&XP D E F ≠   ⇒GRX GLQQXPHUHOHDEFVXQWHJDOHFXúLXQXOFX

(GL LDD,,,DHWDSDD,,D]RQDO IHEUXDULH ⇒ D ⋅ E ⋅ F =  

 E'LQLGHQWLWDWHDvPS U LULLFXUHVW ' = , ⋅ & + 5   ≤ 5 < , ⇒
62/8 ,, ⇒ ⋅ (D + E + F ) = ⋅ (D + E + F )⋅ [ + 5 ⇒ 5 = (D + E + F )⋅ ( − ⋅ [ ) ⇒ 
&ODVDD,,,D ⇒5GLYL]LELOODDEF ⇒ 5 = (D + E + F )⋅ U ⇒  = [ + U 
, D[ \ ]  &XP 5 < ⋅ (D + E + F )⇒ (D + E + F )⋅ U < ⋅ (D + E + F ) ⇒ U <   GDU U  HVWH
 E$QXODUHOXQLúL LQHPFRQWF  úLUHVWGHFLH[LVW ROXQ  UHVWXOvPS U LULLOXLOD[ ⇒ U =  ⇒ 5 = D + E + F 
DDQXOXLvQFDUHFHOSX LQWUHLFRSLLDX]LXDGHQDúWHUHVLWXDW vQDFHDOXQ 
 F D E F FLIUHQHQXOH ⇒ D + E + F ∈ {}5FXESHUIHFW⇒5 VDX
,, D[ EDE DE  úL 'HFLV
  5 ⇒ $ = ⋅  =  VDX $ = ⋅  =  
,,,6HFRQVLGHUDF SHILHFDUHFRORDQ VXPDQXPHUHORUHVWHDFHHDúL ,,,D'DF  Q > N ⇒   N  ⋅  Q −  N +  =  ⋅  
( )
   «   $WXQFL N 
 = N =  N = 
FDUHDSDU LQHFHOXLGHDOGRLOHDUkQGSHQWUXF   ⋅FRUHVSXQGH ⇒  ⇒   ⇒N úLQ 
Q −
⇒   Q − 
QXP UXOXL ±  ⋅  Q −  N +  =   ⋅  =   =
,9 PLQXWH
 'DF  Q = N ⇒  ⋅  Q =  ⋅  IDOV
&ODVDD,9D
 Q =  
, DE[   'DF  Q < N ⇒  Q  +   N −Q =   ⋅  ⇒ 
( ) ⇒
,, D««  E  +   N −Q = 
,,, LQHPFRQWF  ÌQFRQWLQXDUH  ⋅$OGRLOHD
MXF WRU FkúWLJ  vQWRWGHDXQD GDF  UHVSHFW  XUP WRDUHD VWUDWHJLH GDF  SULPXO Q = 
⇒  N − QXDUHVROX LH
LD D SLHWULFHOH DWXQFL DO GRLOHD LD E SLHWULFHOH DVWIHO vQFkW D  E   ÌQ  = 
DFHDVW  FRQGL LH GXS   DVWIHO GH DSDUL LL YLQH UkQGXO SULPXOXL FDUH DUH
GRDUSLHWULFHOHvQJU P MRDU úLQXDUHYRLHV OHLD  E 1 = DD D D D D D  1 =  + 1 =  ⋅  +  P =   + P  ( )
  
 3HQWUXPLPSDU ⇒  + P HVWHSDU ⇒ 1 =  ⋅ 1 LDUSHQWUXPSDU ⇒
&ODVD9D
 1 =  ⋅   ⋅  +   ⋅ P =    ⋅  + P =  ⋅ W 
( )
, D&DOFXO PSXWHULDOHOXLúLPDLPLFLGHFkW  

SDU
 =     =    =     =    =    =     =  
,9D $ = % ∪ & XQGH % = {}úL & = {}VDX % = {}
 =    =    =    =  'HDLFLUH]XOW [≤úL\≤
ÌQWUXFkW VLQJXUDVROX LHHVWH[ úL\  úL & = {}
 E5HVWXOvPS U LULLOXLDODSDWUXHVWHDFHODúLFXUHVWXOvPS U LULLOXL  E$YHP {}FX +  =  +  
ODFDUHHVWHXD úLXD 1XP UXO1QXSRDWHILS WUDW {}FX +  =  +  
SHUIHFWGHRDUHFHDUHX1 
««««««««««
,,D $ = ⋅ (D + E + F )  úL % = ⋅ (D + E + F ) ⇒ $ + % =  ⋅ (D + E + F )  úL
{}FX +  =  +  
$ − % =  ⋅ (D + E + F )  ⇒  ⋅ (D + E + F ) =  ⋅ (D + E + F )+  ⇒
ÌQJHQHUDO N −  + N = N −  + N −  N≥
⇒  ⋅ (D + E + F ) =   ⇒ D + E + F =   ⇒ % = {}úL & = {}

