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GA AutobiographyII
GA AutobiographyII
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‘S£h−e k¡ ®cMm¡j’ fÐbj M−ä 1930 p¡m ®b−L 52 p¡m fkÑ¿¹ OVe¡h¢m E−õM Ll¡ q−u−Rz ¢àa£u M−ä 1962 p¡m
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A−e−LC Bj¡−L ¢S−‘p L−le ®k, ®no fkÑ¿¹ La Mä q−h? H ¢ho−u p¢WL d¡lZ¡ ®cJu¡ pñh euz ®mM¡ AhÉ¡qa
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f¢œL¡u ®L¡e ¢L¢Ù¹ fÐL¡¢na qh¡l p¡−b p¡−bC fÐL¡nL a¡ L−Çf¡S L−l l¡−Me, k¡−a HL Mä f¢lj¡Z pwNËq qh¡l
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1963 p¡m ®b−L 2002 p¡m fkÑ¿¹ 40 hR−l k¡ ®cMm¡j, a¡ ¢mM−a f¡l−m BlJ L−uL Mä q−u ®k−a f¡−lz
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26 ¢X−pðl, 2002
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hªqšl f¡¢lh¡¢lL °hWL ................................................................................................................ 9
¯hW−Ll Bpm E−ŸnÉ ................................................................................................................. 9
j¡Jm¡e¡ L¡k£ ®N¡m¡j L¢h−ll hwndl .............................................................................................. 9
28C ¢X−pð−ll Sj¡−ua ............................................................................................................ 10
HL AOVe O−V ®N−m¡................................................................................................................ 10
S¾j, jªa¤É J ¢hh¡qh¡¢oÑL£ ............................................................................................................11
Ae¤ù¡−el Efpwq¡l....................................................................................................................11
−hplL¡¢l L−mS ¢VQÑ¡p H−p¡¢p−un−el fТaù¡ p−Çjme...................................................................... 12
B¿¹j¤ÑM£ J h¢qjѤM£ üi¡h ............................................................................................................ 12
L−mS ¢VQÑ¡p H−p¡¢p−une NW−e LjÑhÉÙ¹a¡...................................................................................... 13
L−mS ¢nrL p−Çjm−el p¤gm..................................................................................................... 14
Cpm¡¢jL L¡mQ¡−lm Leg¡−l¾p.................................................................................................... 15
Cpm¡j£ ®eaªaÅ-pwLV................................................................................................................. 15
−eaªaÅ-pwL−Vl pj¡d¡e .............................................................................................................. 16
L¡SÑe q−ml p−Çjm−el ¢hhlZ ..................................................................................................... 17
jªa¤ÉC phQ¡C−a ®h¢n ¢e¢ÕQa ....................................................................................................... 18
p¡L¤l jªaɤ l fТa¢œ²u¡ ................................................................................................................ 18
Bj¡l i¡C¢V p¡b£q¡l¡ q−u ®N−m¡.................................................................................................. 19
hªÜ hu−p Ù»£ q¡l¡−e¡.................................................................................................................. 20
−fбt hu−p ¢h−u....................................................................................................................... 20
p¡L¤l p¤¾cl jªa¤É ...................................................................................................................... 20
ajŸ¤e jS¢m−pl LÉ¡Çf ............................................................................................................. 21
c¤'pwNWe ¢j−m f§ZÑ Cpm¡j.......................................................................................................... 22
Cpm¡j AbÑe£¢a pÇf−LÑ p¢WL d¡lZ¡l Ai¡h .................................................................................... 22
ajŸ¤e jS¢mp−L HM−e¡ i¡−m¡h¡¢p............................................................................................... 23
L¤¢øu¡ nq−l ajŸ¤e jS¢m−pl p−Çjme J Sepi¡ ............................................................................. 24
ajŸ¤e jS¢m−pl ¢p−mV p−Çjme.................................................................................................. 24
AdÉr Bh¤m L¡−pj .................................................................................................................. 25
ajŸ¤e jS¢mp B−l¡ p¢œ²u ®q¡L.................................................................................................. 25
B¢j ®L¡e l¡S¯e¢aL c−ml p¡−b S¢sa ¢Rm¡j e¡............................................................................. 26
−Le j¤p¢mj m£N fR¾c Llm¡j e¡ ................................................................................................. 26
j¤p¢mj m£−Nl m¡−q¡l fÐÙ¹¡h......................................................................................................... 26
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l¡S¯e¢aL c−m ®k¡Nc¡−el fÐnÀ .................................................................................................... 27
S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£l c¡Ju¡a ........................................................................................................ 28
p¡r¡−al fТa¢œ²u¡ ................................................................................................................... 29
S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£l N¡Ch¡å¡ p−Çjme ............................................................................................ 30
p−Çjm−el Sepi¡u.................................................................................................................. 30
Sepi¡u R¡œ−cl L¡l−Z ¢hÐha−h¡d Llm¡j...................................................................................... 31
S¡j¡u¡a ®eaªhª−¾cl p¡−b °hWL .................................................................................................... 31
HL¢V E−õM−k¡NÉ l¡a ............................................................................................................... 32
n¡uM Bj£e¤Ÿ£−el i§¢jL¡ ........................................................................................................... 33
S¡j¡u¡−a ®k¡Nc¡−el fl ............................................................................................................ 34
pwNWe fÜ¢al fСb¢jL ¢nr¡ ...................................................................................................... 34
a¡hm£N J ajŸ¤−el c¡¢uaÅ.......................................................................................................... 34
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p¡wNW¢eL L¡kÑœ²j öl¦ q−m¡........................................................................................................ 35
c¡l−p L¤lB−el fТa¢œ²u¡ .......................................................................................................... 36
a¡gq£j¤m L¤lBe AdÉue öl¦ Llm¡j ............................................................................................ 37
i¡o¡ ®nM¡l Be¾c .................................................................................................................... 37
j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£ J S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£ ¢h−l¡d£ hC−ul q¡jm¡................................................................. 37
S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£−a ®k¡Nc¡e Ll¡u Bî¡l fТa¢œ²u¡......................................................................... 39
Y¡L¡u Bî¡l j¤−M¡j¤¢M............................................................................................................... 40
HL¢V j−q±o¢d c¡lp ................................................................................................................. 41
Bj¡l c¡c£ J Bj¡l BÇj¡l Lb¡.................................................................................................. 42
j¢qm¡l¡ e£lh LjÑ£ .................................................................................................................... 42
Bj¡l BÇj¡ ........................................................................................................................... 42
Bj¡l c¡c£............................................................................................................................. 42
c¡c£ J BÇj¡l Bcl................................................................................................................. 43
c¡c£l C¢¿¹L¡m ......................................................................................................................... 43
BÇj¡l C¢¿¹L¡m........................................................................................................................ 44
c¡c¡-c¡c£l ®nM¡−e¡ pM ............................................................................................................. 45
Bj¡l hs Q¡Q¡......................................................................................................................... 45
Q¡¢¾ce¡ ®b−L eJNy¡ ®gla........................................................................................................... 46
lwf¤−l f¡¢lh¡¢lL S£he öl¦ ........................................................................................................ 46
Bj¡l c¡c£-n¡ö¢s.................................................................................................................... 46
lwf¤l ®S−m HL j¡p ................................................................................................................. 47
¢fa¡ qh¡l Efœ²j .................................................................................................................... 49
pª¢ød¡l¡ AhÉ¡qa l¡M¡l ®L±nm ..................................................................................................... 50
fÐbj p¿¹¡e i§¢jù q−m¡ ............................................................................................................... 50
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ea¤e A¢a¢bl p¡−b p¡r¡v........................................................................................................... 51
p¿¹¡epq Ù»£l p¡−b l¡¢œk¡fe........................................................................................................ 52
HL ¢h−no ®hce¡−h¡d................................................................................................................ 52
p¤M-c¤xM L¡−L h¡−m?................................................................................................................. 53
S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£ pÇf−LÑ Bî¡l j−e¡i¡−h f¢lhaÑe ......................................................................... 53
Bh¡l ®NËç¡l J j¤¢š²l fl Ll¡Q£ Nje............................................................................................ 54
a¡hm£−Nl ®ea¡−cl p¡−a °hWL.................................................................................................... 54
Bî¡l pÇf§ZÑ f¢lhaÑe ............................................................................................................... 55
B−l¡ c'¤−R−ml S¾j .................................................................................................................. 55
p¿¹¡e−cl e¡j l¡M¡l e£¢a............................................................................................................ 55
Bî¡l f¢lh¡−l Lj hu−p jªa¤É .................................................................................................... 56
1954 p¡−ml ¢ehÑ¡Qe................................................................................................................. 57
k¤š²é¾V j¢¿»pi¡ NWe................................................................................................................. 57
−L¾cУu n¡pe .......................................................................................................................... 58
HeHj M¡−el n¡peL¡m ............................................................................................................. 59
fÐbj cg¡l LjÑp§¢Q ................................................................................................................... 59
¢àa£u cg¡ LjÑp§¢Q .................................................................................................................... 60
¢àa£u cg¡ ®NËç¡l ..................................................................................................................... 60
Bj¡l −NËç¡−ll fТa¢œ²u¡............................................................................................................ 61
R¡œ−cl B−¾c¡m−e Bj¡l fТa¢œ²u¡............................................................................................... 62
R¡œ−cl p¡−b Bj¡l O¢eùa¡l L¡lZ .............................................................................................. 62
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j¡QÑ j¡−p S¡j¡u¡−al l¦Le qm¡j .................................................................................................. 64
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f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e ®fy±Rm¡j........................................................................................................... 66
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j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l p¡¢æ−dÉ........................................................................................................... 67
j¡Jm¡e¡l p¡−b °hWL ................................................................................................................ 68
m¡−q¡−l HL pç¡q .................................................................................................................... 68
NZ-f¢lo−cl f¢lQu ................................................................................................................. 69
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Bh¡l plL¡l f¢lhaÑe .............................................................................................................. 70
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j¡l£ l¡Je¡ ............................................................................................................................. 71
j¡l£−a Bj¡−cl avfla¡ ........................................................................................................... 72
j¡l£−a l¡Se£¢al ¢Qœ................................................................................................................ 73
j¡l£ ®b−L ¢hc¡u ...................................................................................................................... 73
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Ll¡Q£−a V£−jl avlfa¡ ............................................................................................................ 75
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Bj¡l aªa£u fÐnÀ ...................................................................................................................... 81
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Ll¡Q£−a AhÙÛ¡e....................................................................................................................... 83
S¡j¡u¡−al Ll¡Q£ p−Çjme Efm−r jS¢m−p n§l¡uf§hÑ-f¡¢LÙ¹¡e pÇf−LÑ ¢pÜ¡¿¹ NËqZ.................................... 84
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f§h-Ñ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e j¡Jm¡e¡l HL¢Qõ¡ (40 ¢ce) ..................................................................................... 87
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BJu¡j£ m£−Nl NWea−¿» ®j±¢mL f¢lhaÑe ....................................................................................... 95
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k¤š² ¢ehÑ¡Qe fÜ¢a l¡Se£¢a−a ®j±¢mL f¢lhaÑe H−e−R....................................................................... 96
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f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e ¢h−no dl−el l¡Se£¢a ......................................................................................... 98
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fÐd¡ej¿»£ ®p¡ql¡Ju¡cÑ£l BL¢pÈL ¢hc¡u.......................................................................................... 99
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l¡S¯e¢aL n¢š² ¢q−p−h j¤p¢mj m£N .............................................................................................101
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haÑj¡−e h¡wm¡−c−n l¡S¯e¢aL n¢š²............................................................................................. 102
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fÐQ¢ma l¡S¯e¢aL cm NW−el fÜ¢a ........................................................................................... 106
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h¡wm¡−c−n Cpm¡j£ n¢š²........................................................................................................... 108
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Cpm¡j£ n¢š²l j−dÉ I−LÉl fÐ−u¡Se.............................................................................................110
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j¡Jm¡e¡ i¡p¡e£l cmaÉ¡N J ea¤e cm NWe ....................................................................................114
BJu¡j£ m£N plL¡−ll Cpm¡j¢h−l¡d£ f¢lLÒfe¡.............................................................................114
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¢Q¿¹¡d¡l¡ NË−¿Û pj¡−m¡Qe¡l ¢L¢’v Bi¡p ........................................................................................115
L¢jn−el I j¿¹−hÉl fТah¡c......................................................................................................116
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j¡cl¡p¡ A‰−e B−m¡se ...........................................................................................................117
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f§h-Ñ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e h¡l h¡l j¿»£pi¡l e¡VL£u f¢lhaÑe............................................................................ 118
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pwNWL j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£........................................................................................................... 123
HLC hÉ¢š² HLp−‰ ¢Q¿¹¡¢hc J pwNWL qJu¡ ¢hlm.......................................................................... 123
pwNW−el Nl¦aÅ ...................................................................................................................... 125
pwNW−el Ai¡−hC Cpm¡j n¢š²q£e.............................................................................................. 125
j¡Jm¡e¡ BS¡c J pwNWe......................................................................................................... 126
S¡j¡u¡−al ®L¾cУu jS¢m−p n§l¡l ja f¡bÑLÉ................................................................................. 127
j¡¢R−N¡V l¦Le p−Çjme ........................................................................................................... 127
p−Çjm−el ¢àa£u ¢ce .............................................................................................................. 128
p−Çjm−el aªa£u ¢ce .............................................................................................................. 129
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j¡Jm¡e¡ Cpm¡q£l Lb¡............................................................................................................. 131
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h¡wm¡−c−nl Ec¡qlZ ............................................................................................................... 132
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j£l S¡g−ll ¢hc¡u ................................................................................................................. 137
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Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡m−e ®p¢je¡l A¢ik¡−el ¢hl¡V Ahc¡e ....................................................................... 146
p¡j¢lL n¡pe fÐaÉ¡q¡−ll p§Qe¡ .................................................................................................. 147
ea¤e n¡pea¿» J ea¤e f¡mÑ¡−j¾V ................................................................................................. 148
28®n H¢fÐm (1962)-Hl ¢ehÑ¡Q−e S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£l AwnNËqZ ......................................................... 148
h¤¢eu¡c£ NZa−¿»l ¢ehÑ¡Qe ¢h¢d.................................................................................................... 148
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BCu§h M¡−el HL¢V l¡S¯e¢aL c−ml fÐ−u¡Se............................................................................... 149
BCu§h M¡e rja¡u jkh¤a q−u hp−me ........................................................................................ 150
Y¡L¡u Bj¡l LjÑhÉÙ¹a¡ ............................................................................................................ 150
1960 p¡−m jÉ¡−lS −l¢SØVÌ¡−ll c¡¢uaÅ .........................................................................................151
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nq£c ®p¡ql¡Ju¡cÑ£l ®eaª−aÅ f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e pgl .......................................................................... 155
nq£c ®p¡ql¡Ju¡cÑ£ phÑfÐbj j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l ¢eLV −L−e¡ ®N−me ....................................................... 156
S¡j¡u¡a Cpm¡j£l f¤eS£he ...................................................................................................... 156
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h−m j−e L−l¢Rz
S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£l fС−c¢nL pqL¡l£ ®p−œ²V¡¢l ¢q−p−h c¡¢uaÅ f¡meL¡−m AdÉ¡fL Bhc¤m Ng¤−ll p¡−b Bm¡−fl
p¤−k¡−N hmm¡j, “Ng¤l i¡C, ¢p−mV p−Çjme Efm−r Ae¤¢ùa p¡wNW¢eL °hW−L Bf¢e ®k j¿¹hÉ L−l¢R−me, ®p
¢ho−u Bj¡l °L¢gua B−Rz S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£−a H−p pwNW−el ®k ®VL¢eLÉ¡m ‘¡e ASÑe L−l¢R a¡ Bfe¡l¡
®nM¡e¢ez” Ng¤l i¡C−ul p¡−b p¡ÇfТaL p¡r¡−a H Lb¡¢V E−õM Ll−m ¢a¢eJ pÈl−m −l−M−Re ®S−e M¤h i¡−m¡
m¡N−m¡z
25
B¢j ®L¡e l¡S¯e¢aL c−ml p¡−b
p¡−b S¢sa ¢Rm¡j e¡
B¢j lwf¤−l a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−al Bj£l J ajŸ¤e jS¢m−pl fÐd¡e c¡¢uaÅn£m ¢Rm¡jz aM−e¡ S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£ e¡j
®L¡e pwNWe B−R h−m S¡ea¡j e¡z ajŸ¤e jS¢m−pl j¡dÉ−j j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l ®mM¡ Cw−lS£−a Ae§¢ca ‘The
Process of Islamic Revolution’ and ‘Political theory of Islam’ hC c¤¢V Hhw ‘HLj¡œ djÑ’ e¡−j
®L¡mL¡a¡ ®b−L fÐL¡¢na hC¢V f−s ®mM−Ll ¢Q¿¹¡d¡l¡u AhnÉC fÐi¡h¡¢ða q−u¢Rz ¢L¿º I Lu¢V hC ®b−L ®L¡e
pwNW−el d¡lZ¡ pª¢ø qu¢ez
B¢j ®L¡e l¡S¯e¢aL c−ml p¡−b pÇf¢LÑa qC¢ez ®Mm¡g−a l¡îe¡£ f¡¢VÑl ®ea¡ ¢q−p−h Se¡h Bhc¤m q¡−nj lwf¤l
pg−l ®N−m a¡l Sepi¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ L−l ¢cm¡jz ¢L¿º a¡l c−m ®k¡Nc¡e L¢l¢ez f¡¢LÙ¹¡e B−¾c¡m−el R¡œ-LjÑ£ ¢q−p−h
B¢j Se¡h Bh¤m q¡−n−jl hš²ªa¡l iš² ¢Rm¡j h−m a¡l j−a¡ ®ea¡l HV¤L¤ ®Mcja Ll¡ LaÑhÉ j−e L−l¢Rz
l¡øÌi¡o¡ B−¾c¡m−el j¡dÉ−j Bj¡l ®k f¢l¢Q¢a ¢R−m¡ Hl g−m l¡S¯e¢aL c−ml fr ®b−L Bj¡−L V¡e¡l pñ¡he¡
®a¡ ¢R−m¡Cz phÑfÐbj j¤p¢mj m£−Nl fr ®b−L Bqh¡e ®fm¡jz aMe Se¡h j¢nEl lqj¡e k¡c¤ ¢ju¡ lwf¤l ®Sm¡
j¤p¢mj m£−Nl −ea¡z ¢a¢e HLSe HX−i¡−LV−L Bj¡l ¢eLV f¡W¡−mez ¢a¢e ®k¡NÉa¡l p¡−bC c¡Ju¡a ¢c−mez
hm−me, “Bf¢e R¡œS£h−e f¡¢LÙ¹¡e B−¾c¡m−el p¢œ²u ¢R−mez Bf¢e j¤p¢mj S¡a£ua¡ J Cpm¡j£ Bc−nÑ ¢hnÄ¡p£z
j¤p¢mj m£−Nl ®eaª−aÅC f¡¢LÙ¹¡e L¡−un quz a¡C j¤p¢mj m£−N Bfe¡l j−a¡ ®ea¡l hsC fÐ−u¡Sez Bf¢e pÇj¢a
¢c−u k¡c¤ ¢ju¡ p¡h Bfe¡l p¡−b p¡r¡v Ll−hez”
m¡−q¡l
j¤p¢mj m£−Nl m¡ −q¡l fÐÙ¹¡h
1940 p¡−ml 2 j¡QÑ m¡−q¡−l ¢e¢Mm i¡la j¤p¢mj m£−Nl p−Çjm−e L¡−u−c Bkj j¤q¡Çjc Bm£ ¢Sæ¡ql pi¡f¢a−aÅ
®n−l h¡wm¡ gSm¤m q−Ll ®fnLªa ®k fÐÙ¹¡h¢V f¡p qu, a¡ ‘m¡−q¡l fÐÙ¹¡h’ e¡−j MÉ¡az Eš² fÐÙ¹¡−h i¡la£u
j¤pmj¡e−cl−L Aj¤p¢mj−cl ®b−L fªbL HL¢V S¡¢a ¢q−p−h ®O¡oZ¡ Ll¡ qu Hhw i¡l−al ®kph fÐ−c−n
j¤pmj¡e−cl pwMÉ¡ ®h¢n I ph Hm¡L¡u j¤pmj¡e−cl fÐbL l¡øÌ L¡−u−jl ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ®O¡oZ¡ Ll¡ quz
N¡å£ J ®eql¦l ®eaª−aÅ f¢lQ¡¢ma C¢äu¡e eÉ¡ne¡m Lw−NË−pl c¡¢h ¢R−m¡ ®k, i¡lah¡p£ ¢q¾c¤-j¤p¢mj HL S¡¢a Hhw
¢hТVn n¡pe ®b−L j¤¢š²l fl ®N¡V¡ i¡la HL¢V ¢hl¡V ü¡d£e l¡øÌ ¢q−p−h BaÈfÐL¡n Ll−hz a¡l¡ ®Q−u¢R−m¡ R−m-
h−m ®L±n−m NZa−¿»l ®c¡q¡C ¢c−u j¤pmj¡e−cl Efl ¢q¾c¤−cl fÐia ¤ Å L¡−uj Ll−az j¤p¢mj m£N HC Qœ²¡¿¹ ®b−L
j¤pmj¡e−cl lr¡ Ll¡l SeÉ Two Nation Theory (¢à-S¡¢aaaÅ)-Hl ¢i¢š−a j¤pmj¡e−cl fªbL ü¡d£e l¡−øÌl
c¡¢h L−lz H ¢bJ¢ll c¡¢h q−m¡, Cpm¡j£ S£hec−nÑl ¢i¢š−a j¤p¢mjNZ fªbL HL S¡¢a, k¡l¡ ü¡d£e fªbL l¡øÌ
L¡−uj Ll−hz a¡ e¡ q−m Cw−lS−cl ®N¡m¡¢j ®b−L j¤¢š² −f−mJ j¤pmj¡e−cl−L ¢q¾c¤−cl Ad£eÙÛ b¡L−a h¡dÉ q−a
q−hz HV¡C m¡−q¡l fÐÙ¹¡−hl jjÑLb¡z
1939 p¡−m j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£ i¡la£u k¤š² S¡a£ua¡l ¢hl¦−Ü j¤p¢mj−cl fªbL S¡a£ua¡l f−r ‘Cpm¡j J
S¡a£ua¡h¡c’ e¡−j ®k f¤Ù¹L lQe¡ L−le, a¡ j¤p¢mj m£−Nl V¤-®ene ¢bJ¢ll f−r AaÉ¿¹ pq¡uL i§¢jL¡ f¡me L−lz
j¤pm£j m£−Nl ®ea¡NZ hÉ¡fLi¡−h H hC¢V fÐQ¡l L−lez Bm£Ns j¤p¢mj ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡mu f¡¢LÙ¹¡e B−¾c¡m−el hs
®L¾cÐ ¢R−m¡z j¡Jm¡e¡ I hC¢V J Lw−NË−pl ¢hl¦−Ü ay¡l h¢mù ®mMe£ Bm£N−sl j¡Jm¡e¡l Se¢fÐua¡ hª¢Ü L−lz g−m
26
1940 p¡−ml ®p−ÃVð−l j¡Jme¡−L Bm£Ns ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡m−u ‘Cpm¡j£ l¡øÌ ¢Li¡−h L¡−uj qu’ H ¢ho−u hš²ªa¡l SeÉ
c¡Ju¡a ®cJu¡ quz j¡Jm¡e¡l I hš²ªa¡¢VC “Process of Islamic Revolution” e¡−j Cw−l¢S−a fÐL¡¢na quz
hC¢Vl p¡lLb¡
j¡Jm¡e¡ I hš²ªa¡u Cpm¡j£ l¡−øÌl E−ŸnÉ J l¡p§m (p) L£ fÜ¢a−a Cpm¡j£ l¡øÌ L¡−uj L−le a¡ hÉ¡MÉ¡ Ll¡l fl
m¡−q¡l fÐÙ¹¡−hl fТa C¢‰a L−l p−¿¹¡o fÐL¡n L−lez ¢a¢e h−me ®k, HV¡ A¿¹a M¤¢nl ¢hou ®k, j¤pmj¡e−cl−L
HL¢V BcnÑh¡c£ S¡¢a ¢q−p−h a¤−m dl¡ q−u−R Hhw i¡la−L ¢hiš² L−l fªbL HL¢V Cpm¡j£ l¡øÌ L¡−u−jl NËqZ
Ll¡ q−u−Rz ¢L¿º c¤iÑ¡−NÉl ¢hou HC ®k, Cpm¡j£ l¡øÌ L¡−u−jl SeÉ ®k dl−Zl p¡wNW¢eL fÜ¢a Ahmðe Ll¡
clL¡l Hhw ®kph fÐÙ¹ª¢a fÐ−u¡Se a¡l ¢LR¤C ®cM¡ k¡−µR e¡z
Hl g−m j¤p¢mj−cl HL¢V fªbL l¡øÌ L¡−uj q−u ®N−mJ l¡øÌ¢V ®j¡−VC Cpm¡j£ q−h e¡z ¢a¢e h−me, Bj¡l
i¢hoÉà¡Z£ ®ch¡l ®L¡e ®k¡NÉa¡ ®eCz ¢L¿º A¢i‘a¡l ¢i¢š−a ®kje hm¡ k¡u ®k, ®mh¤ N¡−R Bj q−a f¡−l e¡, ®aj¢e
k¡−cl ®eaª−aÅ j¤p¢mj l¡øÌ L¡−u−jl B−¾c¡me Qm−R a¡−cl q¡−a Cpm¡j£ l¡øÌ L¡−uj q−a f¡−l e¡z a¡−cl à¡l¡ öd¤
HL¢V j¤p¢mj S¡a£ua¡h¡c£ l¡øÌ L¡−uj q−a f¡−lz
¢a¢e BlJ ANËpl q−u h−me, H l¡øÌ¢V L¡−un qJu¡l fl k¡−cl q¡−a l¡øÌrja¡ f¢lQ¡¢ma q−h, a¡l¡ HV¡−L
¢LR¤−aC Cpm¡j£ l¡øÌ ¢q−p−h N−s a¤m−a ®c−h e¡z ®L¡e Aj¤p¢mj l¡−øÌ Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡me−L cje Ll¡l SeÉ ®S−m
®cJu¡−LC k−bø j−e Ll−a f¡−lz ¢L¿º H S¡a£u l¡−øÌ Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡m−el Afl¡−d g¡y¢p ¢c−aJ flJu¡ Ll−h e¡z
HV¡ p¢aÉC ¢hpÈ−ul hÉ¡f¡l ®k, H Lb¡ hm¡l j¡œ 13 hRl fl 1953 p¡−m j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£−L HL AS¤q¡−a
p¡j¢lL Bc¡m−a gy¡¢pl ýL¤j ®cJu¡ quz 1947 p¡−m f¡¢LÙ¹¡e L¡−u−jl fl NZf¢lo−c HL¢V fÐÙ¹¡−hl j¡dÉ−j
Cpm¡j£ n¡pea−¿»l p§Qe¡ Ll¡l c¡¢h S¡e¡h¡l Afl¡−d j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£−L’ 48 p¡−ml j¡QÑ j¡−pC −fÐç¡l Ll¡ quz
NZf¢lo−c Cpm¡j£ n¡pea−¿»l pjbÑL−cl Q¡−f 1949 p¡−m 12 j¡QÑ ‘BcnÑ fÐÙ¹¡h’ f¡p qh¡l j¡dÉ−j j¡Jm¡e¡ I
c¡¢h f§lZ quz AbQ aM−e¡ j¡Jm¡e¡ L¡l¡N¡−lC BhÜ ¢R−mez
j¤p¢mj m£N ®eaªh−ª ¾cl H ph BQl−Z pLm Cpm¡j£f¿Û£ j¡e¤o ¢Lr¤ì ¢R−mez a¡C j¤p¢mj m£−N ®k¡Nc¡e Ll¡l j−a¡
l¦¢Q Bj¡l qu¢ez
Bj¡l S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£−a ®k¡Nc¡−el hÉ¡f¡lV¡ hsC QjLfÐcz Hje HLV¡ OVe¡ O−V ®N−m¡, k¡ Bj¡l h¡ Bl
L¡−l¡ f¢lLÒfe¡ Ae¤u¡l£ O−V¢ez HV¡−L B¢j Bõ¡ql HL ¢h−no ®j−qlh¡e£ ¢q−p−h NZÉ L¢lz
55.
