mt tp tin.
Thanh Tiu
Crosshair
Cc thanh cun
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II.2.
Trn thanh thc n (menu bar) c nhiu trnh n, khi mt trnh n c chn, th ngay lp tc mt thc n th (Full Down menu) (hnh 1.5) xut hin cho php chn lnh k tip. File : ngoi cc lnh tng t nh WORD, EXCEL, cn c cc lnh giao tip vi cc ngi dng Mathcad khc trn th gii thng qua mng Internet (Collaboratory) (hnh 1.5). Edit : im ni bt trong ny l xut hin cc mc Links, Object gip ngi s dng Mathcad c th trao i d liu vi cc i tng khc (hnh 1.6).
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Hnh.1.6. Chn trnh Edit trn thanh menu Insert mc sau: Graph : chn vo cc loi th. Matrix : chn vo mt Vct hoc Ma trn. : chn vo nhng hm s c lp sn Function chn hn nh: sin, cos Unit : chn n v. Picture : chn vo mt hnh v. Math Region : chn mt vng trng nhp cng thc ton. Text Region : chn mt vng trng nhp vn bn. Page Break : chn ng phn trang. Reference : to mt lin kt vi mt tp tin Excel, Mathcad khc. Component : to mt lin kt vi mt tp tin Excel, Mathcad Oject : chn nh. Format : nh dng Text, Equation, th (hnh 1.8) Equation : nh dng cc dng thc ton hc v kiu ch, kch thc, mu sc, : Trong menu ny (hnh1.7) Mathcad cho php chn cc
Hnh.1.7
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Properties Properties/Display : t mu vng c chn. Properties/Calculation/Disable Evaluation : xut hin hnh ch nht mu en pha trn, s khng th hin kt qu. Properties/Calculation/EnableOptimization : xut hin du sao , kch vo s th hin kt qu (hnh 1.10). Separate regions : tch ri cc vng chng ghp. Align Regions : canh hng ngang hng dc. Headers/Footers : to ta u trang v cui trang Hnh.1.8
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Hnh.1.10. Hp thoi Properties Math (hnh 1.11) Calculate : tnh mt biu thc khi c chn. Chc nng ny ch s dng khi khng nh du vo Automatic calculate trn thanh Math. Calculate Worksheet : cp nht ho tt c cc kt qu tnh ton hay v khi thay i bin cho ton b Worksheet. Automatic Calculate : t ng cp nht ho tt c cc kt qu khi thay i bin. Optimization : nh gi c lng, phn tch biu thc hoc chng trnh. Options : thay i cc tham s ca chng trnh. V d: Tnh biu thc vi bin x c cho nh sau:
x:= 4 a:= (x+1)2 - (x-1)2*
Cc lnh ny s c gii
: cc ca s xp thnh hng ngang k tip nhau. : cc ca s xp thnh hng dc k tip nhau. Help (hnh 1.14) Nhp vo tng mc, xut hin cc phn gip , c th m Resource Center xem cc Quicksheet, cc bng tin ch hoc m sch tra cu
Hnh.1.14
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II.3.
Hnh.1.15. Thanh cng c chun (Standard Toolbar) Thanh cng c chun chun (Standard Toolbar) cho php thc hin cc thao tc bng biu tng (hnh 1.15) nh sau: : canh hng ngang, hng dc cc vng. : lit k tt c cc hm s c th chn vo Worksheet. : lit k tt c cc n v c th chn vo Worksheet. : lin kt mt Worksheet ca Mathcad vi nhng d liu ngun khc nh Word, Excel : to mt mi lin kt vi cc ngun ti liu khc do ngi s dng t lp nn. Khi s dng, ch cn kch p vo t no ca ti liu tc khc s xut hin ti liu khc c lin quan n n.
II.4.
Hnh.1.16. Thanh nh dng (Format bar) Cho php nh dng i tng v: Kiu ch (Font), kch c (size), canh hng ngang, dc, ch s trn, di,
II.5.
Thanh cng c Math chuyn dng tnh ton (hnh 1.17), khi nhp vo mi biu tng trn thanh cng c Math th xut hin ln lt cc bng sau:
KS. HUNH VNG THU MINH - Trang 13 -
S hc (Calculator Tollbar). Bng la chn cc dng th (Graph Tollbar). Vc t v Ma trn (Vector and Matrix Tollbar). Bng cc ton t quan h (Evaluation Tollbar and Boolean Tollbar). Bng cc php ton v o hm, tch phn, gii hn,(Caculus Tollbar). Bng cc t kho lp chng trnh (Programming Tollbar). Bng cc mu k t Hy Lp (Greek Symbol Tollbar). Bng cc t kho Symbolic (Symbolic keyword Tollbar).
Hnh 1.18. Bng tnh thc hin cc php ton t thanh Math
II.6.
II.7. Vng son tho v tnh ton (region), hnh ch thp (crosshair) (hnh 1.4)
Vng son tho v tnh ton (mc nh). : c dng hnh ch nht mu trng
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: th hin v tr trnh by mt i
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nh dng trang in, t thanh menu chn File/Page Setup xut hin hp thoi Page Setup (hnh 1.20).
Hnh 1.20. Hp thoi Page Setup Ti mc Paper size Orientation Portrait Orientation Landscape Margins v l inches (1in = 2.54cm). : chn kh giy. : chn kiu in trang ng. : chn kiu in trang ngang. : canh l tri, phi, trn, di. Mc nh n
III.2. In t Mathcad
in trong Mathcad, thc hin theo cc cch sau: T thanh menu T bn phm
KS. HUNH VNG THU MINH
Xut hin hp thoi Print (hnh 1.21). Hp thoi ny cho php chn my in, chn kiu in nh ( in tt c), (in trang hin hnh). (chn trang in), (in phn c chn),
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I.
I.1.
NHP K T
La chn thuc tnh cho k t
Trn thanh menu : chn Format/Style, xut hin hp thoi Text Style (hnh 2.1).
Hnh 2.1. Hp thoi Text Style C th chn New t tn cho mt ln la chn (nu mun s dng nhiu kiu ch - Style), hoc nu mun mc nh th chn Normal/Modify xut hin hp thoi Define Style (hnh 2.2).
: chn
Hnh 2.3. Hp thoi Text Format Trong hp thoi Text Format cho php la chn cc thuc tnh cho k t, sau chn OK/Close hon tt cng vic. Khi trn thanh nh dng (Formatting Toolbar) s thay i (hnh 2.4).
I.2. To vng k t
Mun to vng k t, thc hin theo cc bc sau: Kch con tr chut ti v tr mun t k t. Trn thanh menu Hoc t bn phm : nhn Insert/Text Region. : nhn .
Khi khung k t hin trn mn hnh , tin hnh nhp k t, mun xung dng th nhn Enter, mun thot nhn tr chut ngoi khung k t (hnh 2.5).
Lu : thao tc c nhanh, ch cn kch tr chut ti vng mun th hin k t, nh bnh thng cui cng s dng thanh Spacebar, chui k t t ng chy vo khung k t.
II. X L K T
II.1. Sao chp k t
Sau khi chn i tng, thc hin vic sao chp theo cc cch sau: Trn thanh menu Trn thanh cng c chun T bn phm : chn Edit/Copy. : nhp vo biu tng : nhn t hp Ctrl+C. .
II.2.
Ct k t
Sau khi chn i tng, thc hin vic ct k t theo cc cch sau: Trn thanh menu Trn thanh cng c T bn phm : chn Edit/Cut. : nhp vo biu tng : nhn t hp Ctrl+X. .
II.3.
Dn k t
Sau khi chn v tr cn dn i tng, thc hin theo cc cch sau: Trn thanh menu Trn thanh cng c T bn phm : chn Edit/Pase. : nhp vo biu tng : nhn t hp Ctrl+V. .