   
6H YHULILF  LPHGLDW F  $ = % ∪ &  úL GLIHUHQ D VXPHORU FHORU GRX  
,,,D P(< $2$ )+ P(< $ 2$ )+  + P(< $Q 2$Q + ) =  +   +  +  Q ( ) =
VXEPXO LPLHVWH 
   Q + −  < D 
( ) $ %
&ODVD9,D   
'HRDUHFH  =    =   =  ⇒
Q+ Q +  Q + Q +
 − −  −  Q +  − Q +  Q +   −   −  
( ) ⇒ Q +  =  ⇒ Q =  
, D   
=  =    = $
 − −  −   −     −  −  ( )  E P(< $2$ ) =   −  =  
  Q +  ⋅  2
 ∈1⇔      Q +  ⇒Q +  ≥ ⇒Q ≥  ⇒ ⇒ P(< $2% ) =   −    =  −  
= 


=  
⇒  Q + −  <  ⇒Q ⇒
 
⇒Q ≥ ⇒ Q ≥  +  &HO PDL PLF QXP U QDWXUDO FX DFHDVW  ⇒   −  =  <  ⇒ % ∈ ,QW(< $2$ )  $
 
SURSULHWDWHHVWHQ     
,9  =     = ( ) =     = 
( ) =  ⇒ &$ < &' < &% 
Q   
 E D = ∈1⇔ Q +  =  N  N ≤ Q  ⇒ Q =  N −  ≤ ⇒ 
Q +    ' & $
⇒  N ≤  'HRDUHFH  =  úL  = ⇒  N ∈ {} ⇒ $' = $& + &' =   +  
$∩4∩1DUH  −  =  HOHPHQWH X   +  =  +  =  ⇒ $' QXHVWHGLYL]LELOOD⇒VROQXFRQYLQH
( )
N − N
 −−N  
  D ∈ 1 ⇒ Q =  N −   N ≤   ⇒ D = =   'DU D S WUDW
N   &  $  '
SHUIHFW ⇒  N − − N  QXP U SDU ⇒ N LPSDU ⇒ N ∈ {}∪ {}  $úDGDU  $' = &' − &$ =  −   
H[LVW S WUDWHSHUIHFWH  X  −   =  ⇒ $' GLYL]LELOSULQ⇒VROX LHEXQ 
( )
 D FXESHUIHFW⇒  N − − N PXOWLSOXGH  &D]XOD
 3HQWUX N =  S  ⇒   S −  −  S =  S −  −  S = PXOW +  −  −  S ⇒   % & $ '
    
S = PXOW ⇒ N ∈ {}  (N ≤ )  %' =  +  =  ⋅  +  =  ⋅  = PXOW 'HFLDFHVWFD]DUHVROX LH
( )
 3HQWUX N =  S +  ⇒  S+ −  −  S −  =  ⋅  S −  S −  = (PXOW +  − S − )   &D]XOE
  & $ ' %
⇒ S = T ⇒ N = T +  ⇒ N ∈ {} GHFL$FRQ LQHFXEXULSHUIHFWH     
%' = %& − &' =  −  =  −  =  ( − )FDUH QX H GLYL]LELO SULQ
 ⋅ 
,, D &DOFXO P  +  +  +  +  = =   &XP  ±    'HFLDFHVWFD]QXDUHVROX LH
  &RQFOX]LHDYHPVLWXD LLOH % − & − $ − ' VDX ' − $ − & − % 
vQVHDPQ F H[LVW QXPHUHDF URUGLIHUHQ HVWH]HUR 
 E&XPDEFVXQWQXPHUHSULPHPDLPDULGHFkW⇒DEFLPSDUH⇒
⇒   E − D úL   F − E 5HOD LD E = D + F ⇔ E − D = F − E = K 
'DF  K = PXOW H[HUFL LXOHVWHUH]ROYDW
'DF  K = PXOW ±   GHRDUHFH E = PXOW ±  ⇒ D VDX F HVWH PXOW GHFL QX
HVWHSULPGHFLFD]XODOGRLOHDQXHVWHSRVLELO([HPSOXD E F 
   
