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Copy (2) of LED Modify 10 1 Final
Copy (2) of LED Modify 10 1 Final
Sooseok
Xia
Lakshminarayanan
Fang
Sooseok
Introduction
Nitride Based LED Technology
Xia
White LED Technology
Chromaticity and Color Rendering
Lakshminarayanan
LED Basics & Ongoing Research & Applications
White LED Market Analysis and Patent related Issue
Fang
Competitors for White Light Technology
OLED and Quantum dots based LED Technology
Background
LED is a semiconductor diode that emits
narrow spectrum light when electrically
biased in forward direction. It is a form of
Electroluminescence (EL)
Advantage over conventional bulb
High luminescence efficiency
Quick response time
Long lifetime
Eph = hv
h: Planck’s constant (6.626x10-34 J-s)
Forward biased v: wave frequency
e.g) GaN: 360nm
hole Ev
k k (momentum)
0
Forward biased
TF-MOCVD
(Two Flow-Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition) Resistivity vs. Annealing temperature
Refractive index
C ⋅ ∆n ⋅ d
Γ ≅1− e
Γ : Confinement factor
∆n : difference in refractive index
d : thickness of active layer
Definition
Operationtime in hours for light output to
reach 70% of its initial value
10,000 hours are required for commercial
products
Major factor for effecting lifetime
Heat at the p-n junction
Packaging for better heat dissipation is crucial
Temperature measurement
T-point method
Externallocation on package
Easy access for measurement
Life output vs. Time & Different ambient temperature Lifetime vs. T-point temperature
Thermal management
becomes an important issue!
14.1% improvement
under 20mA current
The SiO2 film with hole-patterns of 3µm diameter and 3µm spacing was deposited onto
the sapphire substrate by PECVD method and defined by standard photolithography to serve
as a wet-etching mask. The sapphire substrate was then etched using an H3PO4-based solution
at an etching temperature at 300oC. The sapphire etching rate is about 1µm/min.
PSS on {1102}R-plane
AlGaN compound
Ultra large bandgap property
Emission wavelength can be down to 250nm
Application
Biological-agent sensing
Air and water purification
Biomedical diagnosis
To excite UV phosphor to generate white light
Limitation
Self heating
High operation voltage
Low radiative efficiency
Poor electrical conductivity
Temperature dependency
Thank You !
White Region
λ= 700 nm (R), λ = 555 nm (G), and λ =
460 nm (B)
Generate White Light (WL) theory
Combination of R, G and B can generate
WL
Quality WL Depend On
Intensity & how strong excited RGB
Planckian locus
Color T
T ↑ Color glow from R → Y → W
EE 226 – LED Group
Combination of R, G and B can generate
WL
32
2 categories
Usecombination of 3 discrete RGB LEDS
Employees phosphor coating LED
Generate WL Theory
R + G + B = WL
Principle:
B LED combined w/ coated Y phosphor
technique ⇒ WL LED
Process:
Bluelight emitted from LED chip is
absorbed by the phosphor, then re-
emitted as yellow phosphorescence
Phosphor based white LED spectrum
have 2 emission bands.
η
= #p emitted from active region/S
internal
#e
injected into LED /S
EE 226 – LED Group 52
Four Efficiency Type Continue
53
2) Extraction Efficiency:
ηextraction = #p emitted into free space/S
#p emitted from active
region/S
3) External Efficiency:
ηexternal = #p emitted into free space/S
#e injected into LED/S
= ηinternal * ηextraction
4) Power Efficiency:
Quantity efficiency
EE ηpower
226 – LED= P
Group 53
Reasons: Extraction Inefficiency
54
Points:
Escape problem is main reason for
extraction inefficiency
Emission of photons has internal
reflection occurs at air interface
Trapped light:
Get internal reflection at every incidence
angle range φi > φC called trapped light
½ [1 - (1 - φC2/2)] = ¼ φC2
Pescape ≅
Psource
Thank You !
Structures
Encapsulation
Packaging
Thickness of active layer
Packaging:
Electrical path
optical path
thermal path.
Due to the mismatch between the refractive index of the epoxy and
that of the die, less than 35% of light generated within most LED dies
escapes the LED package as visible light. Recent studies on ultraviolet
(UV) LED technology, as well as advances in quantum dot (QD)
technology, have the potential to increase LED efficiency. QDs
efficiently convert UV light into any wavelength of visible light based
on the size of the dot. The research carried by LRC investigates the
effects of temperature on the epoxy-QD and epoxy-phosphor
encapsulants along with refractive index properties of LED epoxy
mixed with varying concentrations of down-conversion materials (QDs
EE 226 – LED Group
and YAG:Ce phosphor).
Market analysis
66
Life time:
Cost:
Currently, the major barrier for LED system to replace traditional light is its
initial cost. The cost of LED system is way much higher than traditional light
source .