II.4.
Xo chui k t
Kch chn khung k t cn xo: Xo k t nm bn tri im chn Xo k t nm bn phi im chn Xo tt c cc khung k t : nhn Bksp ( : nhn Delete. : chn Edit/Select All (nhn trl+A). ).
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II.5.
Kch tr chut ngay bn tri ca k t u tin mun ghi chng: Nhn phm Insert bt u nhp ni dung mi. Nhn li phm Insert tr li ch mc nh ban u.
II.6.
Kch tr chut ti ni mun chn cng thc, sau c th thc hin theo cc cch sau: Trn thanh menu : chn Insert/Math Region. T bn phm : nhn t hp Ctrl+Shift+A.
Xut hin khung trng nhp cng thc, kch chut vo mt ch bt k trong vng vn bn tr v ch nhp k t.
II.7.
Kt ni
Mun kt ni mt tp tin bt k, thc hin theo cc bc sau: Chn i tng mun kt ni. Trn thanh menu : chn Insert/Hyperlink (hoc nhn Ctrl+K), xut hin hp thoi Insert Hyperlink (hnh 2.6). Chn tm file cn kt ni.
Mun file kt ni dng Pop-up th kch vo mc Display as pop-up document. Mun s dng a ch tng i, kch vo mc Use relative path for hyperlink. Mun th hin ch thch thanh trng thi, nh vo mc Message that appears Cui cng chn OK.
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Hnh 2.6. Hp thoi Insert Hyperlink Khi mun m file kt ni, ch cn kch p vo i tng c kt ni.
II.8.
Tm v thay th
II.8.1. Tm k t Thc hin theo cc cch sau: Trn thanh menu T bn phm : chn Edit/Find : nhn t hp Ctrl+F
Hnh 2.7. Hp thoi Find Trong khung Find what nhp chui k t cn tm. Nhn Find Next thc hin vic tm k t.
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II.8.2. Thay th k t Thc hin theo cc cch sau: Trn thanh menu T bn phm : chn Edit/Replace : nhn t hp Ctrl+F
Hnh 2.8. Hp thoi Replace Trong khung Find what Trong khung Replace with Th Replace Th Replace All Th Find Next : nhp chui k t mun tm. : nhp chui k t mun thay th. : ch thay th mt k t hin hnh. : thay th ton b k t hin hnh. : tm k t k tip thay th.
II.9.
Thc hin theo cch sau: Chn k t mun kim tra li. Trn thanh menu : chn Edit/Check Spelling
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Hnh 2.9. Hp thoi Check Spelling Trong khung Not Found Trong khung Change To Lu : Trng hp t thay th trong t in b thiu, c th thm t mi vo t in. : xut hin t b li. : xut hin t thay th.
II.10.
Mi loi s liu nn nhp vo mt bng ring hoc mt phn ring trn trang tnh. Trong trang ny nn c cc s hoc hnh v gii thch ngha ca cc s liu c nhp. to cc hnh v, c th s dng AutoCAD hay Paint chn vo trang tnh ca Mathcad.
II.11.
Cch son tho ni dung trang tnh dnh xut kt qu cng ging nh khi son tho trang tnh dnh nhp s liu. Kt qu xut ra cng cn phn loi v xp vo tng bng theo nhm ngha d theo di. Km theo bng kt qu nn c cc hnh v minh ho, c th s dng phn ho trong Mathcad v bng s liu thc. Nh vy khi s liu thay i th gi tr v biu hnh v s thay i theo. Hoc c th dng AutoCAD hay Paint, nhng n ch thun tu l hnh v minh ho ch khng m t c kt qu thc.
II.12.
Trong qu trnh tnh ton c th s dng nhng bng tra, hoc bng s liu t Excel, th c son sn... tt c c xem l c s d liu dng tra cu, ni suy hay c s liu
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Nu khng mun lu tr c lp vi Mathcad, c th chp n vo trang nm bn phi trang in trong Mathcad. Khi khng cn nh dng trang ny v n s khng c in. Trng hp c mt s cng thc tnh ton hoc lp trnh khi khng mun cho ngi s dng phn mm nhn thy hoc khng mun in ra, thc hin theo cc bc nh sau: Chn Insert/Area chn vng cn kho (lock). Kch nt phi chut vo vng cn kho xut hin menu th v chn Lock Trong hp thoi Lock Area, g vo Password. Chn OK hon tt vic kho.
III.1.
chn ton t vo biu thc: Kch vo biu thc mun chn. Nhn phm Ins di chuyn im chn sang tri. Nhn phm ton t mun chn.
III.2.
Xo cc k hiu ton t
xo cc k hiu ton t: Kch vo biu thc mun xo. Nhn phm Ins chuyn im chn sang tri. Nhn phm BkSp ( ).
III.3.
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ng ngoc nhiu i tng: t con tr vo trc i tng v nhn phm du ngoc m ( ( ). t con tr chut vo sau i tng v nhn phm du ngoc ng ( ) ).
III.5.
Nhp cc con s
a. Nhp cc s ln hn 999 Khi nhp cc con s ln hn 999, khng c dng du phy (,) hoc du chm (.) phn cch cc con s m phi nh lin tc. V d: 10000 hoc 200000 b. Nhp s thp phn Khi nhp cc s thp phn, dng du chm (.) phn bit s thp phn. c. Nhp con s tng theo bi s 10 Nhp s cn tng theo bi s ca 10. T bn phm : nhn a*10^ s xut hin a 10 . Trong khung trng hnh ch nht, nh con s tng ng vi bi s 10.
d. Nhp s o nhp s o: nh s thc. nh i hoc j ngay sau cc s . Lu : Nu mun th hin s o l i hoc j ta phi nh l 1i hoc 1jsau s 1 s bin mt. Nu ch nh i hoc j th n hiu l mt bin ch khng phi s o.
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III.7. nh ngha hm
Bn cht ca hm trong Mathcad cng ging nh hm trong ton hc. Trong Mathcad c tt c cc tnh nng nh mt chng trnh ton hc. Do tnh c hm thc hin theo cc bc sau: Khai bo bin. Khai bo hm. Kt qu. V d:
Khai bao bien : Khai bao ham : Ket qua :
q := 0.5 T m L := 10m L RB := q 2 RB = 2.5T
L RA := q 2 RA = 2.5T
III.8.
That M ca s gip M Worksheet Lu Worksheet To Worksheet mi Tnh mt biu thc c chn M hoc thot ca s gip Thot ca s gip
To Php Tan
Phm bm ! $ & ' ( ) * + , ; < > ?
[ \
KS. HUNH VNG THU MINH
Hin th !
( )
( ) . +
, ..
< >
d d
^ | Ctrl+1 Ctrl+3 #
Ctrl+4 Ctrl+9 Ctrl+0 Ctrl+8 Ctrl+Ctrl+= Ctrl+6 Ctrl+Shift+4
Ctrl+Shift+3 Ctrl+Shift+? Ctrl+\ Ctrl+Enter
Ly tha Gi tr tuyt i, nh thc ma trn Php hon chuyn Khng bng Tch mt dy
Tng cc thnh phn ca vct
Nh hn hoc bng Ln hn hoc bng Tch c hng Vct ha Bng Trch ct ca ma trn Tng
Tch o hm cp n Cn bc n Xung dng (nu dng tnh qu di)
d d
...
lim lim
lim
Phm To Mt Vng
Phm bm @ Ctrl+5 Ctrl+7 Ctrl+2 Hin th Ch gii V th trong mt phng V contour V trong ta cc V b mt ma trn
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i k t Roman sang Hylap v ngc li To ma trn hoc vc t Chn k hiu s Pi Chn k hiu v cc
Kt qu:
q := 0.5 T m L := 10m RA = 2.5T T 1000kg .