 &ODVD9,,D DWXQFLVXPDQXPHUHORUGHSHWDEO GXS SULPDRSHUD LHGHúWHUJHUHYDILWRW
 Q(Q + ) XQ QXP U SDU 5HSHWkQG SURFHGHXO WRDWH VXPHOH 6 L +  úL 6L  YRU IL QXPHUH
, D  +  +  +  + (Q − ) = Q  úL   +  +  +  + Q =  $WXQFL
 SDUH úL FXP XOWLPD VXP  QX HVWH DOWD GHFkW XOWLPXO QXP U U PDV SH WDEO 
           vQVHDPQ F DFHVWDHVWHSDU
D= ⋅ ⋅  ⇒ D =   ⋅ ⇒D = =  ⇒  
 ⋅   ⋅   ⋅  ⋅     &ODVD9,,,D
   
  
⇒  D =   ∈1 (+   − 
)   +     −   
 ( ) 
, D Q = ⋅ − = ⋅ −  = 
 E E =  − ⇒ E =  
     

 E GLYL]LELO OD  GDU E QX H  +     −  
( ) 
FLIUH  
GLYL]LELOOD⇒ E ∈5?4  
+   −    +    −    −   
= ⋅ −  = ⋅ = =− = − ∈4
 F  =  =  ⇒SULPHOHGRX FLIUH         
,,D 2EVHUY PF   ⋅ +  =  UH]XOW   
 ⋅  N =  ⋅  N − = ( + )⋅  N − SHQWUXRULFHN≥        
 E [Q] = −  = −   = −  {Q}= −   = − − − = 
       
( )
 ⋅ DD D Q =  ⋅ DD DQ −  + DQ =  ⋅ DD DQ − +  ⋅ DQ =
 
,, [ + \ + ] =  ⇒ [ + \] = [([ + \ + ] )+ \] = [ + [\ + [] + \] = ([ + \ )([ + ] )
= ( ⋅  + )DD DQ − + ( − )DQ
 ( )
'HFL  ⋅ DD D Q = 0  + DD D Q − −  ⋅ DQ &XPúLVXQWSULPH $WXQFL [ + \] + \ + [] + ] + [\ = ∑ ([ + \ )([ + ] ) ≤ ∑ [ + \ + [ + ] = 

( )
vQWUHHOHUH]XOW    DD DQ ⇔   DD DQ − −  ⋅ DQ  ([ + \ + ] )
 =  
 E$SOLFkQGFULWHULXOSHQWUXRE LQHP± ⋅ 'DU   6
⋅⇒HVWHGLYL]RUDOOXL ,,,&XWHRUHPDFHORUWUHL
SHUSHQGLFXODUHRE LQHP 4
,,,D)LH(PLMORFXOOXL>%&@úL)PLMORFXOOXL>$&@1RW P {7} $( ∩')
)0 )*  6$ ⊥  $%&  1
⇒$(⊥')2'⊥$%2'PHGLDWRDUH = = ⇒ 0* $%   ⇒ 6' ⊥ %& 
)' )%  $' ⊥ %& 
2' ⊥ $% ⇒ 2' ⊥ 0*  $SOLF PWHRUHPDFDWHWHLSHQWUX 3
 E2RUWRFHQWUXO ∆'*) ⇒ 20 ⊥ '&  FDWHWD6$vQWULXQJKLXULOH6$% $ &
,9/DILHFDUHSDVLvQDLQWHGHúWHUJHUHDDGRX QXPHUHPúLQILH 6 L + VXPD úL6$&GUHSWXQJKLFHvQ$úLRE LQHP
QXPHUHORU GH SH WDEO  úL 6L VXPD QXPHUHORU GH SH WDEO  GXS  úWHUJHUHD 6$ = 63 ⋅ 6%  0

 ⇒ 63 ⋅ 6% = 64 ⋅ 6&  '
QXPHUHORUPúLQ$WXQFL 6L + − (P + Q ) = 6L + (P − Q )DGLF  6$ = 64 ⋅ 6& 
QGDFDP < Q $SOLF PWHRUHPDFDWHWHLSHQWUXFDWHWD6' %
6L + − 6L = P + Q + P − Q ⇒ 6 L + − 6L =  
PGDFDP ≥ Q vQWULXQJKLXULOH6'%úL6'&GUHSWXQJKLFHvQ'úLRE LQHP
'HFL 6L + − 6L  HVWH WRWGHDXQD XQ QXP U SDU &XP VXPD LQL LDO  D WXWXURU 6'  = 60 ⋅ 6% 
 ⇒ 60 ⋅ 6% = 61 ⋅ 6& 
QXPHUHORUGHSHWDEO HVWH  +  +  +  +  =  ⋅ DGLF QXP USDU 6'  = 61 ⋅ 6& 