27
‘NZa¿»£ cm’ pÇf−LÑ ®aje ®L¡e d¡lZ¡C Bj¡l ¢R−m¡ e¡z e¡j ®b−L ®a¡ ØføC h¤T¡ k¡u −k, NZa¿»C H c−ml
BcnÑz ®ea¡ pÇf−LÑJ p¤d¡lZ¡ ¢R−m¡z a¡R¡s¡ j¤a¡q¡−ll p¡−b i¡o¡-B−¾c¡m−el j¡dÉ−j O¢eùa¡ b¡L¡u B¢j NZa¿»£
c−ml lwf¤l n¡M¡u Bqh¡u−Ll c¡¢uaÅ ¢em¡jz Bj¡l e¡j hÉhq¡l L−l j¤a¡q¡l p¡wNW¢eL L¡S Q¡m¡−a b¡L−m¡z
pñha 1953 p¡−mlC ®no ¢c−L Se¡h j¡qj¤c Bm£ lwf¤l pg−l H−mez lwf¤l ¢X¢ØṼ ®h¡XÑ q−m Bj¡l pi¡f¢a−aÅ
NZa¿»£ c−ml p¤d£-pj¡−hn öl¦ q−m¡z j¡qj¤c Bm£ fÐd¡e A¢a¢bz j¤a¡q¡lC pi¡ f¢lQ¡me¡ Ll−m¡z
Eš² pj¡−h−n k¡l¡ hš²hÉ l¡M−me, a¡l¡ NZa−¿»l hc−m pj¡Sa−¿»lC …ZN¡e Ll−mez AbQ pj¡Sa−¿» NZa−¿»l
®L¡e ÙÛ¡eC ®eCz fÐd¡e A¢a¢b AhnÉ NZa−¿»l f−rC ®S¡l¡−m¡ hš²hÉ l¡M−me; ¢L¿º pj¡Sa¿» R¡s¡ SeNZ NZa−¿»l
p¤gm ®i¡O Ll−a f¡−l e¡ h−m j¿¹hÉ Ll−mez
pi¡f¢a ¢q−p−h B¢j AaÉ¿¹ ¢hhÐa−h¡d Llm¡jz Øfø Efm¢ë Llm¡j ®k, H−cl p¡−b Bj¡l Qm¡ pñh euz
pi¡f¢al i¡o−Z B¢j pj¡Sa−¿»l ¢hl¦−Ü ¢LR¤ hm¡ pj£Q£e j−e Llm¡j e¡z B¢j NZa−¿»l …l¦aÅC a¤−m dlm¡jz
a−h Bõ¡ql p¡hÑ−i±j−aÅl ¢houV¡−LJ h¢mù k¤¢š²pqL¡−l ®fn Llm¡jz
pi¡−n−o Se¡h j¡qj¤c Bm£−L L−mS LÇf¡E−ä Bj¡l h¡p¡u c¡Ju¡a ¢cm¡jz ¢a¢e ®j−qlh¡e£ L−l ®N−mez B¢j
a¡l q¡−aC NZa¿»£ c−ml pcpÉ fc ®b−L fœ a¤−m ¢cm¡jz ¢a¢e h¤T−a f¡l−me ®k, B¢j a¡l c−ml ®k¡NÉ eCz
28
j¡c¤l f¡a¡ −j−T−a HL¢V Q¡cl ¢h¢R−u Bhc¤m M¡−mL p¡−qh Bj¡−L ¢e−u hp−mez ¢j¢eV c−nL Lb¡ h−mC EcѤ−a
®mM¡ c¤’−V¡ Q¢V hC ¢c−u ¢hc¡u Ll−mez ¢hc¡−ul pju HL¢V fÐnÀ Ry¤−s j¡l−mez pw¢rç hš²−hÉ ¢a¢e hm−me,
“Cpm¡j öd¤ djÑ eu Hhw l¡p§m (p) öd¤ djÑ−ea¡ ¢R−me e¡; Cpm¡j Bõ¡ql ®cJu¡ f§ZÑ¡‰ S£he ¢hd¡ez l¡p§m (p)
23 hRl fkÑ¿¹ k¡ L−l−Re Hl phV¤L¤C Cpm¡jz ¢a¢e jc£e¡u HL¢V Cpm¡j£ l¡øÌ L¡−uj L−le Hhw f¢lh¡l, pj¡S
J l¡−øÌ Cpm¡−jl ph ¢hd¡e h¡Ù¹−h Q¡m¤ L−l ®cM¡ez l¡p§−ml S£he ®b−L öd¤ djÑ£u ¢hd¡eV¤L¤ NËqZ Ll−m Cpm¡−jl
HL¢V Awn j¡œ f¡me Ll¡ quz l¡p§−ml phV¤L¤ S£he ¢j−mC f¢lf§ZÑ Cpm¡jz
HLj¡œ Cpm¡j£ pj¡S J l¡øÌ hÉhÙÛ¡C j¡e¤o−L c¤¢eu¡u n¡¢¿¹ J B¢Ml¡−a j¤¢š² ¢c−a prjz ¢L¿º j¡e¤−ol jeNs¡
pj¡S hÉhÙÛ¡l d¡lL J h¡qL L¡−uj£ ü¡−bÑl dhS¡d¡l£l¡ a¡−cl ®eaªaÅ, LaªÑaÅ, ®n¡oZ J p¤¢hd¡ ®i¡N Ll¡l SeÉ
eh£−cl ¢h−l¡¢da¡ L−l−Rz
S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£ L¤lB−el BC−el ¢i¢š−a ®c−nl pj¡S J l¡øÌ−L Ns−a Q¡u h−mC plL¡l S¡j¡u¡−al H−a¡
¢h−l¡d£z HL hRl B−N plL¡l j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£−L gy¡¢p ¢c−a ®Q−u¢R−m¡z k¡l¡ S¡j¡u¡−a L¡S Ll−R a¡l¡ ®Sm J
gy¡¢pl flJu¡ L−l e¡z
Bfe¡−L j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l ®mM¡ c¤−V¡ Q¢V hC ¢c¢µRz H hC…−m¡ HM−e¡ h¡wm¡u Ae§¢ca qu¢e h−m EcѤ hC-C
¢cm¡jz hC c¤−V¡ fs−he Hhw HL¢V fÐ−nÀl Ešl ¢Q¿¹¡ Ll−hez fÐnÀ¢V q−m¡, “Bf¢e ®k S¡j¡u¡−a L¡S Ll−Re, ®p
S¡j¡u¡a k¢c l¡p§−ml Cpm¡jC L¡−uj Ll−a Q¡u, a¡q−m −c−nl A¯epm¡j£ plL¡l I S¡j¡u¡−al ¢h−l¡¢da¡ −Le
L−l e¡?”
p¡r¡−al fТa¢œ²u¡
ajŸ¤e jS¢m−p Cpm¡−jl ¢hfÔh£ c¡Ju¡−al d¡lZ¡ ®f−u¢Rm¡j h−m Bhc¤m M¡−mL p¡−q−hl fÐnÀ¢V Bj¡−L i¡he¡l
pj¤−â ¢e−rf Ll−m¡z ®k c¤−V¡ hC ¢c−me Hl HL¢Vl e¡j ‘h¡e¡J BJl ¢hN¡s’z h¡wm¡u e¡j ®cJu¡ q−u−R ‘i¡P¡ J
Ns¡’z ¢àa£u hC¢Vl e¡j ‘−qc¡u¡a’z h¡wm¡uJ H e¡−jC hC¢V fÐL¡¢naz a¡hm£N£ i¡C−cl p¡−b ¢jmh¡l SeÉ
jp¢S−c ¢g−l ®Nm¡jz a¡l¡ Bj¡l A−fr¡u aM−e¡ M¡e¢ez a¡−cl p¡−b I ¢ce påÉ¡ fkÑ¿¹ ®b−L Bjl¡ ®k LuSe
lwf¤l ®b−L H−p¢Rm¡j, a¡l¡ ®VÊ−e ¢g−l ®Nm¡jz ®VÊ−e fum¡ hC¢V fs¡ öl¦ Llm¡jz a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−a nl£L
qJu¡l fl ®b−L EcѤ ®nM¡l J fs¡l ®k p¤−k¡N ®f−u¢Rm¡j Hl g−m hC¢V lwf¤l ®f±yR¡ fkÑ¿¹ f−s ®gmm¡jz
a¡hm£−Nl Ec¤Ñ hC−ul a¤me¡u I hC¢Vl i¡o¡ HLV¤ L¢We j−e q−mJ Hhw ph n−ël AbÑ e¡ h¤T¡ p−šÆJ hš²−hÉl
¢hou f¢lú¡li¡−hC Ae¤d¡he Ll−a prj qm¡jz
j−e q−m¡ ®k, H hC¢V Bj¡−L a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡a ®b−L ®V−e ®hl L−l ¢e−u S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£−a ®k¡Nc¡e Ll¡−a
Q¡uz pj¡S J l¡øÌ NWe J f¢lQ¡me¡u Bõ¡q a¡Bm¡ L£ i§¢jL¡ f¡me L−le, ®p ¢ho−u hC¢V−a p¤Øfø C¢‰a f¡Ju¡
®N−m¡z j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l ‘Processo of Islamic Revolution’ hC¢Vl hš²hÉ H hC¢Vl jjLÑb¡l p¡−b ¢j−m
Bj¡−L A¢ÙÛl L−l a¤m−m¡z
a¡R¡s¡ I j¡l¡aÈL fÐnÀ¢Vl ka SJu¡h a¡m¡n L−l¢R, −L¡eV¡C k¤¢š²l L¢øf¡b−l ¢VL−m¡ e¡z H A¢ÙÛla¡ ¢e−uC
Bj¡l f¡−nl h¡p¡u ®Nm¡jz EcѤ J g¡¢pÑ i¡o¡l AdÉ¡fL j¡Jm¡e¡ p¡C−uc Cpq¡L Bqjc hu−p Bj¡l ®hn ¢p¢eul
q−mJ a¡−L k−bø O¢eø j−e Lla¡jz a¡−L I hC¢V fs−a ¢c−u hmm¡j ®k, S¡j¡u¡−a Cem¡j£ e¡−j Cpm¡j£
B−¾c¡m−el ea¤e HL pwNW−el f¢lQu S¡em¡jz hC¢V fs¡l fl Bfe¡l p¡−b B−m¡Qe¡ Ll−h¡z N¡Ch¡å¡ ®b−L
¢g−l H−p l¡−aC hC¢V a¡−L ¢c−u Hm¡jz aMe l¡a cnV¡z
pL¡−m e¡na¡l fl Afl hCV ¢e−u fs−a hpm¡jz AdÉ¡fL Cpq¡L p¡−qh H−p ®hn B−h−Nl p¡−b fÐb−jC
hm−me, H hC ®L¡b¡u ®f−me? B¢j ®a¡ l¡−aC f−s ®gmm¡jz hC¢Vl hš²hÉ l¡−a Bj¡−L ¢WLj−a¡ O¤j¡−a ®cu¢ez
B−l¡ ®L¡e hC b¡L−m ¢cez B¢j a¡l p¡−b I fÐnÀ¢V pÇf−LÑJ Bm¡Qe¡ Llm¡jz ®qc¡u¡a hCV ¢a¢e Bj¡l fs¡l
B−NC ¢e−u ®N−mez
aMe 1954 p¡−ml j¡QÑ j¡pz L−mS hå ¢R−m¡z hå e¡ b¡L−m Bj¡l SeÉ ¢hl¡V pjpÉ¡ q−a¡z j¡e¢pL A¢ÙÛla¡l
cl¦e M¡Ju¡ J O¤j ü¡i¡¢hL ¢R−m¡ e¡z H¢Ÿe H−a¡ HL¢eù¡i¡−h a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−a p¢œ²u ¢Rm¡jz HV¡ ®R−s k¡Ju¡
¢WL q−h ¢L e¡ a¡ ¢ÙÛl Ll¡ L¢We j−e q−m¡z j−el ®ial ®a¡mf¡s Qm−m¡z ¢h−no L−l c£−el hÉ¡f¡−l ¢àd¡-à¾cÄ
S¢Vm hÉ¡f¡lz B¢Ml¡−al p¡gmÉ J hÉbÑa¡ Hl p¡−b pl¡p¢l S¢sa h−m ®hn ®f−ln¡¢el j−dÉ ¢ce L¡V¢R−m¡z
29
AdÉ¡fL Bpq¡−Ll p¡−b B−m¡Qe¡ Ll−m S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£l fТa BLoÑZ hª¢Ü f¡uz ¢a¢e Bj¡l H A¢ÙÛla¡l j−dÉ
¢e−S p¤¢ÙÛl q−u ®N−me, ®c−M ¢h¢pÈa qm¡jz AhnÉ a¡−L ®L¡e ¢LR¤ aÉ¡N Ll−a q−µR e¡ h−m qu−a¡ ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ®eJu¡
Bj¡l ®Q−u a¡l SeÉ pqS q−u b¡L−a f¡−lz
AdÉ¡fL Cpq¡L ®qc¡u¡a hC¢V f−s j¿¹hÉ Ll−me ®k, Bõ¡ql p¡−b pÇf−LÑl Hje QjvL¡l d¡lZ¡ Caxf§−hÑ f¡C¢ez
B¢j hC¢V f−s Bõ¡ql clh¡−lC d¡le¡ ¢c−a b¡Lm¡j, k¡−a ¢a¢e Bj¡−L p¢WL ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢e−a p¡q¡kÉ L−lez
I pju Bj¡l Ù»£ J ®R¡V ®R¡V c¤−V¡ ®R−m Bj¡l nÄöl h¡¢s−a b¡L¡u Hhw L−mS hå b¡L¡u l¡a¢ce HLC ¢Q¿¹¡-
i¡he¡ ¢e−u jš ¢Rm¡jz N¡Ch¡å¡u ¢N−u Se¡h Bhc¤m M¡−m−Ll p¡−b B−m¡Qe¡ Ll−h¡ i¡h¢Rm¡jz ®L¡e ¢ho−u
¢pÜ¡¿¹ NËqZ Ll−a Hje ¢hhÐa AhÙÛ¡u Caxf§−hÑ LM−e¡ f−s¢R h−m j−e f−s e¡z c¤’pç¡q Hi¡−hC L¡V−m¡z
Bhc¤m M¡−mL p¡−q−hl HL ¢Q¢W ®f−u Evp¡q ®h¡d Llm¡jz ¢a¢e S¡e¡−me ®k, N¡Ch¡å¡ ¢jE¢e¢pfÉ¡m f¡−LÑ
S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£l fr ®b−L Ešlh−‰l HL p−Çjme Ae¤¢ùa q−hz H−a Y¡L¡ ®b−L ®eaªhª¾c Bp−hez B¢j ®k−e¡
AhnÉC H−a Ef¢ÙÛa qCz B¢j ®a¡ N¡Ch¡å¡ k¡h¡l Lb¡ ¢h−hQe¡ Ll¢Rm¡jCz p−Çjme q−m S¡j¡u¡a−L B−l¡
i¡−m¡i¡−h S¡e¡l p¤−k¡N q−hz j−e ¢LR¤V¡ ¢ÙÛla¡ ®h¡d Llm¡j J k¡h¡l ¢ce …Z−a b¡Lm¡jz
56.
p−Çjm−el Sepi¡u
N¡Ch¡å¡ ®lm−ØVne ®b−L Se¡h Bhc¤m M¡−mL Bj¡−L kb¡ÙÛ¡−e ¢e−u ®N−mez Y¡L¡ ®b−L BNa ®jqj¡eNZ
®pM¡−eC ¢R−mez a¡−cl p¡−b f¢l¢Qa qh¡l p¤−k¡N aMe ¢R−m¡ e¡z M¡Ju¡l fl a¡l¡ ¢hnСj Ll¢R−mez ¢h−Lm ¢aeV¡
®b−L Sepi¡l fÐÙ¹¤¢a−a AeÉ ph¡C hÉÙ¹z M¡h¡l fl f¡−nl HL h¡¢s−a Bj¡l ¢hnСj ®eh¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ Ll¡ q−m¡z
Bp−ll e¡j¡−kl fl I h¡¢sl HLSe Bj¡−L ¢jE¢e¢pfÉ¡m f¡−LÑl Sepi¡u ¢e−u ®N−m¡z f¡−LÑl HL ®h−’ B¢j
h−p hš²ªa¡ öe−a b¡Lm¡jz
j¡N¢lh fkÑ¿¹ ¢aeSe hš²hÉ l¡M−mez Se¡h Bhc¤m M¡−mL h¡wm¡u Hhw Afl c¤’Se EcѤ−a hš²ªa¡ Ll−mez a¡−cl
HLSe Y¡L¡ nq−ll Bj£l, Y¡L¡ ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡m−u AbÑe£¢al al¦Z AdÉ¡fL j¤q¡Çjc Jk¡−ucz AflSe S¡j¡u¡−al
30
Ešlh−‰l pwNWL Se¡h Bp¡c ¢Nm¡e£z pi¡f¢a J fÐd¡e A¢a¢b j¡Jm¡e¡ j¤q¡Çjc fС−c¢nL S¡j¡u¡−al ®p−œ²V¡¢l
h−m S¡em¡jz
j¡N¢l−hl e¡j¡−kl pju lwf¤l L¡lj¡C−Lm L−m−S AdÉuela ®hn¢LR¤ R¡œ Bj¡l p¡−b ®cM¡ Ll−m¡z Hl j−dÉ
L−uLSe pl¡p¢l Bj¡l R¡œz e¡j¡−kl fl f§−hÑl ®h−’C ®k−u hpm¡jz C−a¡j−dÉ lwf¤−l R¡œ−cl fСu 20/25 Se
Bj¡l B−nf¡−n S−s¡ q−u ®N−m¡z L−m−S e¡j¡−kl O−l ®k¡q−ll pju Cpm¡j pÇf−LÑ ¢eu¢ja B−m¡Qe¡ Lla¡j
h−m B¢j Cpm¡j fÐQ¡lL ¢q−p−h R¡œ−cl j−dÉ f¢l¢Qa ¢Rm¡jz N¡Ch¡å¡ L−mS aMe H−Lh¡−lC ea¤ez aMeL¡l
L−m−S fs¤u¡, ¢h−no L−l ¢X¢NË LÓ¡−pl R¡œl¡ −h¢nli¡NC lwf¤−l fs−a¡z
B¢j M¤h j−e¡−k¡N ¢c−u ph¡l hš²ªa¡C öe¢Rm¡jz EcѤ−a ®cJu¡ hš²ªa¡l ph në e¡ h¤T−mJ i¡h ØføC h¤T−a
®f−l¢Rz a¡R¡s¡ Ec¤Ñ hš²ªa¡l p¡lLb¡ h¡wm¡u Bë¤m M¡−mL p¡−qh ö¢e−u ¢c−mez j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤l lq£−jl c£OÑ
hš²ªa¡ aª¢çl p¡−bC öem¡jz ¢a¢e L¡−mj¡ a¡C−uh¡l ¢hÙ¹¡¢la hÉ¡MÉ¡ ¢c−mez ph¡l hš²ªa¡l p¡lLb¡ B¢j pwNËq L−l
¢em¡jz ay¡l¡ hm−mex
“−N¡V¡ pª¢øSNa Bõ¡ql l¡SaÅ L¡−uj B−Rz Bõ¡q ¢e−SC pLm pª¢øl Efl ay¡l ¢hd¡e L¡−uj L−lez j¡eh
pj¡−Sl SeÉ eh£l j¡dÉ−j ®k S£he¢hd¡e f¡¢W−u−Re a¡ L¡−uj Ll¡l c¡¢uaÅ j¡e¤−ol Efl ®cJu¡ q−u−Rz eh£ Hhw
eh£l fТa k¡l¡ Dj¡e B−e a¡−cl Efl H c¡¢uaÅ AfÑZ Ll¡ q−u−Rz Bõ¡ql fr ®b−L H c¡¢uaÅ k¡l¡ f¡me L−le
a¡l¡C Bõ¡ql Mm£g¡l jkÑ¡c¡ f¡ez Bl H SeÉC j¡e¤o−L Ll¡ q−u−Rz”
“Cpm¡j j¡eh S£h−el SeÉ f¢lf§ZÑ ¢hd¡ez ¢L¿º haÑj¡−e j¤pmj¡el¡J Cpm¡j−L öd¤ djÑ ¢q−p−h f¡me L−lz a¡C
p¡j¡¢SL, l¡S¯e¢aL J Abѯe¢aL juc¡−e Bõ¡ql ¢hd¡e Q¡m¤ ®eCz H L¡l−Z j¡e¤o An¡¢¿¹ J ¢hnª´Mm ®i¡N
Ll−Rz”
“−cn−L H j¤¢Rha ®b−L EÜ¡l Ll−a q−m S¡j¡u¡ahÜ q−u Bõ¡ql fÐia ¤ Å J l¡p§−ml ®eaª−aÅl ¢i¢š−a pj¡−Sl
pLm ®r−œ ®M¡c¡i£l¦ ®m¡L−cl n¡pe L¡−uj Ll−a q−hz S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£ H E−Ÿ−nÉC L¡S Ll−Rz l¡p§m (p)
p¡q¡h¡−u −Ll¡j−L ¢e−u H c¡¢uaÅ f¡me L−l −c¢M−u ¢c−u ®N−Rez k¡l¡ H L¡S Ll−a BNËq£ a¡−cl−L S¡j¡u¡−a
Cpm¡j£−a nl£L qh¡l SeÉ Bqh¡l S¡e¡Cz” hš²hÉ ö−e S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£−a ®k¡Nc¡−el a¡¢Nc A¿¹−l Ae¤ih
Ll−mJ a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡a aÉ¡N Ll¡ p¢WL q−h ¢Le¡ ®p MVL¡ aMeJ l−uC ®N−m¡z
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Bj¡l d¡lZ¡ ¢R−m¡ ®k, f§hÑ-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el c¡¢uaÅn£m ¢q−p−h j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤l lq£jC Bj¡l p¡−b Lb¡ hm−hez ¢L¿º
®cM¡ ®N−m¡ ®k, AdÉ¡fL Jk¡−ul BNËZ£ i§¢jL¡ f¡me Ll−me Hhw Bj¡l p¡−b Lb¡ hm¡ öl¦ Ll−mez Bhc¤m
M¡−mL p¡−qh Bj¡−L lwf¤−l a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−al Bj£l ¢q−p−h f¢lQu L¢l−u ¢c−u ay¡l Ef¢ÙÛ¢a L¡je¡ Ll¢Rm¡jz
HL j¡p B−N ¢a¢e Bj¡−L ®k c¤’−V¡ hC ¢c−me Hhw HL¢V fÐnÀ pÇf−LÑ ¢Q¿¹¡ Ll−a hm−me Hl fТa¢œ²u¡ L£ a¡
¢a¢e S¡e−a Q¡C−he h−m Bn¡ L−l¢Rm¡jz
B¢j a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−al Bj£l H f¢lQ−ul p§œ d−l AdÉ¡fL Jk¡−ul iu¡eL Bœ²jZ¡aÈL i¡o¡u a¡hm£N
S¡j¡u¡−al c¡Ju¡a J LjÑp§¢Ql ¢hl¦−Ü A¢hl¡j hm−L b¡L−mez H S¡j¡u¡a Cpm¡j−L öd¤ djÑ ¢q−p−h ®fn L−l
SeNZ−L ‘¢Sq¡c g£ p¡h£¢õ¡q’ ®b−L c§−l p¢l−u ¢e−u Cpm¡−jl Qlj r¢a Ll−Rz H S¡a£u BlJ ®hn¢LR¤ Lb¡
h−m Bj¡−L Hje LaL fÐnÀ Ll−me, k¡l ®L¡e SJu¡h Bj¡l ¢eLV ¢R−m¡ e¡z
Na HL j¡−p Bj¡l je S¡j¡u¡−al ¢c−L BLªø e¡ q−m Hhw ajŸ¤e jS¢m−pl j¡dÉ−j S£he ¢hd¡e ¢q−p−h Cpm¡j
pÇf−LÑ d¡lZ¡ e¡ S¾j¡−m Hhw j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l ®mM¡ ajŸ¤e ®b−L f¡Ju¡ c¤’−V¡ Cw−l¢S hC Hhw M¡−mL p¡−q−hl
®cJu¡ c¤’−V¡ EcѤ hC fs¡ e¡ b¡L−m AdÉ¡fL Jk¡−u−ll hš²hÉ Bj¡l j−e S¡j¡u¡−al fТa ¢h−àoC pª¢ø Ll−a¡z
B¢j −a¡ A−eLM¡¢e L¡−RC Q−m H−p¢Rm¡jz ¢a¢e Bj¡l j−el AhÙÛ¡ ¢LR¤C S¡−ee e¡z AbQ Hi¡−h Qlj q¡jm¡
Q¡m¡−mez a¡l hš²hÉ−L B¢j ¢qLj−al pÇf§ZÑ ®Mm¡g j−e L−lJ p¢WL h−m Efm¢ì Llm¡jz B¢j f−l HL pju
Bhc¤m M¡−mL p¡−q−hl ¢eLV A¢i−k¡N L−l¢R ®k, AdÉ¡fL Jk¡−ul ¢qLja J j¡J−uk¡a¤m q¡p¡e¡l pÇf§ZÑ ®Mm¡g
L¡S L−l−Rez B¢j ay¡l Lb¡u S¡j¡u¡−a ®k¡Nc¡e Lla¡j e¡; hlw S¡j¡u¡a ®b−L BlJ c§−lC Q−m ®ka¡jz Bhc¤m
M¡−mL p¡−qh AdÉ¡fL Jk¡−ul−L H ¢ho−ul fТa cª¢ø BLoÑZ Ll−m ¢a¢e e¡¢L j¿¹hÉ L−l−Re, “a¡hm£−Nl ®m¡L
Aå q−u b¡−Lz a¡−cl−L h¤T¡−e¡ k¡u e¡z Bj¡l A¢i‘a¡ HV¡Cz a¡C B¢j j−el T¡m ¢j¢V−u h−m¢Rz ¢a¢e a¡hm£N
h¡c ¢c−u S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£−a Bp−he e¡ h−m d−l ¢e−uC B¢j Lb¡ h−m¢Rz”
l¡a fСu p¡−s HN¡−l¡V¡u H °hWL ®no q−m¡ aMe j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤l lq£j a¾cСµRæ AhÙÛ¡u hp¡ B−Rez n¡uM
Bj£e¤Ÿ£e Bj¡l q¡a d−l p¡−b ¢e−u HL L¡jl¡u Y¤L−mez ®pM¡−e c¤−V¡ ®Q±¢L−a ¢hR¡e¡ Ll¡ q−u−Rz ¢a¢e Bj¡−L
HL ¢hR¡e¡u öh¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ L−l ¢c−mez
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B−h−Nl p¡−b c£OÑ pju Bõ¡ql clh¡−l dle¡ ¢c−u lCm¡jz ®c¡u¡l i¡o¡ HMeJ i¤¢m¢ez L¡lZ JV¡ Bj¡l S£h−el
HL k¤Np¢årZ ¢R−m¡z
“−q Bõ¡q a¤¢jC HLj¡œ ®qc¡u¡−al j¡¢mLz Cpm¡−jl e¡−jC H−a¡ ja J H−a¡ fb pª¢ø q−u−R ®k, phÑ¢cL ¢c−u
p¢WL fb ®Qe¡ Bj¡l Ap¡dÉz B¢j M¤hC aª¢çl p¡−b a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−a L¡S Ll¢Rm¡jz ajŸ¤e jS¢m−p ®k¡Nc¡e
Ll¡l fl a¡hm£N−L k−bø j−e e¡ Ll−mJ Hl BLoÑZ aÉ¡N Ll−a f¡l¢R e¡z S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£l c¡Ju¡a Bj¡−L
a£hÐi¡−h BLoÑZ Ll−Rz B¢j ¢àd¡à−¾cÄl j−dÉ q¡h¤X¤h¤ M¡¢µRz Q§s¡¿¹ ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢e−a f¡l¢R e¡z a¤¢jC Bj¡l ¢c−ml
j¡¢mLz B¢j ®a¡j¡l ¢eLVC BaÈpjfÑZ Ll¢Rz Bj¡−L p¢WL ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ ®fy±¢R−u c¡Jz Bj¡l j−el A¢ÙÛla¡ c§l L−l
c¡Jz”
H ph Lb¡ h¡lh¡l EµQ¡lZ L−l fСu O¸V¡M¡−eL Bõ¡ql clh¡−l L¡æ¡L¢V Llm¡jz gS−ll Bk¡e fkÑ¿¹ H AhÙÛ¡uC
L¡V−m¡z Bk¡−el fl n¡uM Bj£e¤Ÿ£e O¤j ®b−L E−W Jk§ L−l Bj¡−L q¡a d−l S¡ue¡j¡k ®b−L a¤−m l£¢aj−a¡
S¢s−u d−l ®pM¡−e ¢e−u ®N−me, −kM¡−e gS−ll e¡j¡−kl S¡j¡u¡a qh¡l Lb¡z j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤l lq£j Cj¡j¢a
Ll−mez −Ll¡Ba öe−a ®hn i¡−m¡C m¡N−m¡z ®j¡e¡S¡−al fl n¡uM Bj£e¤Ÿ£e Bj¡−L d−l j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤l
lq£−jl L¡−R ¢e−u hp¡−mez Bhc¤m M¡−mL p¡−qh HL¢V L¡NS n¡uM Bj£e¤Ÿ£−el q¡−a ¢c−mez ¢a¢e I L¡NS¢V J
HL¢V Lmj Bj¡l q¡−a ¢c−mez B¢j L¡NS¢V−a ®mM¡ Lb¡…−m¡ j−e¡−k¡N ¢c−u fs−a m¡Nm¡jz Bl ®hn LuSe
Bj¡l ¢c−L HL cª¢ø−a a¡¢L−u B−Rez ®LE ®L¡e Lb¡ e¡ h−m Q¤fQ¡f h−p B−Rez
I L¡NS¢V S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£l jªš¡¢gL glj ¢R−m¡z haÑj¡−e hm¡ qu pq−k¡N£ pcpÉ gljz glj¢V−a ®mM¡
Lb¡…−m¡l phC fR¾c q−m¡z glj¢V Lb¡l p¡−b ¢iæ ja ®f¡o−Zl j−e¡i¡h ®Vl ®fm¡j e¡z a¡C e£l−h glj¢V f§lZ
L−l cÙ¹Ma L−l ¢cm¡jz p−‰ p−‰ n¡uM Bj£e¤Ÿ£e j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤l lq£j−L ®c¡u¡ Ll−a Ae¤−l¡d Ll−mez
j¡Jm¡e¡ ®c¡u¡ Ll−a b¡L¡L¡−mC n¡uM Bj£e¤Ÿ£e B−h−Nl p¡−b EcѤ−a ®c¡u¡ Ll−a m¡N−mez ¢a¢e ®c¡u¡ Ll−me,
®k−e¡ Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡m−e Bõ¡q Bj¡−L h¢mù i§¢jL¡ f¡m−el SeÉ a¡Jg£L c¡e L−lez j¡Jm¡e¡l ®c¡u¡−a ®L¡e
B−hN ¢R−m¡ e¡z n¡uM p¡−q−hl ®c¡u¡ Bj¡l j−dÉJ B−hN pª¢ø Ll−m¡z
−c¡u¡l fl j−e Hje fÐn¡¢¿¹ ®h¡d Llm¡j, k¡ fÐL¡n Ll¡l i¡o¡ Bj¡l S¡e¡ ®eCz fСu j¡p¡¢dLL¡−ml j¡e¢pL
A¢ÙÛla¡l p¡j¡eÉ ¢Qq©J Ah¢nø lC−m¡ e¡z ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢e−a f¡l¢Rm¡j e¡ h−m ®k −f−ln¡e£ ¢R−m¡ a¡ c§l q−u ®N−m¡z
n¡uM p¡−qh B−h−Nl p¡−bC phÑfÐbj B¢m‰e Ll−mez Hlfl Bhc¤m M¡−mL p¡−qhJ B−h−Nl p¡−b h¤L
¢jm¡−mez j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤l lq£jpq Ef¢ÙÛa ph¡C ®L¡m¡L¤¢m L−l Bj¡−L p¡cl AiÉbÑe¡ S¡e¡−mez
33
57.
