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 &ODVDD;D


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− ]  
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N =

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 VLQ Q   −
 
 D  Q  ⋅ W ⋅ Q −  ⋅    D



⋅  GHDLFL OLP  Q  − [ Q  = − OQ 
   W    
=   Q Q →∞

 Q Q
 

Q +  Q +  + Q Q  
E)LH [ Q = Q≥)LH P Q = Q   3XWHPVFULH
Q  

P −  P Q + Q − P  Q Q P −  Q + Q − P  P + Q P −  P Q Q − P Q Q P −  Q
≤ [Q − ≤  ≤ [Q − ≤ +
Q Q Q Q Q
+
OQ Q
 Q − P  P + Q Q − PQ Q P −  Q
 'DU OLP =  OLP =   OLP P +
Q = OLP H P + = OLP H OQ Q + − OQ Q = H  =  
Q Q Q
+
Q →∞ Q →∞ Q →∞ Q →∞ Q →∞

P −  Q
P
OLP =  $úDGDU OLP [ Q =  
Q →∞ Q Q →∞
Q 
 D D 
 DSULQLQGXF LHEL OLP D Q − Q  = LL OLP Q =  LLL OLP  Q  = H  
Q →∞  Q →∞ Q Q → ∞ Q 

/HP $∈0Q& $ =  Q ⇒ $ =  Q N≤QHVWHHYLGHQW)LHN!Q'DF SHVWHSROLQRPXOFDUDFWHULVWLFDOPDWULFLL

N Q

$ úL T $ SROLQRPXO PLQLPDO DWXQFL $ N =  Q ⇒ T $ _ ; N ⇒ T $ = ; U U ≤ Q  ⇒ $ U =  Q _ $ Q − U ⇒ $ Q =  Q  )LH

% =  [$ + [  $  +  + [ Q $ Q  [  [    [ Q ∈ & DUELWUDUL $WXQFL H[LVW  P ∈ 1 P ! N + N  +  + N Q  DVWIHO vQFkW
% P =  Q &RQIRUPOHPHL % Q =  Q ⇔  [$ +  + [ Q $ Q  Q =  Q GDUDFHVWDHVWHXQSROLQRPvQ [  [    [ Q ∈&QXO
SHQWUXRULFH [   [ Q ∈& ⇒DUHWR LFRHILFLHQ LLGHIRUPD λ [   [ Q $U $ U $ UQQ FX U + U +  + UQ = Q 'DUH[LVW 
XQWHUPHQSHQWUXFDUH U = U =  = UQ =  ⇔ λ$$  $ Q =  Q ⇔ $$  $ Q =  Q 



 
 &ODVDD;,,D

/HP 'DF *HVWHXQJUXSFXQHOHPHQWHúL+HVWHXQVXEJUXSDOOXL*FXQHOHPHQWHDWXQFLSHQWUXRULFH[ ∈*
UH]XOW [∈+
'HPRQVWUD LHOHP 
6 SUHVXSXQHPSULQDEVXUGF H[LVW [∈*DVWIHOvQFkW[∈*±+5H]XOW LPHGLDWF [∈*±+2EVHUY PF +úL
[+ IRUPHD]  R SDUWL LH D OXL * úL F  + úL [+ IRUPHD]  R DOW  SDUWL LH D OXL * 5H]XOW  F  [+  [+ GHFL [ ∈ +
FRQWUDGLF LH'HDLFLUH]XOW F [∈+
'LQDILUPD LDGHPDLVXVUH]XOW [∈+LSHQWUXRULFHL P'HFL[∈ + ∩ +  ∩  ∩ + P = ^H` 5H]XOW F 
[  H∀[∈*SULQXUPDUH*HVWHXQJUXSFRPXWDWLY


 'LQ I  [ ) − [  = D[  + E  ∀ [ ∈ 5 UH]XOW  I  − [ ) [  = D  − [   + E  ∀ [ ∈ 5 6F ]kQG FHOH GRX  UHOD LL

RE LQHP I  [ ) − [  − I  − [ ) [  = D[ − D ⇒ >) [ ) − [ @
= D[ − D ⇒∃F ∈5DVWIHOvQFkW ) [ ) − [  = D[  − 
−D[ + F ∀[∈5'LQFRQGL LDLQL LDO UH]XOW F I[≠úL)[≠∀[∈5úLF±D≥'HGXFHPDSRL
I [ D[  + E D[  + E D[  + E D[  + E
⇒ >OQ ) [  @
=  ⇒ OQ ) [  = ∫ G[  1RW P J[  ∫ G[ ⇒ 
) [  D[ − D[ + F D[ − D[ + F D[ − D[ + F D[ − D[ + F
=   

 D − F
⇒ ) [  = H J  [  ⇒ ) [  = ± H J[
 GH XQGH I  [  = ±J
 [ H J[
 XQGH J  [  = [ + OQ D[ − D[ + F +

⋅
 D  F − D 
D [ − 
⋅ DUFWJ + & 
F − D
 D(YLGHQWE= !HVWHJUXSFLFOLF3HQWUX* ⋅JUXS7* ^[ ∈*_[HVWHGHRUGLQILQLW`'DF * ⋅HVWH
L]RPRUIFX* ⋅DWXQFL 7 *  = 7 *    7= ^`7= ×8Q ^` ×8Q$FXP_7=_ _7= ×8Q_SHQWUXQ 
(YLGHQW=œ=×^`⇒Q 

)LH), →5RSULPLWLY DOXLI3HQWUXRULFHW ∈ []FRQVLGHU PIXQF LD J W  [  =  − W ) [  − ) − W  [ + W\ 
− W
[ ∈,2EVHUY PF  J W
 [  ≥  ∀[ ∈,∀W ∈ [] ∩4'HFLJWHVWHFUHVF WRDUHSHQWUXRULFHW ∈ [] ∩4
5H]XOW F JWHVWHFUHVF WRDUHSHQWUXRULFHW∈[]úLSULQXUPDUH J W
 [  ≥  ∀[∈,∀W∈[]5H]XOW F IHVWH
FRQYH[ 'HRDUHFHIDUHSURSULHWDWHDOXL'DUERX[UH]XOW F IHVWHFRQWLQX