   
 63 ⋅ 6% 64 ⋅ 6& 63 64 X + Y  ≥ (Y + )  'HFL Y ≥ X +   úL X ≥ Y +   3ULQ DGXQDUH RE LQHP
'LQúLRE LQHP = ⇒ = ⇒ 01 34 
60 ⋅ 6% 61 ⋅ 6& 60 61 X + Y ≥ (X + Y + ) VDX X + Y +  ≤  FRQWUDGLF LH'HFLX VDXY 
'0 ⊥ $&
,9D ⇒ '0 ⊥ ($$′& )  ⇒ '0 ⊥ $′&   'DF X DWXQFL[ úL\ QQ∈1
'0 ⊥ $$′  'DF Y DWXQFL\ úL[ PQ∈1
'1 ⊥ $′& 5H]XOW  6 =  Q   Q ∈ 1 ∪ Q    Q ∈ 1 
{( ) } {( ) }
⇒ $′& ⊥ ('01 ) ⇒ ('01 ) ⊥ ($$′& )
'0 ⊥ $′& S S
,,,D$YHP ( − [ ) + [ ≤ ( − [ )+ [ =   (∀)[ ∈ []
& ′3 ⊥ %′'′ & ′3 ⊥ %'′ S
 E ⇒ & ′3 ⊥ (%%′'′)⇒ ⇒ (& ′34 ) ⊥ (%%′' )   'DF  [ ∈ [] DYHP ( − [ )S ≤  − [ S    − [  ( ) ≤  − [  S 
′
& 3 ⊥ %% ′ & ′4 ⊥ %'′
'LQvQPXO LUHDLQHJDOLW LLFXRE LQHP
 S
&ODVD,;D ≤  − [ S  − [  S  
( − [ )S ( − [  ) ( )( )
 $ 
, D'LQWHRUHPDELVHFWRDUHLUH]XOW F  'DF  [ ∈ ( ∞ )DWXQFL ∈ () úLRE LQHPGLQ
[
DF DE %′ S S 
%$′ = úL &$′ =  &′          
E+F E+F  −   +  ≤  − S   + S  VXQWHFKLYDOHQWH
E F  [  [  [   [ 
 E 0$′ = 0% + 0&  
E+F E+F % ( − [ ) S ( + [ ) ≤ ( − [ S ) ( + [ S )
$′ &
0$ + 0% + 0& ,91RW P α= [− \  β = \ − ] ℘ = [ − [ 2EVHUY PF  α + β +℘ =  
 F2EVHUY PF  0* = 
 α  + β  +℘
α  + β  + ℘  =  [  + \  + ]  − [\ − \] − ][ 
( ) D=  'HRDUHFH
0$′ + 0%′ + 0& ′
0*′ = &RQIRUPSXQFWXOXLDQWHULRUUH]XOW F   α  + β  +℘

  
  D D  α + β +℘ (α + β +℘ 5H]XOW F  D =
) 1XP UXODHVWHLUD LRQDO
0*′ = ∑ + 0$  *′ = * ⇒ 0* = 0*′ ⇒ 
  D +F D +E

 D D  D  − EF &ODVD;D
⇒ ∑  + −  0$ = 2  ∑ 0$ = 2 
 D + F D + E  (D + E)(D + F ) 
, ÌQLSHQWUX\ UH]XOW F  I  [ = I  [ ⋅ I  ∀[∈5
E  − DF F  − DE
'DF  0  $ RE LQHP $% + $& = 2  GH XQGH LQkQGFRQWGHLLUH]XOW  I () =  
(E + D )(E + F ) (F + D )(F + E )
7RW GLQ L SHQWUX \ = − [  UH]XOW  F  I  = I  [ ⋅ I − [  ∀ [ ∈ 5 úL
UH]XOW  E  − DF = F  − DE =  ÌQFRQFOX]LHDYHPD E F
FRQIRUPDYHP I  [ ⋅ I − [ =  ∀[ ∈5úLGHDLFLUH]XOW F  I ([ ) ≠  
,, 6  QRW P D = [ + \ ∈ 1 úL E = \ + [ ∈ 1 'HFL \ = D  − [  úL ∀[∈5
[ = E  − \  5H]XOW  F  H[LVW  X Y ∈ 1 FX [ = X   úL \ = Y   $YHP SULQ  ÌQLOXkQG\ [RE LQHPF  I ( [ ) = I  ([ )∀[∈5
XUPDUH X  + Y = D  úL X + Y  = E  'DF XY∈1 UH]XOW  X  + Y ≥ (X + ) úL

