HISTOLOGY THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM INTEGUMENT/SKIN AS AN ORGAN HAS VARIETIES OF EPITHELIA, SEVERAL TYPES OF CONNECT IVE TISSUES, MUSCLE FIBERS, NERVOUS TISSUE INTEGUMENT/SKIN AS A SYSTEM CONTAINS A VARIETY OF SKIN DERIVATES

FUNCTIONS PROTECTOR, protection from pathogens, poisons, ultraviolet rays WATERP ROOF, retains tissue fluids, impervious to water REGULATES THE TEMPERATURE OF TH E BODY, heat loss through the skin by radiation, convection, evaporation. Heat c onserved by reduction in the blood flow to skin

 EXCRETORY ORGAN, through sweat glands, sebaceous glands SELECTIVE ABSORBER, cert ain drugs, hormones, vitamin D are obserbed REGENERATIVE POTENTIAL, epidermis an d dermis can repair SENSORY ORGAN, have many nerve endings

TYPES OF SKIN THICK SKIN (PALMS OF THE HANDS, SOLES OF THE FEET) THIN SKIN HISTO LOGYCALLY IT CONSISTS : EPIDERMIS, ECTODERMAL IN ORIGIN, SUPERFICIAL, EPITHELIAL , WATERPROOF, AVASCULAR DERMIS/CORIUM, MESODERMAL IN ORIGIN, A DEEPER, CONNECTIV E TISSUE, VASCULER

THICK SKIN (PALMS OF THE HANDS, SOLES OF THE FEET) EPIDERMIS : STRATUM BASALE S MALPIGHI/ S GERMINATIVUM STRATUM SPINOSUM STRATUM GRANULOSUM STRATUM LUCIDUM STR ATUM CORNEUM

 STRATUM BASALE, the deepest layer, single layers of basophilic, columnar or cubo idal cells, frequent mitotic figures are present STRATUM SPINOSUM, several layer s of mitotically active, basophilic cells, have short spines STRATUM GRANULOSUM, consist of two to four layers of flattened cells, containing many prominent bas ophilic granules, keratohyalin ganules STRATUM LUCIDUM, consist of two to three layers of translucent, poorly stained, or slightly eosinophilic squamous cells S TRATUM CORNEUM, the outermost layer, consist of many layers of dead, flattened,a nucleate cells, cytoplasm is replaced by keratin. The most superficial cells are dehydrated, horny scales that are constantly being shed.

THICK SKIN

THICK SKIN E : epidermis SC : stratum corneum SG : stratum granulosum SS : strat um spinosum SGe : stratum germinativum IP : interpapillary peg SDR : secondary d ermal ridges CL : capillariy loops (Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).

THIN SKIN (COVERS THE REST OF THE BODY) EPIDERMIS EPIDERMIS OF THIN SKIN, THE STRATUM LUCIDUM IS ABSENT, STRATUM GRANULO SUM FREQUENTLY MISSING CELL TYPES IN THE EPIDERMIS: KERATINOCYTES, as the stem c ells; MELANOCYTES, as melanin producer; LANGERHANS CELLS, a special types of mac rophage; MERKEL CELLS, as touch receptors

DERMIS THE DERMIS DIVIDED INTO : PAPILLARY LAYER, CHARACTERIZED BY DERMAL PAPILLAE, CONTAINS CAPILARY BED, TACTILE PAPILLAE RETICULAR LAYER, COLLAGENOUS BUNDLES, FEW ELATIC FIBERS, DENSE, IRREGULEAR, CONNECTIVE TISSUE. AT THE DEEPER CONTAIN ADIPOSA TISSUE, SWEAT AND OIL GLANDS, HAIR FOLLICLES, SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBE RS AND SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS

THIN SKIN

THIN SKIN E : epidermis D : dermis HF : hair follicle H : hair swG : sweat gland s sG : sebaceous glands AP : arrector pilli muscle B : bulb P : papilla d : duct us hD : hypodermis (Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).

APPENDAGES OF SKIN HAIR SEBACEOUS GLANDS SWEAT GLANDS NAIL

HAIR HAIRS ARE HARD KERATIN STRUCTURES PRODUCED BY HAIR FOLLICLES. THEY ARISE AS THIC KENINGS OF THE EPIDERMIS THAT PROLIFERATE AS CORDS AND PENETRATE THE DERMIS. THE BASE OF EACH CORD EXPANDS AND ENCLOSES A PAPILLA, FORMING THE BULB. THE CELLS C OVERING THE PAPILLA PRODUCE THE SHAFT OF THE HAIR THAT ERUPTS FROM THE SKIN. THE CELLS COVERING THE HAIR BULB ARE CONTINOUS WITH THE CELLS OF STRATA BASALE AND SPINOSUM. THEY ARE CONSTANLY UNDERGOING MITOSIS AND GIVE RISE TO THE VARIOUS CEL LULER COVERINGS OF THE MATURE SHAFT. HAIR GROWTH AND REPLACEMENT CYCLICAL, THE P ERIODS OF GROWTH AND REST VARY DEPENDING ON THE REGIONS OF THE BODY.

HAIR FOLLICLE

CROSS SECTIONS OF HAIR SHAFT

Co : cortex Cu : cuticle cells IRS : internal root sheath ERS : external root sh eath CTS : connective tissue sheath BM : inner glassy membrane AP : arrector pil li (Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).

SEBACEOUS GLANDS WITH FEW EXCEPTIONS, FOUND EMBEDED IN THE DERMIS OR HYPODERMIS IS ASSOCIATION WI TH HAIR FOLLICLES, LIES BETWEEN THE ARRECTOR PILLI MUSCLES AND THE HAIR SHAFT MO RPHOLOGICALLY IT IS A SIMPLE OR BRANCHED ALVEOLAR (ACINAR) GLANDS. ARE HOLOCRINE TYPE GLANDS PRODUCE SEBUM

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

BC : basal cells N : Nuclei sG : sebaceous glands AP : arector pilli muscle HF : hair follicles (Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).

SWEAT GLANDS WITH FEW EXCEPTIONS, DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE SKIN, EMBEDED IN TH E DERMIS OR HYPODERMIS MORPHOLOGICALLY IT IS A SIMPLE, COILED, TUBULAR GLANDS, S ECRETORY PORTION SURROUNDED BY MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS, ARE MEROCRINE TYPE GLANDS. L ARGE APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS ARE LIMITED IN DISTRIBUTION TO THE AXILLARY, CIRCUMAN AL, AREOLAR BREAST REGIONS, THEY ARE USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HAIR FOLLICLES, REL EASE A VISCOUS SECRETION

SWEAT GLANDS

d : ductus s : secretory portion L : Lumen (Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006). THE MODIFICATIONS OF SWEAT GLANDS ARE MOLL GL ANDS, SERUMINOUS GLANDS, MAMMARY CLANDS

NAIL ARE PROTECTIVE, KERATINIZED, HARD PLATES OF CELLS THAT COVER THE DORSAL SURFACES OF THE DISTAL ENDS OF DIGITS OF ALL PRIMATES. GROWTH OF NAILS IS CONSTANT

NAILS

Ep : eponychium Hy : hyponychium NB : nail bed D : dermis Ph : phalange NP : nai l plate FP : fibrous periosteum Bo : bone NR : root of nails HC : hyaline cartil age (Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).