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Kien Truc May Tinh Chuong 2a
Kien Truc May Tinh Chuong 2a
Chng 2
9/20/2011
Ni dung bi ging
Ni dung chng 2
Cc h m c bn
Mho v lu tr d liu trong my tnh
Biu din s nguyn
Cc php ton s hc i vi s nguyn
Biu din s thc
Biu din k t.
Cc h m c bn
Bi tp
4
C s 10
Dng 10 ch s: 0, 1, 2, ..., 9
Dng n ch s thp phn c th biu din
c 10n gi tr khc nhau:
00...0 = 0
99...9 = 10n 1
V d
215.37 = 2*102 + 1*101 + 5*100 + 3*10-1 + 7*10-2
Cc ch s phn nguyn:
215 : 10 = 21
21 : 10 = 2
2 : 10 = 0
d 5
d 1
d 2
phn nguyn = 3
phn nguyn = 7
6
C s 2
Dng 2 ch s: 0, 1
Ch s nh phn gi l bit (binary digit)
Bit l n v thng tin nh nht
Dng n ch s nh phn c th biu din c
2n gi tr khc nhau:
00...0 = 0
11...1 = 2n - 1
7
V d
10
V d chuyn i
0.5 * 2 = 1.0
phn nguyn = 0
phn nguyn = 1
phn nguyn = 0
phn nguyn = 1
C s 16
Dng 16 ch s: 0,1,..., 9, A, B, ..., F
Dng vit gn cho s nh phn: c mt
nhm 4 bit s c thay bng mt ch s
Hexa
Dng n ch s Hexa c th biu din c
16n gi tr khc nhau:
00...0 = 0
FF...F = 16n - 1
12
Mho d liu
Lu tr d liu
13
M ho d liu
Nguyn tc chung
Mi d liu a vo my tnh u phi c m
ho thnh s nh phn
Cc loi d liu:
D liu nhn to: do con ngi quy c
D liu t nhin: tn ti khch quan vi con ngi
M ho d liu
B to
tn hiu
TH Ltc
TH s
ADC
MT
TH V.l
B ti to
tn hiu
TH Ltc
TH s
DAC
15
Lu tr d liu
V d lu tr d liu 32 bit
12
34
56
78
...
a ch
...
a ch
78
12
56
X +1
34
X +1
34
X+2
56
X+2
12
X+3
78
X+3
...
...
u nh
u to
18
S nguyn khng du
Nguyn tc chung
Dng n ch s nh phn th biu din c 2n s
Di biu din:
0 2n 1
V d:
n = 8 bit: di biu din: 0 28 -1, hay 0 255
n = 16 bit: di biu din: 0 216 - 1, hay 0 65535
Cc v d
B = 138
Gii:
A = 73 = 64 + 8 + 1 = 26 + 23 + 20
73 = 0100 1001
B = 138 = 128 + 8 + 2 = 27 + 23 + 21
138 = 1000 1010
20
Cc v d
V d 2: Hy xc nh gi tr ca cc s
nguyn khng du C, D c biu din bng
8 bit nh sau:
C = 0010 1010;
D = 1010 0110
Gii:
C = 0010 1010 = 25 + 23 + 21 = 32 + 8 + 2 = 42
D = 1010 0110 = 27 + 25 + 22 + 21 =
= 128 + 32 + 4 + 2 = 166
21
S nguyn c du
Nguyn tc chung
Dng n ch s nh phn th biu din c 2n s
Di biu din:
- 2n-1 2n-1 1
V d:
n = 8 bit: di biu din: - 27 27 -1, hay -128 127
n = 16 bit: - 215 215 - 1, hay - 32768 32767
22
Dng du v ln
Vn ny sinh
Cn quan tm c phn du v phn ln khi
thc hin cc php ton s hc
C n 2 cch biu din cho s 0 (+0 v -0)
23
Dng m b 2
c im:
Thc hin cc php ton s hc d dng
Ch c mt s biu din duy nht cho s 0
24
Cc v d
25
Cc v d
V d 2: Xc nh gi tr ca cc s nguyn c
du biu din di y (dng du - ln):
C = 0110 1010;
D = 1100 0011
Gii:
C = 0110 1010 = + (64 + 32 + 8 + 2) = 106
D = 1100 0011 = - 128+ 64 + 2 + 1 = - 61
26
Cc v d
V d 3: Xc nh gi tr ca cc s nguyn c
du c biu din di y (dng mb 2):
E = 0101 1110;
F = 1101 1010
Gii:
E = 0101 1110 = 64 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 94
F = 1101 1010 = -128 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 2 = -38
27
Chuyn i di
(8 bit)
(16 bit)
(8 bit)
(16 bit)
28
5 0101
1 0001
6 0110
2 0010
7 0111
3 0011
8 1000
4 0100
9 1001
Cn 6 t hp khng s dng:
1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111
29
V d s BCD:
35 0011 0101 BCD
61 0110 0001BCD
1087 0001 0000 1000 0111BCD
9640 1001 0110 0100 0000BCD
30
0101
0101
31
Cc php ton s hc
Php cng
Php tr
Php nhn
Php chia
Bi tp
33
34
Nguyn tc
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
Tng
(Sum)
0
1
1
0
Nh
(Carry)
0
0
0
1
35
Nguyn tc
36
V d
V d 1:
71
+
25
96
=
=
0100 0111
+
0001 1001
0110 0000 = 64 + 32 = 96 ng
V d 2:
+
251
16
267
1111 1011
0001 0000
Nguyn tc
V d
=
=
-51
-16
-67
V d
=
=
0100 0111
+
0001 1001
0110 0000 = +96 ng
-97
-89
-186
V d
Php tr (subtraction)
Ta c: Nguyn tc ly b hai ca B c B
ri cng vi A. A B = A + (-B)
Thanh ghi A
Thanh ghi B
Mch b 2
B cng n - bit
OF
42
43
V d
1100
1011
1100
1100
+
0000
1100
10000100
S b nhn (12)
S nhn (11)
Cc
tch
thnh
phn
Tch (132)
44
S mch nhn
S b nhn
Mn-1
. .