S¡j¡u¡−a ®k¡Nc¡−el fl
S¡j¡u¡−a ®k¡Nac¡e Ll¡l OVe¡¢V Bj¡l S£h−e ¢h−noi¡−h E−õM−k¡NÉ h−m pe-a¡¢lMJ j−e B−Rz 1954 p¡−ml
22 H¢fÐm, j‰mh¡lz ¢ce¢V BlJ HL L¡l−Z Bj¡l ¢eLV …l¦aÅf§ZÑz Bj¡l S¾j¢ce j‰mh¡lz I ¢ce Bj¡l c£e£
S£h−el ea¤e L−l SÇj¢cez A−eL ¢àd¡-à−¾cÄ j¡p¡¢dLL¡−ml ®i¡N¡¢¿¹ ®f¡q¡h¡l fl Bõ¡q a¡Bm¡ I¢ce Bj¡−L
p¢WL ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ ®fy±R¡l a¡Jg£L ¢c−mez
¢på¡¿¹q£ea¡ ®k j¡e¤−ol S£h−e La hs k¡ae¡ Hl ®L¡e d¡lZ¡ Caxf§−hÑ ¢R−m¡ e¡z H pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡e ¢q−p−hC l¡p§m
(p) C−Ù¹M¡l¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ ¢c−u−Rez c¤’l¡L¡Ba egm e¡j¡k f−s C−Ù¹M¡l¡l ®c¡u¡¢V h¤−T fs¡l fl Ni£l B¿¹¢lLa¡
¢e−u Bõ¡q a¡Bm¡l ¢c−L je−L d¡¢ha L−l je¢ÙÛl Ll¡l SeÉ O¤¢j−u fs−a quz ü−fÀ k¢c Øfø ®L¡e C¢‰a f¡Ju¡
k¡u, a¡q−m −a¡ ph Q¡C−a pq−SC ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ ®fy±R¡ k¡uz k¢c a¡ e¡ qu a¡q−m L¡−uL¢ce I ¢eu−j e¡j¡k J ®c¡u¡
Ll¡l fl je ®k¢c−L ®h¢n p¡u ®cu Bõ¡ql Efl ilp¡ L−l ®pV¡C Ll¡ E¢Qaz B¢j H fÜ¢a Ahmðe e¡ Ll−mJ
®no fkÑ¿¹ Bõ¡ql clh¡−lC dlZ¡ ¢cm¡jz
34
“B¢j Hje HL S¡j¡u¡−a ®k¡Nc¡e L−l¢R, k¡l c¡¢uaÅ kb¡kbi¡−h f¡me Ll−a q−m a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−a Bj£−ll
c¡¢uaÅ Bfe¡−cl jdÉ ®b−L L¡E−L NËqZ Ll−a q−hz Eiu c¡¢uaÅ f¡me Ll¡ Bj¡l SeÉ Apñhz”
h¤T−a f¡lm¡j ®k, ay¡l¡ H ¢ho−u B−N ®b−LC j¡e¢pLi¡−h fÐÙ¹¤az L¡lZ fС−c¢nL Bj£l j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤m Bk£u
Na p¡ç¡¢qL CS¢aj¡u a¡−cl−L Ah¢qa L−l −N−Rez aMe a¡l¡ k¡l Efl c¡¢ubÄ ®ch¡l SeÉ HLja q−me a¡l
hÉ¡f¡−l j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤m Bk£u pÇj¢a ¢c−u ®N−Re h−m S¡e¡−mez Bj¡l a¡hm£N£ p¡b£−cl j−dÉ ®hn L−uLSe
AÒf ¢c−el j−dÉ S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£−a ®k¡N¡ce L−lez B¢j a¡−cl L¡E−LC a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡a aÉ¡N L−l Q−m
Bph¡l SeÉ p¡j¡eÉ C¢‰aJ ®cCez
35
H ¢hl¡V c¡¢uaÅ ¢a¢e 23 hRl h¡Ù¹−h f¡me L−lez H c¡¢uaÅ f¡meL¡−m kMe kaV¤L¤ ®qc¡u¡a fÐ−u¡Se a¡ ¢Shl¡‰m
(B) l¡p§m (p)-Hl ¢eLV Bhª¢š L−l öe¡−aez H p−hl pj¢øC q−m¡ NË¿ÛL¡−l pwL¢ma 30 f¡l¡l L¤lBez Bõ¡q
a¡Bm¡ HL p¡−b ¢m¢Ma NË¿Û ¢q−p−h L¤lBe e¡¢km L−le¢ez
g−m eh£ Ll£j (p) ®no 23 hR−l k¡ L−l−Re a¡ h−m−Re Hl phV¤L¤C L¤lB−el h¡Ù¹h hÉ¡MÉ¡z
ay¡l 40 hRl hu−p ®ql¡…q¡u fÐbj Jq£ e¡¢km qJu¡l fl ®b−L 63 hRl hu−p c¤¢eu¡ −b−L ¢hc¡u ®eh¡l f§hÑ fkÑ¿¹
H c£OÑ Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡m−el C¢aq¡p ®b−L ¢h¢µRæ L−l L¤lB−el Bu¡a…−m¡−L öd¤ Blh£ i¡o¡l f¡¢™aÉ ¢e−u
AdÉue Ll−m L¤lB−el Bpm jjÑ h¤T¡ ¢LR¤−aC pñh q−h e¡z L¤lBe Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡me f¢lQ¡me¡l N¡CX h¤Lz
B−¾c¡me ®b−L Bm¡c¡ L−l L¤lBe h¤T¡ pÇf§ZÑ Apñhz
l¡p§m (p) Bõ¡ql c£e−L ¢hSu£ Ll¡l ®k pgm B−¾cme L−l−Re I S¡a£u B−¾c¡m−e k¡l¡ p¢œ²u i§¢jL¡ f¡me
L−le a¡l¡C L¤lB−el jjÑh¡Z£ Efm¢ì Ll−a prjz L¡lZ B−¾c¡me Ll−a ¢N−u a¡−cl−LJ I ph Oy¡¢V, pjpÉ¡ J
f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al pÇj¤M£e q−a qu, k¡l pj¡d¡e L¤lB−e ®fn Ll¡ q−u−Rz aMe j−e q−h ®k pw¢nÔø Bu¡a…−m¡ ®ke a¡−cl
SeÉC e¡¢km q−u−Rz Hi¡−hC L¤lBe Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡m−el j¤S¡¢qc−cl ¢eLV a¡l jjÑh¡Z£ p¤Øføi¡−h a¤−m d−lz”
36
a¡gq£j¤m L¤lBe AdÉue öl¦ Llm¡j
flhaÑ£ öœ²h¡l Bhc¤m M¡−mL p¡−qh a¡gq£j¤m L¤lBe 1j Mä ¢e−u Hmez fl¡jnÑ ¢c−me, “i§¢jL¡¢V fÐbj Buš
Ll¦ez” i¡o¡ ®hn L¢We j−e q−m¡z ®kph në e¡ h¤T−m hš²hÉ Øfø qu e¡ ®p në…−m¡ EcѤl AdÉ¡fL ®b−L ¢nM−a
q−m¡z Bj¡l S£h−e ®nM¡l ®en¡ ®Q−f hp−m¡z Bî¡l Q¡−f R¡œS£h−e Blh£ fs−a h¡dÉ q−u¢Rm¡j h−m Ec¤Ñ ®nM¡u
a¡ ¢hl¡V pq¡uL j−e q−m¡z hý Blh£ në Ec¤−Ñ a ®k l©fm¡i L−l−R a¡ Ec¤Ñl AdÉ¡fL ®b−L h¤−T ¢em¡jz
a¡gq£j¤m L¤lB−el c£OÑ i§¢jL¡ qSj Ll−a ®hn f¢lnÐj Ll−a q−m¡z i¡o¡l ®h¡T¡ i¡−hl BLoÑ−Z q¡mL¡ q−u
Bp−m¡z h¤T−a f¡lm¡j ®k, p¢WL fÜ¢a S¡e¡ b¡L−m ph L¡SC pqS quz L¤lBe h¤Th¡l H ®VL¢eL B−N S¡e¡
b¡L−m L¤lBe AdÉue L¢We j−e L−l Bj¡−L ®p fÐ−Qø¡C aÉ¡N Ll−a q−a¡ e¡z
Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡m−el p¡−b pw¢nÔø ®LE ®ke L¤lBe AdÉue L¢We j−e L−l Bj¡l j−a¡ qa¡n e¡ qu, ®p E−Ÿ−nÉ
flhaÑ£ pj−u B¢j a¡gq£j¤m L¤lB−el i§¢jL¡l B−m¡−L ‘L¤lBe h¤T¡ pqS’ ¢n−l¡e¡−j HL¢V hC ®mM¡ LaÑhÉ j−e
Llm¡jz H hC¢V fÐL¡¢na qh¡l fl B¢j H j−e L−l aª¢ç ®h¡d L−l¢R ®k, B¢j L¤lBe AdÉue aÉ¡N L−l ®k
®N¡e¡q L−l¢Rm¡j Hl ¢LR¤V¡ L¡gÚgl¡ qu−a¡ a¡ à¡l¡ Bc¡u q−hz
58.
37
B¢j h¤T−a f¡lm¡j ®k, a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−al H −cn£u Bj£l, Bj¡l jqî−al a¡hm£N£ EÙ¹¡c j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤m
Bk£−kl fÐ−Qø¡uC H ph hC Bj¡l ¢eLV ®fy±−R−Rz Ll¡Q£ J ¢cõ£l ®LE Bj¡l e¡j-¢WL¡e¡ S¡e¡l Lb¡ euz ¢a¢e
Bj¡−L AaÉ¿¹ ®pÀq Ll−ae h−mC Bj¡−L ‘−N¡jl¡q£’ ®b−L ¢gl¡h¡l ®eL E−Ÿ−nÉC a¡ L−l−Rez ¢a¢e B¿¹¢lLa¡l
p¡−b d¡lZ¡ ®f¡oZ Ll−ae ®k, S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£ L¡¢cu¡e£ ®glL¡l ®Q−uJ ®h¢n fbïøz
g−a¡u¡c¡a¡−cl e¡j ®c−M fÐb−j O¡h−s ®Nm¡jz hs B−mj ¢q−p−h nÐÜ¡ Lla¡j Hje ®m¡−Ll e¡jJ a¡−a ¢R−m¡z
C−a¡jdÉ k¢c j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l jqî−a ®NËç¡l e¡ qa¡j a¡q−m Bj¡l j−dÉ H ph g−a¡u¡l fТa¢œ²u¡ ®Lje q−a¡
S¡¢e e¡z ¢L¿º e¡jLl¡ B−m−jl g−a¡u¡ h−mC Aåi¡−h a¡ −j−e ¢em¡j e¡z AhnÉ H ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ®eJuA LaÑhÉ j−e
Llm¡j −k, H ph g−a¡u¡ i¡−m¡i¡−h fs−h¡z
fs¡l fl j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l ®mM¡ −kph hC ®b−L Eܪ¢a ¢c−u g−a¡u¡ ®cJu¡ q−u−R, ®p hC…−m¡ Se¡h Bhc¤m
M¡−m−Ll pq−k¡¢Na¡u m¡−q¡l ®b−L Bem¡jz B¢j H ph g−a¡u¡l HV¤L¤ Ahc¡e ü£L¡l L¢l ®k, B¢j HL hR−ll
j−dÉ j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l H−a¡ hC qu−a¡ fs−a h¡dÉ qa¡j e¡z H hÉ¡fL AdÉue Bj¡−L HL¢c−L ®kje Cpm¡−jl
hý ¢cL pÇf−LÑ p¤Øfø d¡lZ¡ ¢c−u−R, Afl¢c−L pj¡−m¡QL−cl hš²hÉ ®b−LJ B¢j k−bø EfLªa q−u¢Rz
¢e−jÀ a¡ E−õM Ll¢Rx
1. ®L¡e −L¡e ®mM−Ll pj¡−m¡Qe¡u ®j¡−VC ¢h−ào fÐL¡n f¡u¢ez ¢el−rf q−u k¤¢š² ®c¢M−u j¡Jm¡e¡l ®L¡e
®L¡e hš²hÉ Mäe L−l−Rez Hl à¡l¡ B¢j H ¢nr¡ ®fm¡j ®k, j¡Jm¡e¡ jJcc§c£−L pÇf§ZÑ ¢ei§Ñm j−e L−l
Aåi¡−h a¡l ph Lb¡ NËqZ Ll¡ E¢Qa euz eh£ R¡s¡ ®LE i§−ml F−dÄÑ euz a¡C k¤¢š²l L¢øf¡b−l k¡Q¡C
L−lC ay¡l ®mM¡ fs−a q−hz
2. LaL ®mM−Ll i¡o¡ ¢h−àof§ZÑz k¤¢š² ¢c−u i§m d¢l−u ®ch¡l f¢lh−aÑ f¡WL−cl−L ¢hï¡¿¹ Ll¡C a¡−cl
E−ŸnÉz Hl SeÉ a¡l¡ ¢e−jÀ¡š² ¢ae dl−Zl ®L±nm Ahmðe L−l−Rex
L. j¡Jm¡e¡l ®mM¡ ®b−L Eܪa Ll¡l pju ®L¡b¡J f§−hÑl Lb¡ h¡c ¢c−u h¡ f−ll h¡LÉ E−õM e¡ L−l öd¤
I AwnV¤L¤ a¤−m Be¡ q−u−R, k¡ ®k ®LE fs−mC Bf¢šLl j−e Ll−hz
M. ®L¡b¡J ®L¡b¡J j¡Jm¡e¡l Lb¡l p¡−b Hje në nl¦−a h¡ ®n−o ®k¡N Ll¡ q−u−R, k¡ j¡Jm¡e¡l
hš²hÉ−L ¢hLªa L−l ¢c−u−Rz
N. ®L¡b¡J Hje ®L¡e h¡LÉ Eܪa Ll¡ q−u−R, k¡ AeÉ ®m¡−Ll hš²hÉ ¢q−p−h j¡Jm¡e¡l hC−a ¢a¢e Eܪa
L−l Hl a£hÐ pj¡−m¡Qe¡ L−l−Rez AbQ I h¡LÉ¢V j¡Jm¡e¡l hC−a b¡L¡l L¡l−Z a¡ j¡Jm¡e¡l ®mM¡
¢q−p−h ®cM¡−e¡ q−u−Rz
3. HLSe ®mML Hje ®fm¡j ¢k¢e ¢h−ào ®f¡oZ L−le e¡ h−V; ¢L¿º e¡j¡k, ®l¡k¡, q‹, k¡L¡−al ®k a¡vfkÑ
j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£ ®fn L−l−Re Hl p¡−b ¢a¢e HLja eez Bj¡l d¡lZ¡ q−m¡ ®k, ¢a¢e Cpm¡j−L ‘djÑ’
¢q−p−h ¢hnÄ¡p L−lez Cpm¡j ®k HL¢V ¢hfÔh£ B−¾c¡me a¡ j−e L−le e¡z k¡ ®q¡L, ¢h−l¡d£−cl ®mM¡ hC
®b−L B¢j ¢ejÀl©−f EfLªa q−u¢Rx
1. H hC…−m¡ Bj¡−L j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l hý hC AÒf pj−ul j−dÉ fs−a h¡dÉ L−l−Rz H pj−ul j−dÉ Ha
hC ü¡i¡¢hLi¡−h fs¡ q−a¡ e¡z H−a Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡me, pwNWe J Cpm¡−jl ¢h¢iæ ¢cL pÇf−LÑ ‘¡e¡SÑe
Ll¡ pñh q−u−Rz
2. jqîa J B−h−Nl a¡se¡u ®k−e¡ j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l pLm ja¡ja J hš²hÉ−L ¢ei§Ñm j−e L−l e¡ h¢p,
®p¢c−L Bj¡−L p−Qae b¡L−a I hC…−m¡ p¡q¡kÉ L−l−Rz L¤lBe J q¡c£−pl k¤¢š² hÉa£a ®L¡e Lb¡
®k−e¡ öd¤ j¡Jm¡e¡l hš²hÉ h−m cm£m ¢q−p−h NËqZ e¡ L¢l, ®p ¢ho−u Bj¡−L p¡hd¡e b¡L−a Ef−cn
¢c−u−Rz
3. CMm¡−pl p¡−b pw−n¡d−el ¢eu−a pj¡−m¡Qe¡l i¡o¡ ®Lje Hhw ¢h−ào pª¢ø J ¢hï¡¿¹ Ll¡l E−Ÿ−nÉ ®mM¡l
i¡o¡u f¡bÑLÉ Efm¢ë Ll−a prj q−u¢Rz ¢àa£u fÐL¡l ®mM¡l hš²hÉ E−fr¡ Ll¡ J fÐbj fÐL¡l ®mM¡l
k¤¢š² ¢h−hQe¡ Ll¡l ®L±nm H hC…−m¡ ®b−L ¢n−M¢Rz
38
S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£−a ®k¡Nc¡e Ll¡u Bî¡l fТa¢œ²u¡
Bî¡l p¡−b a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−al Bj£l j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤m Bk£−kl O¢eù pÇfLÑ ¢R−m¡z B−NC E−õM L−l¢R ®k,
Bî¡C Bj¡−L e¡¢l¾c¡l HL jp¢S−c ¢e−u j¡Jm¡e¡l p¡−b f¢lQu L¢l−u ®cez aMe ®b−LC B¢j a¡hm£N
S¡j¡u¡−al L¡S öl¦ L¢lz 1950 p¡−ml S¡e¤u¡¢l−a Bj¡l HjH fl£r¡l c¤’j¡p f§−hÑ H pÇf−LÑl p§Qe¡ quz
1954 p¡−ml H¢fÐ−ml j¡T¡j¡¢T B¢j S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£−a ®k¡Nc¡e L¢lz ®j j¡−pl ®no pç¡−q qW¡v Bî¡ ¢he¡-
Mh−l lwf¤−l H−p ®N−mez Caxf§−hÑ L−uLh¡l Bî¡−L Ae¤−l¡d L−l, Hje¢L i¡s¡l V¡L¡ j¡¢e-AXÑ¡l L−l V¡¢W−uJ
ay¡−L lwf¤−l ®h¢l−u ®k−a l¡¢S Ll¡−a prj qC¢ez AbQ Hi¡−h ¢a¢e qW¡v L−l Q−m Bp¡u B¢j AaÉ¿¹ ¢h¢pÈa
qm¡jz Bj¡l S¡e¡ ¢R−m¡ ®k, Bî¡ ¢ae ¢Qõ¡l (4 j¡p) SeÉ ¢cõ£ q−u m¡−q¡l ®N−Rez
Bî¡ c¤f¤l HLV¡u Y¡L¡ ®jC−m lwf¤l ®ØVne ®b−L ¢lLn¡u L−mS LÇf¡E−ä Bj¡l h¡p¡u fСu ®csV¡u ®fy±R−mez
aMe ®k¡ql e¡j¡k ®no L−l¢Rz M¡h¡l SeÉ ¯al£ q¢µRz Bî¡−L ¢lLn¡ ®b−L e¡¢j−u O−l ¢e−u ®Nm¡jz AeÉ ®L¡e
i§¢jL¡ R¡s¡C Bî¡ E−š¢Sa L−˜ hm−mex
“a¤¢j Bj¡l B−N ¢ae ¢Qõ¡ ¢c−u−R¡z a¡hm£−Nl ®ea¡−cl j−dÉ NZÉ qh¡l fl a¡hm£N ®R−s ¢c−m ®Le S¡e−a Q¡Cz
a¤¢j hw−nl hs ®R−mz ®a¡j¡l Efl Bj¡l hs Bn¡-ilp¡z B¢Ml¡−a e¡S¡−al Bn¡ ¢e−u ®a¡j¡−L a¡hm£−Nl p¡−b
f¢lQu Ll¡m¡jz a¡hm£−N H−a¡V¡ k¡h¡l fl L£ L¡l−Z a¡ −R−s AeÉ S¡j¡u¡−a ®N−m a¡ S¡e−a Q¡Cz”
B¢j Bî¡−L AaÉ¿¹ ¢he−ul p¡−b hmm¡jx
“Bî¡, Bf¢e ®N¡pm J e¡j¡k ®p−l ®M−u ¢eez Hlfl d£−l-p¤−ÙÛ Lb¡ hm¡ k¡−hz” ay¡l l¡−Nl i¡h Lj−m¡ Hhw
M¡h¡l fl B−m¡Qe¡ öl¦ q−m¡z B¢jC Lb¡ öl¦ Llm¡jz hmm¡jx
“Bî¡, Bfe¡l ®R−m ¢hf−b Q−m k¡u¢ez ®R¡V pju ®b−L Bf¢e Bj¡−L N−s a¤−m−Rez B¢j a¡hN£−N L−uL hRl
L¡S L−l k¡ ¢n−M¢R a¡ BS£he Bj¡l L¡−S m¡N−hz H S¡j¡u¡a pÇf−LÑ B¢j B−N ¢LR¤C S¡ea¡j e¡z Bf¢e H
pð−å S¡e¡l fl h¤T−a f¡l−he, HV¡ p¢WL fb ¢Le¡z”
¢a¢e B−Nl ®Q−uJ ®h¢n l¡N¡¢ða q−u hm−mex
“B¢j a¡ S¡e¡−a J h¤T−a Q¡C e¡z a¤¢j I ph R¡−s¡z Bh¡l a¡hm£−N L¡S L−lz” AaÉ¿¹ ®f−ln¡e q−u Bî¡−L
hmm¡jx
“Bî¡, S£h−e ®L¡e ¢ce ¢ho−u Bfe¡l p¡−b aLÑ Ll−a p¡qp L¢l¢ez Bfe¡l ®Q¡−Ml ¢c−L ®Q−u LM−e¡ Bfe¡l
®L¡e Lb¡u Bf¢š L¢l¢ez ¢L¿º BS Hje ¢ho−u B−m¡Qe¡ q−µR, ®kM¡−e L¤lBe-q¡c£−pl B−m¡−L ¢h−hQe¡ L−l
¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢e−a quz ®k c£−el BLoÑ−Z a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−a L¡S L−l¢R, ®kp c£−el V¡−eC S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£−a ®k¡Nc¡e
L−l¢Rz”
AaÉ¿¹ l¡Naü−l ¢a¢e hm−mex
“j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤m Bk£k ¢L ¢LR¤C h¤−Te e¡? ¢a¢e Bj¡−L ®Le ¢mM−me ®k, Bfe¡l ®R−m L¡¢cu¡e£ ®glL¡ ®b−LJ
A¢dLal ®N¡jl¡q S¡j¡u¡−a ®k¡Nc¡e L−l−Rz H ¢Q¢W ®f−u B¢j a¡hm£−Nl ¢Qõ¡ h¡c ¢c−u ®c−n ¢g−l H−p¢Rz
Y¡L¡−a ®fy±R¡l fl¢ceC lJe¡ q−u¢Rz Bj¡l ®k L£ ®f−ln¡e£ a¡ i¡o¡u fÐL¡n Ll¡ pñh euz”
H Lb¡ ö−e Bî¡l j¤−Ml ¢c−L a¡¢L−u B¢j ®Ly−c ®gmm¡jz ®R−m L¡¢cu¡e£l ®Q−uJ M¡l¡f f−b Q−m ®N−R, H Lb¡
®L¡e ¢hnÄÙ¹ B−m−jl L¡−R S¡e¡l fl ¢fa¡l ®f−ln¡e£l p£j¡ b¡L−a f¡−l e¡z Bî¡ Bj¡l LmÉ¡Z Q¡e h−mC Hje
A¢ÙÛl q−u ®N−Rez ay¡l ®Qq¡l¡u Qlj ¢hoZÀa¡ mrÉ L−l Bj¡l Ha j¡u¡ m¡N−m¡ ®k, B¢j X¤L−l ®Ly−c EWm¡jz
Bj¡l L¡æ¡u Bî¡ d¡lZ¡ Ll−me ®k, B¢j i§m h¤T−a ®f−l Ae¤aç q−u Ly¡c¢Rz a¡C ¢a¢eJ Bj¡−L B¢m‰e L−l
Ly¡c−a m¡N−mez ®p HL iu¡eL ¢hhÐaLl AhÙÛ¡z ¢LR¤rZ fl c¤’SeC ¢LR¤V¡ n¡¿¹ q−u hpm¡jz Bî¡ hs Bn¡ ¢e−u
Bj¡l ¢c−L Hjei¡−h a¡L¡−me, ®k−e¡ a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−a ¢g−l Bn¡l Lb¡ HMeC Bj¡l j¤−M öe−a Q¡ez
Bî¡−L p¡šÆe¡ ®ch¡l E−Ÿ−nÉ hmm¡jx
“Bî¡, c£−el hÉ¡f¡−l d£−l-p¤−ÙÛ i¡−m¡i¡−h ®i−h-¢Q−¿¹C ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ ®fy±R¡ clL¡lz S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£ pÇf−LÑ Bfe¡l
p¢WL d¡lZ¡ k¡−a qu, ®p SeÉ B¢j ¢LR¤ hC Bfe¡−L ¢c−a Q¡Cz j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤m Bk£k H ¢ho−u e¡ S¡e¡l
L¡l−ZC Bfe¡−L ¢Q¢W ¢m−M ®f−ln¡e£−a ®g−m−Rez”
¢a¢e Bj¡l l¡N L−l hm−mex
39
“j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤m Bk£k−L B¢j ¢Q¢ez ¢a¢e e¡ ®S−e Hje Lb¡ ¢mM−a f¡−le e¡z B¢j Bl ®L¡e Lb¡ öe−a Q¡C
e¡z ®a¡j¡−L a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−a ¢g−l Bp−a q−hz” Caxf§−hÑ B¢j LM−e¡ H−a¡hs pwL−V f¢s¢ez ®p Bî¡−L fСZ
¢c−u i¡−m¡−h−p H−p¢R, k¡l −L¡e A−k±¢š²L B−cn fkÑ¿¹ LM−e¡ Aj¡eÉ L¢l¢e, k¡l p¡j−e ®L¡e Afl¡−dl °L¢gua
®ch¡l p¡qpJ f¡C¢e, k¡l Ap¿º¢øl i−u ay¡l j¢SÑl ®Mm¡g LM−e¡ Q¢m¢e, BS ®p jq¡e Bî¡l p¡−b ¢haLÑ Ll−a
h¡dÉ q−u Qlj ¢hhÐa−h¡d Llm¡jz L−uM ¢j¢eV j¡b¡ ea L−l Q¤f q−u lCm¡jz ¢a¢e e¡ h¤−T AeÉ¡u Q¡f fÐ−u¡N
Ll−Re, H Lb¡ Efm¢ì L−l Apq¡−ul j−a¡ ®Q¡M a¤−m Bî¡l ¢c−L a¡¢L−u B¢Rz aMe Bj¡l ®Q¡M ®b−L A¢hl¡j
f¡¢e fs−Rz
−k ®R−m ®L¡e¢ce p¡j¡eÉ Ah¡dÉ qu¢e, BS ®p a¡l ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ H−a¡V¡ cªt J AVm ®c−M ¢a¢eJ ¢hhÐa−h¡d Ll−mez
Bj¡l AhÙÛ¡ ®c−M qu−a¡ j¡u¡J m¡N−m¡z elj p¤−l Ly¡−c¡ Ly¡−c¡ AhÙÛ¡u hm−mex
“c¤¢eu¡u a¤¢j Bj¡l p¿¹¡e−cl fbfÐcnÑL q−h Hhw B¢Ml¡−a ®a¡j¡l Ep£m¡u j¤¢š² f¡−h¡, H Bn¡ ¢e−u ®hy−Q B¢Rz
®a¡j¡−L Bõ¡ql f−b ANËpl ®c−M Bõ¡ql clh¡−l q¡¢Sl q−h¡ j−e L−l p¡šÆe¡ ®h¡d Ll¢Rm¡jz a¤¢j ®L¡e ï¡¿¹ f−b
®k−a f¡−l¡, Hje Bnˆ¡ B¢j LM−e¡ L¢l¢ez ®a¡j¡l SeÉ ®a¡j¡l c¡c¡ ®c¡u¡ L−l ®N−Re Hhw A−eL Bn¡ ¢e−u
c¤¢eu¡ ®b−L ¢hc¡u ¢e−u−Rez L£ ®f−ln¡e£ B¢j ®i¡N Ll¢R a¡ ®a¡j¡−L h¤T¡−a f¡l−h¡ e¡z
Bî¡ b¡j−me Hhw ay¡l ®Q¡−M f¡¢e hC−a b¡L−m¡z B¢j ay¡l c¤’f¡ S¢s−u d−l p¡šÆe¡ ®ch¡l E−Ÿ−nÉ hmm¡jx
“Bî¡, B¢j c¤¢eu¡l p¡j¡eÉ ü¡−bÑJ H ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ®eC¢ez Cpm¡j pÇf−LÑ Hje hÉ¡fL d¡lZ¡ f§−hÑ f¡C¢ez L¤lB−el
Hje fСZ j¡a¡−e¡ hÉ¡MÉ¡J Caxf§−hÑ ö¢e¢ez B¢j ¢e¢ÕQa ®k, Bf¢e L−uL¢V hC fs−mC p¢WL d¡lZ¡u ®fy±R−hez
B¢j Lu−L¢V hC Bfe¡−L ¢c¢µRz pç¡qM¡−eL flC NË£oÈ J J ljk¡e ¢j−m c¤’j¡−pl R¤¢V−a Y¡L¡u b¡L−h¡ Cen¡-
Bõ¡qz aMe ¢hÙ¹l B−m¡Qe¡l pju f¡Ju¡ k¡−hz
Bî¡l ®Qq¡l¡l ¢c−L a¡¢L−u j−e q−m¡ ®k, Bf¡aa pwLV ®L−V ®N−m¡z fl¢ce Bî¡ Y¡L¡ ¢g−l ®N−mez Bhc¤m
M¡−mL p¡−qh ®k c¤’−V¡ hC phÑfÐbj ¢c−u¢R−me, ®p c¤’−V¡l p¡−b j¡Jm¡e¡ Bj£e Bqp¡e Cpm¡q£l ‘c¡Ju¡−a c£e
®L a¡l£−L L¡l’ (c£−el c¡Ju¡−al fÜ¢a) hC¢VJ ¢c−u ¢cm¡jz
40
¢fa¡ J p¿¹¡−el pÇf−LÑC Hje ®k, ®L¡e ¢ho−u ¢haLÑ q−m p¿¹¡−el ¢eLV ¢fa¡l fl¡Su ü£L¡l Ll¡ jeÙ¹¡¢šÆL ¢cL
¢c−u Apñhz ¢fa¡ k¡ hm−h p¿¹¡e−L a¡ ®j−e ¢e−a q−hz HV¡C ¢fa¡l jkÑ¡c¡l c¡¢hz p¿¹¡−el k¤¢š²l ¢eLV ¢fa¡l
e¢a ü£L¡l Ll¡ Ah¡Ù¹hz ®k f−b B¢j Qm¢R HV¡ p¢WL eu fÐj¡Z Ll¡l j−a¡ ®L¡e k¤¢š²C Bî¡l L¡−R ¢R−m¡ e¡z
AbQ ¢a¢e j−e Ll−Re −k, B¢j ï¡¿¹ f−b B¢Rz B¢j k¤¢š² ¢c−u p¢WL f−b Qm¢R h−m fÐj¡Z Ll¢Rz ka ¢he−ul
p¡−bC B¢j k¤¢š²-fÐj¡Z ®fn L¢l aaC Bî¡l ¢hl¢š² hª¢Ü f¡¢µR−m¡z B¢j Qlj ¢hhÐaLl f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al pÇj§M£e qm¡jz
Bj¡l ®R¡V i¡C−ul HL¢V QjvL¡l Lb¡ f¢l−hnV¡ qW¡v L−lC A−eLV¡ n¡¿¹ Ll−a prj q−m¡z ®p hm−m¡x
“Bî¡, Bj¡l L¡−R HV¡ M¤hC i¡−m¡ m¡N−R ®k, hý f¢lh¡−l ¢fa¡-f¤œ J i¡C i¡C pÇf¢š ¢e−u TNs¡ L−lz Bl
Bj¡−cl h¡¢s−a Bõ¡ql c£e ¢e−u ¢haLÑ q−µRz H−a B¢j A−eL Lb¡ ¢nMh¡l p¤−k¡N ®f−u¢Rz Bfe¡l¡ c¤’SeC
Cpm¡j pÇf−LÑ BlJ fs¡−n¡e¡ L−l Hi¡−h B−m¡Qe¡ Ll−m Bj¡l ®nM¡l p¤−k¡N BlJ ®h−s k¡−hz
A−eL ®i−h-¢Q−¿¹ Bî¡−L BlJ HL¢V EcѤ hC ¢cm¡jz Bl HL B−m¡Qe¡l pju ¢a¢e I hC-Hl ¢hl©f pj¡−m¡Qe¡
Ll−mez B¢j Hl SJu¡h ¢cm¡jz Bj¡l i¡C Bj¡l k¤¢š² pjbÑe L−l Bî¡−L p¤¾cli¡−h h¤T¡h¡l ®Qø¡ Ll−m¡z
h¤T−a f¡lm¡j ®k, ¢el−fr je ¢e−u e¡ fs−m Bõ¡ql ¢La¡−hJ i§m B¢h×L¡l Ll¡ k¡uz Hlfl B¢j ®L¡e hC
hs−a ®cJu¡ pj£Q£e j−e Llm¡j e¡z
41
59.
