Community Medicine 2 Revisd Output 5 (Sample size) Community Medicine15-B Members: Matel, Maria Carolina Nazareno, Christine Panghulan,

, Aldee Ray Parao, Angelo I. II. Reyes, Kevin Sampelo, Ma. CarmelaA. Tee, Jan Raemon

GROUP15-B, JOSEPHINE M. CARNATE,MD, MPH RESEARCH QUESTION AND OBJECTIVES A. Research Question Is the prevalence of malnutrition higher in street children compared to institutionalized children in orphanages located in Paco, Manila during the year 2011? B. Objectives i. General Objectives To be able to compare the prevalence of malnutrition among street children and institutionalized children in orphanages located in Paco, Manila during the year 2011. ii. Specific Objectives 1.To determine the body mass index (BMI) of street children and

institutionalized children living in orphanages. 2.To compare the Body Mass Index (BMI) of street children and institutionalized children living in orphanages. 3.To correlate the absence or presence of biological parents to the frequency of malnutrition among street children and institutionalized children in orphanages.

Research Design:

Type of study to be employed

A cross-sectional type of study will be utilized to identify the relationship between being in an orphanage and/or being in the street and the prevalence of malnutrition. Definition of study population/study groups and source of subjects

Children, both male and female, ages 6 to 10 would be the target subjects of this study. They will be randomly selected from a study population which will come from an orphanage in Paco, Manila (for the representatives of the Institutionalized children). To represent street children, the areas within the vicinity of the orphanage will be surveyed to build the sample population. This is done to eliminate any factors and variables which may affect the outcome of the study like the availability of certain food groups, environmental hazards, degree of pollution et cetera.

Steps to be undertaken/ Procedure to be followed

The samples from the aforementioned locations would be randomly numbered and selected using a randomizer (table of random numbers or automated random number generator) to eliminate selection bias. The heights and weights would be determined using a standard balance and height meter respectively. Survey questionnaires would also be given out to the parents and care takers of the orphanages. The data gathered from the questionnaires would be

sorted, analyzed and by statistics association of the risk factors involved in acquiring malnutrition for the institutionalized and street children would be done.

Schematic Diagram of the Research Design

Sampling Design The study that will be done is a cross-sectional type. The population is relatively homogenous for the orphanage therefore, simple random sampling will be used and randomization will be achieved via computer generated random numbers. This will be done to avoid selection bias which may arise. For the street children population, which is heterogenous, stratified random sampling will be conducted.

p1 The p1 variable is the estimate of the sample population for street children located within the vicinity of the subject orphanage who are malnourished. The value that will be used for this study is 73% as taken from the literature reviewed. p2 The p2 variable is the estimate of the sample population for orphans located within the vicinity of the subject orphanage who are malnourished. The value that will be used for this study is 54.8% as taken from the literature reviewed. Alpha Alpha () is the probability of committing Type I error in which the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true. In this study, is the probability of rejecting the claim stating that the percentage of malnutrition among the street children and orphans is the same, when in fact, it is true. A 90% confidence interval will be used, hence is 0.1. Beta Beta () is the probability of committing Type II error or failing to reject the null hypothesis. In this study, is the probability of failing to reject the claim that the percentage of malnutrition among street children is the same among orphans. The power of the study is 80%, therefore is 0.20.

Direction of the test The study is a two-tailed test. The critical region is split into two parts. The null hypothesis states that there is no association between being a street children and malnutrition if the value that will be obtained is greater or lesser than that of the alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis states that there is an association between being a street children and malnutrition.

VALUES OF THE VARIABLES FOR CALCULATIONS

Variables p1 p2 Alpha Beta Values 73% 54.8% 0.10 0.20

The value for p1 was taken from International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh: Dissemination Seminar on: Health Needs and Health Seeking Behaviours of Street Dwellers in Dhaka City, wherein 73% of street children are found to be malnourished. The value for p2 was obtained from the journal Are Orphans At Increased Risk of Malnutrition in Malawi? by Annals of Tropical Paediatrics: International Child Health, Volume 19, Number 3, 1 September 1999, pp. 279-285(7), in which the statistical value is 54.8% in favour of institutionalized children. A confidence level of 90% and a power of 80% will be used.

SAMPLE SIZE COMPUTATION

A cross-sectional analytic study regarding the relationship between being a street child or being an orphan in Paco, Manila and malnutrition will be conducted. The percent of

malnutrition among street children and orphans is 73% and 54.8% respectively. At a confidence level of 90% and at the power 80%, 96 street children and 96 orphans will be selected randomly to obtain a sample size of 192 Filipino children, ages 6-10.