   
'LQLLUH]XOW F H[LVW [ ∈5DVWIHOvQFkW I  [  = − &RQIRUPUH]XOW  Q− Q −
⇔ ] Q − + ] Q −  ] +  + ] ]+] = − Q ] + ] − Q   
( )
[ ≠   /XkQG vQ  [ = [   UH]XOW  F  I  [  = I   [  = −  =   úL FX N − Q−N Q −
ÌQV  ] Q − N ⋅ ] = ] ⋅ ] N − = ] úLDWXQFLDSOLFkQGPRGXOXOvQ
DFHDVWDFRQIRUPLUH]XOW F  I ([ +  [ ) = I ([ ) I ( [ ) = I ([ ) ∀[ ∈5úL
GHFL UH]XOW  F  H[LVW  7 =  [ ≠   DVWIHO vQFkW I ([ + 7 ) = I ([ )  ∀ [ ∈ 5 Q− Q −
Q ] + ] +  = − Q ] + ] − Q = ] Q − + ] Q −  ⋅ ] +  + ]
( ) ⋅]+ ]
GHFLIHVWHSHULRGLF  
[ [ [ [ Q − Q− Q− Q − Q −
    ≤ ] + ] ] +  + ] ⋅] + ] =Q]
,,DÌPS U LQGFX[RE LQHP   +  +   =   +  
    Q − Q −
[ 'HFL Q ] + ] +  ≤ Q ] ÌQV  ] + ] =  5H ] ⇒ Q  5H ] +  ≤ Q ⋅ ] ⇒
   
Q −
1RW P   = \  úL DYHP \ +  + = \  +   6XEVWLWXLQG \ + = ] 
 \ \ \ ⇒  5H ] +  ≤ ] 
 ±  ,,, D 'DF  0  = 0  ⇒ $ $ % %  SDUDOHORJUDP $ $ $ $  IDOV
HFXD LDGHYLQH ] +  = ]  −  VDX ]  − ] −  =  FX ]  = 
 ⇒ 0  ≠ 0  $QDORJ 0  ≠ 0   0  ≠ 0   0  ≠ 0   0  ≠ 0  GHRDUHFHVH
  + 
  'LQ \ + =  RE LQHP  \  −  +  \ +  =   FX U G FLQLOH
( ) DIO vQVHPLSODQHRSXVHID GH $ $ 
\ 
 $QDORJ 0  ≠ 0  ⇒ 0 0  0  0  SDWUXODWHUQHGHJHQHUDW
 +  ±   −   E 1RW P $L (DL )  DL ∈ & %  % ∈ ($ $ )⇒ % (αD + ( − α )D ) úL
\  = 
 % (α  D + ( − α  )D ) %  % ∈ ($ $ )⇒ % (α  D + ( − α  )D ) úL
[
  +  +   −   +  +   −  % (α  D + ( − α  )D ) α L ∈ ()
'LQ   = RE LQHP [ = ORJ  
 
  
  D + α  D + ( − α  )D   D + αD + ( − α )D 
0 L PLMORDFH ⇒ 0      0     
[      
  +  −   −   +  −   − 
'LQ   = RE LQHP [ = ORJ  
 
    D + α D + ( − α  )D   D + α  D + ( − α  )D 
 0     0     
     
  − 
 'LQ \ + = RE LQHP  \  −  −  \ +  =  FX
( ) 0 0  0  0  SDUDOHORJUDP ⇔ P + P = P + P XQGH 0 L (PL ) ⇔
\ 
⇔ D + α  D  + ( − α  )D + D  + α  D + ( − α  )D  = D + αD + ( − α )D  + 
∆ =  −   +  −  = −  −  <  FHHDFHDUDW F  \  ∉5
 D + α  D + ( − α  )D ⇔ D ( − α −  + α  )+ D (α  +  − α  − ) 
 E'HRDUHFH FRHILFLHQ LL HFXD LHL VXQW UHDOL UH]XOW  F  ] VROX LH D HFXD LHL
+ D ( − α  + α  − )+ D ( −  + α − α  ) =  ⇔
 ] Q + Q]  + Q] + D = 
⇒ ]  VROX LH D HFXD LHL ⇒  Q  3ULQ VF GHUH ⇔ (α  − α )(D − D ) = (α  − α  )(D − D ) 