Bj¡l BÇj¡
Bj¡l BÇj¡ p¡C−uc¡ Bnl¡g¤e ¢ep¡ Y¡L¡ nq−l S¾jNËqZ L−l−Re Hhw ¢h−ul f§−hÑ fkÑ¿¹ nq−lC ¢R−mez NË¡j£Z
S£h−el fÐbj¢c−L M¤h Ap¤¢hd¡ ®h¡d Ll−mJ c¡c£l flj pq¡e¤i§¢al g−m M¡f M¡C−u ¢e−a prj q−u−Rez ¢h−ul
15 hRl fl Bî¡l Q¡¢¾ce¡u hc¢m qh¡l g−m ¢LR¤V¡ ný−l S£he ¢g−l ®f−mez BlJ 17 hRl fl Y¡L¡u hc¢m q−m
BÇj¡ f§ZÑ ný−l S£he m¡i L−lez ¢L¿º ®L¡e pju ay¡l j¤−M p¡j¡eÉ Ap−¿¹¡−ol Lb¡ ö¢e¢ez pLm AhÙÛ¡u BÇj¡−L
HLC lLj je-®jS¡−k ®f−u¢Rz ®L¡e pju BÇj¡l djL ®M−u¢R h−m j−e f−s e¡z
BÇj¡l p¿¹¡e−cl j−dÉ B¢j ph¡l hsz Bj¡l ®f±−e c¤’hR−ll ®R¡V X¡x ®N¡m¡j j¤u¡kÚk¡j Hhw Jl Bs¡C hR−ll
®R¡V Bj¡l fÐbj ®h¡e n¡jp¤e e¡q¡lz ®k hu−pl Lb¡ j−e B−R, ®p hp−u BÇj¡l p¡−b ¢hR¡e¡u O¤¢j−u¢R h−m j−e
f−s e¡z Y¡L¡u j¡j¡l h¡¢s−a ®hs¡−a ®N−m HL ¢hR¡e¡u ö−uJ BÇj¡ ®b−L c¤−lC O¤j¡−a q¡−a¡z Bj¡l ®R¡V i¡C-
®h¡el¡C BÇj¡l L¡−R O¤j¡−a¡z
Bj¡l c¡c£
Bj¡l c¡c£ p¡C−uc¡ ®k¡h¡uc¡ M¡a¤e haÑj¡e el¢pwc£ ®Sm¡l l¡uf¤l b¡e¡l Qljd¤u¡l p¡C−uc h¡¢sl p¿¹¡ez B¢j J
Bj¡l ®R¡V i¡C HLC p¡−b pL¡−m jp¢S−c L¤lBe fs−a ®ka¡j J 10 V¡u ú¤−m ®ka¡jz l¡−a Bjl¡ c¤’i¡C
c¡c£l c¤’f¡−n O¤j¡a¡jz c¡c¡ h¡C−ll O−lC O¤j¡−aez HLSe M¡−cj ph pju c¡c¡l f¡−n b¡L−a¡z ®ia−ll O−l
HLC ¢hR¡e¡u c¡c£l p¡−b Bjl¡ c¤’i¡C b¡La¡jz n£−al pju ¢aeSe HLC ®j¡V¡ Ly¡b¡ N¡−u ¢ca¡jz HMeJ j−e
f−s ®k, Nl−jl pju c¡c£l q¡−a hy¡−nl ®ha ¢c−u °a¢l f¡M¡ b¡L−a¡, k¡ ¢a¢e O¤l¡−a b¡L−aez j¡−T j¡−T O¤j
42
®i−P ®N−mJ c¡c£l q¡−al f¡M¡ O¤l−aC ®cMa¡jz HL¢ce ¢S−‘p Llm¡j, c¡c£! Bf¢e O¤j¡e e¡? hm−me, AiÉ¡p
q−u ®N−R, O¤−jJ q¡a Q−mz Hi¡−hC c¡c£l ®ph¡ ®i¡N L−l¢Rz
c¡c£l hs e¡¢a ¢q−p−h ay¡l p¡−bC ®h¢n pju bAL¡l p¤−k¡N ®fa¡jz h¡C−ll O−l c¡c¡ J h¡¢sl ®ia−l c¡c£ Bj¡l
ph−Q−u O¢eùz Bj¡l i¡C HLV¤ Ap¤ÙÛ q−mC BÇj¡l L¡−R Q−m ®k−a¡z B¢j ph AhÙÛ¡uC c¡c£−L L¡−R ®fa¡jz
Bj¡−cl NË¡−jl L−uM h¡¢s Eš−l c¡c¡l f¤l¡ae HLV¡ h¡¢s ¢R−m¡, ®pM¡−e −L¡e Ol ¢R−m¡ e¡z L−uLh¡l B…−e J
h¡¢s¢V f¤−s k¡h¡l fl c¡c¡ h¡¢s¢V fªbL S¡uN¡u L−lez f¤l¡−e¡ h¡¢s¢V−a Bj J S¡j N¡R ¢Q−m¡z M¡¢m S¡uN¡C
®h¢n ¢R−m¡z c¡c£ ®pM¡−e m¡E, ¢j¢ø L¤js¡, Q¡m L¤js¡, ¢nj CaÉ¡¢cl N¡R m¡N¡−al Hhw ¢eu¢ja kaÁ ¢e−aez B¢j H
L¡−S c¡c£l ¢eaÉ p¡b£ b¡L¡u H ph ph¢Sl Q¡o Ll¡ Bj¡l p−M f¢lZa quz jNh¡S¡−ll S¡uN¡u ¢h¢ôw qJu¡u f§hÑ
fkÑ¿¹ B¢j c¡c£l ®nM¡−e¡ ¢hcÉ¡ fÐ−u¡N Lla¡jz c¡c¡l p¡−b Bj-Ly¡W¡−ml h¡N¡e Ll¡ ¢n−M¢Rm¡jz jNh¡S¡−l Bî¡
HL L¡W¡ S¡uN¡ f¡¢lh¡¢lL ®N¡lÙÛ¡e ¢q−p−h ®l−M−Rez ®pV¤L¤ S¡uN¡u B¢j g−ml N¡R m¡N¡h¡l pM (Hobby)
¢jV¡Cz
c¡c£l C¢¿¹L¡m
1936 p¡−m c¡c¡l C¢¿¹L¡m qu Bj¡l ®Q¡−Ml p¡j−ez Hl 14 hRl fl 1950 p¡−m c¡c£l C¢¿¹L¡−ml MhlV¤L¤J
kb¡pj−u f¡C¢ez Bj¡l HjH fl£r¡ Qm−R h−m Bî¡ Bj¡−L H c¤x−Ml Mhl¢V ®ce¢ez c¡c£l p¡−b Bj¡l O¢eù
pÇf−LÑl L¡l−ZC Bî¡ H ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢e−u−Re h−m Bj¡−L f−l S¡e¡−mez fl£r¡ ¢c−u Q¡¢¾ce¡u ®Nm¡jz H Mhl¢V
®ch¡l SeÉ Bî¡ Ae¤L§m f¢l−hn pª¢ø Ll−mez l£¢aj−a¡ HL¢V i§¢jL¡ ¢c−u p¡šÆe¡ ®ch¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ L−l Mhl¢V kMe
f¢l−h−ne Ll−me aMe B¢j qaið q−u Bî¡l ¢c−L a¡¢L−u lCm¡jz Bj¡l ®Q¡−M f¡¢e H−m¡ e¡z B¢j ®Lje
®k−e¡ q−u ®Nm¡jz Bl ®L¡e ¢ce j¡u¡ju c¡c£l Bc−ll fln f¡−h¡ e¡, ay¡l q¡¢pj¤M Bl ®cM−h¡ e¡, ay¡l ®pÀqil¡
Lb¡ Bl öe−a f¡−h¡ e¡z H ph ¢Q¿¹¡u Bj¡l ®Q¡−Ml f¡¢e ®k−e¡ ö¢L−u ®N−m¡z
Bj¡l H AhÙÛ¡ ®c−M Bî¡l ®Q¡−M f¡¢e H−m¡z B¢j Bî¡l ®L¡−m j¤M ®l−M ¢LR¤rZ ®Ly−c jeV¡ q¡mL¡ q−m¡ h−m
®h¡d Llm¡jz
j¡e¤o c¤¢eu¡ Q−m k¡u; ®b−L k¡u pÈ¢ª a-jja¡ HL Aá¤a Ae¤i¢§ a, k¡ c¤xMju f¡¢bÑh S£i−e n¡¢¿¹l fln h¤m¡uz ®pÀqju
j¤lî£ c¤¢eu¡ ®b−L ¢hc¡u ®eh¡l fl ®pÀqdeÉ k¡l¡, a¡−cl Ni£l B−hN fÐL¡n Ll¡l SeÉ i¡−m¡h¡p¡l jq¡e pËø¡
QjvL¡l Ef¡u ¢nr¡ ¢c−u−Rez k¡−cl jja¡ J kaÁ Bjl¡ ®R¡V ®b−L hs q−u¢R a¡−cl SeÉ Bõ¡q ®c¡u¡ ¢nr¡
43
¢c−u−Re, “l¡¢îl q¡jýj¡ L¡j¡ l¡î¡Cu¡e£ p¡N£l¡z” AbÑ¡v ®q fÐi!¤ a¡l¡ ®kj ®R¡V hu−p Bj¡l Efl lqj L−l−Re,
Bf¢eJ a¡−cl fТa ®aj¢e lqj Ll¦ez”
B¢j c¡c¡-c¡c£ J Bî¡-BÇj¡l SeÉ H ®c¡u¡ L−l p¡¿¹Æe¡−h¡d L¢l ®k, Bõ¡q a¡Bm¡ ¢e−SC kMe H ®c¡u¡ ¢nr¡
¢c−u−Re, aMe ¢eÕQuC ¢a¢e cu¡ L−l a¡ Lh¤m Ll−hez
BÇj¡l C¢¿¹L¡m
Bî¡ 1973 p¡−m Bj¡l h¡dÉa¡j§mL ¢ehÑ¡peL¡−m (19C ®ghÐu¡¢l) C¢¿¹L¡m L−lez Hl 15 hRl fl 1988 p¡−m
A−ƒ¡hl j¡−p BÇj¡l C¢¿¹L¡m quz 1978-Hl S¤m¡C j¡−p h¡wm¡−c−nl ¢ip¡ ¢e−u Bj¡−L S¾ji§¢j−a Bp−a quz
1976 p¡−m Bj¡l aªa£u i¡C C¢”¢eu¡l ®N¡m¡j j¤L¡ll¡−jl p¡−b BÇj¡ q‹ Ll−a −N−m fy¡Q hRl fl BÇj¡l
p¡−b ®cM¡ quz
Bj¡l Ae¤f¢ÙÛ¢aL¡−m BÇj¡ Bj¡l ®R¡V c¤’i¡C−ul h¡¢s−aC f¡m¡œ²−j b¡L−aez B¢j ®c−n ¢g−l Bp¡l flJ
BÇj¡ a¡−cl h¡¢s−a AhÙÛ¡e Ll¢R−mez i¡C−cl ¢h¢ôw b¡L¡u BÇj¡ ®pM¡−eC Bl¡j ®h¢n f¡−he h−m Bj¡l ¢V−el
O−l BÇj¡−L H−e Lø ®cJu¡ pj£Q£e j−e L¢l¢ez C¢¿¹L¡−ml c¤’hRl f§−hÑ kbe ¢a¢e nkÉ¡Na q−u fs−me, aMe
B¢j ®f−ln¡e qm¡jz B¢j hs ®R−m, AbQ BÇj¡−L ®Mcja Ll¡l ®p±i¡NÉ ®b−L h¢’a b¡L¡l Ae¤i§¢a a£hÐ q−u
EW−m¡z BÇj¡l ®no S£h−e kb¡p¡dÉ ®Mcja Ll¡l SkÚh¡ ¢e−u BÇj¡−L Bj¡l ¢V−el O−l ¢e−u Hm¡jz jNh¡S¡−l
S¢j ®Le¡l pju Bî¡ H Ol¢Vpq-C ¢L−e¢R−me Hhw Bî¡l p¿¹¡e−cl j−dÉ S¢j h¸Ve Ll¡l pju I Ol¢V Bj¡l
Aw−n l¡M−mez
Bõ¡ql lqj−a BÇj¡l hs dl−el ®L¡e Ap¤M ¢R−m¡ e¡z h¡dÑLÉS¢ea L¡l−ZC ¢a¢e nkÉ¡Na q−u f−sez j¡−ul k−¡a
®McjaC Ll¡ ®q¡L, ®L¡ei¡−hC j¡−ul qL Bc¡u ®no qu e¡z q¡c£−p E¢õ¢Ma HL¢V OVe¡ H fÐp−‰ M¤hC Ef−k¡N£z
HL Cu¡j¡e£ hÉ¢š² (l¡p§m)-Hl ¢eLV H−p hZÑe¡ Ll−me, Cu¡ l¡p§m¡õ¡q p¡õ¡õ¡ý Bm¡C¢q Ju¡p¡õ¡j! Bj¡l f‰¤
j¡−L ¢f−W ¢e−u Cu¡j¡e ®b−L j‚¡u H−e q‹ L¢l−u¢Rz Qm¡Q−m pÇf§ZÑ Arj h−m a¡−L ¢f−W ¢e−uC a¡Ju¡g, p¡u£,
j£e¡, Bl¡g¡a CaÉ¡¢a L−l¢Rz j¡−ul fТa Bj¡l k¡ qL, a¡ ¢L Bc¡u q−u−R? l¡p§m (p) SJu¡−h hm−me, “e,
j¡−ul qL Bc¡u qu¢ez L¡lZ, ®a¡jl °nn−h j¡ kMe ®a¡j¡−L ®L¡−m ¢e−u ®ph¡kaÁ Ll−a¡ aMe p¡−b p¡−b fСZ
i−l ®a¡j¡l q¡u¡−al SeÉ ®c¡u¡ Ll−a¡z ®a¡j¡l j¡−L ¢f−W ¢e−u Qm¡l pju ®a¡j¡l j¡−ul q¡u¡a hª¢Ül ®c¡u¡ a¤¢j
L−l¡¢ez”
BÇj¡l C¢¿¹L¡−ml f¡l HL S¤jBl M¤vh¡u j¡−ul fТa LaÑhÉ pÇf−LÑ H q¡c£p¢V E−õM Ll−a ¢N−u B−h−N B¢j
L¡h¤ q−u ®Nm¡jz l¡p§m (p) H jq¡ paÉ Lb¡¢V Hje QjvL¡li¡−h fÐL¡n Ll−me, k¡ Bj¡l A¿¹l ØfnÑ Ll−m¡z M¤vh¡
®ch¡l pju ALf−V B¢j ü£L¡l Llm¡j ®k, nkÉ¡Na AhÙÛ¡u kMe C¢¿¹L¡−ml L−uL j¡p B−N BÇj¡l ¢f−W O¡ q−u
®N−m¡ Hhw ay¡l Lø ®h−s ®N−m¡, Hlfl BÇj¡l q¡u¡a c¡l¡S Ll¡l SeÉ Bl ®c¡u¡ Ll−a f¡¢l¢ez ay¡l Lø c£OÑ¡¢ua
−q¡L a¡ L¡−l¡C L¡je¡ qu¢ez p¢aÉ j¡−ul qL LM−e¡ Bc¡u L−l ®no Ll¡ pñh euz
Bõ¡q a¡Bm¡l A¿¹−l ®k lqj l−u−R Hl HLn i¡−Nl HLi¡N j¡œ pLm fСZ£l j−dÉ R¢s−u ®cJu¡ q−u−R h−m
q¡c£−p E−õM Ll¡ q−u−Rz BÇj¡ J c¡c£l ¢c−m Bõ¡ql ®cJu¡ I lq−jl ®k f¢lj¡Z LZ¡ l−u−R HlC fÐL¡n k¢c
Bj¡−L BµRæ L−l b¡−L, a¡q−m Bõ¡q a¡Bm¡l lq−jl öL¢lu¡ Bc¡u Ll¡l p¡dÉ L¡l? c¡c¡-c¡c£, Bî¡-BÇj¡,
Q¡Q¡ Q¡Q£, g¤g¤-g¤g¡, (e¡e¡-e¡e£−L ®c¢M¢e) j¡j¡-j¡j£, M¡m¡-M¡m¤−cl ®pÀq-jja¡ a¡−cl ¢c−m Bõ¡qC ®a¡ ¢c−mez
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Bî¡l °a¢l jp¢Sc¢Vl HL f¡−nC Bî¡ J BÇj¡l Llhz jp¢S−c k¡h¡l pju Lh−ll f¡n ¢c−uC ®k−a quz H
jp¢S−cl fÐbj Ma£h Bj¡l i¢NÀf¢a j¡Jm¡e¡ Bm¡E¢Ÿe Bm Bkq¡l£l LhlJ Hl f¡−nCz Bj¡l i¡C ®N¡m¡j
j¤L¡ll¡−jl Ù»£l Lhl BÇj¡l Lh−l p¡−bCz jp¢S−c Bp¡-k¡h¡l pju Lhlh¡p£−cl p¡m¡j ¢c−a J ®c¡u¡ Ll−a M¤h
i¡−m¡ m¡−Nz
44
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c¡c¡-c¡c£l ®nM¡−e¡ pM
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H L¡S p¤¾cli¡−h Ll−a f¡−l Hje HLSe ®m¡L 12 hRl ®b−L Bj¡l H−Ve−X¾V ¢q−p−h B−Rz a¡l e¡j ®pm£jz
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Bjl¡ ¢pSc¡ h¢mz ®pm£j Lª¢oL¡−kÑ A¢i‘ qJu¡u Hhw a¡l j−a¡ ®m¡L Bj¡l H−Ve−X¾V qJu¡u B¢j 8 am¡l
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BLoÑZz q¡pe¡−qe¡ J ®hm£ g¤mC g¤−ml j−dÉ fÐd¡ez l¡S-hlC J L¤¢jõ¡l hlC Bj¡l M¤hC ¢fÐuz ¢h¢ôw ¢ejÑ¡Z
Ll−a ¢N−u c¤−V¡ ¢fÐu hlC N¡R ®L−V ®gm−a q−u−Rz R¡−c HLV¡ BÙ¹ XÊ¡−j hlC N¡R a¤mh¡l ®Qø¡ Ll¢Rz H¢fÐm
j¡−pC Lmj Ll¡l pjuz ®c¢M H fÐ−Qø¡ pgm qu ¢Le¡z V‰£ÙÛ c¡l¦m Cpm¡j VÊ¡ØV Bh¡¢pL Hm¡L¡u hph¡pla
S¡j¡u¡−al l¦Le Se¡h g¡l©L¤k k¡j¡e Lmj L−l ®ch¡l c¡¢uaÅ ®eJu¡u B¢j H c¤xp¡qp Llm¡jz
Bj¡l Ù»£ fr ®b−L h¡lh¡l a¡¢Nc ®cJu¡ p−šÆJ ®N¡m¡f g¤−ml Q¡o L¢l¢ez BSL¡m iu¡eL m¡m ¢hl¡V ®N¡m¡f
g¤−mJ ®eC h−m B¢j Evp¡q f¢µR e¡z a¡ e¡ q−m ®N¡m¡fC ®a¡ g¤−ml l¡Z£z I g¤−ml N¡R ®k¡N¡−sl ®Qø¡u B¢R, ®k
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p¡−b Ly¡Q¡ ®M−a p¡−b p¡−b N¡−Rl cªnÉJ fС−Z pS£ha¡ c¡e L−lz N¡−Rl SeÉJ Lj Bcl m¡−N e¡z N¡R ®b−L gm
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Bj¡l hs Q¡Q¡
Bj¡l hs Q¡Q¡ ®N¡m¡j ¢Lh¢lu¡ HLSe My¡¢V j¡e¤o ¢R−mez 84 hRl hu−p ’84 p¡−ml 22 S¡e¤u¡¢l ¢a¢e Y¡L¡u
C¢¿¹L¡m L−lez ¢a¢eJ Bî¡l p¡−b 1921 p¡−m HeVÊ¡¾p f¡p L−lez c¡c¡l ®Qq¡l¡l p¡−b ay¡l ®Qq¡l¡l ®hn ¢jm
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Q¡L¢ll i¡m¡−n ®L¡mL¡a¡ ®N−mez f¤¢mn p¡h-C¾p−fƒl h¡ c¡−l¡N¡ ¢q−p−h f¤¢mn ¢hi¡−N ®k¡Nc¡−el Ae¤j¢a ®Q−u
c¡c¡−L ¢Q¢W ¢mM−mez ®pL¡−m c¡−l¡N¡−cl Hje c¡fV ¢R−m¡ ®k, H ®cn£ ®L¡e j¤pmj¡e Hl −Q−u hs f−cl Q¡L¢l
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Ll¡l fl Ahpl NËqZ L−lez
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c¡e L−lez
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Aw−nl S¢j HM−e¡ p¤ma¡e ¢ju¡l ac¡lL£−aC B−Rz ®p-C hNÑ¡Q¡o£−cl−L HL hR−ll SeÉ ®i¡N Ll¡l p¤−k¡N ®cu
Hhw H h¡hc ¢LR¤ V¡L¡ B¢j f¡Cz Q¡Q¡ Bj¡−L AaÉ¿¹ i¡−m¡h¡p−ae Hhw a¡ i¡o¡u fÐL¡nJ Ll−aez ay¡l i¡¢aS¡
¢q−p−h ¢a¢e Bj¡l hÉ¡f¡−l NhÑ−h¡d Ll−ae Hhw AeÉ−cl ¢eLV a¡ fÐL¡n Ll−aez
¢a¢e HL¡¢dLh¡l S¢jSj¡ pÇf−LÑ Hjei¡−h Lb¡ h−m−Re ®k, B¢j ¢hhÐa−h¡d L−l¢Rz ¢a¢e h−m−Re ®k, ®a¡j¡l J
i¡C p¡−q−hl S¢j…−m¡ B¢j H−a¡¢ce ®b−L ®i¡N Ll¢Rz ®a¡j¡−cl−L ¢LR¤C ¢c−a f¡¢l¢e h−m B¢j ®a¡j¡−cl ¢eLV
45
m¢‹az ¢hhÐa L−˜ Q¡Q¡−L SJu¡−h k¡ hm¡l h−m H ¢ho−u ®k−e¡ Bl LM−e¡ e¡ h−me ®p SeÉ Ae¤−l¡d Llm¡jz
Bl ®c¡u¡ Q¡Cm¡jz
ay¡l C¢¿¹L¡−ml pju B¢j p¡wNW¢eL pg−l S¡j¡mf¤l ¢Rm¡jz ®g¡−e Mhl ®f−u l¡−aC lJe¡ q−u ®no l¡−a Y¡L¡
¢g−l H−p fl¢ce pL¡−m ay¡l S¡e¡k¡ ®n−o Bh¡l S¡j¡mf¤l Q−m k¡Cz a¡l Ap£ua Ae¤k¡u£ Bj¡−LC S¡e¡k¡
fs¡−a quz Bj¡−L ¢a¢e ®R−ml ®Q−u ®h¢n pÀq Ll−ae, B¢jJ Bî¡l C¢¿¹L¡−ml fl ay¡−L ¢faªÙÛ¡e£uC ®f−u¢Rz
60.