A 12” red LED signal can range from $60 to $125, and a 12” green LED
module costs $160 to $250. Amber LED signals typically cost about $75
each.
Actually, to replace the indoor light source is the final destination that
all LED manufactures try to accomplish.
The global market size of HB LED at 2005 is about 5 billion USD while the global
illumination market is around 130 billion USD.
The market of HB LED is very small right now but that also means how big the
potential market is once the LED overcomes the barrier and occupies all the light
source market.
Efficiency
Traditional light bulbs take around 27% of illumination market at 2005.
That’s a big market with amount around forty billion USD. The
efficiency of HB LED in the market right now is around twenty to thirty
lumens per Watt. It’s already higher than the efficiency of traditional
light bulbs, eight to ten lumens per Watts. Then why the LED doesn’t
take over light bulb’s market? The reason is the efficiency to cost rate
EE 226 – LED Group
70
Cost
In 2005, it’s around 0.2 USD/lm. The cost is expected to keep going
down to reach 0.02 USD/lm at 2007. However, it has to be further
reduced to around 0.01 USD/lm to really be applied in illumination
market. This probably will be accomplished at around 2008 or 2009.
To achieve this low cost, the main difficulty is the LED package.
Though the package technology is already mature now, it still needs to
be refined to find the better material and process to further reduce the
cost.
Conclusion
White LED has a huge potential market in indoor light source
market. However, it still limited by the insufficient efficiency,
higher setup cost and energy cost. The development of device
and package technology will decide when LED could really
dominate the light source market.
EE 226 – LED Group
LEDs and COLORs
71
Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) — red and infrared
Aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP) — green
Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) — high-brightness
orange-red, orange, yellow, and green
Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) — red, orange-red, orange, and
yellow
Gallium phosphide (GaP) — red, yellow and green
Gallium nitride (GaN) — green, pure green (or emerald green), and
blue also white (if it has an AlGaN Quantum Barrier)
Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) — near ultraviolet, bluish-green and
blue
Silicon carbide (SiC) as substrate — blue
Silicon (Si) as substrate — blue (under development)
Sapphire (Al2O3) as substrate — blue
Zinc selenide (ZnSe) — blue
Diamond (C) — ultraviolet
Aluminium nitride (AlN), aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN),
aluminium gallium indium nitride (AlGaInN) — near to far ultraviolet
EE(down to 210 nm
226 – LED Group[8]
Failure modes
72
The mechanism of degradation of the active region, where the radiative
recombination occurs, involves nucleation and growth of dislocations this requires a
presence of an existing defect in the crystal and is accelerated by heat, high current
density, and emitted light. Gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide are more
susceptible to this mechanism than gallium arsenide phosphide and indium phosphide
.Due to different properties of the active regions, gallium nitride and indium gallium
nitride are virtually insensitive to this kind of defect; however, high current density can
cause electro migration of atoms out of the active regions, leading to emergence of
dislocations and point defects, acting as nonradiative recombination centers and
producing heat instead of light.
White LEDs often use one or more phosphors. The phosphors tend to degrade with
heat and age, losing efficiency and causing changes in the produced light color. Pink
LEDs often use an organic phosphor formulation which may degrade after just a few
hours of operation causing a major shift in output color.
Sudden failures are most often caused by thermal stresses. When the epoxy resin
used in packaging reaches its glass transition temperature, it starts rapidly
expanding, causing mechanical stresses on the semiconductor and the bonded
contact, weakening it or even tearing it off. Conversely, very low temperatures can
cause cracking of the packaging.
LED elements tend to be small and can be placed with high density over flat or
even shaped substrates (PCBs etc) so that bright and homogeneous sources can
be designed which direct light from tightly controlled directions on inspected
parts.
LEDs can be easily strobed (in the microsecond range and below) and
synchronized; their power also has reached high enough levels that sufficiently
high intensity can be obtained, allowing well lit images even with very short
light pulses: this is often used in order to obtain crisp and sharp "still" images of
fast moving parts.
LEDs come in several different colors and wavelengths, easily allowing to use
the best color for each application, where different color may provide better
visibility of features of interest. Having a precisely known spectrum allows
tightly matched filters to be used to separate informative bandwidth or to
reduce disturbing effect of ambient light.
75
Continually, while LED’s become brighter and cheaper; new colors and applications for LED’s are
appearing in so many markets we truly believe LED’s will challenge every conventional light source
during our lifetime .
LED manufacturers are driven by volume demand. Virtually any product that requires a status
indicator can potentially use an LED.
The success of LED’s lies in their longevity, energy efficiency, durability, low maintenance cost, and
compact size. LED’s last up to 100,000 hours, compared to 1,000 hours for incandescent bulbs,
With the introduction of bright AlInGaP chip technology in the1990s, red and
amber LED’s began replacing incandescent bulbs in new automotive taillight
assemblies. And InGaN blue and green LED production ramped-up through the
end of the 1990s due in large part to the demand for traffic signal green LED’s.