L RA := q 2
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Hnh 3.1. Trnh n Symbolics trn menu bar Symbolics/Evaluate/Symbolically : xut gi tr biu thc di dng k hiu. V d: Tnh (2a-1) + 3a Chn biu thc T thanh cng c chun : nhn Symbolically/Evaluate/Symbolically (hoc nhn Shift + F9). Kt qu : 5a-1 Symbolics/Evaluate/foating Point: xut gi tr biu thc di dng s thc ng. V d: Tnh 1 +
1 3
Chn biu thc. Chn Symbolically/Evaluate/Foating Point, xut hin hp thoi Floating Point Evaluation (hnh 3.2).
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Trong th Floating Point Precision mc nh l 20, c th thay i tu thch, sau chn OK. Kt qu : 1.33333333333333333333. Symbolics/Evaluate/Complex : xut gi tr biu thc di dng s phc. V d: Tnh
2i + 1
: nhn Symbolics/Evaluate/Complex
Symbolics/Factor nhn t. V d:
Symbolics/Collect V d:
z2 - xz + x2z2 + 2z -1 cho kt qu (x2+1)z2+(-x+2)z-1 Symbolics/Polynomial Coefficient V d: (1-x)(x2+2) -3x -1 cho kt qu: : tm cc h s ca a thc.
Symbolics/Variable/Substitute V d:
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Hnh 3.4. Bng Modifier : cho kt qu l s thc vi phn thp phn tu chn. V d:
: cho kt qu l s phc. : to gi thuyt cho bin. : gii phng trnh cho kt qu dng Symbolics.
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V d:
Trang - 32 -
: khai trin hm s dng fourier. : khai trin hm s dng laplace. : khai trin dng z- transform ca mt hm s. : bin i ngc dng fourier. : php bin i ngc dng laplace. : php bin i ngc dng z- transform.
Mathcad cho php bn khai trin biu thc s hoc ch. V d: Khai trin biu thc Cch 1: Kch chn biu thc mun khai trin. T thanh cng c : nhn Symbolics/Expand. Kt qu
KS. HUNH VNG THU MINH
( 1 + x)
4
1 + 4 x + 6 x + 4 x + x
Trang - 33 -
Lu : Theo mc nh, kt qu khai trin s nm bn di biu thc c khai trin. Nu mun kt qu khai trin nm ngang vi biu thc thc hin theo cch sau: T thanh cng c : nhn Symbolics/Evaluation Style/ Hrizontally, xut hin hp thoi Evaluation Style (hnh 3.5). Th hin du bng nhn (Shift+) hoc nhn Insert/Text Region v g vo du bng (=). Kt qu :
( 1 + x)
4 2 3 4 = 1 + 4 x + 6 x + 4 x + x
Hnh 3.5. Hp thoi Evaluation Style Cch 2: Kch chn biu thc mun khai trin T thanh Math : kch vo biu tng (hnh 3.3). T bng Symbolics : kch vo nt lnh Kt qu qu. :
4
( 1 + x) expand 1 + 4 x + 6 x + 4 x + x
III. 2.
tnh V d:
Rt gn biu thc
Rt gn biu thc (Simplify), tng t nh khai trin biu thc cng c 2 cch
2 2 2
: : :
( x + 1)
2
sin ( x) + cos ( x)
2
sin ( x) + cos ( x)
2
=1
simplify
Kt qu
x+ 1 assume , x > 0
III. 3.
Trc cn thc mu
: : :
3+ 3+
4+ 1 4+
3
5
= 22
3 3 22
1 11
3 5 + 1 11
2 11
1 22 2 11
5 + 1 22 5
1 3+ 4+ 5
factor
3 5 +
: tnh gii hn V d:
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V d:
, V d:
BI TP CHNG 3
1. n gin cc biu thc sau:
x2 3 4 + 2x 5 x4
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(a 1)2
a2
, iu kin a>1
b.
( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 2 , iu kin x<-1
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Trang - 38 -
CHNG IV
VC T V MA TRN
I.
I.1.
TO MT VC T V CC PHP TNH VC T
To mt Vc t
Vc t l mt dy sp xp ngay ngn (hay Ma trn ch c mt ct). to mt Vc t trong Mathcad, thc hin theo cc cch sau: Trn thanh menu Trn thanh Math T bn phm : chn Insert/Matrix : nhp vo biu tng : nhn t hp Ctrl+M
Hnh 3.1. Hp thoi Insert Matrix Trong khung Rows chn s dng tng ng. Trong khung Columns chn s ct tng ng.
Chn OK, xut hin , nhp s cn thit vo s c mt Vc t
mong mun.
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I.2.
Tnh c hng ca hai Vc t Kch vo biu tng V d: (hnh 3.4), xut hin
c. Tng ca mt Vc t (vector sum) Kch vo biu tng (hnh 3.4), xut hin Nhp tn Vc t mun tnh. V d:
4 v := 5 6
v = 15
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I.3.
1 v := 2 3
length ( v) = 3 last ( v) = 3
I.4.
To mt bng gi tr ca hm s
V d:
Cho ham so: low := 1 n := 15 r := low , low r =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
.. high
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Lu : Kt qu ln mn hnh ch th hin ti a 15 phn t. Trng hp ln hn 15 phn t khi kch p vo bng gi tr, xut hin bng tr s s dng thanh trt s thy tt c cc kt qu.
Thc hin ging nh cch to mt Vc t nu Ma trn c t hn 10 dng v 10 ct hoc thc hin theo cch sau:
V V
1, 1 2, 1
:= 0 := 3
V V
1, 2 2, 2
:= 1 := 4
V V
1, 3 2, 3
:= 2 := 5 V=
0 1 2 3 4 5
:= 3
2, 2
:= 4
2, 3
:= 5
V=
0 0 0 3 4 5
Tuy nhin cch trn khng tin, mt nhiu thi gian nhp s liu. Khi Ma trn c nhiu hn 100 phn t, thc hin theo cc cch sau:
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Ni cc mng nh li vi nhau. c t tp tin d liu. Dng bin chy. To bng d liu nhp. V d: To mt Ma trn bng cch dng bin chy.
i := 0 .. 3 Xi , j := i +
2
0 1 X= 4 9
9.5 10 10.5
V d: To mt Ma trn vi cc gi tr ca hm s.
f ( x , y) := x + y
2 2
- Nhap iem au va iem cuoi cua day bien xlow := 2 ylow := 1 xhigh := 2 yhigh := 2
yn := 6 xind i := xlow + i
yind j := ylow + j
xhigh xlow xn 1
yhigh ylow yn 1
Mi , j := f xind i , yind j
)
2.96 1.96 2.96 5.96 5 4 5 7.76 6.76 7.76
8 10.76
II.2
II.2.1. Xo ct (hoc hng) ca Ma trn xo mt ct (hoc hng) hay nhiu ct (hoc nhiu hng) ca Ma trn, thc hin nh sau: Kch vo phn t ct (hoc hng) mun xo. T hp thoi Insert Matrix (hnh 3.1) ch r s ct (hng) mun xo. Kch nt Delete. V d: Cho Ma trn sau:
1 3 C := 5 7
2 4 6 8
Hnh.3.2. Hp thoi Insert Matrix xo dng th hai ca Ma trn C : ti mc Rows chn gi tr 2, ti mc Columns chn gi tr 0 (hnh 3.3).