 ] + Q ] + Q ] + D =  $ % = $ % ⇔ D − αD − ( − α )D = D − α  D  − ( − α  )D ⇔ 
Q  ⇔ ( − α )(D − D  ) = ( − α  )(D − D ) ⇔  − α =  − α  ⇔ α = α  
⇒ ] Q − ] + Q ]  − ]  + Q ] − ] =   ÌQV  ] ∈ & ? 5 ⇒ ] ≠ ]  ⇒ GXS 
( )
   $QDORJ $ % = $ % ⇔ α  = α  
Q− Q −
vPS U LUHDFX ] − ]  ] Q − + ] Q −  ] +  + ] ]+] + Q ] + ] + Q =  ⇔
( )
   
 
 D ⇒ E  $YHP α = α   úL α  = α   ⇒   $GHY UDW ⇒ 0 0  0  0   OQ Q
SDUDOHORJUDP Q Q Q − ( H Q −
) H [Q − 
LDU OLP = OLP = OLP =  GHRDUHFH
 E ⇒ D 'HFL $GHY UDW'DF  α  ≠ α ⇒ α  ≠ α  ⇒  Q →∞ OQ Q Q →∞ OQ Q Q →∞ [Q
D − D α  − α  Q
⇒ = ∈ 5 ∗ ⇒ $ $ $ $ ⇒IDOVGLQLSRWH]  
D  − D  α  − α OQ Q   Q Q
OLP [Q = OLP =  ÌQFRQFOX]LH OLP ∑ N − Q  =  
  Q →∞ Q →∞ Q Q→∞ OQ Q 
 N = 
'HFL α  = α ⇒ α  = α  THG
 EF −   − F  − E 
,9 'LQ LQHJDOLWDWHD PHGLLORU RE LQHP  ≥  DEF  VDX HFKLYDOHQW  
,,D$YHP GHW $ = DEF +  − D − E − F  $ =   − F DF −   − D  
∑ OJ D ≤ − OJ  6 QRW P [ = − OJ D  \ = − OJ E  ] = − OJ F    − E  − D DE − 
 
'HFL ∑ [ ≥  OJ  FHHDFHLPSOLF   EDEF  ⇒ GHW $ =  − D − E − F =  DEF − D − E − F ≤  GLQLQHJDOLWDWHD
OJ  + OJ E + OJ F \ + ] − OJ  [ + \ + ] − OJ  PHGLLORU
∑ ORJ D EF = ∑ =∑ =∑ −= 
OJ D [ [  'DF  GHW $ =  DWXQFL $ = 2 úL GHW $ =  

=  'DF  GHW $ ≠  DWXQFL GHW $ = (GHW $) ≥  úL GHW $ = (GHW $) ≥   ( )
      
(∑ [ − OJ ) ∑ [  −  ≥  ∑ [ −  ∑ [  ∑ [  −  =  (∑ [ ) ∑ [  −  ≥ 
D  
  
≥ −  =    F$YHP $ =   D   FX GHW ($) = D  − D +  = (D − ) (D +  )
   D
 
 
Q
&ODVD;,D  3HQWUXD RE LQHP $ = 2 úLLPHGLDW $ ( ) = 2 3HQWUXD
 ±DYHP
, D5H]XOW GLQLQHJDOLWDWHDOXL%HUQRXOOLE5H]XOW WUHFkQGODOLPLW FkQG
−           
Q → ∞LQHJDOLWDWHDGHODSXQFWXOSUHFHGHQWF6HúWLHF  H [ ≥ [ +  [ ∈5  
   
$ =   −    GHXQGH $ =      = ( XQGH ( =    
 OQ N OQ N Q
3HQWUX [ = OQ N  N ∈ Q VHRE LQH Q N ≥ + 'HFL  + ≤ N ≤ Q Q          
Q Q Q   −      
OQ Q Q Q  6H GHPRQVWUHD]  SULQ LQGXF LH F  ( Q = Q − (  úL DWXQFL
N ∈ Q   ÌQVXP P GXS  N ∈ Q  úL VH RE LQH Q + ≤ ∑ N ≤ Q Q Q  GH Q  Q − Q −
Q N = ($ ) =  ( = $ 3HQWUX D ∉ {− }DYHP
Q 
 D − − D − D   D + − − 
∑Q N − Q    
Q 
OQ Q N = Q Q − ( ) $ =   − D D −   − D  = (D − ) −  D +  −  = 
XQGHUH]XOW F  ≤ ≤ ÌQV   
Q OQ Q OQ Q
OQ Q  − D  − D D  −   −
 −  D + 
 