Bj¡l c¡c£-
c¡c£-n¡ö¢s
Bj¡l c¡c£-n¡ö¢s ®hn hªÜ¡ q−mJ ay¡l jkh¤a hÉ¢š²aÅ J h¢mù L˜ü−ll L¡l−Z ph¡l Efl ay¡l L¡kÑLl fÐi¡h
¢R−m¡z Bj¡l nÄöl p¡−qh h¡mÉL¡−m ¢faªq¡l¡ qh¡l fl ay¡l j¡a¡C ¢fa¡-j¡a¡l Eiu c¡¢uaÅ f¡me L−lez f¢lh¡−l
ay¡l Laªa
Ñ Å ph¡C ®j−e Qm−a¡z Bj¡l nÄöl p¡−qh h¡mÉL¡−ml j−a¡C BS£he ay¡l j¡−ul LaªÑaÅ−L Bõ¡ql jq¡-
¢eu¡ja ¢q−p−h NZÉ L−l−Re Hhw j¡−ul n¡pe Ll¡l A¢dL¡l−L kb¡bÑ jkÑ¡c¡ ¢c−u−Rez
46
−pC jq£up£ e¡l£l ¢iæl©f ®cMm¡j Bj¡l h¡p¡uz ay¡l ®pÀ−ql Eo·a¡ HMeJ B¢j Ae¤ih L¢lz ay¡l A¢a Bc−ll
e¡ae£l c¤m¡ ¢q−p−h Hje ®pÀq Bj¡l f¡Je¡ h−mC j−e q−u−Rz ay¡l B¿¹¢lL ®pÀq Bj¡−cl c¡ÇfaÉ S£h−e Ae¡¢hm
jd¤la¡ c¡e L−l−Rz
Bj¡−cl f¡−nl L¡jl¡u ¢a¢e b¡L−aez ay¡l L¡jl¡ ®b−L ScÑ¡l QjvL¡l p¤Nå ®i−p Bp−a¡z ¢a¢e ®kM¡e ¢c−u ®qy−V
®k−ae ®pM¡−eC p¤Nå R¢s−u ®k−a¡z cy¡a e¡ b¡L¡u ¢a¢e q¡j¡e ¢cÙ¹¡u f¡e-p¤f¡¢l −ba¢m−u ¢e−u ®M−aez H hÉ¡f¡−l
¢a¢e AaÉ¿¹ ®p±¢Me ¢R−mez Hje p¤N¢å ScÑ¡ ®L¡b¡u f¡e S¡e−a Q¡Cm¡jz S¡e¡ ®N−m¡ ®k, a7¡l S¡j¡a¡ j¤p¢mj m£N
®ea¡ J f¡¢LÙ¹¡e NZf¢loc pcpÉ j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤õ¡¢qm h¡L£ L¤l¡Cn£ i¡l−al m−rÁ± ®b−L I ScÑ¡ B¢e−u ay¡l
n¡ö¢s−L ¢c−aez ¢a¢e h¡wm¡−cn S¡a£u ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡m−ul p¡−hL i¡Cp QÉ¡−¾pml Xx HjH h¡l£l ¢fa¡z ®p ¢q−p−h
Bj¡l flj ®pÀqfl¡uZ c¡c£-n¡ö¢s Xx HjH h¡l£l Bfe e¡e£z
Bj¡l f¡e M¡Ju¡l AiÉ¡p ¢R−m¡ e¡z AaÉ¿¹ BLoÑZ£u jd¤l fÜ¢a−a ¢a¢e Bj¡−L f¡e M¡Ju¡ ®nM¡−mez ¢e−Sl
q¡−a f¡−el c¤−V¡ ¢M¢m °a¢l L−l HLV¡ Bj¡l q¡−a Hhw AeÉ¢V ay¡l Bc−ll e¡ae£l q¡−a ¢c−aez Bj¡−cl
c¤’Se−L f¡n¡f¡¢n h¢p−u ¢a¢e Bj¡−cl p¡j−e hp−aez ay¡l ¢e−cÑ−n ay¡l e¡ae£l q¡−al ¢M¢m Bj¡l j¤−M a¤−m
¢c−a¡ Hhw Bj¡l q¡−al ¢M¢m ay¡l e¡ae£l j¤−M a¤−m ¢ca¡jz ay¡l ¢e−cÑn f¡me L−l Bjl¡ aª¢ç−h¡d Lla¡jz Hje
p¤¾cl e¡VL£u i¢‰−a ¢a¢e a¡ð¤m ®ph−el jqs¡ ¢c−ae ®k, Bjl¡ c¤’Se Qlj Ae¤Na e¡uL-e¡¢uL¡l i§¢jL¡u
A¢ieu Lla¡jz
fСu c¤’pç¡q ®l¡S HL h¡ c¤’h¡l Bj¡−cl f¡e ®M−a ¢c−u NÒf Ll−aez ay¡l p¡j−eC fZÑ-QhÑZ pj¡ç Ll¡l ¢e−cÑn
¢R−m¡z c¤’HL¢ce fl Bj¡−L l©f¡¢m l−Pl ScÑ¡l c¤’HL¢V c¡e¡J f¡−el p¡−b ®M−a ¢c−mez j¤−M HLV¤ ¢hü¡c j−e
q−mJ Hl p¤N−ål BLoÑ−Z ScÑ¡ M¡Ju¡J öl¦ Llm¡jz ay¡l e¡ae£l HV¡ pqÉ q−a¡ e¡ h−m B−NC Se¡−aez Hi¡−h
Bj¡l ScÑ¡ ¢c−u f¡e M¡Ju¡l hciÉ¡p q−u ®N−m¡z
I pjuV¡ ®ghÐu¡¢ll ®no J j¡−QÑl öl¦z ’52 p¡−ml i¡o¡-B−¾c¡me ®S¡−l−n¡−l Qm−Rz h¡C−l B−¾c¡m−e p¢œ²u
b¡L¡ p−šÆJ O−l c¡c£-n¡ö¢sl p¡−b Bj¡−cl f¡¢lh¡¢lL S£he ü¡i¡¢hL N¢a−aC Qm¢R−m¡z 6 j¡QÑ L−mS ®b−L
nq−l k¡h¡l f−b ®NËç¡l q−u ®S−m Q−m ®Nm¡jz h¡p¡u L¡−Sl ®R−m S¢mm R¡s¡ Bl ®L¡e f¤l¦o ®eCz aªa£u ¢ce
pL¡m 10 V¡u lwf¤l ®S−m Bj¡l nÄöl p¡−qh Bj¡−L ®cM−a ®N−m S¡e¡ ®N−m¡ ®k, Bj¡l ®fÐç¡l qh¡l fl Bj¡lC
HL R¡œ ¢ce¡Sf¤−ll Bhc¤l lq£j ®V¢mNË¡j L−l eJNy¡u nÄöl p¡−qh−L Mhl ®cuz ®p pÇf−LÑ ay¡lC BaÈ£uz I R¡œ
haÑj¡−e BJu¡j£ m£N ®ea¡ HX−i¡−LV Bhc¤l lq£jz
nÄöl p¡−qh ay¡l BÇj¡ J LeÉ¡−L eJNy¡ ¢e−u k¡ez ¢h−ul fl fÐbj f¡¢lh¡¢lL S£h−el Be¾cju ¢ce…−m¡l hc−m
L¡l¡N¡−l ¢hlq S£he öl¦ q−m¡z ¢hh¡¢qa S£h−el fum¡ hp¿¹L¡mV¡ i¡o¡-B−¾c¡m−el Afl¡−d ®S−mC L¡V¡−a q−m¡z
47
Bj¡l Ù»£−L lwf¤−ll h¡p¡u Be¡l aªa£u pç¡−ql ®no¢c−LC ®NËç¡l q−u k¡Ju¡u c¡ÇfaÉ S£h−e Aü¡i¡¢hL L¡l−Z
®Rc f−s ®N−m¡z H Ae¤i§¢a kMe a£hÐ q−a¡ aMe p¢aÉC M¤h M¡l¡f m¡N−a¡z
−L¡e Afl¡d L−l ®S−m B¢p¢ez ab¡L¢ba ¢el¡fš¡ BC−e ¢he¡¢hQ¡−l ®S−m B¢R ®S−ml LjÑQ¡l£ J L−uc£l¡ ph¡C
pÇj¡e Ll−a¡z ®Sm m¡C−hÐl£ ®b−L hC ¢e−u pju L¡V¡a¡jz Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡m−e ®k¡Nc¡−el fl ’55, ’64 J ’92
p¡−m ®S−m ®k aª¢ç ®h¡d Lla¡j, ’52 p¡−m ®p ®Qae¡l S¾j qu¢e h−m ®SmM¡e¡−L öd¤ j¤p£ha j−e q−a¡z flhaÑ£
pj−ul ®Sm-S£he Bõ¡ql ¢h−no ¢eu¡ja h−m j−e Lla¡jz L¤lB−el a¡gp£l, q¡c£p J Cpm¡j£ p¡¢qaÉ AdÉue,
L¤lB−el hý p§l¡ j¤MÙÛ Ll¡, a¡q¡‹¤−cl e¡j¡−k j¤MÙÛ Ll¡ p§l¡…−m¡ f−s pÈl−Z ÙÛ¡u£ Ll¡, Bõ¡ql clh¡−l Apq¡u
¢q−p−h L¡ali¡−h dlZ¡ ®ch¡l jS¡ Ef−i¡N Ll¡, Cpm¡j£ Be−¾c¡me J ®cn Ns¡l hÉ¡f¡−l p¤¢ÙÛli¡−h ¢Q¿¹¡-i¡he¡
Ll¡ Hhw L¤lBe J q¡c£−pl ®c¡u¡ j¤MÙÛ Ll¡ J a¡ fСL¢Vp Ll¡l ®k p¤−k¡N ®S−m ®f−u¢R, a¡ h¡C−l f¡Ju¡
¢LR¤−aC pñh euz ¢L¿º ’52 p¡−ml −S−m H ®Qae¡l Ai¡−h ®SmV¡ p¢aÉ ®Sm h−m j−e q−u−R Hhw ®Sm ®b−L ®hl
qh¡l SeÉ jeV¡ RVgVJ L−l−Rz ¢L¿º S¡j¡u¡−al ®k¡Nc¡−el fl ®aje j¡e¢pL A¢ÙÛla¡ ®h¡d L¢l¢ez
fÐp‰œ²−j S¡j¡u¡−al ®L¾cУu jp¢m−p p§l¡, ®Sm¡ Bj£l p−Çjme, S¡j¡u¡a J Cpm¡j£ R¡œ¢n¢h−ll ¢h¢iæ ¢nr¡-
¢n¢h−l B¢j hýh¡l l¢pLa¡ L−l h−m¢R ®k, k¢c Bj¡l q¡−a ®Sm ®ch¡l rja¡ b¡L−a¡ a¡q−m EvLªø al¢hu¡a
q¡¢p−ml SeÉ A¿¹a 6 j¡−pl SeÉ Bfe¡−cl−L ®S−m f¡W¡a¡jz
S¤jB h¡−l S¤jBl e¡j¡−kl hÉhÙÛ¡J ¢R−m¡z h¡C−ll HLSe H−p Cj¡j¢a Ll−aez ®Sm¡l p¡−qh−L h−m¢Rm¡j,
e¡j¡−kl B−N h¡ f−l L−uc£−cl−L Cpm¡j J e¡j¡k-®l¡k¡ pÇf−LÑ ep£qaj§mL ¢LR¤ Lb¡ öe¡h¡l p¤−k¡N −cJu¡ k¡u
¢Le¡z ¢a¢e hm−me, Ef−ll Ae¤j¢a R¡s¡ B¢j p¤−k¡N ¢c−a Arjz e¡j¡−kl ®n−o B¢j ®S¡−l EµQ¡lZ L−l ®c¡u¡
öl¦ Llm¡j Hhw ®c¡u¡l j¡dÉ−jC k¡ hm¡l E−ŸnÉ ¢R−m¡ a¡ h−m ®gmm¡jz a¡−cl c¤xM£ S£h−el Lb¡ E−õM L−l
a¡−cl fТa lqj Ll¡l SeÉ B−h−Nl p¡−b ®c¡u¡ Llm¡jz ph¡C Ly¡c−me Hhw aª¢ç ®f−mez Ef−ll ¢e−cÑ−n Hlfl
Bj¡−L Bl L¤jBu ®k−a ®cJu¡ qu¢ez
a¡ð¤m ®phe c¡c£-n¡ö¢s Bcl L−l f¡e M¡Ju¡l hciÉ¡p Ll¡h¡l g−m ®SmM¡e¡uJ ®Sm¡−ll Ae¤j¢a ¢e−u f¡e
M¡Ju¡ AhÉ¡qa l¡M−a q−m¡z ¢h−no L−l ScÑ¡ ¢c−u f¡e M¡Ju¡l jS¡C Bm¡c¡z H−a ®k jªc¤ ®en¡ B−R a¡−a ®L¡e
p−¾cq ®eCz a¡j¡L ¢e−uC ScÑ¡ °a¢l Ll¡ quz a¡C d¤jf¡−el j−a¡C HV¡J ®enz ¢h¢s-¢pN¡−l−Vl a¡j¡L ®a¡ f¤¢s−u
®dy¡u¡u f¢lZa L−l f¡e Ll¡ quz Bl ScÑ¡l a¡j¡L pl¡p¢l ¢Q¢h−u M¡Ju¡ quz HV¡ H−Lh¡−l fÐaÉri¡−h M¡Ju¡z
a¡j¡L−L ¢lg¡Ce L−l BlJ ¢LR¤ Ef¡c¡e ¢j¢n−u ScÑ¡ °a¢l Ll¡ quz a¡j¡−Ll öL−e¡ f¡a¡ Ly¡Q¡J f¡−el p¡−b
M¡Ju¡ qu, e¡j ‘p¡c¡’z
25 ¢ce ®S−m b¡L¡l fl j¤¢š² ®f−u eJNy¡ ®Nm¡jz c¡c£-n¡ö¢s−L hmm¡j ®k, f¡e M¡Ju¡ ®a¡ −nM¡−me, ¢L¿º Bf¢e
®k QjvL¡l p¤N¢å ScÑ¡ M¡e a¡ ®a¡ f¡C e¡z eJNy¡ ®hs¡−a ®N−m ¢a¢e I ScÑ¡ ¢c−aez B¢j h…s¡ÙÛ S¡¢jm gÉ¡ƒ¢ll
ScÑ¡ hÉhq¡l Lla¡jz Y¡L¡u ¢hq¡l£ ®c¡L¡−e m−rÁ±l ScÑ¡ Hhw ¢Lj¡j f¡Ju¡ ®k−a¡z ¢L¿º Hl j¡e c¡c£-n¡ö¢sl ScÑ¡l
pj¡e ¢R−m¡ e¡z
B¢j mrÉ Llm¡j ®k, Bj¡l Ù»£ f¡e M¡Ju¡u Bpš² qe¢ez j¡−T j¡−T M¡ez h¤T−a f¡lm¡j ®k, ¢a¢e ScÑA M¡e e¡
h−mC ®en¡l ¢nL¡l qe¢ez HMeJ ¢h−u-n¡c£−a ®N−m f¡e M¡ez h¡¢s−a f¡e M¡Ju¡l ®L¡e hÉhÙÛ¡ ¢a¢e L−le e¡z
f¡e−M¡l ®jqj¡e c¡Ju¡−a Bp−m ®c¡L¡e ®b−L °a¢l f¡e Be¡ quz
1955 p¡−m phÑfÐbj Bj¡l m¡−q¡l k¡h¡l p¤−k¡N qu Hhw j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l p¡−b O¢eù qh¡l ®p±i¡NÉ quz ¢a¢eJ
ScÑ¡ ¢c−u f¡e M¡e ®c−M Bj¡l f¡e M¡Ju¡l AiÉ¡pV¡−L Bl hciÉ¡p j−e q−m¡ e¡z f−L−V l¡M¡l Ef−k¡N£ ®R¡V
®L±V¡u ScÑA Bj¡l f−LV ®b−L ®hl L−l a¡−L Ag¡l Llm¡jz Bj¡l ScÑ¡J ¢a¢e fR¾c Ll−mez ay¡l ScÑ¡J
Bj¡−L ¢c−me, k¡ BlJ Eæaj¡−elz j¡Jm¡e¡ M¤hC f¡¢lf¡−VÉl p¡−b f¡e ®M−aez j¡l¡c¡h¡c£ ¢hMÉ¡a f¡ec¡−el
j−dÉ f¡e, p¤f¡¢l, M−ul, Q¤e p¡¢S−u l¡M¡ q−a¡z ®ea¡l Ae¤Ll−Z B¢jJ p¤¾cl HLV¡ j¤l¡c¡h¡c£ f¡ec¡e ¢Lem¡jz
®N±l−hl p¡−b hå¤ J f¢l¢Qa jq−m hmm¡j ®k, B¢j ¢mu¡L−al p¡−b f¡e M¡C, A−N¡R¡−m¡i¡−h euz
1957 p¡−ml ®np ¢c−L lwf¤l nq−l S¡j¡u¡−al 7 ¢cehÉ¡f£ HL ¢nr¡-¢n¢hl Ae¤¢ùa quz B¢jC fÐd¡e j¤lî£l
c¡¢uaÅ f¡me Ll¢Rm¡jz ¢nr¡b£Ñ−cl j−dÉ HLSe ®q¡¢jJ X¡š²¡lJ ¢R−mez ¢a¢e hs X¡š²¡l ¢q−p−hC NZÉ ¢R−mez
lwf¤l L−m−S LjÑla b¡L¡L−m Bj¡l ¢nö ®R−m a¡l ¢Q¢Lvp¡d£e ¢R−m¡z ¢nr¡-¢n¢hl Qm¡L¡−m B¢j Bj¡n−u
Bœ²¡¿¹ qm¡jz ¢a¢e Bj¡l ¢Q¢Lvp¡l c¡¢uaÅ ¢e−mez Kod ®ch¡l pju S¡e−a Q¡C−me, B¢j d§jf¡e L¢l ¢Le¡z
hmm¡j a¡ L¢l e¡; ¢L¿º f¡−el p¡−b ScÑ¡ M¡Cz ¢a¢e hm−me ®k, ScÑ¡ M¡Ju¡ Rm−h e¡z a¡q−m Ko−d L¡S q−h e¡z
48
hmm¡j, Bj¡l f¡e M¡Ju¡l AiÉ¡pz ScÑ¡ R¡s¡ f¡e M¡−h¡ ®Lje L−l? ScÑ¡l AiÉ¡p aÉ¡N Ll¡ L¢Wez ¢a¢e
al¢hu−a Bj¡lC hš²ªa¡ L−l hm−me, “Bf¢e Bj¡−cl−L ‘e¡gp’ cje Ll¡l Efl H−a¡ a¡¢Nc ¢c−mez Bl
ScÑ¡l hÉ¡f¡−l Bf¢e e¡gp−L cje Ll−a f¡l−he e¡? a¡q−m Bfe¡l ep£qa f¡me Ll−a Bjl¡ ®Lje L−l Eà¤Ü
q−h¡z”
X¡š²¡l p¡−qh hu−p Bj¡l hs ¢R−mez a¡l Lb¡u B¢j m‹¡ ®h¡d Llm¡j Hhw ScÑ¡ aÉ¡N Ll¡l ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢em¡jz ScÑ¡
h¡c ¢c−u f¡e ®M−a ®L¡e jS¡ ®fm¡j e¡z j−e q−m¡, O¡p ¢Qh¤¢µRz c¤’¢ce fl f¡e M¡Ju¡C ®R−s ¢cm¡nz ®pC ®k f¡e
R¡sm¡j, S£h−e Bl ®L¡e¢ce f¡e j¤−M ®cC¢ez Bj¡l Ù»£ HMeJ j¡−T j¡−T M¡ez ¢L¿º B¢j M¡C e¡z ®LE p¡d−m
h¢m, “Bj¡l f¡e−c¡o ®eCz”
1964 p¡−m BCu¤h M¡e S¡j¡u¡a−L ®hBCe£ ®O¡oZ¡ L−l pLm S¡j¡u¡a ®ea¡−L ®NËç¡l L−lz OVe¡œ²−j B¢j J
j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤l lq£j ®L¾cУu LjÑf¢lo−cl A¢d−hne Efm−r m¡−q¡−l ¢Rm¡j Hhw ®pM¡e ®b−LC ®NËç¡l qCz a¡C
j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l p¡−b c¤’j¡p ®S−m b¡L¡L¡−m ay¡−L n£−al c¤f¤−l ®l¡−c h−p ®L±V¡u f¡e p¡S¡−a ®c−M¢Rz
1953 p¡−m j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£−L gy¡¢pl ýL¤j ¢c−u BVL Ll¡l fl ¢a¢e ka¢ce ®S−m BVL ¢R−me LM−e¡ f¡e
M¡e¢ez ®S−m f¡e ®eh¡l SeÉ LaªÑf−rl ¢eLV clM¡Ù¹ Ll−a q−h ®S−e ¢a¢e k¡¢m−jl ¢eLV clM¡Ù¹ ¢c−a Aü£L¡l
Ll−mez ¢a¢e ph¡C−L S¡¢e−u ¢c−me ®k, f¡e−L ¢a¢e a¡m¡L ¢c−u−Rez
’55 p¡−m ®Sm ®b−L j¤¢š² ®f−u ®hl qh¡l pju ®Sm−N−VC ®L¡e HLSe f¡e Ag¡l Ll−m ¢a¢e a¡ j¤−M ¢e−u j¤Q¢L
®q−p hm−me, “B¢j h¡−ue a¡m¡L ®cC¢ez” ¢a¢e f¡e−L fR¾c Ll−ae ®k ®L±a¤L L−l hm−ae, “q¡k¡ ¢je Jl¡¢Lm
S¡æ¡q” AbÑ¡v HV¡ ®h−qn−al f¡a¡z
H ®c−n A−eL hRl S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£l fÐd¡e ¢R−me j¡Jm¡e¡ j¤q¡Çjc Bhc¤l lq£jz ay¡l Ad£−e ®al hRl B¢j
®p−œ²V¡¢ll c¡¢uaÅ f¡me L−l¢Rz ¢a¢eJ f¡−el iš² ¢R−mez j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l Eܪª¢a ¢c−u ¢a¢e hm−ae ®k,
Cpm¡−jl ®kje fy¡Q¢V l¦Le, f¡−elJ f¡yQ¢V l¦Le B−R- f¡−el f¡a¡, p¤f¡¢l, M−ul, Q¤e J ScÑ¡ HLh¡l M−ul R¡s¡
j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£−L f¡e ¢c−m ¢a¢e j¿¹hÉ Ll−me, “f¡e ®j ®a¡ HLC M¡ul (j‰m) qÉ¡u, C−u ¢i e¡ ¢c−u −a¡ ®Lu¡
¢cu¡?”
HLh¡l S¡j¡u¡−al ®p−œ²V¡¢l ®Se¡−lm ¢ju¡ ®a¡g¡−um j¤q¡Çjc Y¡L¡u H−mez B¢j J j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤l lq£j ay¡l
p¡−b ®qy−V Qm¢Rz qW¡v j¡Jm¡e¡ p¡−qh Bj¡−cl c¤’Se ®b−L Bm¡c¡ q−u f¡−el ®c¡L¡−e ®N−mez B¢j ®L±a¤L L−l
hmm¡j, “¢ju¡ p¡−qh ®c¢M−u j¡Jm¡e¡ q¡j c¤’−e¡ ®p Bm¡N ®q¡ ®Nu¡z” j¡Jm¡e¡ f¡e q¡−a ¢e−u ¢g−l H−p hm−me,
“jÉ¡u Bj£−l S¡j¡u¡a ¢L p¤æ¡a fl Bjm L¡l l¡q¡ ýyz” ¢ju¡ p¡−qh p¡−b p¡−bC j¿¹hÉ Ll−m, “Bj£l ®j BN¡l
HLC e¡Lp (œ²¢V) qÉ¡u, Bf−L¡ Jq£ fR¾c B−Nu¡z” (Bj£−ll j−dÉ k¢c I HL¢V œ²¢VC ®b−L b¡−L ®pV¡C
Bfe¡l fR¾c q−u ®N−m¡z) ¢ju¡ p¡−qh f¡e ®j¡−VC fR¾c Ll−ae e¡z
j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£ H ®c−n fÐbj pg−l B−pe 1956 p¡−mz ¢c−el ®hm¡ hs ØV£j¡−l h¢ln¡m k¡h¡l pju ¢a¢e ®L¢h−e
Bl¡j e¡ L−l h¡l¡¾c¡u C¢S ®Qu¡−l h−p cªnÉ ®cM¢R−mez j¿¹hÉ Ll−me, “®N¡V¡ ®cnV¡C p¡S¡−e¡ h¡N¡ez Hje p¤¾cl
cªnÉ Caxf§−hÑ ®c¢M¢ez” ¢S−‘p Ll−me, m¡−q¡l ¢fm¡−ll j−a¡ HC mð¡ N¡R…−m¡ ¢L−pl? B¢j hmm¡j, H…−m¡
p¤f¡¢l N¡R ¢a¢e j¿¹hÉ Ll−me, H SeÉC H−a¡ p¤¾clz
Y¡L¡u j¡e¤−ol f¡e M¡Ju¡l cªnÉ ®c−M j¿¹hÉ Ll−me, “j¤−M f¡e Bl q¡−a Q¤−el fa¡L¡z HLSe L−l ®c¡L¡e ®b−L
f¡e ¢c−u q¡a f¡−el −h¡V¡−a Q¤e m¡¢N−u fa¡L¡l j−a¡ q¡a Ey¢Q−u Qm−a ®cM−m Bj¡l q¡¢p f¡uz”
Bj¡l f¡e M¡h¡l hciÉ¡−pl Lb¡ E−õM Ll−a ¢N−u A−eL Lb¡C h−m ®gmm¡jz jS¡l hÉ¡f¡l q−m¡, c¡c£-n¡ö¢s
Bj¡−L f¡e M¡Ju¡ ®nM¡−me ®k lwf¤−l OVe¡œ²−j I lwf¤−lC f¡−el AiÉ¡p ¢Ql−al aÉ¡N Llm¡jz
61.
49
j−el H AhÙÛ¡ ¢e−u HL¢ce lwf¤l nq−l Bj¡l c¢SÑl ®c¡L¡−e ®Nm¡jz Nlj fÉ¡¾V h¡e¡−a ¢N−u H c¢SÑl p¡−bC
V¡Me¤l Ef−l h¡e¡h¡l hÉ¡f¡−l ¢haLÑ quz a¡l e¡j j¤¢aEl lqj¡ez ¢a¢e c¡¢s ®n¡¢ia p¤¾cl ®Qq¡l¡l A¢dL¡l£z k¢Ÿe
lwf¤−l ¢Rm¡j a¡l L¡R ®b−LC ph L¡fs °a¢l Ll¡ q−u−Rz c¢SÑl p¡−b Lb¡ hm¢R, Hje pju c¤’hRl hup£ g¤Vg¤−V
HL¢V ®R−m Bî¤ X¡L−a X¡L−a a¡l N¡m S¢s−u dl−m¡z ¢a¢e ®p¡q¡Ni−l ®R−m−L ®L¡−m a¤−m ¢e−mez Hje cªnÉ
ea¤e euz ¢L¿º ®p¢ce ®c−M j¤‡ qm¡jz a¡−L ¢S−‘p Llm¡j, “hm¤e ®a¡! Bî¤ X¡L öe−a ®Lje m¡−N?” ®L±a¤−Ll
p¤−l hm−me, “öe−a ®a¡ jS¡C m¡−N; ¢L¿º SÅ¡m¡−aeJ Lj pC−a qu e¡z HC ®cM¤e e¡, Bfe¡l p¡−b ¢e¢l¢h¢m Lb¡
hm−a ¢c−m¡ e¡z ®L¡e ®L¡e pju l¡−a j¡−L ®a¡ ¢hlš² L−lC, Bjl¡J O¤j eø L−lz” H Lb¡…−m¡ h−m ®R−m−L Q¤j¤
®M−mez h¤Tm¡j, k−a¡ ¢hlš²C Ll¦L, ®R−ml fТa ®pÀ−ql fСhmÉ ph i§¢m−u ®cuz
50
q−m¡z c¡l¦Z M¤¢n q−u nÄöl p¡−qh−L ®R−ml S−¾jl 7j ¢c−e BL£L¡l SeÉ c¤’−V¡ i¡−m¡ M¡¢n −Le¡l Ae¤−l¡d
Llm¡jz Bl Bî¡−L ay¡l fÐbj e¡¢al BL£L¡u q¡¢Sl qh¡l SeÉ k¡a¡u¡a MlQ f¡¢W−u ¢cm¡jz
51
p¿¹¡e qh¡l f§hÑfkÑ¿¹ ü¡j£l h¡¢s−a f§ZÑl©−f fТa¢ùa ®h¡d L−l e¡z p¿¹¡e qh¡l fl a¡l AhÙÛ¡e jkh¤a h−m ®h¡d L−l
Hhw ¢e−Sl Efl BÙÛ¡n£m quz
HL ¢h−no ®hce¡−h¡d
H p§rÁ ®hce¡l Lb¡¢V L¡−l¡ L¡−R fÐL¡n Ll¡l ¢hou eu, öd¤ Efm¢ì Ll¡lz f¡WL−cl j−dÉ k¡l¡ ¢fa¡ q−u−Re
a¡l¡J fÐbj ¢fa¡ qh¡l pjuV¡l I ®hce¡V¤L¤ i§−m ®N−mJ Bj¡l H ®mM¡ fs¡l fl AhnÉC pȪ¢al p¡N−l i¡pj¡e
®cM−a f¡−hez p¿¹¡−el ¢fa¡ qh¡l B−hNju Ae¤i§¢a J ®N±lh−h¡d I ®hce¡V¤L¤ pq−SC pqe£u L−l ®cu Hhw AÒf
¢ce flC AfaÉ−pÀ−ql fСh−mÉ a¡ ¢hpÈa
ª q−u k¡uz ¢L¿º I p¡j¢uL ®hce¡V¤L¤l A¢Ù¹aÅ Aü£M¡l Ll¡l p¡dÉ L¡−l¡ ®eCz
f¡WLN−Zl °dkÑQ§É¢a e¡ O¢V−u lqpÉju ®hce¡l Lb¡¢V h−mC ®g¢mz
S£h−e k¡ ®cMm¡−jl 46 ew ¢L¢Ù¹−a fÐd¡e ¢n−l¡e¡j ¢R−m¡ ‘Bj¡l S£h−e ¢h−ul fТa¢œ²u¡’z Hl ®no¢c−L ‘B−l¡
HL¢V Ae¤i¢§ a’ Ef-¢n−l¡e¡−j ¢m−M¢Rm¡j, “¢h−ul fl HL¢V ¢h−no Ae¤i§¢a Bj¡−L Hje aª¢ç ¢c−a¡, k¡ i¡o¡u
fÐL¡n Ll¡ pñh euz HL¢V j¡e¤o HL¡¿¹C Bj¡l, Bl ®LE H−a nl£L ®eCz a¡l h¡h¡-j¡, ®h¡e, nÄöl-n¡ö¢sl p¡−b
®k pÇfLÑ ®pV¡ AeÉ dl−Zlz ¢L¿º Bj¡l HL¡¿¹ S£he p¡b£ ¢q−p−h H j¡e¤o¢V öd¤C Bj¡lz Hje p¡b£ Bl ®LE
®eCz"
l¡−a ®n¡h¡l pju ®b−L pL¡m fkÑ¿¹ H j¡e¤o¢V öd¤ Bj¡l ¢R−m¡z a¡l j−e¡−k¡−Nl naLl¡ HLn’ i¡N B¢j HL¡C
®fa¡jz Bl ®LE Hl HLi¡NJ c¡¢h h¡ ®i¡N Ll¡l p¡j¡eÉ A¢dL¡l£J ¢R−m¡ e¡z p¿¹¡−el j¡ qh¡l fl a¡l f¡−n
HLC nkÉ¡u O¤j¡m¡j h−V; ¢L¿º a¡l j−e¡−k¡N naLl¡ cni¡NJ ®fm¡j e¡z fÐbj l¡a¢V−aC ®hce¡−h¡d a£hÐ j−e
q−u−Rz qW¡v L−l Bj¡l HL¡¿¹ j¡e¤o¢V Hi¡−h q¡¢l−u ®N−m¡? Bl HLSe E−s H−p a¡−L cMm L−l −gm−m¡? B¢j
A¢dL¡l ®b−L BLpÈ¡v h¢’a q−u ®Nm¡j? H Ae¤i§¢a−L ¢L ®hce¡ e¡ h−m Ef¡u B−R?
H ®hce¡ öd¤ p§rÁ eu, Ni£lJz L¡lZ AeÉph ®hce¡l Lb¡ BfeSe−cl L¡−R hm¡ k¡uz a¡−cl pq¡e¤i§¢a−a ®hce¡l
Efnj qu, fТaL¡lJ Ll¡ k¡uz ¢L¿º HV¡ Hje dl−el ®hce¡, k¡ L¡−l¡ L¡−R hm¡J k¡u e¡z Bj¡l Ù»£J H ®mM¡
fs¡l j¡dÉ−j fÐbj S¡e−a f¡l−h ®k HLpju B¢j H −hce¡−h¡d L−l¢R Hhw a¡l j−a¡ BfeSe−LJ hm−a
f¡¢l¢ez
−k ®hce¡l Lb¡ L¡E−L hm¡ k¡u e¡z Hhw HL¡C k¡ pC−a qu, a¡ Ni£lC quz fl¢ce BL£L¡ L−l Hl f−ll ¢ce
lwf¤−l ¢g−l ®Nm¡jz c¤’l¡a S£he p¡b£l p¡−b ea¤e Ae¤i§¢a ¢e−u L¡V¡m¡jz fТa pç¡−q H−p c¤’l¡a L¡¢V−u ®kaj¡z
j¡p ®c−sL Hi¡−hC L¡V−m¡z
j−el Hje HL¢V ®N¡fe Lb¡ BS fÐL¡n Llm¡j, k¡ Bõ¡q R¡s¡ Bl ®LE H fkÑ¿¹ S¡e−a f¡−l¢ez c¤¢eu¡V¡ HjeC
S¡uN¡ ®k, HM¡−e c¤xM R¡s¡ ®L¡e p¤MC q¡¢pm Ll¡ k¡u e¡z ‘c¤xM ¢he¡ p¤M m¡i qu ¢L j¢q−a?’ L¢hl H Lb¡¢V
L−a¡ ¢hl¡V paÉ! L−a¡ Lø pqÉ L−l j¡−L p¿¹¡e f¡Ju¡l p¤M ®f−a qu! ®p ¢q−p−h p¿¹¡−el ¢fa¡ qh¡l −p±i¡NÉ
m¡i Ll−a ¢N−u I AhÉš² ®hce¡V¤L¤ A¢a eNZÉz
Bõ¡q a¡Bm¡ c¤¢eu¡u p¤M J c¤xM−L HLp¡−b ¢j¢n−u ®l−M−Rez S£h−e p¡gmÉ m¡i Ll−a q−m c¤xM-Lø, aÉ¡N-
¢a¢ar¡ Af¢lq¡kÑz L¤lB−el h¡Z£ “g¡Cæ¡j¡Bm EpÚ¢l CEpl¡e, Cæ¡ j¡Bm Ep¢l CEpl¡z” HLC Lb¡ c¤’h¡l
52
HLC p¡−b h−m H Lb¡¢Vl …l¦aÅ h¤T¡−e¡ q−u−Rz Lø L−l Bu-®l¡SN¡l e¡ Ll−m M¡Ju¡-fl¡-b¡L¡l p¤M f¡Ju¡ k¡u
e¡z R¡œS£h−e L−W¡l p¡de¡ Ll−mC flhaÑ£ S£h−e p¤−Ml e¡N¡m f¡Ju¡ k¡uz
p¤M-c¤xM L¡−L
L¡−L h¡−m?