Hnh 3.3
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II.2.2. Thm ct (hoc hng) vo Ma trn thm mt ct (hoc hng) hay nhiu ct (hoc hng) vo Ma trn, thc hin nh sau: Kch vo phn t trong ct (hoc hng), im chn s nm bn phi (i vi ct) v bn di (i vi hng). G s ct (hoc hng) mun chn vo. Chn Insert. II.3. Tnh ton vi Ma trn s xut hin cc la chn tnh ton
Hnh 3.4 a. Subscripts (ch s di) Xc nh tr s di ca Ma trn. Cho Ma trn M. xc nh cc ch s di. Kch vo biu tng
1 2 3 M := 4 5 6 7 8 9
M M
1, 1 2, 1
=1 =4
M M
1, 2 2, 2
=2 =5
M M
1, 3 2, 3
=3 =6
Thay i ch s di ca Ma trn.
:= 0
1, 1
0 2 3 M = 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
b. Ma trn nghch o (Inverse) Kch vo biu tng , xut hin Nhp tn Ma trn mun th hin.
0 2 3 M := 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
1 1 2 2 7 4 = 1 4.667 2.667
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c. Tnh nh thc ca Ma trn (Determinant) Kch vo biu tng , xut hin Nhp tn Ma trn mun tnh nh thc.
0 2 3 M := 4 5 6 7 8 9
M =3
d. Trch mt ct t mt Ma trn (Matrix column) Kch vo biu tng , xut hin . Nhp tn Ma trn v ct mun trch ra.
0 2 3 M := 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0 = 4 7
. Ma trn chuyn v (Matrix transpose) Kch vo biu tng , xut hin Nhp tn Ma trn mun tnh.
0 2 3 M := 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 4 7 M = 2 5 8 3 6 9
T T
III. X L MNG
III.1. Ni cc mng
Hm stack (A,B,C) dng ni hai hay nhiu Ma trn vi nhau theo hng t trn xung di. Hm augment (A,B,C) dng ni hai hay nhiu Ma trn vi nhau theo hng t tri qua phi. V d:
1 7 1 M := 5 8 2 6 9 3
1 2 A := 3 7 4 9
1 2 B := 3 7 4 9
- Trang 44 -
1 3 4 stack( A , B) = 1 3 4
III.2. Tch cc mng
2 7 9 2 7 9
1 7 1 1 2 augment M , A) = 5 8 2 3 7 ( 6 9 3 4 9
Hm submatrix (M,ir,jr,ic,jc) dng tch nh cc mng. Trong : - M l Ma trn. - ir l s dng bt u tch. - ij l s dng kt thc tch. - ic l s ct bt u tch. - jc l s ct kt thc tch. V d:
1 7 1 5 8 2 M := 6 9 3 1 2 3 4 5 5
III.3.
4 4 3 3 2 3 4 3
1 7 1 submatrixM , 1 , 2 , 1 , 3) = ( 5 8 2
6 8
V d:
1 2 3 4 M := 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
rows ( M) = 3 cols ( M) = 4
III.4.
Cc hm tnh cc tr ca Ma trn
- Trang 46 -
Hm max(A,B,C) Hm min(A,B,C) V d:
: cho bit phn t ln nht trong cc Ma trn. : cho bit phn t nh nht trong cc Ma trn.
1 2 A := 3 4 5 6
2 3 B := 4 5 6 7
3 4 C := 5 6 7 8
max ( A , B , C) = 8 min ( A , B , C) = 1
III.5.
Hm dng to mt mng mi
Hm matrix (m,n,f)
n := 12
M := matrix m , n , F) (
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 2 1 2 5 10 17 26 37 50 65 82 3 4 5 8 13 20 29 40 53 68 85 4 9 10 13 18 25 34 45 58 73 90 5 16 17 20 25 32 41 52 65 80 6 25 26 29 34 41 50 61 74 7 36 37 40 45 52 61 72 85 8 49 50 53 58 65 74 9 64 65 68 73 80 10 81 82 85 90 97
M=
89 106
- Trang 47 -
III.6.
Mt s hm tm kim
Hm lookup(z,M,N) Hm vlookup(z,M,c)
Hm hlookup(z,M,r) Trong : - z l gi tr ca phn t thuc ct (hoc hng) u tin. - M, N l Ma trn. - c, r l gi tr phn t c tr v t ct (hoc hng) tng ng. V d:
11 M := 6 11
2 7
3 8
4 2
4 10
12 13 14 15
0 N := 6 11
2 1
4 10
13 4
19 17 14 15
14 M1 =
15 14
4 M2 =
M3 = ( 19 )
- Trang 48 -
1 Cho Ma tran B := 4 7
Ket qua
0 1 4 2 6
2 3 5 6 8 9
Tnh
M := B 2
M=
0 1 2
8 10 12 14 16 18
V.
THAY I MC NH
Trong mt Vc t hay Ma trn, phn t u tin trong Mathcad c bt u bng phn t 0. phn t u tin bt u l 1 thc hin theo cch sau: T thanh cng c : chn Math/Options, xut hin hp thoi Math Options (hnh 3.6). Chn th Built-In Variables. Trong mc Text box Array Origin (ORIGIN) chn s 1. Chn OK.
- Trang 50 -
BI TP CHNG 4
1. Cho ma trn A v B nh sau:
C th ni kt hai ma trn A v B theo th t t trn xung di v t tri qua phi c hay khng? Nu c th xut kt qu nu khng th gii thch? 2. Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh a v dng Ma trn a.
b.
- Trang 51 -
Mathcad lp sn mt s hm dng trong tnh ton k thut thng dng v chuyn su. c c mt hm s ta c th thc hin theo hai cch sau: T thanh menu T bn phm : chn Insert/Function (hnh5. 1). : g chnh xc tn hm.
Hnh 5.1. Hp thoi Insert Function Sau y s lit k mt s hm thng s dng trong tnh ton k thut:
I.1.
Hm Bessel
Hm Bessel thay i I0(x) K0(x) Hm Airy Ai(x) Bi(x)
- Trang 51 -
I1(x) K1(x)
In(m,x) Kn(m,x)
I. 2.
(m,n) - Kronecker delta : tr v 1 nu m=n, ngc li tr v 0. sign(x) : tr v 0 nu x=0, tr v 1 nu x>0, tr v -1 vi nhng trng hp cn li. x l s thc. (i,j,k) (x) : hon tt hm s khng i xng Tensor. : hm s bc. Tr v 0 nu x<0, ngc li tr v 1.
I.3.
linfit(vx,vy,F)
- Trang 52 -
genfit(vx,vy,F) : tm cc thng s to thnh hm s ch nh cho ng vi cc im d liu. I.4. Hm thng k v phn tch d liu
Cc hm phn tch d liu (Data analysis functions) M t cc hm phn tch d liu nh mean, variance, standard deviation, kurtosis v correlation. Cc hm phn phi (Distribution functions) M t cc hm gamma, error v nhng hm khc c kh nng thc hin vic phn phi. Cc s ngu nhin (Random numbers) M t cc con s ngu nhin c kch hot v cch p dng chng kch hot cc con s ngu nhin thc hin vic phn phi. Hm lp ph (Histograms) :
M t cch nhn s phn b tn s ca d liu mu. Phn tch tng hp (Combinatorcal analysis) Tnh cc s hon v v tp hp Hm s tnh giao im (Interpolation and prediction) M t giao im ca ng tuyn tnh v khi. Smoothing M t mt s phng php lm phng d liu tp m. Curve fitting M t k thut trong php tnh hi quy, c tuyn tnh ln khng tuyn tnh.