M0
Cng
B cng n bit
Logic iu khin
dch v cng
Dch phi
An-1
A0
Qn-1
Q0
S nhn
46
Q0 = 1?
ng
Sai
C,A:=A+M
Dch phi C, A, Q
Dec(B m)
Sai
B m = 0?
ng
End
Tch cha
trong A,Q
47
Q (SN)
M (SBN)
0000
1011
1100
Gi tr khi to
1100
1011
1100
C, A A+M
0110
0101
1100
SHR C, A, Q
0010
0101
1100
C, A A+M
Ln th nht
Ln th hai
1001
0010
1100
SHR C, A, Q
0100
1001
1100
SHR C, A, Q
Ln th ba
0000
1001
1100
C, A A+M
1000
0100
1100
SHR C, A, Q
Ln th t
Tch cha trong A,Q
48
Nhn s nguyn c du
Gii php 2:
Dng thut ton Booth (nhanh hn)
49
= 01
Q0, Q-1
= 11
= 00
A := A - M
A := A + M
Sai
B m = 0?
Lu : An-1 c ti to
ng
End
Tch cha
trong A,Q
50
V d 1: (-7) x 3 = -21
A
Q (SN)
Q-1
M (SBN)
0000
0011
1001
Gi tr khi to
0111
0011
1001
A A M
0011
1001
1001
SHR A, Q, Q-1
0001
1100
1001
SHR A, Q, Q-1
Ln th hai
1010
1101
1100
0110
1
0
1001
1001
A A + M
SHR A, Q, Q-1
Ln th ba
1110
1011
1001
SHR A, Q, Q-1
Ln th nht
Ln th t
Tch cha trong A,Q
51
Q (SN)
Q-1
M (SBN)
0000
1010
1011
Gi tr khi to
0000
0101
1011
SHR A, Q, Q-1
Ln th nht
0101
0010
0101
1010
0
1
1011
1011
A A M
SHR A, Q, Q-1
Ln th hai
1101
1110
1010
1101
1
0
1011
1011
A A + M
SHR A, Q, Q-1
Ln th ba
0011
1101
1011
A A M
0001
1110
1011
SHR A, Q, Q-1
Ln th t
Tch cha trong A,Q
52
V d:
138 : 12 = 11, d 6
(138)
S b chia
Cc s d
thnh phn
(12)
10001010 1100
S chia
1100
1011
Thng
(11)
010101
1100
10010
1100
0110
S d
(6)
53
Start
M, A cng du?
A := A - M
Sai
A := A + M
A, B cng du
hoc A = Q = 0?
ng
Q0 = 1
Sai
Q0 = 0; A := B
Dec(B m)
Sai
B m = 0?