Today a high-end car can have up to 200 LEDs and this figure is
expected to grow in the future: it could be up to 800 LEDs in 2009. The
market for HB-LEDs for front light is just starting. We forecast that the
market for automotive external lighting will be 40% of the total HBLED
automotive market in 2009. Regarding the white LEDs market, it will
be shared by 5 major players: Lumileds, Osram, Nichia, Toyoda Gosei
and Cree. Moreover, the recent interest for HUDs (Head-Up Displays)
in cars should also benefit from the HBLEDs technology. HBLEDs are
today bright enough to be used as a backlight on a FPD instead of
EE 226 – LED Group
bulbs.
Advanced led applications
77
Light-emitting diode (LED) technology has provided medicine with a
new tool capable of delivering light deep into tissues of the body, at
wavelengths which are biologically optimal for cancer treatment,
wound healing and other clinical applications. The clinical use in
therapeutic applications as well as in laboratory work of LED’s is given
in view of low intensity laser irradiation effects in biomedicine.
Moreover, lighting experts say, semiconductor LED’s and organic light-emitting diodes
(OLED’s) would change the way people think about lighting their homes. Rather than
static fixtures holding single-color bulbs, solid-state lighting will be more flexible .
Researchers are pursuing two tracks for increasing the light output of LEDs. One is to
improve the internal quantum efficiency -- the percentage of electricity that gets turned
into photons; the other is to boost the external quantum efficiency -- the percentage of
photons that get out of the LED and into the world.
"Silicon for electronics is like carbon for organic chemistry," says Moungi Bawendi,
professor of chemistry at MIT and an expert on semiconductor nanomaterials. "It's
sand--you can't get better than that, so you certainly have a cost advantage if you can
base [an LED semiconductor] on silicon."
Thank You !
Passive-matrix OLED
Active-matrix OLED
Transparent OLED
Top-emitting OLED
Foldable OLED
White OLED
(1) A large advantage of OLED is they can be made at low temperature. This allows for plastics,
which in turn allow for flexible and thinner displays. It is also a reduction in weight.
(2) As OLED pixels in a display can be made very small, they allow for high resolution displays.
(3) Their response time is much faster then LCD pixel.
(4) As they generate light themselves, it eliminates the need for a backlight. This means that they
draw far less power and when powered from a battery can operate longer on the same charge.
(5) They are brighter and more efficient than LEDs.
(6) They offer great potential for lighting applications ranging from general purpose illumination to
small flat panel displays found in mobile phones and digital music players.
(7) They have the ability to tune the light emission to any desired color.
(8) They are current-driven devices, where brightness can be varied over a very wide dynamic
range and they operate uniformly without flicker.
(9) They can be deposited on any substrate such as glass, ceramics, metal, thin plastic sheets,
fabrics and therefore, can be fabricated in any shape and design.
(10) Since OLED can be printed onto any suitable substrate, they can have a significantly lower
cost than LCD or plasma displays.
(11) The viewing angle possible with OLED is greater because OLED pixels directly emit light.
(1) The biggest problem is the limited lifetime of the organic materials.
Particularly, blue OLEDs typically have lifetimes of around 5000 hours.
(2) The intrusion of water into displays can damage or destroy the organic
materials. Therefore, improved sealing processes are important for practical
manufacturing and may limit the duration of more flexible displays.
(3) Commercial development of the technology is also restrained by patents
held by firms.
(4) As they are made with organic material, they are susceptible to heat. All
the energy which is not emitted in the form of light is converted to heat,
degrading the organic layer.
(5) Because efficiency of OLED is not yet very high, higher current is needed
to make the OLED emit the desired amount of light. This also results in more
heat, which slowly destroys the LED.
(6) When large displays are made, the lifetime also drops.
If the size of a
semiconductor crystal
becomes small enough that
it approaches the size of the
material's Exciton Bohr
Radius, then the electron
energy levels can no
longer be treated as
continuous - they must be
treated as discrete. This
situation of discrete energy
levels is called quantum
confinement.
meaning that there is a
small and finite
separation between energy
levels
EE 226 – LED Group
Size Dependent Control
of Bandgap in Quantum
95
Dots As with bulk semiconductor
material, electrons tend to make
transitions near the edges of the
bandgap.
However, with quantum dots, the
size of the bandgap is
controlled simply by adjusting the
size of the dot.
Because the emission frequency
of a dot is dependent on the
bandgap, it is therefore possible
to control the output wavelength
of a dot with extreme precision.
In effect, it is possible to tune the
bandgap of a dot, and therefore
specify its "color" output
depending on the needs of the
customer.
Opto-electronics, Optical
1200nm - Switching, Non-linear
PbSe 4.5nm - 9nm Core Toluene
2340nm Applications, Photonics,
Telecommunications
Thank You