Cc h thng thay i chm Rkadapt (y,x1,x2,npoints,D) Tm im cui cng trong vng nh im (interval) bulstoer(y,x1,x2,acc,D,kmax,s) rkadapt(y,x1,x2,acc,D,kmax,s) stiffb(y,x1,x2,acc,D,J,kmax,s) stiffr(y,x1,x2,acc,D,J,kmax,s) Gii quyt gi tr ti hai im bvalfit(v1,v2,x1,x2 xf,D,load1,load2,score) sbval(v,v1,v2,x2,D,load,score) Gii quyt thnh phn trong phng trnh vi phn relax(a,b,c,d,e,f,u,rjac) multigrid(M,ncycle)
I.6.
Hm tm p n phng trnh
find(x,y) minerr(x,y,...) root(f(x),x) lsolve(M,v) polyroots(v) : tm n s ca phng trnh. : tm p n tng ng ca h phng trnh. : tm n s ca hm lng gic. : gii h phng trnh. : tm cc cn s ca t s c h nm trong v.
I.7.
: nhn dng ifft ngoi tr nhng ton t v h s bnh thng khc. : nhn dng iccft ngoi tr nhng ton t v h s bnh thng khc. : chuyn i ring sng hiu ca s liu thc trong Vc t v. : hm nghch o ca wave. Tr v v nu u=wave(v).
I.8.
Hm bo li
erf(x)
I.9. Hm s m v Logarith
exp(z) : s e tng theo bi s z. log(z,b) : tnh gi tr logarit c s b ca z. Nu b qua khng khai bo b, s xem nh tnh logarit c s 10 ca z (mc nh b=10). ln(z) Khai bo: - z phi l mt tp hp (s thc, s phc hoc s o). - z phi khng c nh hng. - i vi cc hm log v ln, z khng th mang s zero. - b l thnh phn ty chn, mang s dng. Nu c gp chung, b l mt tp hp. Nu b qua b c xem nh 10. - i vi s phc z, cc hm log tr v nhng gi tr t v chnh ca nhng hm ny, ngc li: ln(z)=ln(|z|) + i arg(z) : s log t nhin (log c s e) ca z.
I.10.
I.11.
- Trang 55 -
: ghi mng s liu t tp tin d liu. : ni mng s liu t tp tin d liu. : c tp tin nh mu. : c tp tin hnh nh theo ch thanh xm. : to tp tin nh mu. : to tp tin nh mu theo ch thang xm.
I.12.
Hm s ti u (FUNCTION OPTIMIZATION)
minimize (f,var 1,var2,...) maximize (f,var1,var2,...) : tm gi tr ti thiu. : tm gi tr ti a.
I.13.
I.15.
- Trang 56 -
- z phi l tp hp. - z khng nh hng. - x v y l nhng tp hp. Nhng gi tr c tr v: - asin(z), acsc(z), acosh(z), asec(z), atan(z) - atan2(x,y) : tr v gc theo radian gia / 2 v / 2 khi z l s thc. : tr v gc ( theo radian gia / 2 v / 2 bao gm ) t trc x n ng thng cha im gc (0,0) v ta (x,y). : tr v cc gc theo radian gia 0 v khi z l s thc.
- acos(z)
cspline(vx,vy)
bspline (vx,vy,u,n): s giao tip ca cc ng B-spline to gc n a ra cc im c ch nh bng nhng gi tr trong u. Tr v Vc t vs dng vi hm interp. interp(vs,vx,vy,x): tr v gi tr giao im ca qua cch dng nhng ng giao tip.vs l Vc t c tr v t cc hm Ispline, pspline, cspline hoc bspline. predict (v, m, n) : tr v nhng gi tr n c xc nh trc da theo cc thnh phn nm trong v.
I.17.
Cc hm ph (MISCELLANEOUS FUNTIONS)
mod(x,y) angle(x,y) : tr li s d ca x chia y. : gc t trc x n ta (x,y).
- Trang 57 -
I.18.
Hm v ph (HISTOGRAMS)
hist (intervals,data) : tr v ph ca d liu.
Nu intervals l Vc t, tr v Vc t vi thnh phn ith l s im trong d liu data nm gia ith v (i+1)th ca intervals. Nu intervals l mt tp hp (scalar), tr v vc t minh ha s im trong data nm trong dy s ca khong cch u nhau c th hin bi intervals. Khai bo: - intervals l mt tp hp hoc mt vc t. Khi l tp hp, chng c trng bng nhng con s vi khong cch u nhau vi nhng gi tr c cha trong data. - Khi intervals l vc t ca nhng gi tr thc theo th t tng dn, cc gi tr th hin nhng khong cch theo cc thnh phn c cha trong data. - Data l Vc t ca gi tr s liu thc.
I.19.
I.20.
V d:
floor( 58.15) = 58 ceil( 58.15) = 59 trunc( 58.15) = 58 floor( 58.85) = 58 ceil( 58.85) = 59 trunc( 58.85) = 58 floor( 58.45) = 59 ceil( 58.45) = 58 trunc( 58.45) = 58
I.21.
I.22.
- vx l Vc t ca nhng gi tr d liu thc theo th t tng dn. Chng tng ng vi gi tr x. - vy l Vc t ca nhng gi tr d liu thc. Chng tng ng vi gi tr y. S thnh phn tng t nh vx. - v l Vc t c kch hot bi cspline, pspline, lspline.
- Trang 59 -
- x l gi tr ca bin c lp m ngay s a ra kt qu giao thoa. i vi nhng kt qu tt nht, nhng gi tr bin ny nn nm trong phm vi c a r t nhng gi tr vx. - hm cubic spline interpolation cho php bn chuyn ng cong qua cc im theo cch ngun th nht v th hai ca ng cong c ko tip tc qua cc im k tip. ng cong ny c tp hp bng cch ly ba im k nhau v to thnh khi chy qua cc im . Khi a gic ny sau c ni li vi nhau to thnh ng cong hon chnh.
I.23.
cc hm hi quy
slope(vx,vy) : xin ca ng thng khp vi d liu trong vx, vy.
intercep(vx,vy) : ng giao tip va ng vi s liu trong vx, vy. Khai bo: - vx l Vc t ca nhng s liu thc i vi hm slope. Cc gi tr trong vx tng ng vi cc gi tr x. - vy l Vc t ca cc s liu thc. Nhng gi tr ny tng ng vi cc gi tr y. S thnh phn ca vy cng tng t nh vx. Hm slope v intercep rt hu ch khi d liu k tha s tuyn tnh m cng c th p dng cho cc hm s m. Cng thc ca ng thng va khp vi s liu ca vx v vy l y=mx+b l kt qu t hm slope v b l kt qu t hm intercept. (xem v d hnh 5.2) V d:
- Trang 60 -
Khai bo: - vx l Vc t ca cc gi tr d liu. Nhng gi tr ny tng ng vi gi tr x. cc thnh phn phi c xp theo th t tng dn (c th dng hm sort). - vy l Vc t ca cc gi tr d liu. Nhng gi tr ny tng ng vi gi tr y. S thnh phn tng t nh vx. - F l hm s tr v Vc t vi nhng thnh phn l hm s hnh thnh cc hm tuyn tnh, hoc trong trng hp l hm tuyn tnh n. F l mt tp hp. V d:
Hnh 5.3. Minh ho dng hm linfit Genfit(vx,vy,vg,F) : Vc t ang cha cc tham s to nn hm f(x) v cc tham s n, u1un ca cc d liu trong vx v vy (hnh 5.4).
Khai bo: - vx l Vc t ca cc gi tr d liu. Nhng gi tr ny tng ng vi gi tr x. - vy l Vc t ca cc gi tr d liu thc v tng ng vi gi tr y. S thnh phn tng t nh vx.
KS. HUNH VNG THU MINH - Trang 61 -
- vg l thnh phn Vc t n d on, hoc vg l mt tp hp trong trng hp n=1. - F l hm s tr v Vc t n+1 ang cha hm f v nhng thnh phn ngun ca chng tng ng vi cc tham s n. Khi n=1, F l tp hp. - n l s nguyn. V d:
I.25.