Ai¡hC c¤x−Ml j§mz k¡ Q¡C a¡ e¡ ®f−mC Ai¡h−h¡d quz HlC g−m c¤xM ®i¡N Ll−a quz Ai¡h e¡ b¡L−mC p¤M−h¡d
quz Bõ¡q a¡Bm¡ c¤¢eu¡−a p¤M J c¤xM HLœ L−l ®l−M−Rez HM¡−e H c¤−V¡−L Bm¡c¡ Ll¡l Ef¡u ®eCz B¢Ml¡−a
p¤M J c¤xM−L pÇf§ZÑ Bm¡c¡ Ll¡ q−hz ®L¡b¡J LM−e¡ H c¤−V¡ HLœ q−h e¡z ®h−qn−a öd¤ p¤M Hhw ®c¡k−M öd¤
c¤xMz p§l¡ q¡-j£j Bp p¡Sc¡l 30 ew Bu¡−a ®h−qn−al ¢hhlZ ¢c−a ¢N−u Bõ¡q h−me, “®pM¡−e ®a¡j¡−cl je k¡
Q¡u a¡J f¡−h, Bl k¡ c¡¢h Ll−a a¡ ®a¡ f¡−hCz”
AbÑ¡v k¡ Q¡C−h a¡ ®a¡ f¡−hC, Hje¢L k¡ j−e j−e L¡je¡ Ll−h, Q¡Ch¡l B−NC a¡J ®f−u k¡−hz ®pM¡−e a¡C ®L¡e
Ai¡h b¡L−h e¡ h−m c¤x−Ml ®L¡e L¡lZC ®eCz
−c¡kM Hl pÇf§ZÑ ¢hfl£az ®kM¡−e öd¤ c¤xMC B−Rz p¤−Ml ®L¡e NåJ ®pM¡−e ®eCz ®pM¡−e ¢ff¡p¡u L¡al q−u f¡¢e
Q¡C−m Hje f¢e ®cJu¡ q−h, k¡ ¢ff¡p¡l c¤xM B−l¡ hý…Z h¡¢s−u ®c−hz a¡C ®pM¡−e öd¤ c¤xMC c¤xMz
−h−qn−a k¡ ®eC a¡-C ®c¡k−M B−Rz Bl ®c¡k−M k¡ B−R a¡ ®h−qn−a ®eCz ®h−qn−a ®L¡e ¢LR¤lC Ai¡h ®eCz
®pM¡−e öd¤ Ai¡−hlC Ai¡hz Bl ®c¡k−M öd¤ Ai¡hC B−R, Bl ¢LR¤C ®eCz Ai¡h ®h¡dC c¤x−Ml j§m L¡lZz a¡C
®h−qn−a a¡ ®eCz ®h−qn−al ¢QlÙÛ¡u£ p¤M ®f−a q−m ®ki¡−h Qm−m Bõ¡q p¿ºø qe ®pi¡−h Qm−a ¢N−u ®k c¤xM-Lø
qu a¡ q¡¢pj¤−M hlZ L−l ¢e−a q−hz q¡c£−p B−R, ®h−qna−L AfR¾ce£u ¢S¢ep ¢c−u ¢O−l l¡M¡ q−u−R Hhw
®c¡kM−L ®m¡ie£u h¿º ¢c−u ¢O−l l¡M¡ q−u−Rz
62.
53
B¢j Bî¡−L hmm¡j, “ g¢lc£ p¡−qh Bj¡−L Lb¡C hm−a ¢c−me e¡z H−a¡ ¢Qõ¡ ®ch¡l flJ Bj¡l j−a¡ ®m¡L
k¢c a¡hm£−Nl q¡L£La h¤T−a e¡ f¡−l a¡q−m Bh¡l ¢Qõ¡ ®ch¡l Evp¡q ®Lje L−l f¡Ju¡ k¡−h?” Bî¡J Bj¡l
p¡−b HLja q−mez B¢j lwf¤−l ¢g−l ®Nm¡jz
54
Bî¡l pÇf§ZÑ f¢lhaÑe
L¡Ll¡Cm jp¢S−c a¡hm£−Nl c¤’Se ®ea¡l p¡−b Bj¡l p¡r¡−al fÐaÉrcnÑ£ ¢q−p−h Bî¡ h¡¢s−a H−p Bj¡l i¡C
X¡x ®N¡m¡j j¤u¡kÚk¡j−L ®X−L Bj¡l p¡j−eC k¡ hm−me, a¡−a B¢j AaÉ¿¹ BnÄÙ¹ ®h¡d Llm¡j Hhw h¤T−a f¡lm¡j
®k, Bî¡ S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£l ¢hl¦−Ü j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤m Bk£−kl ®cJu¡ Afh¡c ®j¡−VC p¢WL eu h−m h¤T−a
f¡l−mez Bî¡ hm−me, “a¡l¡ ®a¡j¡l i¡C−ul p¡−b ¢haLÑ Ll¡l ®L¡e ®k¡NÉa¡C l¡−Me e¡z B−m¡Qe¡ Ll−aC a¡l¡
pÇja q−me e¡z B−m¡Qe¡l E−Ÿ−nÉC B¢j a¡−L a¡−cl ¢eLV ¢e−u ®Nm¡jz Bj¡−cl−L HLcm a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−al
®m¡L ®Ol¡J L−l l¡M−m¡ Hhw ph¡l p¡j−e a¡l¡ J−L Ef−cn ¢c−a b¡L−m¡z −kC j¡œ ®p ¢LR¤ hm¡l Ae¤j¢a
Q¡C−m¡, Aj¢e a¡l¡ ph¡l p¡j−e hm¡l p¤−k¡N ¢c−m¡ e¡z ®h¡d qu a¡−cl Bnˆ¡ q−m¡ ®k, Jl Lb¡ ph¡C öe−m
fÐi¡h¡¢ða q−a f¡−lz ®ia−l ®N¡f−e Bm¡−fl SeÉ ¢e−u ®N−m¡ h−V, ¢L¿º ®pM¡−eJ Lb¡ hm¡ öl¦ Ll−aC b¡¢j−u
¢c−me Hhw hš²hÉ pj¡ç Ll¡l p¤−k¡N fkÑ¿¹ ¢c−me e¡z a¡−cl−L a¡gp£l fs¡l Ae¤−l¡d S¡e¡−m l¡N q−u k¡ hm−me,
a¡ pÇf§ZÑ A−k±¢šLz”
H OVe¡l fl Bî¡ L¡Ll¡Cm jp¢S−c B−Nl j−a¡ k¡h¡l BNËq q¡¢l−u ®gm−mez Bj¡l h¤L ®b−L ¢hl¡V Aü¢Ù¹ c§l
q−u ®N−m¡z ®k Bî¡ Bj¡−L ®R¡V pju ®b−L djÑ£u ¢cL ¢c−u pk−aÁ N−s a¤m−me, ®p jq¡e Bî¡−L S¡j¡u¡−a
Cpm¡j£ pÇf−LÑ ¢jbÉ¡ g−a¡u¡ ¢c−u Bj¡l p¡−b ay¡l pwO¡a pª¢ø Ll¡ q−m¡z HV¡ Bj¡l S£h−el ph−Q−u ®hce¡ju
OVe¡z “S¡j¡u¡a L¡¢cu¡e£−cl ®Q−u SOeÉ ¢gae¡” h−m Bî¡−L ¢hï¡¿¹ e¡ Ll−m Bj¡l H c¤−iÑ¡N ®f¡q¡−a q−a¡ e¡
Hhw Bî¡J ¢ae hRl ®f−ln¡e£−a i¤N−a h¡dÉ q−ae e¡z ¢jbÉ¡ g−a¡u¡ L£ iuˆl!
55
X¡L e¡j Bpm e¡j ®b−L pÇf§ZÑ ¢iæ q−m ¢L cn¡ qu a¡ ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡m−ul gSm¤m qL j¤p¢mj q−m b¡L¡L¡−m ®c−M¢Rz
Bj¡−cl q−ml HL R¡−œl ¢fa¡ pµRm NªqÙÛz ®R−m−L q−m ®l−M fs¡h¡l p‰¢a B−Rz ¢L¿º ¢e−S ®mM¡fs¡ S¡−ee¡
e¡z ®R−m−L ®cM−a q−m Bp−mez ¢a¢e ®R−ml Bpm e¡j hm−a f¡l−me e¡z X¡L e¡j hm−mez ¢L¿º q−m H e¡−j I
®R−m f¢l¢Qa euz q−ml q¡Ep ¢VEVl Ah−n−o ¢fa¡l e¡j ¢e−u ¢fue−L ¢c−u q−ml L¡jl¡u L¡jl¡u −k−u a¡m¡n
L−l ®R−ml på¡e Ll−mez
HC −p¢ce Bj¡l HL j¡j¡−a¡ i¡C−ul ®R−m ‘p¡−qh ¢ju¡’l ®R−ml Ju¡m£j¡u ®Nm¡jz ®k ®N−V Bj¡−L ¢l¢pi
Ll−m¡ ®p hm−m¡, B¢j Aj¤−Ll S¡j¡a¡z ¢Qe−a e¡ f¡l¡u ®p hmm, B¢j h−ll iNÀ£f¢az hmm¡j, a¤¢j p¡−qh ¢ju¡l
S¡j¡C? ®p Bh¡l p¡−qh ¢ju¡ e¡j S¡−e e¡z c¤’lLj e¡−j Hje A−eL pjpÉ¡lC pª¢ø quz
Bj¡−cl ®c−n A−eL ¢n¢ra ®m¡−LlJ AbÑq£e e¡j f¡Ju¡ k¡uz e¡j¢V Blh£ n−ëC N¢Waz ¢L¿º AbÑ a¡m¡n L−l
f¡Ju¡ k¡u e¡z ®kje ‘ah£h¤l lqj¡e’z ah£l j¡−e ¢Q¢LvpLz Bõ¡ql ¢Q¢LvpL j¡−e ¢L? ‘®lS¡Em q¡u¡a’ j¡−e
S£h−el p¿º¢øz ®lS¡El lqj¡e q−m ¢WL q−a¡z ‘¢La¡h¤Ÿ£e’ c£−el ¢La¡h j¡−e ¢L? A¢id¡−e H në¢V Ae¤f¢ÙÛaz
‘p¡C−uc¤l lh’-lh ®a¡ Bõ¡qz Bl p¡C−uc AbÑ ®ea¡z Bõ¡q ®ea¡ j¡−e ¢L?
e¡j l¡M¡l pju Blh£ i¡o¡ S¡−ee Hje ®L¡e ®m¡−Ll fl¡jnÑ ®eJu¡ E¢Qaz l¡p§m (p) p¤¾cl AbÑf§ZÑ e¡j l¡M¡l
¢e−cÑn ¢c−u−Rez ¢a¢e A−e−Ll AbÑq£e h¡ LcbÑ−h¡dL e¡j hc¢m−u ¢c−u−Rez
56
63.
57
1943 p¡−m ¢àa£u jq¡k¤−Ül pju i¡lah−oÑl NieÑl ®Se¡−lm pLm fС−c¢nL fÐd¡ej¿»£−L ay¡l ®eaª−aÅ ‘NiÑel
®Se¡−lmpÚ Ju¡l L¡E¢¾pm’-Hl pcpÉ qh¡l Bqh¡e S¡e¡ez j¤p¢mj m£N H−a ®k¡Nc¡e e¡ Ll¡l ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ®euz H
¢e−cÑn Aj¡eÉ L−l h‰−c−nl fÐd¡ej¿»£ H ®L gSm¤m qL Hl pcpÉ qez L¡−uc Bkj cm£u nª´Mm¡ i−‰l c¡−u
a¡−L j¤p¢mj m£N ®b−L h¢q×L¡l L−lez
j¤p¢mj m£−Nl pjbÑe q¡¢l−u gSm¤m qL p¡−qh ¢q¾c¤ jq¡pi¡l p¡−b ®L¡u¡¢mne L−l nÉ¡j¡-qL j¢¿»pi¡ NWe L−lez
¢q¾c¤ jqpi¡ ®ea¡ nÉ¡j¡ fÐp¡c j¤M¡¢SÑ ENË ¢q¾c¤h¡c£ qJu¡l L¡l−Z H j¢¿»pi¡ c£OÑÙÛ¡u£ qu¢ez Aaxfl M¡S¡
e¡¢Sj¤Ÿ£e J nq£c ®p¡ql¡Ju¡cÑ£l ®eaª−aÅ j¤p¢mj m£N plL¡l L¡−uj quz ®n−l h¡wm¡l j−a¡ Se¢fÐu ®ea¡ f¡¢LÙ¹¡e
B−¾c¡m−el ®eaªaÅ ®b−L p−l k¡Ju¡u j¤p¢mj S¡¢al ¢hl¡V r¢a q−u−Rz f¡¢LÙ¹¡e B−¾c¡m−el R¡œ-LjÑ£ ¢q−p−h
1947 p¡−m i¡la ¢hi¡−Nl pju Bj¡−cl j−dÉ H QQÑ¡C ¢R−m¡ ®k, ®n−l h¡wm¡ L¡−u−c Bk−jl ¢e−cÑn Aj¡eÉ L−l
¢e−Sl ®a¡ jq¡r¢a Ll−meC, f¡¢LÙ¹¡e B−¾c¡m−elJ ¢hl¡V r¢a q−m¡z ¢a¢e ®eaª−aÅ b¡L−m qu−a¡ h‰−cn−L ¢hiš²
qJu¡ ®b−L lr¡ Ll¡ ®k−a¡z A¿¹a ®L¡mL¡a¡ J j¤¢nÑc¡h¡c ®Sm¡ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el A¿¹i§Ñš² Ll¡ pñh q−a¡z H Lb¡ p¢WL
®q¡L h¡ e¡ ®q¡L, H QQÑ¡ Bj¡−cl j−dÉ hÉ¡fL ¢R−m¡z
f§h-Ñ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e k¤š²é¾V plL¡l q−mJ ®L−¾cÐ aM−e¡ j¤p¢mj m£N plL¡lz M¡S¡ e¡¢Sj¤Ÿ£e aMe f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el fÐd¡ej¿»£
Hhw ®N¡m¡j j¤q¡Çjc NiÑel ®Se¡−lmz ®n−l h¡wm¡ gSm¤m qL ¢ehÑ¡Q−el fl k¤š²é¾V f¡mÑ¡−j¾V¡¢l f¡¢VÑl ®ea¡ qez
1954 p¡−ml 2 H¢fÐm ¢a¢e fС−c¢nL fÐd¡ej¿»£ qez fÐd¡ej¿»£ qh¡l HL j¡−pl j¡b¡u 30 H¢fÐm ®n−l h¡wm¡
®L¡mL¡a¡u k¡ez ¢a¢e j¤p¢mj m£N ®b−L h¢q×Lªa qh¡l fl ®k ¢q¾c¤ ®ea¡−cl−L p¡−b ¢e−u nÉ¡j¡-qL j¢¿»pi¡ NWe
L−l¢R−me, I ®ea¡l¡ ®n−l h¡wm¡−L 30 H¢fÐm HL ¢hl¡V pwhdÑe¡ ®cez ¢a¢e B−hNa¡¢sa q−u pwhdÑe¡l SJu¡−h
h−me, “l¡S¯e¢aL L¡l−Z h¡wm¡−cn ¢hiš² Ll¡ ®k−a f¡−l, ¢L¿º h¡P¡¢ml ¢nr¡, pwúª¢a Bl h¡P¡¢maÅ−L ®L¡e n¢š²
®L¡e ¢ce i¡N Ll−a f¡l−h e¡z” j¤p¢mj m£−Nl ®L¾cУu plL¡l ®n−l h¡wm¡l H hš²hÉ−L f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el j§m¢i¢š
j¤p¢mj S¡a£ua¡h¡−cl ¢h−l¡d£ BMÉ¡¢ua L−lz j¤p¢mjNZ HL¢V Bm¡c S¡¢a (Two Nation Theory) ®O¡oZ¡
L−lC j¤p¢mj m£N i¡la−L ¢hiš² L−l f¡¢LÙ¹¡e L¡−u−jl c¡¢h S¡e¡uz ®n−l h¡wm¡l hš²hÉ I ‘V¤ ®ene ¢bJ¢l’l
¢h−l¡d£z 30 ®j NieÑl ®Se¡−lm ®n−l h¡wm¡ j¿»£pi¡ h¡¢am L−l f§h-Ñ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e ®L¾cУu n¡pe Q¡m¤ L−lz
−L¾cУu n¡pe
−Se¡−lm Cú¡¾c¡l ¢jSÑ¡−L f§h-Ñ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el NieÑl J ¢hТVn Bj−ml Sy¡c−lm BC¢pHp (C¢äu¡e ¢p¢im p¡¢iÑp)
B¢gp¡l He Hj M¡e−L (¢eu¡S j¤q¡Çjc M¡e) Q£g ®p−œ²V¡¢l ¢e−u¡N L−l f§hÑ-f¢LÙ¹¡e−L ®L−¾cÐl fr ®b−L n¡pe
Ll¡l c¡¢uaÅ −cJu¡ quz
Cpm¡−jl ®c¡q¡C ¢c−u f¡¢LÙ¹¡e L¡−uj Ll¡ q−mJ f¡¢LÙ¹¡e B−¾c¡me f¢lQ¡me¡L¡−m f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e Cpm¡j£ BcnÑ
L¡−u−jl f¢lLÒfe¡ e¡ b¡L¡u ®L¾cУu n¡pe Hje ph ®m¡L−cl q¡−aC B−p, k¡l¡ Cw−lS−cl °a¢l je, jNS J
Q¢l−œ N−s E−W−Rez a¡C a¡l¡ Hje c¤’Se ®k¡NÉ ®m¡L−LC f§h-Ñ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el n¡pL ¢q−p−h f¡¢W−u−Re, k¡l¡ a¡−cl
fТa¢e¢daÅ Ll¡l Efk¤š²z Cú¡¾c¡l ¢jSÑ¡ ®Se¡−lm ¢q−p−h Ahpl ®eh¡l fl ¢p¢im p¡¢iÑ−p Y¤−Lez ¢a¢e l¡S¯e¢aL
rja¡ cM−ml osk¿»L¡l£ ¢ae S−el AeÉaj ¢R−mez h¡¢L c¤’Se ®Se¡−lm BCu§h M¡e J ®N¡m¡j j¤q¡Çjcz 1958
p¡−m 7 A−ƒ¡hl Cú¡¾c¡l ¢jSÑ¡ NieÑl ®Se¡−lm b¡L¡ AhÙÛ¡u ®pe¡f¢a BCu§h M¡−el p¡−b osk¿» L−l f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el
fÐd¡ej¿»£ ¢g−l¡k M¡e e§e plL¡l−L EvM¡a L−l p¡j¢lL n¡pe S¡¢l L−lez 27 A−ƒ¡hl BCu§h M¡e Cú¡¾c¡l
¢jSÑ¡−L ®cn¡¿¹¢la L−l l¡øÌ J plL¡l fÐd¡−e fc cMm L−lez
HeHj M¡e ¢œ−nl cn−Ll ®no ¢c−L hСþZh¡s£u¡l Hp¢XJ ¢R−mez Sy¡c−lm A¢gp¡l ¢q−p−h c¡f−Vl p¡−b ¢a¢e
n¡pe L−l−Rez ®m¡L¢V hsC L¢laLjÑ¡ ¢R−mez hÊ¡þZh¡s£u¡l HL¡w−n −py−Ql Ai¡−h gpm q−a¡ e¡z ¢a¢e
®üµR¡−ph¡l X¡L ¢c−u jqL¤j¡l fТa¢V h¡¢s ®b−L HLSe L−l ®m¡L−L M¡m L¡V¡l L¡−S m¡¢N−u ¢aa¡p ec£ ®b−L
f¡¢e ®eh¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ L−lez
1936 p¡−ml Lb¡z B¢j aMe LÓ¡p g¡C−i f¢sz Bj¡−cl h¡¢s ®b−L Bî¡ ®N−mez ¢g−l H−p Bî¡ hm−me ®k,
j¡¢V L¡V¡l SeÉ Bî¡l j−a¡ ®f¡n¡L J hu−pl ®m¡L−cl−L h¡dÉ Ll¡ qu¢ez q¡S¡l q¡S¡l j¡e¤o ®üµR¡−ph¡l j¡dÉ−j
L−uL¢c−el j−dÉ ¢hl¡V M¡m Mee L−l ®g−mz Hp¢XJ a¡−cl−L öd¤ p¡j¡eÉ M¡h¡l ¢c−u H−a¡ ¢hl¡V L¡S L¢l−u
¢e−a prj q−mez
58
fТahRl LQ¤¢lf¡e¡ hoÑ¡L¡−m S¢jl gpm eø Ll−a¡z HeHj M¡e glj¡e S¡¢l Ll−me, ph¡C−L LQ¤¢lf¡e¡ dhwp
Ll¡l c¡¢uaÅ f¡me Ll−a q−hz k¡l h¡¢sl p¡j−e LQ¤¢lf¡e¡ f¡Ju¡ k¡−h a¡l lr¡ ®eCz Bj¡−cl h¡¢sl p¡j−el
®X¡h¡l LQ¤¢lf¡e¡ EW¡−e¡ q−m¡z ec£−a k−a¡ ®e±L¡ Q−m ph j¡¢T J ®e±L¡l B−l¡q£−cl−L ¢e−cÑn ®cJu¡ q−m¡ q−m¡
®k, Qm¡l pju ®e±L¡ ®b−L e¡N¡m f¡Ju¡ k¡u Hje LQ¤¢lf¡e¡ ®e±L¡u a¤−m ¢e−u öLe¡u ®gm−a q−hz H ¢e−cÑn p¡l¡
jqL¤j¡u f¡me L−l SeNZ Qlj Be¤N−aÉl f¢lQu ¢c−m¡z Hje pgm n¡pL Aa¤me£uz
NÒf ö−e¢R ®k, HL ¢X¢‰ ®e±L¡l j¡¢T HL¢V hs ®e±L¡l j¡¢T−L ¢QvL¡l L−l hm−R, “®q j¡¢T! ®a¡j¡l ®e±L¡l
f¡−nl LQ¤¢lf¡e¡ e¡ a¤−mC ®L¡eÚ p¡q−p a¤¢j Q−m k¡−µR? Bj¡−cl Hp¢XJ p¡−q−hl ýL¤j Aj¡eÉ Ll−R¡z OVe¡œ²−j
I ®e±L¡u HeHj M¡e üuw ¢R−mez ¢a¢e ®e±L¡ b¡¢j−u I ¢X¢‰ ®e±L¡l j¡¢T−L ®X−L f¤lúªa Ll−mez
Bj¡l Øfø j−e B−Rz HLh¡l HeHj M¡e ¢hl¡V HL ®e±L¡u Bj¡−cl NË¡−j H−mez aMe hoÑ¡l f¡¢e L−j ®N−Rz
NZÉj¡eÉ ®m¡L−cl−L X¡L−mez Bî¡J ®N−mez Bî¡l p¡−b B¢jJ ®Nm¡jz HeHj M¡e ®e±L¡ ®b−L e¡j−mez HLV¡
hs M¡−ml f¡−nC ®e±L¡¢V hy¡d¡z ¢e−Q ®e−j NZÉj¡eÉ ®m¡L−cl p¡−b h¡wm¡u Lb¡ hm−mez qW¡v ¢a¢e a¡¢L−u ®c−Me,
M¡−ml f¡¢e−a LQ¤¢lf¡e¡z ®kph ®m¡L a¡j¡n¡ ®cM−a H−p−R, ph¡C−L ¢a¢e I ¢c−L Cn¡l¡ L−l hm−me, LQ¤¢lf¡e¡
EW¡Jz CE¢eu−el cg¡c¡lJ ®m¡L−c−l−L LQ¤¢lf¡e¡ EW¡−a a¡¢Nc ¢c−m¡z ¢a¢e cg¡c¡−ll q¡−al m¡¢W ®L−s ¢e−u
cg¡c¡−ll f¡−ul ®N¡R¡u ®S¡−l BO¡a L−l hm−me, “a¤¢j k¡J e¡ ®L−e¡” m¡¢Wl BO¡−a ®hQ¡l¡l f¡−u lš² ®hl q−u
®N−m¡z ah¤ ®p LQ¤¢lf¡e¡ a¤m−a ®N−m¡z B¢j i−u S−s¡p−s¡ q−u Bî¡l q¡a d−l hy¡Q¡l ®Qø¡ Llm¡jz HeHj M¡e
Hje f¡Nm¡ A¢gp¡lC ¢R−mez hСþZh¡s£u¡ nq−ll ¢hMÉ¡a ¢eu¡S j¤q¡Çjc ú¤m J ¢eu¡S j¤q¡Çjc j¡W ®pC
Hp¢XJlC pȪ¢a hqe Ll−Rz
59
hm−me, “S¡−ee ®L¡b¡u k¡−µRe?” hmm¡j, “a¡l¡ Bj¡−L ¢LR¤−aC hm−me e¡ h−mC ®a¡ Bfe¡l L¡−R S¡e−a
Hm¡jz”
¢a¢e hm−me, “BS V¡Ee q−m C−¾c¡−e¢nu¡l eaÑL£−cl Ae¤ù¡e q−µRz L−m−Sl Ni¢eÑw h¢Xl ®fТp−X¾V ¢q−p−h
L−m−Sl ¢fТ¾pf¡−ml ¢eLV ¢X¢ØṼ jÉ¡¢S−ØVÌV (pL¡−m ¢X¢p hm¡ q−a¡ e¡, ¢XHj hm¡ q−a¡) p¡−qh AdÉ¡fL−cl
SeÉ ¢he¡j§mÉ ¢V−LV f¡¢W−u−Rez AdÉ¡fL−cl pÇj¡−el M¡¢a−l p−h¡ÑµQ j§−mÉl ¢V−LVC f¡W¡−e¡ q−u−Rz ¢fТ¾pf¡m
p¡−qh Bj¡−LJ ¢c−a ®Q−u¢R−mez B¢j ¢e−a l¡¢S qC¢ez” ¢ejÀj§−mÉl Bp−e AdÉ¡fLl¡ k¡−he e¡z Bl EµQ j§−mÉl
¢V−LV Arj h−mC ¢he¡j§−mÉ ¢V−LV f¡W¡−mez B¢j hmm¡j, “¢fТ¾pf¡m p¡−qh ®a¡ Bj¡−L ¢V−LV ®ce¢ez hÉ¡f¡l
¢L?” ¢a¢e hm−me, “Bf¢e S¡e−m qu−a¡ H ¢V−LV ¢h¢m e¡ Ll¡l SeÉ a¡−L Q¡f −c−hez” A¿¹l ®b−L Bõ¡ql fТa
öL¢lu¡ ‘¡fe L−l hmm¡j, “c£−el c¡Ju¡a HjeC HL jkh¤a lr¡LhQ ®k, c¡u£ Cm¡õ¡ql ¢eLV h¡¢a−ml fr
®b−L c¡Ju¡a ¢c−a p¡qpC f¡u e¡z” fl¢ce ¢VQÑ¡p Ljel¦−j Blh£l AdÉ¡fL−L ¢S−‘p Llm¡j, “¢L j¡Jm¡e¡
p¡−qh! ®no fkÑ¿¹ Bf¢eJ e¡Q ®c−M H−me?” m¢‹a q−u Bj¡l c¤’q¡a d−l hm−me, “Aj¤L Aj¤−L ¢j−m Bj¡−L
d−l ¢e−u ®N−Rz” c¤hÑm Dj¡−el ®m¡−Ll¡ H S¡a£u SJu¡hC ¢c−u b¡−Lz
64.
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¢a¢e BlJ hm−me, “lwf¤l ®Sm¡l pLm ú¤m J L−m−Sl Ah¡¢”a ¢nrL−cl ¢hl¡V a¡¢mL¡ ¢û¢ew L¢j¢V °a¢l
L−l−Rz ‘CE Vf cÉ¡ ¢mØV’z B¢j Bfe¡−L Bj¡l A¢g−p ¢e−u B−m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ fR¾c L¢l¢ez”
B¢j d£−l p¤−ÙÛ hmm¡j, “H ¢ho−u Bj¡l ¢LR¤C LlZ£u B−R h−m B¢j j−e L¢l e¡z j¤Q−mL¡l ®a¡ fÐnÀC J−W e¡z ®k
L¡l−Z ¢lS¡Ce ®ch¡l c¡¢h Ll¡ q−µR, ®p L¡lZ−L B¢j °hd j−e L¢l e¡z k¢c HLSe R¡œJ A¢i−k¡N L−l ®k, B¢j
®k¡NÉ ¢nrL eC, aq−m B¢j AhnÉC ¢lS¡Ce ®c−h¡z plL¡−ll AeÉ¡u Q¡−f B¢j ¢LR¤−aC e¢a ü£L¡l Ll−h¡ e¡z”
¢a¢e hm−me, “Bf¢e H lLj SJu¡h ®c−he h−mC Bj¡l Bnˆ¡ ¢R−m¡z ah¤ plL¡−ll ¢h¢d f¡m−el fÐ−u¡S−e
Bfe¡l p¡−b B−m¡Qe¡ Ll−a q−m¡z”
ppÇj¡−e h¡¢sl ®NV fkÑ¿¹ H−p Bj¡−L ¢hc¡u S¡e¡−mez B¢j ¢e¢ÕQa ¢Rm¡j ®k, Bj¡−L ®NËç¡l Ll¡ q−hz 52 p¡−m
B¢j J AdÉ¡fL Sj£l¦Ÿ£e lwf¤l nq−l ®fÐç¡l qCz L−mS LÉ¡Çf¡p ®b−L Caxf§−hÑ L¡E−L LM−e¡ ®NËç¡l Ll¡ qu¢ez
¢h¢VÊn Bj−m HL AdÉ¡fL−L ®NËç¡l Ll¡l SeÉ f¤¢m−nl fr ®b−L ¢fТ¾pf¡−ml ¢eLV Ae¤j¢a Q¡Ju¡ q−m ¢a¢e
Ae¤j¢a −ce¢ez
B¢j I p¡r¡−al fl L−mS LÇf¡Eä ®b−L C−µR L−lC L−uL¢ce −hl qC¢ez L−mS ®b−L ®NËç¡l Ll¡l Ae¤j¢a
¢fТ¾pf¡m p¡−qh ®ce ¢Le¡ a¡ fl£r¡ Ll¡ fÐ−u¡Se j−e Llm¡jz ¢fТ¾pf¡m p¡−qh ¢hq¡l ®b−L ¢qSla L−l
H−p−Rez ¢a¢e Bm£Ns ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡m−u AdÉue Ll¡u ay¡−L Ni¢eÑw h¢X …l¦−aÅl p¡−bC ¢e−u¡N ¢c−u¢R−m¡z
hÉ¢š²Nai¡−h M¤hC Aj¡¢uL J iâ ¢R−mez ¢L¿º fÐn¡pe c¤hÑm h−mC ®cM¡ ®N−Rz
6 ®ghЦu¡¢l (1955) pL¡m 7 V¡u L−mS LÉ¡Çf−p Ah¢ÙÛa Bj¡l h¡p¡ ®b−LC f¤¢mn Bj¡−L ®fÐç¡l Ll−m¡z
¢fТ¾pf¡−ml Ae¤j¢a ®Q−u¢R−m¡ ¢Le¡ a¡J S¡¢e e¡z Bj¡−L ab¡L¢ba Se¢el¡fš¡ BC−e ®NËç¡l Ll¡ q−u−R h−m
S¡e¡−m¡z lwf¤l ®S−ml ®Sm¡l p¡−qh Se¡h Ju¡¢qc¤‹¡j¡e ®Sm A¢g−p Bj¡−L AiÉbÑe¡ S¡e¡−mez AdÉ¡fL
Sj£lEŸ£−el hå¤ ¢q−p−h f§hÑf¢l¢Qa qJu¡ R¡s¡J ’52 p¡−m H −S−m HLj¡p ay¡l ašÆ¡hd¡−eC ¢Rm¡jz ’52 p¡−m
®NËç¡−ll f§−hÑ ¢X¢in−el hÉhÙÛ¡ e¡ Ll¡u ®Sm¡l p¡−qh ¢hhÐa q−u ¢hno hÉhÙÛ¡ Ll−a h¡dÉ q−u¢R−mez Hh¡l ¢X¢ine
¢e−uC ®S−m fÐ−hn Ll¡l ®p±i¡NÉ q−m¡z
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f¤¢mn p¤V−Lp M¤−m hC…−m¡ fªbL L−l hm−m¡ ®k, ®p¾pl L−l f−l ®cJu¡ q−hz B¢j a¡gq£j¤m L¤lB−el 1j Mä
(EcѤ) f¤¢m−nl q¡a ®b−L ®L−s ¢e−u hmm¡j, “Bj¡l p¡−bC H a¡gp£l ®S−m Y¤L−hz AeÉ hC ¢e−u k¡ez hC
La¢ce fl ®gla ®c−he S¡¢e e¡z H Lu¢ce B¢j AdÉue R¡s¡ pju L¡V¡−h¡ ®Lje L−l? ¢h−no L−l H a¡gp£l
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Lb¡z B¢j ®üµR¡u HV¡ Bfe¡−cl q¡−a a¤−m ®c−h¡ e¡z”
−Sm¡l p¡−qh J f¤¢mn Ei−uC ¢hhÐa ®h¡d Ll−mez ®Sm¡l p¡−qh hm−me, L¤lBe nl£g ¢L ®p¾pl R¡s¡ ®cJu¡ k¡u
e¡? f¤¢mn hm−m¡, L¡l ®mM¡ a¡gp£l Bjl¡ S¡¢e e¡z
B¢j hmm¡j, “j¡Jm¡e¡ jJc§c£l ®mM¡ a¡gp£l ‘a¡gp£l L¤lBe’z Ec¤Ñ−a ®mM¡ a¡gp£l ®p¾pl Ll¡l ®m¡L B−R
Bfe¡−cl L¡−R?”