ng
End
A cha s d
Q cha thng s (M, (A,Q) cng du)
Q cha b 2 ca thng s
(M, (A,Q) khc du)
54
V d 1: 12 : 4 = 3, d 0
A
0000
1100
0001
1000
1101
M = 0100 (s chia)
M cng du A A := A - M
0001
1000
0011
0000
1110
M cng du A A := A - M
0011
0000
0110
0000
0010
M cng du A A := A - M
0010
0001
0100
0010
0000
0000
M cng du A A := A M
0011
V d 2: 13 : (-4) = -3, d 1
A
0000
1101
0001
1010
1101
M = 1100 (s chia)
M khc du A A := A + M
0001
1010
0011
0100
1111
M khc du A A := A + M
0011
0100
0110
1000
0010
M khc du A A := A + M
0010
1001
0101
0010
0001
0001
M khc du A A := A + M
0011
1111
0101
1110
1010
0001
M = 0011 (s chia)
M khc du A A := A + M
1110
1010
1101
0100
0000
M khc du A A := A + M
1101
0100
1010
1000
1101
M khc du A A := A + M
1101
1001
1011
0010
1110
1110
M khc du A A := A + M
0011
1111
0010
1110
0100
0100
M = 1010 (s chia)
M cng du A A := A - M
1110
0100
1100
1000
0000
M cng du A A := A - M
1100
1000
1001
0000
1111
M cng du A A := A + M
1111
0001
1110
0010
0100
1110
M cng du A A := A - M
0010
Nguyn tc chung
Chun IEEE 754/85
Bi tp
59
Nguyn tc chung
V d
61
Cc php ton s hc
X1 = (-1)S1 * M1 * RE1
X2 = (-1)S2 * M2 * RE2
Php nhn:
X1 * X2 = (-1)S1S2 * (M1*M2) * RE1 + E2
Php chia:
X1 / X2 = (-1)S1S2 * (M1/M2) * RE1 - E2
C 3 dng:
Dng n (single precision): 32 bit
Dng kp (double precision): 64 bit
Dng kp m rng (double-extended precision):
80 bit
C 3 dng u c im chung: R = 2
63
Dng n: 32 bit
31
30
23 22
S (du)
E (phn m)
1 bit
8 bit
M (phn nh tr)
23 bit
V d chuyn i
(1,aa...a * 2b)
S = 0, v A > 0
E 127 = 4 E = 131 = 1000 0011
M = 000 1101 0000 0000 0000 0000
66
V d chuyn i
67
V d chuyn i
68
V d chuyn i
V d 4: Tm gi tr s thc: C2 0D 00 00H
Gii:
Ta c: X = C2 0D 00 00H =
= 1100 0010 0000 1101 0000 0000 0000 0000
S=1X<0
E = 1000 0100 = 132 E -127 = 5
M = 000 1101 0000 0000 0000 0000
X = -1,0001101 * 25 = -100011,01 = -35,25
69
62
52 51
S (du)
E (phn m)
1 bit
11 bit
M (phn nh tr)
52 bit
78
64 63
S (du)
E (phn m)
1 bit
15 bit
M (phn nh tr)
64 bit
Cc quy c c bit
E = 0, M = 0 X = 0
x000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 = 0
E = 11...1, M = 0 X =
x111 1111 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 =
72
Cc kh nng trn s
Trn trn s m (Exponent Overflow): m dng
vt ra khi gi tr cc i ca s m dng c th. (
)
Trn di s m (Exponent Underflow): m m
vt ra khi gi tr cc i ca s m m c th
( 0).
Trn trn phn nh tr (Mantissa Overflow):
cng hai phn nh tr c cng du, kt qu b
nh ra ngoi bit cao nht.
Trn di phn nh tr (Mantissa Underflow):
Khi hiu chnh phn nh tr, cc s b mt bn
phi phn nh tr.
73
X1 = M1 * RE1
X2 = M2 * RE2
Ta c
X1 * X2 = (M1* M2) * RE1+E2
X1 / X2 = (M1 / M2) * RE1-E2
X1 X2 = (M1*RE1-E2 M2) * RE2
, vi E2 E1
74
Chun ho kt qu
75
76
77
78
Biu din k t
79
B m ASCII
B m Unicode
81
Cc k t chun
Cc k t hin th chun:
Cc ch ci Latin
Cc ch s thp phn
Cc du cu: . , : ; ...
cc du php ton: + - * / % ...
mt s k hiu thng dng: &, $,@, #
du cch
Cc m iu khin
Cc m iu khin nh dng vn bn
Cc m iu khin truyn s liu
Cc m iu khin phn tch thng tin
Cc m iu khin khc
82
83
Cc k t hin th chun
84
85
86
87
Cc m iu khin (tip)
88
Cc m iu khin (tip)
89
Cc m iu khin (tip)
90
Cc k t m rng
Cc k t m rng c nh ngha
bi:
nh ch to my tnh
B m k t m rng ca IBM
B m k t m rng ca Apple
Macintosh.
91
B m hp nht: Unicode
92
Ht chng 2
9/20/2011
93
Bi tp (cc h m)
c) 294
f) 46,3125
Bi 2: i cc s sau t h nh phn h
thp phn:
a) 11001;
b) 111001
c) 10111011; d) 10001001
94
Bi tp (cc h m)
b) 29;
c) 215
Bi 4: i cc s sau t h thp lc h
thp phn:
a) AF;
b) 123;
c) 10D
95
96
97
b) 1001 1100
d) 1000 0000 0110 1100
b) 1010 0100
d) 1000 0000 0010 0100
98
b) 1101 1100
d) 1111 1111 1110 1110
99
b) 6 * 14; c) 15 * 14
e) 6 * (-2); f) (-7) * (-4)
100
101
b) -23,625;
e) 20,15
c) 50,3125
b) C2 96 20 00H
d) BC 91 00 00H
102
b) 7F 80 00 00H
d) 7F 80 00 10H
103