- Trang 62 -
V d:
Chn th (hnh 5.6): c th t cc gi tr tham bin mc nh ca chng trnh theo hng dn sau y: Array Origin : kim sot cc tham s ORIGIN lp sn c trng cho vic lp ch s cho cc phn t ca mng trong cng thc. Gi tr mc nh l khng 0. Convergence Tolerance : kim sot cc tham s TOL vi mc sai s ca cc s nguyn v cc s dn xut t chng. Tham s ny cn kim sot di ca cc s nguyn trong cc php tnh cn. Gi tr mc nh l 0.001. Constraint Toleranc : kim sot cc tham s CTOL vi mc sai s ca cc iu kin rng buc khi gii bi ton bng ton t Slove. Gi tr mc nh l 0.001. Seed value for random numbers : thng bo cho hm to s ngu nhin bit s dng th mt chui ngu nhin no . Gi tr mc nh l 1. Precision : kim sot cc tham s PRNPRECISION cho sn c trng cho cc con s p dng khi vit tp tin m ASCII vi hm WRITERPRN hoc APPENDPRN. Gi tr mc nh l 4. Column Width : kim sot cc tham s PRNCOLWIDTH lp sn c trng cho rng cc ct trong tp tin m ASCII c lp bmg cc hm WRITERPRN hoc hm APPENDPRN. Gi tr mc nh l 8. Restore Defaults trnh. : tr v tt c gi tr mc nh ca chng
Chn th : t cc lnh lin quan n cch thc tnh ton cc gi tr trong cng thc, biu thc, hm ca chng trnh (hnh 5.7). Recalculate Automatically : Mathcad t ng tnh ton li tt c cc kt qu v hnh nh th hin din trn mn hnh mi khi bn thay i gi tr no n ca bin s. Optimize expressions befor calculating : Mathcad t ng ti u ho nh l n s lm n gin ho biu thc bt k nm bn tri hay phi du gn ( ). Khi gi tr qu di Mathcad s nh du vo vng s liu bng du hoa th ri thay vo s tnh theo dng n gin hn. Khi mun quan st dng n gin, kch vo du hoa th.
- Trang 64 -
Chn th 5.8).
- Trang 65 -
SI (International) : s dng theo n v o lng quc t, h SI: meters, kilograms, second, amps MKS CGS : s dng n v o l meters, kilograms, seconds : s dng n v o lcentimeters, grams, seconds
US : s dng theo n v o lng ca M-Anh l feet, pounds, seconds None Chn th tu chn (hnh 5.9). : loi b tt c n v o lng theo mc nh. : cha cc tn hng mc nh ngi s dng
Hnh 5.9. Hp thoi Math Options/Dimensions Display dimensions : kch chn th hin cc kt qu qua cch dng cc tn hng s c cp n trong phn Dimension Names thay v l mc nh. Dimension Names : khai bo cc tn hng vo cc khung n v c lin quan th hin trong bng kt qu.
BI TP CHNG 5
1. Gii cc h phng trnh sau: a.
- Trang 66 -
b.
c.
d.
2. S dng hm if, linterp v input table tnh btk nh sau: Cho Q=95 (m3 /s) ; i=0.0001 ; n=0.0225 , m=1.5 (hoc m=1.5) ; h=3(m)
3 8
nQ 2 + Xc nh R ln = 4m i vi m 0 = 2 1 + m m 0 h b Lp t s tm c tra trong bng sau: R ln R ln h b R ln R ln m=1.25 m=1.5 11.300 0.835 10.591 10.759 0.858 10.092 10.271 0.881 9.643 9.829 0.903 9.237 Tnh b tk =
b R ln R ln
3. Vit hm ni suy tm cng chu ko Ra ca thp cho trong bng sau: Loi ct thp
KS. HUNH VNG THU MINH
Ra (kG/cm2)
- Trang 67 -
AI 2100 AII 2700 AIII 3600 Ti gi tr gn loi ct thp, dng Hyperlink (dng Pop-up) gii thch cho ngi s dng hiu l ch c th chn ct thp vi nhng loi trn.
- Trang 68 -
CHNG VI:V TH
CHNG VI V TH
I.
V TH X-Y
to vng v (hnh 6.1) c th thc hin theo cc cch sau: T thanh cng c T thanh Math T bn phm : chn Insert/Graph/X-Y Plot : nhp vo biu tng : nhn @
Hnh.6.1 Vng th hin th Trong khung trng nm di trc honh (trc x) nhp gi tr th mun da theo. Gi tr ny l thang o xc nh trc . Nu khng xc nh trc, Mathcad t ng xc nh thang o t -10 n 10. Trong khung trng nm bn cnh trc tung (trc y), nhp biu thc mun v.
Lu :
- C th v th theo phng trnh bt k da theo phng trnh khc, chng c th dng chung gi tr c lp. Ngoi ra cn th hin c nhiu ng biu din trn cng mt th.
- Trang 68 -
CHNG VI:V TH
- Nu im v l gi tr phc hoc o, Mathcad s khng v ln nhng im ny. Khi dng hm Re v IN ko phn phc hoc o ra ngoi. V d:
CHNG VI:V TH
Trong khung thoi X-Y Axes Log Scale : trc c chn s c gi tr Logarith. Do gi tr trong thang o phi l s dng (hnh 6.3).
Hnh.6.3 Grid lines : cc ng phn trn thang o ca trc chn s c thay bng khung ca r mu xanh l cy (hnh 6.4).
Hnh 6.4 Numbered : cc ng phn trn thang o ca trc chn s c nh s (hnh 6.5). Numbered : cc ng phn trn thang o ca trc chn s khng th hin s (hnh 6.5).
Hnh 6.5 Auto Scale : Mathcad s t ng chia thang o da vo s liu im u v im cui, bn cnh o th hin lun tr s im u v im cui bn tri thang chia (hnh 6.6). Auto Scale : Mathcad s ly gi tr im u v cui lm cn di v trn ca thang o v d nhin cc im trn thang o c th l s khng chn (hnh 6.6).
- Trang 70 -
CHNG VI:V TH
Auto Scale
Show markers : thm mt hoc hai ng trc honh hoc trc tung trong th. Khi chn, xut hin hai khung trng b sung theo trc. Gi s mun thm trc tung kch vo mt trong hai khung trng nm di trc x v nhp gi tr mun bt u v ng biu din (hnh 6.7).
Show markers
Auto Grids : nhp s phn thang o vo khung gi tr Number of Girds. S nhp phi l s nguyn t 2 n 99. Axes Style Boxed, Crossed, None : kim sot xem cc trc c giao thoa vi tm th, cnh y tri ca th hay chng xut hin tt c hay khng (hnh 6.8).
Hnh 6.8
KS.HUNH VNG THU MINH - Trang 71 -
CHNG VI:V TH
qual scales
Hnh 6.10. Hp thoi Formatting Currently Selected X-Y Plot/Traces Legend Label gii (hnh 6.11). : t tn cho ng biu din s hin theo phn ch
Symbol : th hin nhng im bng nhng biu tng nh hnh vung (box), ch thp (+s), du nhn (xs)khi khng chn, mc nh ca n s l none.
