SQUARE OF OPPOSITION

Superaltern

Contraries

Superaltern

Contradictories

I
Subaltern

Subcontraries

O
Subaltern

Types of logical opposition

Contradiction A relation which exist between propositions that differ both in quality and quantity. Contrariety A relation which exist between universal propositions that differ in quality only.

Subcontrariety A relation which exist between particular proposition that differ in quality only. Subalternation A relation which exist between two proposition having the same quality but differing in quantity. It is the only relation where it matters which of the pair of propositions one begins with:
The universal proposition is the superaltern The particular proposition is the subaltern

Laws of logical proposition

Laws of contrariety
Contrary opposition is one which

exist between two universal proposition that differ only in quality. A and E are propositions are contraries.

 If one is true, the other is false. If one is false, the other is doubtful

(either true or false) Examples: A. A - All diamonds are gems True E -No diamonds are gems False

More examples..
B.
E- No apples are mangoes True A - All apples are mangoes False

C. A - All flowers are roses False E- No flowers are roses False

Laws of contradiction
Contradiction opposition is one

which exist between two propositions that differ both in quality and quantity. A and O, E and I are contradictories.

 If one is true, the other is false. If one is false, the other is true.

Examples: A. A - All soaps are cleansers. True

O - Some soaps are not cleansers. False

More examples..
B. E - No women are married. False I - Some women are married. True C. I - Some apples are oranges. False E - No apples are oranges. True

 What is denied of the parts of the whole

Some apples are oranges, must be denied of the whole All apples are oranges. The negation of the latter which is No apples are oranges is therefore true. Example: O Some prisoners are not guilty. True A All prisoners are guilty. False

Thank you!