OQ Q 67 &(6$52 OQ (Q + ) OQ(Q + )
OLP = OLP = OLP Q
= = (D − )(( D + ),  − ( )  &XP ,  ⋅ ( = ( ⋅ ,  = (  úL ( Q = Q − (  IRORVLQG
Q→∞ Q OQ Q Q→∞ (Q + )OQ (Q + )− Q OQ Q Q→∞
  Q
OQ +  + OQ (Q + )
 Q ELQRPXOOXL1HZWRQDYHP $ ( ) = (D − )Q ((D + ),  − ( )Q = 

   
  Q     (− )Q  
 (D − )Q  (D + )Q ,  + ∑ & QN (D + )Q − N (− )N N − (   'LQ [Q + − [Q = X Q GHGXFHP X =  úL [Q + = X  − + −  +
    
 N =   (Q + ) 
Q 
 Q N  'HDLFL OLP [Q =  − 
&XP ∑ &QN (D + )Q−N (− )N N − = ∑&Q (D + )Q−N (− )N N = (D +  − )Q −  
( ) Q →∞ H
N =  N = 
  
Q Q Q  Q +       Q +    Q     
RE LQHP $  +
(D − )Q −  (  
( )  E [Q + =    [Q +  + =    [Q + +  + >
( ) = (D − )  (D + ) ,   
      [Q +       

[Q  [Q + 

,,,6 QRW PFX λ  λ   λ Q ∈&YDORULOHSURSULLDOHPDWULFHL$'LQFRQGL LL  
 Q +  Q 
    Q +  
 GHGXFHP λSM =   (∀) M ∈ { Q} 'HFL λ M =   (∀) M ∈ { Q} úL >  [ Q + + =    $Q XQGH
    
 [Q +    
WU $ = λ + λ  +  + λ Q = Q  FHHD FH LPSOLF  λ = λ  =  = λ Q =   'HRDUHFH
Q    Q   Q
WRDWHYDORULOHSURSULLDOHPDWULFHL % = $ − , 1 VXQWQXOHUH]XOW  % Q = 2Q  $Q = ⋅ [Q + + + ≥  [Q + ⋅  =  
  [Q +  [Q +   [Q + 
'DF  % = 2Q UH]XOW  $ = , Q 'DF  % ≠ 2Q V FRQVLGHU P N ∈ { Q}FX
'HRDUHFH OLP $Q = +∞ UH]XOW  OLP [Q = +∞ 
SURSULHWDWHD % N ≠ 2Q úL % N − ≠ 2Q 'LQFRQGL LDUH]XOW  Q→∞ Q

, Q = $ S = (, Q + % )S = , Q + & S % + & S %  +  + & NS − % N − VDX &ODVD;,,D
& S % + & S %  +  + & NS − % N − = 2Q    , 'DF D ≠HDWXQFLUH]XOW F  D  ∈ * ? {D}'HFL D = D  VDXHFKLYDOHQW
3ULQvQPXO LUHDUHOD LHL FX % N −  UH]XOW  & S % N − = 2Q FHHDFHFRQVWLWXLHR D  H DEVXUG 5H]XOW  D  H úL SULQ XUPDUH [  = [  (∀) [ ∈ * ? {H} 'HFL

FRQWUDGLF LHÌQFRQFOX]LH $ = , Q  [  = H(∀) [ ∈ * 

,9D5HOD LDGHUHFXUHQ VHPDLSRDWHVFULH   G[ 
,, D 3HQWUX D =    DYHP ,   = ∫ ( ) 
=  'DF  D ∈   
( )
(Q + )([Q +  − [Q+ )+ ([Q +  − [Q = ) ⇔ 
[ 
⇔ (Q + )([Q +  − [Q + )+ ([ Q +  − [Q + )+ ([Q + − [Q ) =     D 
DYHP , (D ) =  DUFWJ D − DUFWJ   'DF  D ∈    ∞ 
( )
 1RW P [Q + − [Q = X Q $WXQFL     
−D  −D −D 

(Q + )X Q + + X Q + + X Q = ⇔ (Q + )X Q+ + X Q = ⇒X Q + = − X Q  
  
 D − D  −   D + D  −  
Q+ 
DYHP , (D ) = OQ    
   
 $FHDVW UHOD LHVHGHVI úRDU  X = − X  X = − X = X      
D −   D + D −   D − D −  
  ⋅   
    D DUFWJ [ − DUFWJD D
X = − X  = − X « X Q − = − X Q −  = − Q − X  G[
  ⋅ ⋅  Q Q  $YHP ,  (D ) = ∫ 
G[ + (DUFWJD ) ∫ 