- Trang 72 -
CHNG VI:V TH
Hide legend
Line : chn la ng biu din phn bit vi nhng ng biu din khc cng nm trong mt th. Line
Color : chn la mu sc cho ng biu din phn bit vi nhng ng biu din khc cng nm trong mt th. Color
Type : chn loi ng biu din phn bit vi nhng ng biu din khc cng nm trong mt th. Type
- Trang 73 -
CHNG VI:V TH
Weight
Hide Arguments : du hm s v i s gia mi trc. Khi kch vo th n s hin ra. Trong khung thoi Labels (hnh 6.12) Title th ( : t tn cho hnh biu din trn th, khi phi chn th hin. Bn c th t tn trn ( ). : gn ch thch trn mi trc. Gn ch gii trn trc honh (trc x) ) hoc di
Axis labels
- Trang 74 -
CHNG VI:V TH
V.
V TH 3D
V th Contour (hnh 6.12)
Xc nh Ma trn v, Ma trn phi c t nht hai dng v hai ct. To vng v thc hin theo cc cch sau: T thanh cng c T thanh Math T bn phm V d: : chn Insert/Graph/Contour Plot : nhp vo biu tng : nhn t hp Ctrl+5
V.1.
( 2) + 4 sin (y 2)
Hnh 6.13
KS.HUNH VNG THU MINH - Trang 75 -
CHNG VI:V TH
V.2.
Hnh 6.13
V.3.
- Trang 76 -
CHNG VI:V TH
Hnh.6.14
BI TP CHNG 6
1. To mt ma trn bng cc gi tr ca hm s: f(x,y) = x2 + y2 Gn Mi,j = f(i,j) vi i, j chy t 1 n 5. V b mt ca Ma trn M (Surface Plot). 2. Cho mt dm n ngm 2 u chu ti trng phn b u c s liu nh sau: q = 0.5
T m
, L = 5m
2
3. Cho s liu mc nc 1 ngy (Thng 10) ti trm Cn Th nm 1984. V biu triu tng ng vi bng di y:
- Trang 77 -
CHNG VI:V TH
- Trang 78 -
I.
Cu iu kin if
Thc hin theo cc bc sau: Kch ngay bn phi khung nhp biu thc ni mun chn cu lnh if T thanh Math : Kch vo biu tng Programming (hn.h7. 1) , xut hin hp thoi
Kch vo nt Add Line, xut hin Ti v tr khung trng trn kch vo nt if (hoc t bn phm nhn Shift+]), ngay bn phi khung nhp biu thc, nhp biu thc Boolean. Ti v tr khung trng di kch vo nt otherwise, g gi tr mun chng trnh tr v nu kt qu iu kin l sai. V d:
KT :=
1 0
KT = 0
KS. HUNH VNG THU MINH - Trang 78 -
Lu : Nu s dng nhiu cu lnh if trc cu lnh otherwise th cu lnh otherwise ch c thc hin khi tt c cc iu kin u sai.
II.1.
Cu lnh for
Cu lnh for : c p dng khi bn bit chnh xc s ln vng lp c thc thi. thc hin vng lp for tin hnh theo cc bc sau: Kch ngay bn phi khung nhp biu thc ni mun chn cu lnh for
Bn tri
nhp dy s chy
- Trang 79 -
II.2.
Cu lnh while
Cu lnh while : c dng khi bn mun vng lp dng li theo iu kin hin hnh nhng li khng bit chnh xc khi no iu kin xy ra. Khi dng cc cu lnh lp, bn cn phi ct chng ra thnh tng quy trnh hoc kim sot tnh hot ng ca cu lnh. V d:
F( n ) := f1 while n n 1 f f ( n + 1) f F( 5) = 120
- Trang 80 -
Khi Mathcad bt gp cu lnh break trong phn thn ca vng lp for hoc while: Chu trnh lp s ngng s iu hot v tr v gi tr c tnh sau cng. Sau , chng trnh s tip tc iu hot ngay dng k tip ca chng trnh sau chu trnh. V d:
t := for i 0 .. 10 break if i > 4 i t=5
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Trong vng trng bn phi cu lnh return, nhp nhng g bn mun tr v. Cc cu lnh return rt hu dng khi bn mun tr v gi tr t vng lp.
V.
Tm li chng trnh
Cu lnh on error : mun tr v gi tr cn gii quyt khi Mathcad bt gp li trong chng trnh chn cu lnh on error, thc hin nh sau: Kch vo khung nhp chng trnh trong mun t cu lnh on error
Trong vng trng bn tri cu lnh on error, nhp nhng g bn mun tr v nu biu thc mc nh khng th tnh c. Dng nt lnh Add Line chn nhng khung nhp lnh b sung. V d:
Biu thc bn phi s c tnh v c tr v nu khng c li xy ra. V nu c li xy ra, biu thc bn tri s c tr v.
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BI TP CHNG 7
1.
Tnh BC khi: Khi Ctn 0.85 th Qtk hn 2 g H hn
ngc lai m1
Qtk 2 g hn
1.5
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I.
I NT V THNH PHN
Nhng thnh phn (Components) cho php d liu lu ng gia bng tnh Mathcad v cc ngun d liu hoc trnh ng dng khc. D liu a vo thnh phn t Mathcad c gi l nhp (input). D liu a ra khi thnh phn c gi l xut (output). Thnh phn nhp v xut c chuyn gia bng tnh Mathcad v thnh phn theo phng cch Mathcad nhp v xut cc tham s. Nhng bc c bn p dng vo thnh phn hon chuyn d liu vi Mathcad nh sau: Chn thnh phn v ch nh cc tham s nhp v xut vo khung nhp d liu trng. Cu hnh thnh phn chng bit nhng g phi thc hin vi i tng nhp v nhng g phi thc hin vi i tng xut. Do c mt s thnh phn ch nhn ring i tng nhp hoc xut, nhng bc ny hi khc mt cht i vi cc thnh phn. Sau khi chn thnh phn vo bng tnh Mathcad, in vo cc khung nhp s liu trng v cu hnh cc thuc tnh, kch chut vo v tr bt k trong vng i tng. Ngay im ny, d liu hon chuyn s thay th. Nhng thnh phn sau y c dng trong Mathcad: Axum File Read/Write, dng c v ghi cc tp tin d liu Exel MATLAB Scriptable Object
KS. HUNH VNG THU MINH - Trang 83 -
II. C D LIU
Bn c th a d liu vo Mathcad bng cch du nhp chng t tp tin, c t tp tin hoc dn t Clipboard. Nhng phng php ny lun lun to cc mng d liu. Bn cng c th nhp d liu vo bng s liu nhp (input table) hoc mng.
II.1.
Khi mun c d liu t tp tin d liu trong Mathcad, c th dng thnh phn File Read/Write. Thnh phn File Read/Write cho php thc hin vic ni vi tp tin d liu, c d liu v gn d liu vo tham s ca Mathcad. D liu s t ng cp nht trong Mathcad khi chng c thay i trong tp tin d liu. Mun c d liu t tp tin d liu qua cch dng thnh phn File Read/Write Kch vo vng trng trong bng tnh. T thanh menu : nhn Insert/Component (hoc t thanh cng c : nhp vo biu tng ), xut hin hp thoi Component Wizard (hnh 8.1). T hp thoi Component Wizard chn File Read or Write v chn , xut hin hp thoi File Read or Write Wizard (hnh 8.2).
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Hnh 8.2.File Read or Write Wizard Chn Read from a file v kch vo nt Wizard (hnh 3). , xut hin hp thoi
Hnh 8.3.Wizard T danh sch tp tin mun (hnh 8.3) chn loi tp tin mun c tm
nhp
ng
dn
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xut hin biu tng thnh phn File Read or Kch vo nt Write v c dn trong tp tin d liu (hnh 8.4).