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L¡jl¡u H−p ¢c−u ®N−me Hhw a¡gp£−l m¡N¡h¡l SeÉ p£m p¡−b ¢e−u H−mez a¡gp£−ll ®no f¡a¡u p£m ®j−l ¢a¢e
cÙ¹Ma Ll−mez ¢he¡ ®p¾p−l ®L¡e hC ®S−m Be−a ®cJu¡ qu e¡z H jq¡e ¢euj f¡m−el fÐ−u¡S−e p£m−L Hhw
cÙ¹MaL¡l£ A¢gp¡l−L ¢euj i‰ L−l ®S−m Bp−a q−m¡z ®N¡V¡ hÉ¡f¡lV¡C Bj¡l ¢eLV ®hn ®L±a¤Lf§ZÑ j−e q−m¡z
61
I¢ceC l¡−a Ni¢eÑ h¢Xl °hWL q−m¡z ¢pÜ¡¿¹ NËqZ Ll¡ q−m¡ ®k, AdÉ¡fL p¡−qh h¡lh¡l ®NËç¡l qe h−m R¡œ−cl
fs¡l ¢hl¡V r¢a quz a¡C a¡−L H L−m−Sl Q¡L¢l ®b−L AhÉ¡q¢a ®cJu¡ q−m¡z
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HÉ¡¢m−j¾V−cl−L h¢q×L¡l Ll¡l plL¡¢l ¢e−cÑn f¡m−el a¡¢N−c ¢a¢e Ni¢eÑw h¢Xl Efl Q¡f pª¢ø L−l H ¢pÜ¡¿¹
Ll¡−mez
B¢j 6 a¡¢lM ®NËç¡l qm¡j 7 a¡¢l−M R¡œ−cl−L ®L¡e lL−j LÓ¡p Ll−a l¡¢S Ll¡ ®N−m¡z 8 a¡¢l−M R¡œl¡
l£¢aj−a¡ j¡lj¤M£ q−u qla¡m Ll−m¡ Hhw Bj¡−L Q¡L¢l−a f§ehÑq¡m Ll¡l c¡¢h S¡e¡−m¡z qla¡m −WL¡h¡l SeÉ
f¤¢mn X¡L¡ q−m¡z ®eaªÙÛ¡e£u L−uLSe R¡œ−L ®NËç¡l Ll¡ q−m¡z f¤¢m−nl p¡−b R¡œ−cl pwOÑo q−m¡z ¢h−L−m
S¡em¡j ®k, 4/5 Se R¡œ ®NËç¡l q−u ®S−m H−p−Rz Bj¡l p¡−b p¡r¡−al p¤−k¡N ¢R−m¡ e¡z ®Sm f¤¢mn J
L−uc£−cl j¤−M H Mhl S¡em¡jz fl¢ce BlJ ®S¡lc¡l J EµRª´Mm qla¡l q−m¡z BlJ LaL R¡œ−L ®NËç¡l Ll¡l
Mhl ®fm¡jz aªa£u ¢c−eJ qla¡m hå Ll−a e¡ ®f−l L−m−Sl Ni¢eÑw h¢X l¡−a Cj¡l−S¢¾p °hWL L−l ¢ae j¡−pl
SeÉ L−mS R¤¢V ®O¡oZ¡ Ll−m¡z ljk¡−el R¤¢V j¡p Hhw NË£−oÈl R¤¢V A¢NËj c¤’j¡p ¢j¢m−u c£OÑ R¤¢V ¢c−u LaªÑfr
qla¡−ml ®j¡L¡¢hm¡ Ll−a h¡dÉ q−m¡z ®q¡−ØV−ml ®R−m−cl−L h¡¢s Q−m ®k−a h¡dÉ Ll¡ q−m¡ Hhw fl¢ce L−m−S
fÐ−h−nl pLm fb f¤¢mn ¢c−u Ahl¦Ü Ll¡ q−m¡, k¡−a ®L¡e R¡œ h¡C−l ®b−L L−m−S Y¤L−a e¡ f¡−lz
H Lu¢c−e 21 Se R¡œ−L lwf¤l ®S−m BVL Ll¡ q−u−R h−m Se¡ ®N−m¡z H ¢e−u ®S−ml ®ia−l l¡Sh¢¾c, L−uc£
J f¤¢m−nl j−dÉ hÉ¡fL QQÑ¡ q−a m¡N−m¡z ®L±a¤L L−l B¢j −Sm¡l p¡−qh−L hmm¡j, ®cM¤e! H R¡œl¡ Bj¡l L¡−R
fs−a Q¡uz Bj¡−L L−m−S ®k−c ®cJu¡ q−µR e¡ h−m Jl¡ HM¡−e Q−m H−p−Rz J−cl−L ¢e−u LÓ¡p Ll¡ p¤−k¡N ¢cez
−Sm¡l p¡−qh j¤Q¢L ®q−p Q−m ®N−mez qla¡−ml p¤−k¡N e¡ b¡L¡u L−mS n¡¿¹z L−uL¢ce fl R¡œ−cl−L ®R−s
®cJu¡ quz
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k¡l¡ Bj¡l pl¡p¢l R¡œ eu a¡l¡J Hl j¡dÉ−j R¡œ q−u ®k−a¡ Hhw a¡−cl p¡−b O¢eù qh¡l p¤−k¡N q−a¡z ¢hH LÓ¡−p
k¡l¡ l¡øÌ¢h‘¡−el R¡œ Hhw BCH−a k¡l¡ ¢p¢i−„l R¡œ a¡l¡ Bj¡l pl¡p¢l R¡œ ¢R−m¡z a¡−cl p¡−b O¢eù qJu¡
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Bj¡l ¢pÜ¡
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®m¡L ®b−L q¡−a-Lm−j ®nM¡ R¡s¡ Ef¡u ®eCz hC f−s H ph ®nM¡ ¢LR¤−aC pñh euz
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Bj¡−L ¢Li¡−h ¢Qe−he, H ¢e−u HLV¤ ¢Q¢¿¹a ¢Rm¡jz V¡lj¡L ®b−L Hu¡l−f¡VÑ ¢h¢ôw−u Y¤−LC mrÉ Llm¡j ®k,
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pÇf−LÑ A−eL Lb¡ ¢S−‘p Ll−mez
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Mhl ¢S−‘p Ll−mez Bjl¡ Lu i¡C, ®L L£ L−l Hhw Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡m−el hÉ¡f¡−l Bî¡ J i¡C−cl j−e¡i¡h
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f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el SeÉ n¡pea¿» fÐZu−el c¡¢u−aÅ ¢e−k¡¢Sa NZf¢loc (k¡l¡ ®L¾cУu BCe f¢lo−cl c¡¢uaÅJ f¡me
Ll−Re) pcpÉ−cl−L Cpm¡j£ n¡pea¿» lQe¡l SeÉ EÜ¤Ü Ll¡l E−Ÿ−nÉ S¡j¡u¡−al fr ®b−L 5 pcpÉ¢h¢nø HL¢V
V£j NWZ Ll¡ q−u−Rz I V£−jl pcpÉ ¢q−p−hC Bj¡−L X¡L¡ q−u−Rz påÉ¡l fl j¡Jm¡e¡ A¢g−pC °hWL qh¡l Lb¡z
Bj¡−L ¢e−u ¢ju¡ p¡−qh L¡jl¡u Y¤L−mez L−uL ¢j¢e−Vl j−dÉC V£−jl Q¡lSe pcpÉ q¡¢Sl q−u ®N−mez f¢ÕQj-
f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el 4 fÐ−c−nl 4 Se Hhw f§hÑ-f¡¢LÙ¹¡e ®b−L B¢jz ¢eS ¢eS fÐ−c¢nL i¡o¡uJ B−m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ k¡u, ®p
¢q−p−hC V£j NWZ Ll¡ q−u−Rz Bjl¡ flØfl f¢l¢Qa qm¡jz ¢ju¡ p¡−qhC fÐbj Bj¡−L f¢lQu L¢l−u ¢c−mez
kb¡pj−u j¡Jm¡e¡ B¾cl jqm ®b−L A¢gp l¦−j Y¤−L p¡m¡j ¢c−mez ph¡l p¡−b q¡a ¢j¢m−u ¢a¢e hp−mez j¡Jm¡e¡
hm−me, “AaÉ¿¹ …l¦aÅf§ZÑ L¡−Sl c¡¢uaÅ Bfe¡−cl Efl eÉÙ¹ Ll¡ q−u−Rz H c¡¢uaÅ ®k¡NÉa¡l p¡−b f¡m−el SeÉ
Bfe¡−cl−L fÐÙ¹¤a q−a q−hz fС−c¢nL i¡o¡ J Cw−l¢S i¡o¡u h¢mùi¡−h hš²hÉ ®fn Ll−a q−hz NZf¢lo−c
A¢d−hne Bl cn¢ce fl öl¦ q−hz Bfe¡l¡ HM¡−eC ®jqj¡eM¡e¡u HL pç¡q HL−œ AhÙÛ¡e Ll¦ez pw¢nÔø hC-
f¤Ù¹L AdÉue Ll¦e Hhw ja¢h¢eju L−l f§ZÑ fÐÙ¹¤¢a NËqZ Ll¦ez HL pç¡q fl ¢f¢ä k¡h¡l f§−hÑ BlJ HLh¡l Bj¡l
p¡−b °hW−L ¢j¢ma q−hez” ®kph hC fs¡ Sl¦¢l ®p Lu¢Vl e¡jJ h−m ¢c−mez
m¡−q¡−l HL pç¡q
m¡−q¡−l b¡L¡L¡−m Bj¡−cl Efl eÉÙ¹ …l¦c¡¢uaÅ f¡m−el fÐ−u¡Se£u fÐÙ¹¤¢a−aC ®h¢n pju hÉu Llm¡jz 7 ¢c−el
j−dÉ m¡−q¡l cnÑe£u ÙÛ¡epj§q ®cMm¡jz Bj¡−cl N¡CX ¢q−p−h c¡¢uaÅ f¡me Ll−me, V£−jlC HL i¡C ¢k¢e
m¡−q¡−llC A¢dh¡p£z
Bj¡l ¢h−hQe¡u m¡−q¡−l ®cM¡l j−a¡ ¢S¢ep c¤’−V¡z HLV¡ q−m¡, h¡cn¡q BJl‰−S−hl °a¢l ¢hMÉ¡a n¡q£ jp¢Scz
Afl¢V q−m¡, h¡cn¡q S¡q¡‰£−ll Bj−ml n¡¢mj¡lh¡Nz jp¢Sc¢Vl °h¢nøÉ q−m¡ ®k, Hl h¡C−l e¡j¡−kl SeÉ ¢hl¡V
fÐnÙ¹ S¡uN¡ l¡M¡ q−u−Rj, k¡−a q¡S¡l q¡S¡l ®m¡L S¡j¡u¡−a nl£L q−a f¡−lz jp¢S−cl Q¡l ®L¡−Z 4¢V p¤EµQ
¢je¡lz ¢py¢s ®h−u ¢je¡−ll Efl EW¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ B−Rz Ef−l E−W ®N¡V¡ m¡−q¡l nql ®c−M ¢em¡jz jp¢S−cl fÐd¡e
68
fÐ−hnf−bl HL f¡−n jqL¢h Bõ¡j¡ CLh¡−ml Lhlz j¤põ£NZ jp¢S−c k¡h¡l pju L¢h−L jqîa L−l p¡m¡j
S¡e¡uz
n¡¢mj¡lh¡N HL ¢hl¡V h¡N¡ez h¡N g¡¢pÑ nëz Hl AbÑ h¡N¡ez h¡N¡−el A−dÑL Hm¡L¡ eueS¤s¡−e¡ hý lL−jl g¤m
p¢‹az Afl A−dÑL f¡¢e−a f§ZÑz h¡N¡e ®b−L f¡¢el Efl ¢c−u ®qy−V k¡h¡l SeÉ l¡Ù¹¡ l−u−Rz kaV¡ S¡uN¡ S¤−s
f¡¢e B−R Hl phV¤L¤l EflC l¡Ù¹¡ fÐp¡¢la B−R k¡−a p¡l¡ Hm¡L¡uC ¢hQlZ Ll¡ k¡uz l¡−a kMe l¡Ù¹¡l EflL¡l
¢hc¤É−al h¡¢a…−m¡l B−m¡l R¡u¡ ¢e−Q f¡¢el Efl f−l aMe Hje QjvL¡l cª−nÉl pª¢ø qu, k¡ hZÑe¡ Ll¡l i¡o¡
Bj¡l Bu−š ®eCz p¢aÉC Afl©f cªnÉz f¡¢e l¡Ù¹¡l A¢a ¢eL−Vz q¡−a e¡N¡m f¡Ju¡ k¡uz AN¢Za TeÑ¡ ®b−L f¡¢e
f−sz
g¤−ml h¡N¡e−L ®fR−e ®l−M Hhw f¡¢el TeÑ…−m¡−L p¡j−e ®l−M f¡b−l ¯a¢l ¢hl¡V j’ l−u−R, −kM¡−e h−p Bj£l-
Jj¡l¡qNZ f¡¢el Efl °a¢l l¡Ù¹¡…−m¡−a p¤¾cl£−cl eªaÉN£a Ef−i¡N Ll−a¡z I j−’ h−p Bjl¡ LÒfe¡u I cªnÉ
®cM¡l ®Qø¡ Llm¡jz
HV¡ p¢aÉ jS¡l hÉ¡f¡l ®k, j¡e¤o ¢h−e¡ce J Be¾c-Evph Ll¡l SeÉ g¤m J p¤¾cl N¡−Rl pjeÄ−u h¡N¡e °a¢l L−l,
k¡l f¡−n J pñh q−m ¢e−Q TeÑ¡d¡l¡ fÐh¡¢qa quz Bõ¡q a¡Bm¡ ®h−qn−al ®k ¢hhlZ L¤lB−e ¢c−u−Re, Hl p¡−b
H p−hl ýhý ¢jm ®c−M h¤T¡ k¡u ®k, ¢a¢e j¡e¤o−L ¢h−e¡c−el ®k fÐhª¢š ¢c−u pª¢ø L−l−Re, a¡−a n¡¢mj¡lh¡−Nl
f¢lLÒfe¡ Ll¡C ü¡i¡¢hLz
−L¡e HL ®mM−Ll j¿¹hÉ f−s¢Rm¡j ®k, L¤lBe jl¦i§¢jl ®c−n e¡¢km q−u−R h−mC jl¦h¡p£−cl BLoÑ−Zl SeÉ
®h−qn−al ¢hhl−Z hqj¡e TeÑ¡d¡l¡l Lb¡ hm¡ q−u−Rz ¢L¿º B¢j hl−gl ®c−nJ f¡−LÑ TeÑ¡d¡l¡ ®c−M¢Rz Bpm Lb¡
q−m¡-®p±¾ckÑ−h¡d, ¢h−e¡ce, ®Qae¡ J Be¾c-g¤¢aÑl L¡je¡l Ef¡c¡e ¢q−p−h pLm ®c−n phÑL¡−mC gm J g¤−ml
h¡N¡e, hqj¡e f¡¢e, TeÑ¡d¡l¡ J p¤¾cl£ e¡l£−L NZÉ Ll¡ q−u−Rz j¡e¤−ol H ü¡i¡¢hL fÐhª¢šl c¡¢h f§l−Zl SeÉC
®h−qn−al ¢hhl−Z I ¢ae¢V Ef¡c¡−el Lb¡ E−õM Ll¡ q−u−Rz
m¡−q¡l AhÙÛ¡−el pju Bj¡−cl SeÉ ph−Q−u BLoÑZ£u ¢R−m¡ j¡Jm¡e¡l °hL¡¢mL Bplz j¡Jm¡e¡l A¢g−pl
p¡j−eC HL¢V QjvL¡l QaÅl ph¤S O¡−p Y¡L¡z fСu Q¡lf¡−nC g¤−ml N¡Rz HM¡−e j¡Jm¡e¡l Cj¡j¢a−a Bp−ll
e¡j¡k fs¡ quz I QaÅ−lC e¡j¡−kl fl j¡Jm¡e¡ HL¢V C¢S ®Qu¡−l h−pez j¡Jm¡e¡l X¡−e J hy¡−u Hhw p¡j−e
®Qu¡−l p¡¢lz k¡l¡ ¢he¡ HÉ¡f−u¾V−j−¾V j¡Jm¡e¡l p¡−b p¡r¡−a BNËq£ a¡l¡ H pju H Bp−h q¡¢Sl qez j¡Jm¡e¡l
p¡−b pl¡p¢l Lb¡ hm¡, ®L¡e fÐnÀ b¡L−m SJu¡h pwNËq Ll¡ Hhw j¡Jm¡e¡−L L¡−R ®b−L ®cM¡l SeÉ HV¡ HL ¢hl¡V
p¤−k¡Nz Bjl¡ 5 S−el V£−jl ®L¡e pcpÉ H Bp−l Ae¤f¢ÙÛa b¡L¡ fR¾c L¢l¢ez 7 ¢ce m¡−q¡−l AhÙÛ¡eL¡−m ®l¡S
Bpl J j¡N¢l−hl j¡−Tl pjuV¤L¤ ¢eu¢ja q¡¢Sl qa¡jz AeÉ−cl j−a¡ Bjl¡J fÐnÀ Ll¡l p¤−k¡N NËqZ L−l¢Rz
AeÉ−cl fÐ−nÀl SJu¡−h A−eL ¢hou ®nM¡l ®p±i¡NÉJ q−m¡z
l¡Jm¢f¢ä lJe¡ qh¡l B−Nl ¢ce j¡Jm¡e¡ Bj¡−cl−L ¢e−u ay¡l A¢g−pC hp−mez NZf¢lo−cl pcpÉ−cl−L
Cpm¡j£ n¡pea¿» lQe¡l SeÉ Eà¤Ü Ll¡l E−Ÿ−nÉ a¡−cl p¡−b œ²¢jLd¡l¡u ®kph ¢ho−u B−m¡Qe¡ Ll−a q−h, ®p
pÇf−LÑ ¢a¢e AaÉ¿¹ k¤¢š²NË¡qÉ fl¡jnÑ ¢c−mez ay¡−cl−L ®kph hC fs¡h¡l ®Qø¡ Ll−a q−h a¡J h−m ¢c−mez a¡−cl
j−dÉ k¡l¡ ¢haLÑ Ll−a Q¡e a¡−cl−L ¢Li¡−h L¡h¤ Ll−a q−h −p ®L±nmJ ¢n¢M−u ¢c−mez
NZ-
NZ-f¢lo−cl f¢lQu
1946 p¡−ml ¢ehÑ¡Q−e j¤p¢mj m£−Nl e¢j−enefСç fСbÑ£l¡C NZf¢lo−c (Constitiuent Assemble) ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa
qez f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el pcpÉ−cl j−dÉ j¤p¢mj m£−Nl h¡C−ll LaL pcpÉJ ¢R−mez ¢L¿º -f§h-Ñ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el j¤p¢mj
pcpÉ−cl ph¡C j¤p¢mj m£−NC ¢R−mez Hje¢L eJu¡hS¡c¡ ¢mu¡La Bm£ M¡e, jJm¡e¡ n¡¢îl Bqjc Jpj¡e£ J
Xx j¡qj¤c ®q¡p¡Ce f¤hÑ-f¡¢LÙ¹¡¢e e¡ q−mJ HM¡eL¡l fТa¢e¢d ¢q−p−hC NZf¢loc pcpÉ ¢R−mez
1947 p¡−m HLC pj−u i¡la J f¡¢LÙ¹¡e ü¡d£ea¡ m¡i L−lz f¢äa ®eql¦l ®eaª−aÅ 1949 p¡−mC i¡l−al
n¡pea¿» fÐZ£a qu Hhw ®p Ae¤k¡u£ p¡d¡lZ ¢ehÑ¡Qe Ae¤¢ùa quz AbQ 1955 p¡−mJ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el n¡pea¿» l¢Qa
q−m¡ e¡z
1954 p¡−m f§hÑ-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e j¤pm£j m£N k¤š²é−¾Vl ¢eLV ®n¡Qe£u fl¡Su hl−Zl fl NZf¢lo−c f§hÑ-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el
A¢dL¡wn pcpÉ Cpm¡j£ n¡pea−¿»l pjbÑ−Ll i§¢jL¡ f¡me L−lez AbQ Caxf§−hÑ a¡−cl i§¢jL¡ AeÉl©f ¢R−m¡z
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Se¡h e§l¦m Bj£−el ®eaª−aÅ f§h-Ñ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el pcpÉNZ a¡−cl Se¢fÐua¡ f¤el¦Ü¡−ll ®L±nm ¢q−p−hC H i§¢jL¡ f¡me
L−lez
70
l¡Jm¢f¢ä lJe¡
S¡e¡ ®N−m¡ ®k, NZf¢loc 7 S¤m¡C (1955) j¡l£−a fÐb¡j A¢d−hn−e hp−hz j¡l£ l¡Jm¢f¢ä ®b−L 40/45 j¡Cm
c§−l Ah¢ÙÛaz Cw−lS n¡pej¡−m hs LaÑ¡l¡ NË£oÈL¡−m HM¡−e AhÙÛ¡e Ll−aez 9 q¡S¡l g¤V E−µQ H nql¢V ÙÛ¡¢faz
Bjl¡ m¡−q¡l ®b−L ®lm-L¡−l l¡Jm¢f¢ä lJe¡ qm¡jz ®lm-L¡l ®VÊe m¡C−eC Q−mz j¡œ c¤−V¡ ¢hl¡V h¢Nl pjeÄ−u
N¢Waz ®VÊ−el ®Q−u A−eL â¦aN¡j£z
Bjl¡ 5 Se HLC p¡−b lJe¡ qm¡j f−b Bm¡-B−m¡Qe¡l fÐQ¤l pju ®f−u Bjl¡ ¢eS ¢eS fÐ−c−nl Cpm¡j£
B−¾c¡m−el ANËN¢a pÇf−LÑ abÉ ¢h¢ej−ul p¤−k¡N ®fm¡jz ®L ¢Li¡−h Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡m−el p¡−b S¢sa qm¡j a¡
M¤h BNËq ¢e−u S¡em¡jz fna¤, f¡”¡h£, ¢på£, ®hm¤Q£ J h¡wm¡ i¡o¡i¡o£ Bjl¡ 5 S−el j−dÉ ¢e¢hs i¡−m¡i¡p¡ N−s
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Bj¡−cl L¡−l¡ j¡aªi¡o¡C EcѤ euz a¡gq£j¤m L¤lBe J Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡m−el p¡¢qaÉ i¡ä¡l EcѤ i¡o¡u qJu¡u Hhw
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Cpm¡−jl ¢h¢iæ ¢cL pÇf−LÑ B−m¡Qe¡l j¡dÉ−j h¤T¡ ®N−m¡ ®k, Bjl¡ Bõ¡ql lqj−a Cpmj£ ‘¡−e ®j¡V¡j¤¢V
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L¡V−a¡ a¡ i¡h−m Bõ¡ql I jq¡e h¡¾c¡ql SeÉ A¿¹l ®b−L ®c¡u¡ B−p, k¡l fÐ−Qø¡u CL¡j¡−a c£−el H B−¾c¡me
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lJe¡ qh¡l Lb¡z
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Bjl¡ 5 Se HL¢V hs VÉ¡„£ (®ØVne Ju¡Ne) ¢e−u lJe¡ qm¡jz f¡q¡¢s f−b O¸V¡u 20/25 j¡C−ml ®h¢n ®h−N
N¡¢s Q−m e¡z f¡q¡−sl N¡ −Oy−o ByL¡hy¡L¡ l¡Ù¹¡u M¤h p¡hd¡−e Qm−a quz l¡Ù¹¡ HaV¤L¤ j¡œ fÐnÙ¹ ®k c¤−V¡ N¡¢s œ²p
l¡Ju¡m¢f¢ä ®b−L j¡l£ k¡h¡l f−b Bs¡C O¸V¡ pju B¢j p¡b£−cl p¡−b B−m¡Qe¡ Ll¡l ®Q−u fСLª¢aL cªnÉ
®cM¡uC jNÀ ¢Rm¡jz ¢på£ J ®hm¤Q£ i¡C−a¡ Bj¡l j−a¡C ¢eÕQ¤f q−u ®cM−Rez f¡”¡h J p£j¡−¿¹l c¤’i¡−ul ¢eLV H
S¡a£u cªnÉ ea¤e euz a¡l¡ Bm¡−f hÉÙ¹ b¡L−mez
N¡¢s f¡q¡s ®h−u EW−Rz l¡Ù¹¡l HL f¡−n f¡q¡sz f¡q¡s ®Oy−oC N¡¢s Qm−Rz Afl f¡−n M¡cz ®g−m Bp¡ fb ¢e−Q
®cM¡ k¡−µRz ¢eQ ®b−L f¡q¡¢s Ey¤Q N¡R…−m¡ HMe Efl ¢cL ®b−L ®cM¡ k¡−µRz kaC Ef−l EW¢R f¡q¡¢s N¡R
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Nl−jl ¢cez ¢L¿º kaC N¡¢s Ef−l EW−R œ²−jC Nlj Lj−Rz j¡l£l L¡R¡L¡¢R ®fy±R¡l B−NC ®j−Ol Ù¹l f¡l q−u
k¡¢µRz N¡¢sl S¡e¡m¡ håz ®jO…−m¡ N¡¢sl p¡−b d¡‚¡-d¡¢‚ Ll−Rz ¢L QjvL¡l cªnÉ! a¾ju q−u Ef−i¡N Ll¢Rz
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j¡l£ nq−l f¡q¡−sl Efl HL h¡p¡u Bjl¡ ®fy±Rm¡jz O−l ¢N−uC n£−al L¡fs fl−a q−m¡z S¡j¡u¡−al ®L¾cУu
l¡S¯e¢aL ®p−œ²V¡¢l ¢pŸ£L¤m q¡p¡e ¢Nm¡e£ B−N ®b−LC I h¡¢s−a AhÙÛ¡e Ll¢R−mez ¢a¢e Bj¡−cl V£−jl
f¢lQ¡mLz B−NC H−p h¡¢s i¡s¡ L−l Bj¡−cl b¡L¡ J M¡Ju¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ L−l ®l−M¢R−mez ay¡lC Bfe ®R¡V i¡C
Se¡h Bp¡c ¢Nm¡e£, k¡l Lb¡ Caxf§−hÑ h¡l h¡l H−p−R, ¢k¢e Ešlh−‰ S¡j¡u¡−al c¡¢u−aÅ ¢R−mez B¢j ay¡l
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V£−jl 5 S−el j−dÉ ¢p¾c£ J ®hm¤Q£ i¡C c¤’S−el e¡j j−e ®eCz f¡”¡−hl ¢k¢e, ¢a¢e HL q¡C ú¤−ml ®qX j¡ØV¡l
¢R−mez M¤h e¡jLl¡ ú¤−ml c¡¢u−aÅ ¢R−mez ®hn h¢mù hÉ¢š²−aÅl A¢dL¡l£ j−e q−u−Rz e¡j q−m¡, Se¡h Bhc¤m
S¡î¡l N¡k£z S¡j¡u¡−al ¢p¢eul l¦Le ¢q−p−hC NZÉz p£j¡¿¹ fÐ−c−nl Bj£l M¡e plc¡l Bm£ M¡eJ hÉ¢š²aÅpÇfæ
®m¡Lz hp−u c¤’SeC Bj¡l j¤l¦î£z
Bj¡−cl f¢lQ¡mL ¢Nm¡e£ p¡−q−hl p¡−b fl¡jnÑ L−l Bjl¡ L¡S öl¦ Llm¡jz NZf¢lo−cl pcpÉl¡ ®kph ®q¡−V−m
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¢hL¡m J påÉ¡u a¡l¡ A¢d−hn−e h¡ °hWL¡¢c−L hÉÙ¹ b¡−Lez
Bjl¡ ®k h¡p¡u E−W¢R HV¡ f¡q¡−sl Q¤s¡uz l¡Ù¹¡ ®b−L ®qy−VC EW¡-e¡j¡ Ll−a quz p¡hd¡−e qy¡V−a qu, k¡−a f¡
¢fR−m e¡ k¡uz hy¡d¡−e¡ ¢py¢s ®eCz f¡−u qy¡V¡ fbz e¡j−a ®aje pjpÉ¡ qu e¡; Ahe¢a ®a¡ pqSCz ¢L¿º EW¡l pju
®hn Lø quz Eæ¢a LMeJ pqS euz Ef−l EW¡l pju AÒf pj−uC Bj¡l ¢exnÄ¡p Q−s ®k−a¡z Bhc¤m S¡î¡l N¡k£
p¡−qh Bj¡−L Ef−l EW¡l fÜ¢a ®nM¡−mez hm−m, Ef−l EW¡l ¢exnÄ¡p c£OÑ L−l j¤M hå ®l−M ®hn L−uL d¡f
d£−l d£−l EW¡l fl b¡j−a q−h Hhw j¤−M c£OÑ ¢exnÄ¡p R¡s−a q−hz Hi¡−hC EW−a b¡L−a q−hz p¢aÉ H ®L±nm¢V