 [ + D[ +   [ + D[ + 
   
XQ = − X Q − = − Q X  X Q + = − X Q = − Q + X  [−D
Q + (Q + ) Q+ (Q + )  D DUFWJ [ − DUFWJD D
DUFWJ
'HFL ,  (D ) = G[ =  + D[ G[  &X VXEVWLWX LD
 ∫   ∫ 
[ + D[ +  [ + D[ + 
   
 [−D  DUFWJ \ D DUFWJ [  &RQVLGHU P[∈+úLRE LQHP [ ⋅ D ∉ + DGLF  [ ⋅ D = D VDX [ ⋅ D = D − ÌQ
\= RE LQHP ,  (D ) =
 + D[ ∫−D \  − D\ + G\ = −∫ [  + D[ + G[ 'HFL SULPXOFD]RE LQHP[ HvQDOGRLOHD [ = D − = D IDOV
D DUFWJ [ − DUFWJD D
DUFWJ [  5 PkQH D  ∈ +  D  = D  ⋅ D ∉ + ⇔ D  ∈ D D −  'DF  D  = D ⇒ D  = H 
{ }
∫ 
G[ = − ∫ G[ úLSULQXUPDUH
[ + D[ +   [  + D[ + 
úL FRQVLGHU XQ [ ≠ H  [ ∈ +  [ ⋅ D ∉ + ⇒  [ ⋅ D = D  VDX [ ⋅ D = D − 
D DUFWJ [  D G[  [ = H
∫ [  + D[ + G[ =  (DUFWJD )∫ [  + D[ +   ⇒ IDOV5 PkQHF  D  = D − ⇒ D  = H 
 [ = D −  = H
,,,D)LH)RSULPLWLY DOXLI'HILQLP X \ ([ ) = ) ([ + \ )− ) ([ )− [I (\ )∀
[ ∈ 5 X′\ ([ ) = I ([ + \ )− I ([ )− I (\ ) =  ∀ [ ∈ 5 ⇒ X \ ([ ) = FRQVWDQW 
1RW P X′\ ([ ) = ϕ(\ )∀[∈5$YHP X \ ([ ) = X \ () 'HFL
) ([ + \ )− ) ([ )− [I (\ ) = ) (\ )− ) ( ) ∀[\∈5
) ([ + \ )− ) ([ )− ) (\ )+ ) ( )
I (\ ) =  ∀ [ ∈ 5  ∀ \ ∈ 5 FDUH HVWH
[
FRQWLQX vQ\
 E&RQVLGHU PSROLQRPXO 3([ ) = D [ Q + D [ Q − +  + DQ ∀[∈5Q≥
úL D ≠  &RQVWDW PF GDF GHILQLPRSHUD LD ∆3 = 3([ + D )− 3 ([ ) ∀[∈
∈5 ∆3HVWHXQSROLQRPGHJUDGFHOPXOWQ±$QDORJ ∆ 3 = ∆(∆3 ) YDIL
XQSROLQRPGHJUDGFHOPXOWQ±úDPG$SOLFkQGRSHUD LD ∆GHQ±RUL
SHQWUXE∈5DYHP & Q− 3([ + (Q − )E )− & Q − 3([ + (Q − )E )+ «
+ (− )Q − & QQ−− 3([ ) = QD E Q − [ + β ∀[ ∈5'DF IHVWHQXO DWXQFLIHVWH
FRQWLQX  'DF  I HVWH QHQXO  DWXQFL H[LVW  D ∈ 5 DVWIHO vQFkW I (D ) ≠  
,GHQWLWDWHD GH PDL VXV GHYLQH
 
& Q − 3( I ([ + (Q − )D ))− & Q − 3( I ([ + (Q −  )D ))+ 
+ (− )Q − & QQ−− 3( I ([ )) = QD I Q − (D )⋅ I ([ )+ β ∀[∈5
 1RW P XN ([ ) = 3( I ([ + ND ))  [ ∈ 5 'HRDUHFH X N ([ )  DGPLWH SULPLWLYH
UH]XOW F IDGPLWHSULPLWLYH'DUIHVWHDGLWLY úLFRQIRUPFXSFWDUH]XOW I
FRQWLQX 
,9&XP + D  HVWH VXEJUXS DO OXL * UH]XOW  F  ∀ [ \ ∈ +D RE LQHP
[\ ∈ + D  GHFL D  ∈ + D  DGLF  D  ∈ +  VDX D  = D  VDX D  = D −  'DF 
D  = D ⇒D HIDOVGDF  D  = D −