Hnh 8.4 Trong khung nhp d liu trng nm bn tri, nhp tn bin ca Mathcad mun gn vo s liu mi thu nhp. Kch chut vo vng trng nm ngoi thnh phn trn, tp tin d liu tc khc c c v d liu s c gn vo tham s Mathcad. Ngay lc ny c th x l cc tham s theo mun. Mi ln x l bng tnh, Mathcad s c li d liu t tp tin chn bng kch vo khung nhp d liu (hnh 8.4) v nhn Math/Calculate (hoc nhn F9). V d: c s liu t bng Excel (hnh 8.5) vo Mathcad.
2 6.5 90
3 5 7.5 8.3 10
BT =
1 2 3 4
150 200
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Lu : Nu thc hin theo cch ny, khi thay i s liu ngun th s liu trong bng tnh trong Mathcad khng thay i c.
II.3.
, xut hin hp thoi Component Wizard (hnh 8.1). nhp vo , xut hin hp thoi Wizard (hnh Chn Input Table v kch nt 8.6).
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Hnh 8.6. Wizard Trong khung trng xut hin ni bn tri (hnh 8.7), nhp tn bin ca Mathcad mun gn d liu.
Hnh 8.7 Nhp s liu vo cc . Sau khi to mng s liu qua cch dng bng nhp, bn c th x l mng theo cc hm v php tnh lp sn trong Mathcad. Lu : Bn ch c th nhp cc con s vo bng, khng th nhp cc phng trnh ton hc. Trong mi dng phi nhp nhng gi tr d liu. Nu trng Mathcad t ng chn gi tr khng 0 vo . Thay v nh d liu vo ca bng. Bn cng c th dn d liu vo bng nhp nu bn chp d liu t trnh ng dng khc bng cch s dng lnh Paste Table.
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V d:
II.4.
file tn tp tin hoc y ng dn c cu trc theo tp tin d liu ASCII. file c nhp theo dng chui. WRITEPRN(file) Khai bo: file tn tp tin hoc y ng dn c cu trc theo tp tin d liu ASCII. file c nhp theo dng chui. APPENDPRN(file) Khai bo: file tn tp tin hoc y ng dn c cu trc theo tp tin d liu ASCII. file nhp theo dng chui. S ct trong file phi khp vi s ct trong mng. : Ni cc mng vo tp tin. : Ghi mng d liu vo tp tin.
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file phi c sn trong th mc. Khng nh WRITEPRN, APPENDPRN khng th to tp tin m ch ni cc tp tin c. Lu : WRITEPRN b tr tp tin ASCII theo dng v ct ging nh Ma trn gc. Theo mc nh, APPENDPRN s ni bn c s trong cc ct c chiu rng tm con s. thay i hin trng ny, t thanh Math chn Options v kch vo nt trong hp thoi Math Options (hnh 8.8) thay i thnh phn PRNPRECISION v PRNCOLWIDTH.
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Chn th loi tp tin mun to trong File of type. Dng khung thoi hin phn trnh duyt mun to tp tin d liu vo th mc chn v nhp tn tp tin mun to. sau , Open. D liu s xut sang tp tin ch nh. Lu : Nu d liu thay i v mun cp nht d liu trong tp tin, cn phi xut li d liu.
III.2.
Mun ghi cc gi tr t Mathcad vo tp tin d liu, bn c th dng thnh phn File Read/Write. Thc hin nh sau: Kch vo im trng trong bng tnh. T thanh menu: nhn Insert/Component (hoc nhn vo biu tng . Chn File Read or Write t danh sch v kch . iu ny s chuyn bn sang khung ca s hng dn File Read or Write Setup Wizard. Chn Write to a data source v kch s hng dn Wizard th hai. chuyn n khung ca
T danh mc x File Format trong Wizard, chn loi tp tin d liu mun ghi. Nhp tn ng dn cho tp tin mun ghi hoc kch nt lnh tm v tr mun ghi tp tin.
Kch nt , xut hin biu tng thnh phn File Read or Write v ng dn ca tp tin d liu. Trong khung trng hin bn di thnh phn, nhp tn ca bin Mathcad c cha d liu s c ghi vo tp tin d liu. Khi kch nt chut vo bn ngoi khung nhp bin, cc gi tr trong tham bin ca Mathcad s c ghi theo tp tin ch nh. Mi ln bn tnh li bng tnh, d liu s li c cp nht.
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Bo m l h thng ca bn l c ci chng trnh Microsoft Excel 7.0 hoc phin bn cao hn, nhng khng nht thit phi iu hot. Kch vo vng trng bng tnh. Nu bn mun xut cc s liu sang thnh phn t cc bin xc lp trong bng tnh ca Mathcad, bo m l bn kch vo bn di hoc bn phi ca thnh phn xc nh bin. Chn Insert/Component, xut hin hp thoi Component Wizard (hnh 8.6). Chn Excel t danh sch kch . iu ny s chuyn bn sang khung ca s hng dn Excel Setup Wizard. in vo nhng . Wizard s chuyn n thnh phn trong khung thoi v kch cc khung thoi theo cc thnh phn chn. Khi kt thc, bn s thy phn Excel trong bng tnh vi khung nhp s liu cho cc bin nhp v xut. Gn bin nhp vo khung nhp s liu nm di v nhp cc bin xut vo khung nhp s liu nm bn tri du gn . Khi kch bn ngoi khung nhp liu, cc bin nhp s c chuyn t Mathcad sang Excel v phm vi s c chuyn t Excel ngc v Mathcad gn cc bin xut. Sau khi xc lp cc bin xut, bn c th x l chng theo cc hm lnh v php tnh ca Mathcad. V d: T Mathcad c s liu tc bng tnh Excel. Trong bng tnh Excel lp hm ni suy cc h s A, B, D da vo tc , sau xut s liu ra bng tnh Mathcad.
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BI TP CHNG 8
1. S liu trm A v B c nhp bng mt ma trn gi vo bng tnh Excel.
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B Nm 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 C Trm A(x) 352 456 897 123 741 963 741 852 369 123 xtb= D Trm B(y) 123 354 754 100 654 845 632 741 256 110 ytb= E Kxi xi/xtb F Kyi yi/ytb G Kxi-1 H Kyi-1 I (kxi-1)
2
J (Kyi-1)
2
K (Kxi-1)* (Kyi-1)
T1=
T2=
T3=
a. Xut cc gi tr t bng Excel sang Mathcad: xtb, ytb, T1, T2, T3 b. Tnh h s tng quan:
T3 T1 .T2
c. Kim tra: Nu 0.8 v n>9 : Trm A v Trm B c tng quan, ngc li khng tng quan.
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l1
l2
l3
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P := 10T
L1 := 5m
L2 := 2m
Hnh 9.2
I.3. Cho mt dm n gi hai u nh hnh 9.2. Tnh v v biu lc ct v moment cho dm.
Hnh 9.3
1. Nhap so lieu l := 10m q := 1.2 T m
RA
RB
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I.4. Cho s o ket cau ban ay cng (tnh theo phng phap dam ao) hnh 9.4
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III.1.Cho hai Trm Thu vn A v B nm trn cng mt con sng, c s liu nh bng sau:
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Nm 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 Trm A_M(m3/s.km2) 4.8 4.1 5.3 5.0 6.3 6.0 6.3 3.3 6.2 4.8 7.1 5.5 4.1 9.2 Trm B_M(m3/s.km2) 6.9 7.2 5.9 6.4 6.2 5.3 6.8 8.0 8.7 7.8 8.5 5.6 8.9 6.5 9.5 7.0 -
Yu cu: - Cho bit hai trm A v B c tng quan vi nhau hay khng? - Vit phng trnh tng quan gia 2 trm b sung s liu gia hai trm. - V ng tng quan gia hai trm.
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2. Tnh ton
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b. Vit phng trnh tng quan b sung s liu cho trm thiu
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V biu triu
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Cch 2:
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Xc nh v tr t dm chnh
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