®hn pq¡uL j−e q−m¡z ®L¡b¡J ®h¢n ¢py¢s ®h−u EW−a q−m B¢j HMeJ H fÜ¢a Ae¤plZ L¢lz
−k avfla¡l E−Ÿ−nÉ Bjl¡ j¡l£ ®Nm¡j, ®p L¡−Sl ®aje p¤¢hd¡ f¡Ju¡ ®N−m¡ e¡z pcpÉ−cl−L ®L¡b¡J d£−l-p¤−ÙÛ
hp−a ®cM¡ k¡u e¡z ph¡C−L Baq¡l Bm£l p¡−b ®cM¡ q−m ¢a¢e Bj¡l q¡a d−l ®V−e ay¡l L¡jl¡u ¢e−u ®N−mez
1950 p¡−m B¢j kMe a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡a ¢e−u ¢L−n¡lN” nq£c£ jp¢S−c q¡¢Sl qC, aMe ¢a¢e I jp¢S−cl Cj¡j
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a¡−cl j−dÉ k¡l¡ e¡j¡k-®l¡k¡ L−le a¡l¡ f¡¢lh¡¢lL I¢aqÉ Ae¤k¡u£ djÑ£u LaÑhÉ ¢q−p−hC a¡ L−lez h¡Ù¹h S£h−el
p¡−b H ph djÑ£u Ae¤ù¡−el −L¡e pÇfLÑ B−R ¢Le¡ a¡ S¡−ee e¡z a¡−cl H AhÙÛ¡l SeÉ a¡−cl−L ®c¡o£ p¡hÉÙ¹ Ll¡
Q−m e¡z ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡ J l¡øÌhÉhÙÛ¡C Hl SeÉ c¡u£z
77
k¡−a b¡−L ®aje f¢l−hn p¤¢øl BCe CaÉ¡¢c Q¡m¤ Ll¡l flJ ®LE L¤üi¡−hl hnhaÑ£ q−u Afl¡d Ll−m Cpm¡j
Hje L−W¡l n¡¢Ù¹l BCe ¢c−u−R, k¡−a j¡e¤o Afl¡d Ll¡l p¡qpC e¡ f¡uz''
¢h−NË¢Xu¡l p¡−q−hl I Lb¡ öeh¡l flC B¢j ‘Bõ¡ql BCe pv ®m¡−Ll n¡pe’ e¡jL hC ®mM¡ fÐ−u¡Se j−e
Llm¡jz ®p ¢q−p−h H hC¢V lQe¡u ay¡l f−l¡r Ahc¡e AhnÉC l−u−Rz
Bõ¡q BCe Bj¡−cl ®c−n ®eCz BCeC B−R a¡−a j¡e¤o ¢LR¤V¡ q−mJ ¢el¡fc ®h¡d Ll−a f¡l−a¡ k¢c n¡pLl¡
pv −m¡L q−a¡z ®fТp−X¾V J fÐd¡ej¿»£ ®b−L b¡e¡l c¡−l¡N¡ -f¤¢mn fkÑ¿¹ k¡l¡ ®cnpe Ll−Re, a¡l¡ ®k ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡u
N−s E−W−Re ®pM¡−e °e¢aLa¡ J paa¡ ¢nr¡ Hhw ¢h−hL−L m¡mf Ll¡l ®L¡e fТnr−Zl hÉhÙÛ¡ ®eCz H L¡l−ZC
pv ®m¡−Ll n¡pe ®b−L ®cn h¢’az
¢he¡ f¢lLÒfe¡u h¡N¡e °a¢l qk e¡; ¢L¿º S‰m Bfe¡-Bf¢eC °a¢l q−a f¡−lz aâ©f pv ®m¡L Hj¢e−aC N−s E−W
e¡z ®k ¢h−h−Ll ¢hl¦−Ü Q−m e¡ ®p-C pv ®m¡Lz Bõ¡ql iu J B¢Ml¡−a Sh¡h¢c¢qa¡l Ae¤i¢§ aC j¡e¤o−L pv h¡e¡uz
HV¡ A¢hl¡j fТnr−Zl ¢houz Bj¡−cl ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡u Hl ®L¡e LjÑp§¢Q ®eCz ®cn f¢lQ¡me¡l c¡¢uaÅn£m−cl j−dÉ H
¢ho−u ®L¡e ¢Q¿¹¡-i¡he¡ B−R h−m j−e qu e¡z HV¡ p¢aÉC iu¡eL E−à−Nl L¡lZz
Afl¡d cj−el SeÉ b¡e¡u c¡−l¡N¡-f¤¢mn l−u−Rz Hl¡C k¢c Afl¡cfÐhZ qu a¡q−m Afl¡d cje Ll−h ®L? Hl¡
k¢c ®ial ®b−L pv e¡ qu a¡q−m Ef¡u L£? ®hs¡-C X¢c ®ra M¡u a¡q−m lr¡ Ll−h ®L? c¡C n¡pe-rja¡ phÑ
fkÑ¡−u Hje ®m¡L−cl q¡−aC b¡L¡ fÐ−u¡Se, k¡l¡ ¢h−h−Ll ¢hl¦−Ü Qm−h e¡z
j¡e¤o S¾jNai¡−h Apv q−u fuc¡ qu e¡, H Lb¡ ¢WL; ¢L¿º ®L¡e j¡e¤oC Bfe¡-Bf¢e pv q−u EW−a f¡−lz ®p ®k
j¡−el f¢lh¡l, pj¡S J f¢l−h−n ®R¡V ®b−L hs q−u ®p ®p j¡−eC N−s E−Wz ¢he¡ f¢lLÒfe¡u pv ®m¡L Ns¡ pñh
euz HL Mä S¢j ¢e−S HLV¡ S‰−m f¢lZa qu; ®pM¡−e g¤m h¡ g−ml h¡N¡e ¢he¡ f¢lLÒfe¡u N−s EW−h e¡z
ph j¡e¤oC p¤−M-n¡¢¿¹−a b¡L−a Q¡uz i¡−m¡ BCe J pv ®m¡−Ll n¡pe R¡s¡ H Bn¡ f§lZ q−a f¡−l e¡z a¡C H
¢houV¡ fÐ−aÉ−Ll ph−Q−u Sl¦¢l Q¡¢qc¡z ¢L¿º c¤¢eu¡u HlC ph−Q−u ®h¢n Ai¡hz ‘¡e-¢h‘¡−el kaV¤L¤ Eæ¢a
q−u−R, a¡−a H Ai¡h f§l−Zl hc−m BlJ ®h−s ®N−Rz a¡C W¡™¡ j¡b¡u H pð−å ¢hQ¡l-¢h−hQe¡ Ll¡ LaÑhÉz
78
ay¡l ¢Q¢W ®f−u fÐb−j ¢h¢pÈa qm¡jz ¢Q¢W f−s f¤m¢La J Eõ¡¢La qm¡jz ¢Q¢W ®b−L h¤T−a f¡lm¡j, Bj¡l pjuL¡l
¢fТ¾pf¡m n¡q¡h¤Ÿ£e Bqjc ¢hc¡u ¢e−u−Re Hhw Xƒl BnL¡l Bm£−L plL¡l ‘Ae ¢Xf¤−Vne’ ¢fТ¾pf¡−ml c¡¢uaÅ
¢c−u−Rez ¢Q¢Wl jjÑ ¢ejÀl©fx
“B¢j Be−¾cl p¡−b Bfe¡−L S¡e¡¢µR ®k, H L−m−Sl R¡œl¡ Bfe¡−L Bh¡l a¡−cl AdÉ¡fL ¢q−p−h ®f−a Q¡uz
a¡l¡ Ni¢eÑw h¢Xl ¢eLV ®S¡l c¡¢h S¡e¡uz Ni¢eÑw h¢XJ Bfe¡−L L−m−S f¤ehÑq¡m Ll−a pÇjaz Bfe¡l H
Se¢fÐua¡u B¢j A¢ii§az a¡C L−m−Sl ¢fТ¾pf¡m ¢q−p−h Bfe¡l ¢eLV Bj¡l fÐÙ¹¡hx
“Bf¢e L−m−S AdÉ¡fL ¢q−p−h ®k¡Nc¡e Ll−a pÇja q−m A¢hm−ð Q−m Bp¤ez k¢c Q¡l¢L−a hq¡m q−a Q¡e
a¡q−mJ lwf¤−l H−p ®h¢s−u k¡ez L−mS Bfe¡−L ¢hc¡u pðdÑe¡ S¡¢e−u pÇj¡−el p¡−b AhÉ¡q¢a ®c−hz ®ki¡−h
Bfe¡−L ¢hc¡u Ll¡ q−u−R, a¡ R¡œ J A¢ii¡hLN−Zl ¢eLV AaÉ¿¹ Bf¢šLlz Bj¡l fÐÙ¹¡h Bfe¡l ¢eLV
NËqZ−k¡NÉ ¢Le¡ A¢hm−ð S¡e¡ez”
H ¢Q¢W Bj¡l j−e ¢L aª¢ç ¢c−u−R, a¡ i¡o¡u fÐL¡n Ll¡ Apñhz B¢j S£h®el ¢jne ¢q−p−h AdÉ¡fe¡l −fn¡ NËqZ
L−l¢Rm¡jz 1955 p¡−m Q¡L¢l ®b−L ¢hc¡u q−u¢Rz ¢L¿º L−uL hRl f§−hÑ fkÑ¿¹J hýh¡l ü−fÀ ®c−M¢R ®k, B¢j
L−m−S Bh¡l ¢nrLa¡ Ll¢Rz H üfÀ¢V Bj¡l ¢fÐu üfÀ…−m¡l HL¢V, k¡ ®cM¡l p¤M HM−e¡ Ae¤i¤a quz
H ¢h−hQe¡u Bj¡l fr −b−L Eš² fÐÙ¹¡h m¤−g ®eh¡lCz ¢L¿º C−a¡j−dÉ B¢j S£h−el hªqšl mrÉ ¢e¢cÑø L−l
®g−m¢Rz a¡C L−m−S ¢g−l k¡h¡l ¢på¡¿¹ ®eJu¡ ®N−m e¡z Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡m−e B¢j ¢nr−Ll i§¢jL¡ f¡m−eC aª¢ç
®h¡d Ll¢Rz R¡œ−cl hc−m pwNW−el LjÑ£−cl N−s a¤mh¡l LjÑp§¢QC Bj¡l ph−Q−u ¢fÐu L¡Sz B¢j j−e L¢l ®k,
B¢j ¢nrLa¡ aÉ¡N L¢l¢e, LjÑ−rœ f¢lhaÑe L−l¢R j¡œz
B¢j Ll¡Q£−a ®k …l¦aÅf§ZÑ c¡¢uaÅ f¡m−e avfl HV¡ j¤ma¢h Ll¡lJ Ef¡u ®eCz k¢c B¢j I pju ®c−n b¡La¡j
a¡q−m qu−a¡ ¢àa£u fÐÙ¡¹ h¢V Lh¤m Lla¡jz B¢j ¢fТ¾pf¡−ml ¢Q¢Wl SJu¡−h ¢mMm¡j, “Bfe¡l B¿¹¢lLa¡f§ZÑ ¢Q¢Wl
SeÉ Ni£l öL¢lu¡ S¡e¡Cz Bfe¡l j§mÉh¡e fÐÙ¹¡h ®f−u B¢j AaÉ¿¹ j¤‡z ¢L¿º Bj¡l f−r L−m−S Bh¡l ®k¡Nc¡e
Ll¡ ¢LR¤−aC pñh euz lwf¤l ®k−u ppÇj¡−e ¢hc¡u ®eh¡l SeÉ k¡Ju¡J Apñhz Bfe¡−L Hhw Bfe¡l j¡dÉ−j
L−m−Sl pLm R¡œ, R¡œ−cl A¢ii¡hL J Ni¢eÑw h¢Xl ¢eLV B¢j a¡−cl ALª¢œj i¡−m¡h¡p¡l SeÉ B¿¹¢lL
Lªa‘a¡ S¡e¡Cz Bj¡l fТa ®k BQlZ Ll¡ q−u¢R−m¡, Bfe¡l ¢Q¢W ®p c¤xMJ pÇf§ZÑ i¤¢m−u ¢c−u−Rz”
68.
79
H−a¡ ®m¡−Ll ®fn¡h-f¡uM¡e¡l p¤hÉhÙÛ¡ Ll¡, Ak§-®N¡p−ml H−¿¹S¡j Ll¡ Hhw f¡¢el plhl¡q kb¡kbi¡−h Ll¡
pqSp¡dÉ euz H ph ¢ho−uJ QjvL¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ ®c−M B¢j j¤‡ qm¡jz p−Çjm−el hÉhÙÛ¡fe¡l ¢hhlZ Bl c£OÑ Ll−h¡
e¡z H p−Çjme ®b−L ®nM¡l ¢hou…−m¡ Bj¡l ¢eLV …l¦aÅf§ZÑ ¢R−m¡ h−m HaV¤L¤ E−õM Llm¡jz
H p−Çjme öd¤ l¦Le−cl p−Çjme ¢R−m¡ ez H−a S¡j¡u¡−al LjÑ£ J pjbÑLNZJ nl£L q−u−Rez j¢qm¡−cl SeÉ
fªbL fÉ¡−äm J k¡ha£u hÉhÙÛ¡ ¢R−m¡z a¡−cl hÉhÙÛ¡fe¡l c¡¢uaÅ j¢qm¡ l¦Le J LjÑ£−cl EflC eÉÙ¹ ¢R−m¡z HV¡J
Bj¡l SeÉ ea¤e A¢i‘a¡z
80
B¢j ¢c¢õl n¡q£ S¡−j jp¢S−cC S¤jBl e¡j¡k Bc¡u Lla¡jz j¤pmj¡e−cl ph−Q−u p¡qp£ J Se¢fÐu ®ea¡
j¡Jm¡e¡ j¤q¡Çjc Bm£ SJql ¢c¢õ Ef¢ÙÛa b¡L−m I jp¢S−c i¡oZ ¢c−aez HL S¤jBu ¢a¢e B−r−fl p¡−b
hm−me ®k, Cpm¡−jl ¢Sq¡c pÇf−LÑ H−a¡ AfÐQ¡l Qm−Rz Hje ®L¡e j¤pmj¡e ¢L ®eC ®k Hp p−hl SJu¡h ¢c−a
f¡−l? a¡l hš²hÉ Hje fСZÇfnÑ£ J ®fÐlZ¡c¡uL ¢Q−m¡ ®k, B¢j H ¢ho−u ®mM¡l ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢em¡jz (aMe j¡Jm¡e¡l
hup j¡œ 23 hRl)z
“B¢j ®mM¡ öl¦ Llm¡jz Bm S¢jua f¢œL¡u ¢L¢Ù¹l fl ¢L¢Ù¹ ¢mM¢Rz H fТœL¡l f¡WL−cl j−dÉ p¡l¡ i¡l−al hs
hs B−mjJ l−u−Rez L−uL ¢L¢Ù¹ fÐL¡¢na qh¡l fl ®b−LC B−mj−cl ¢Q¢W Bp¡ öl¦ q−m¡z Bj¡−L Evp¡q ®ch¡l
p¡−b p¡−b j§mÉh¡e fl¡jnÑJ Bp−a b¡L−m¡z H ¢ho−u Hje LaL …l¦aÅf§ZÑ f¤Ù−¹ Ll e¡j S¡e−a f¡lm¡j, ®kph e¡j
B−N LMeJ ö¢e¢ez ®LE ®LE Blh£ i¡o¡u l¢Qa fСQ£e fСp¢‰L hC ®m¡L j¡lga f¡¢W−u ¢c−u−Rez j¡Jm¡e¡
j¤g¡a£ ¢Lg¡u¡a¤õ¡ql ¢hMÉ¡a ¢hl¡V m¡C−hÐl£ ®b−L ®k ®L¡e ¢La¡h hÉhq¡l Ll¡l p¡cl Bqh¡e ®fm¡jz ®lg¡−l¾p
¢q−p−h k−a¡ hC-Hl e¡j S¡em¡j a¡l A¢dL¡wnC j¤ga£ p¡−q−hl m¡C−hÐl£−a f¡Ju¡ −N−m¡z −kph ®pM¡−e ®eC a¡
®k¡N¡s Ll¡l c¡¢uaÅ ¢a¢eC ¢e−mez hý c§l-c§l¡¿¹ ®b−LJ hC Be¡ q−m¡z j−e q−m¡ ®k, ®N¡V¡ B−mj pj¡S Bj¡−L
H ¢ho−u abÉ plhl¡q Ll¡ LaÑhÉ j−e L−l−Rez ¢Sq¡c pÇf−LÑ Bj¡l N−hoZ¡u A−eL B−mj Bn¡a£a pq−k¡¢Na¡
L−l−Rez c¤’hR−l Bj¡l H N−hoZ¡ pÇfæ qu Hhw 1928 p¡−m a¡ f¤Ù¹L¡L¡−l fÐL¡¢na quz”
p¢aÉ Lb¡ hm−a ¢L H NË¿Û¢V lQe¡ Ll−a Bj¡−L hÉ¡fL AdÉue Ll−a qu Hhw H N−hoZ¡C Bj¡−L Cpm¡−jl
¢hfÔh£ l©−fl på¡e ®cuz a¡C h−m¢R ®k, H hC ®b−LC B¢j H ph ¢n−M¢Rz”
j¡Jm¡e¡ H c£OÑ hš²hÉ ®b−L Bj¡l H d¡lZ¡ q−m¡ ®k, ®LE ®L¡e ¢ho−u p¡de¡ Ll−m AfÐaÉ¡¢nai¡−hC pq−k¡¢Na¡
f¡Ju¡ k¡uz j¡Jm¡e¡l H jq¡ j§mÉh¡e NË¿Û¢V lQe¡l H C¢aq¡p AeÉ ®L¡b¡J ¢m¢Ma B−R ¢Le¡ S¡¢e e¡z B¢j phÑfÐbj
ay¡l j¤M ®b−LC H ph Lb¡ S¡e−a ®f−l¢Rz j¡Jm¡e¡−L Bõ¡q a¡Bm¡ fТai¡ ¢c−u−Rez ay¡l j−a¡ fТai¡l q¡−aC
H ¢hl¡V L¡S¢V q−m¡z j¤p¢mj S¡¢al I qa¡n¡l pju Bõ¡q f¡L ay¡l j¡dÉ−j Cpm¡−j ¢hfÔh£ ®Qae¡l E−¾jo
OV¡−mez Hi¡−hC k¤−Nl c¡¢h f§l−Zl hÉhÙÛ¡ Bõ¡q a¡Bm¡ ph k¤−NC L−l b¡−Lez
81
B−¾c¡m−L cje Ll¡l SeÉ ®S−m ®cJu¡C k−bø j−e Ll−a f¡−lz ¢L¿º H S¡a£u j¤p¢mj l¡øÌ Hl SeÉ gy¡¢pl ýL¤j
¢c−aJ flJu¡ Ll−h e¡z”
Bfe¡l H i¡o−Zl 13 hRl fl 1953 p¡−m f¡¢LÙ¹¡e plL¡l Bfe¡l EflC jªa¤Éc™ ®O¡oZ¡ Ll−m¡z Bf¢e Hje
Øfø i¢hoÉà¡Z£ ¢Li¡−h EµQ¡lZ Ll−a f¡l−me? S¡Ju¡−h ¢a¢e hm−mex
“B¢j i¢hoÉà¡Z£ ¢q−p−h h¢m¢ez OVe¡œ²−j Bj¡l EflC gy¡¢pl ýL¤j q−u ®N−m¡z
Bp−m j¤p¢mj S¡¢al C¢aq¡−a ®cM¡ k¡u ®k, k¤−N k¤−N j¤p¢mj n¡pLl¡ Cpm¡j£ hÉ¢š²aÅ−L cje Ll¡l SeÉ AaÉ¿¹
L−W¡l J Aj¡e¢hL BQlZ L−lz Aj¤p¢mj n¡pLl¡ H−a¡V¡ ¢qwpËa¡ fÐL¡n L−l e¡z S¡¢aNai¡−h j¤¢pmjl¡ ®k−e¡
¢rç e¡ qu, ®p¢c−L ®Mu¡m ®l−MC Aj¤p¢mj−cl fc−rf ¢e−a quz ¢L¿º j¤p¢mj n¡pL−cl f−r j¤p¢mj−cl ¢hl¡V
pjbÑe b¡−L h−mC a¡l¡ eªpwp q−a ¢àd¡ L−l e¡z Cu¡¢S−cl n¡peL¡m ®b−L öl¦ L−l k¤−N k¤−N fÐQ¤l Ec¡qlZ
l−u−Rz H ph ¢aL ¢h−hQe¡ L−lC B¢j H nˆ¡ fÐL¡n L−l¢Rz H k¤−NJ ®cM¤e j¤p¢mj ¢h−nÄ ¢L q−µR? ¢jp−l S¡j¡m
e¡−pl CMJu¡e¤m j¤p¢mj¤e−cl Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡me−L cje Ll¡l SeÉ ®k ¢qwpËa¡ J eªnwpa¡l f¢lQu ¢c−u−R, HjeV¡
®L¡e Aj¤p¢mj n¡pL Ll−R e¡
f¡¢LÙ¹¡e, a¤lú, ¢p¢lu¡, Cl¡L, CaÉ¡¢c l¡−øÌ j¤p¢mj e¡jd¡l£ n¡pLl¡ Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡me−L epÉ¡v Ll¡l SeÉ ®k
c¡fV ®cM¡−µR, ®L¡e Aj¤p¢mj n¡pL Hi¡−h ®cM¡u e¡z
C¢aq¡−pl A¢i‘a¡ J I pjuL¡l j¤p¢mj ¢h−nÄl f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a−L p¡j−e ®l−MC B¢j I Lb¡ h−m¢Rm¡jz''
−cs O¸V¡hÉ¡f£ H p¡r¡vL¡l¢V Bj¡l S£h−e HL¢V pÈlZ−k¡NÉ J E−õM−k¡NÉ OVe¡z
82
j¡Jm¡e¡ ®O¡oe¡ Ll−me, ""pwNW−el p¤ÙÛa¡l SeÉC Bj¡−cl ph¡C−L mrÉ l¡M−a q−h ®k, Bj¡−cl j−dÉ ®k−e¡
®L¡e −c¡o-œ¦¢V e¡ b¡−Lz L¡−l¡ j−dÉ ®L¡e œ²¢V ®Q¡−M fs−m fÐb−j hÉ¢š²Nai¡−h a¡l p¡−b HL¡−¿¹ a¡l ®c¡o d¢l−u
¢c−a q−hz a¡l pw−n¡deC HLj¡œ E−ŸnÉ q−a q−hz a¡−L ®qu Ll¡ E−ŸnÉ e¡ b¡L−m jqî−al i¡o¡uC hm¡ q−hz
a¡q−m ¢a¢e hlw M¤¢nC q−he, pw−n¡de q−he Hhw ®c¡o d¢l−u ®ch¡l SeÉ öL¢lu¡ S¡e¡−hez S¡j¡u¡−al I¢aqÉ
Ae¤k¡u£ phÑfÐbj B¢j ¢eS−L pw−n¡d−el SeÉ Bfe¡−cl p¡j−e ®fn Ll¢Rz''
H Lb¡l fl ¢m¢Ma L¡N−Sl V¤Ll¡ j¡Jm¡e¡l q¡−a ®fy±R−a b¡L−m¡z ¢a¢e pj¡−m¡Qe¡ J pw−n¡dej§mL Lb¡
L¡NS…−m¡ ®b−L ö¢e−u SJu¡h ¢c−a b¡L−mez H fÜ¢a¢V Bj¡l AaÉ¿¹ i¡−m¡ m¡N−m¡z Hl j−dÉ HL¢V pj¡−m¡Qe¡
ph¡l ¢h−no cª¢ø BLªø Ll−m¡z a¡−a ®mM¡ ¢R−m¡, ""Bj£−l S¡j¡u¡a! Bf¢eC l¦L¢eu¡−al clM¡Ù¹ j”¤l L−lez H
p−Çjm−e Hje l¦LeJ ®cM¡ k¡u, k¡l c¡¢s ®eCz c¡¢s¢hq£e hÉ¢š²−L Bf¢e ®Lje L−l l¦Le h¡e¡−me?''
Hl SJu¡−h j¡Jm¡e¡ hm−me, ""Bfe¡l H Bf¢š p¢WL euz Bfe¡l S¡e¡l Lb¡ ®k, S¡j¡u¡−al NWea−¿» l¦Le
qJu¡l SeÉ glk-Ju¡¢Sh f¡me Ll¡ J q¡l¡j ®b−L hy¡®Q b¡L¡l naÑ l¡M¡ q−u−Rz c¡¢s l¡M¡ I n−aÑl j−dÉ f−s
e¡z'' j¡Jm¡e¡ HV¤L¤ hm¡l p¡−b p¡−bC HL mð¡ k¤hL cy¡¢s−u hm−me, ""j¡Jm¡e¡ B¢j ph¡l ¢c−L ®Q−u mrÉ Llm¡j
®k, B¢j R¡s¡ ph¡lC c¡¢s B−Rz j¡Jm¡e¡ B¢j ¢L Llh? Bj¡l ®k c¡¢s E−WC e¡z''
−m¡L¢V−L B¢j ¢Qem¡jz a¡l e¡j Bhc¤õ¡qz Ll¡Q£−aC ®R¡– g−ml ®c¡L¡e L−lez ®f−n¡u¡−ll f¡W¡ez 6 g¤−VlJ
®h¢n mð¡z S¡j¡u¡a A¢g−p j¡−T j¡−T H−p ¢LR¤ gm ¢c−u k¡ez hsC plm-fСZ J j¤M¢mp LjÑ£z ay¡l j¡dÉ−j ®hn
LuSe f¡W¡e l¦Le q−u−Rez
a¡l Apq¡u hš²hÉ ö−e ph¡C ®q−p EW−m¡z B¢jJ q¡pm¡jz ¢L¿º j¡Jm¡e¡ HLV¤J q¡p−me e¡z ¢a¢e Nñ£li¡−hC
hm−me, ""a¡l c¡¢s E−W e¡ ö−e Bfe¡−cl q¡¢p ®b−L Bj¡l d¡lZ¡ q−m¡ ®k, ¢k¢e pj¡−m¡Qe¡ L−l−Re a¡l
Bf¢š−L Bfe¡l¡J qu−a¡ p¢WL j−e L−l−Rez a¡C ®k i¡C−ul c¡¢s ®eC a¡l c¡¢s E−W e¡ ö−e Bfe¡l¡ BnÄÙ¹
q−u M¤¢n q−u q¡p−mez B¢j Bh¡l hm¢R, c¡¢s l¡M¡−L S¡j¡u¡a l¦Le qh¡l naÑ h¡e¡u¢ez a¡C H Bf¢š S¡e¡−e¡
NWea¿» Ae¤k¡u£ p¢WL qu¢ez a−h B¢j Bõ¡q a¡Bm¡l fТa öL¢lu¡ S¡e¡C ®k, l¦Le−cl ph¡lC c¡¢s B−Rz
Bmq¡jc¤ ¢mõ¡qz''
p−Çjm−el ph Lu¢V BC−VjC Bj¡l ¢eLV flj BLoÑZ£u J ¢nrZ£u j−e q−u−Rz f§h-Ñ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e Ae¤¢ùa
p−Çjmepj§−q I ¢nr¡ h¡Ù¹−h fÐ−u¡−Nl p¤−k¡NJ q−u−Rz a¡C I p−Çjm−el A¢i‘a¡ Bj¡l ¢eLV jq¡j§mÉh¡e pÇfcz
69.
Ll¡Q£−a AhÙÛ¡e
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mrÉ Lla¡jz
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a¡ ü£L¡l Ll¡ E¢Qaz c£−el ph lLj ®Mcja−LC Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡m−el pq¡uL j−e Ll−hez HC ®k jp¢S−c ®R−m-
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j¡aªi¡o¡J fs−a S¡−e e¡z ¢L¿º ®R¡V pju jp¢S−c L¤lBe fs¡ ®nM¡u Bj¡−cl hš²ªa¡u Bu¡a öe−m j¡b¡
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H Lb¡l AbÑ B¢j h¤Tm¡j ®k, a¡hm£N S¡j¡u¡−al j¡dÉ−j N−s EW¡ j¡e¤o ®kM¡−eC L¡S L−le paa¡l p¡−b Ll¡l
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BCu¤h M¡e aMe fТalr¡j¿»£z 1951 p¡−m fÐd¡ej¿»£ ¢mu¡La qaÉ¡l fl ¢ae L¤Qœ²£ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el l¡Se£¢a ¢eu¿»Z
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avfla¡ ®no qh¡l B−NC 10C H¢fÐm (1955) ®gX¡−lm ®L¡−VÑl l¡u ®O¡oZ¡ q−u ®N−m¡z fÐd¡e ¢hQ¡lf¢a j¤e£l
NieÑl ®Se¡−m LaѪL NZf¢loc h¡¢am Ll¡−L °hd h−m ®O¡oZ¡ Ll−mJ Le−iene−L A¯hd h−m l¡u ¢c−mez
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pcpÉ−cl ®i¡−V ea¤e NZf¢loc ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa Ll−a q−hz
ea¤e NZf¢loc
30−n ®j (1955) fС−c¢nL BCepi¡l pcpÉ−cl ®i¡−V f§h-Ñ f¡¢LÙ¹¡e ®b−L 40 Se Hhw f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡e ®b−L 40
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B−l¡ ¢LR¤¢ce fl ®N¡m¡j j¤q¡Çj−cl jªa¤É q−m ¢jSÑ¡ NieÑl ®Se¡−lm qez
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f¡p q−u k¡uz
n¡pea−¿»l h¡Ù¹h¡ue
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Cpm¡j£ n¡pea¿» l¢Qa quz NZf¢lo−c Q§s¡¿¹i¡−h f¡p qh¡l B−NC NieÑl ®Se¡−lm ®N¡m¡j j¤q¡Çjc A¯hdi¡−h
M¡S¡−L Nc£Q¤Éa L−lez
1954 p¡−m fÐd¡ej¿»£ j¤q¡Çjc Bm£ hNs¡u ®eaª−aÅ fÐZ£a n¡pea¿» NZf¢lo−c Q§s¡¿¹i¡−h Nªq£a qh¡l B−NC
®Se¡−lm ®N¡m¡j j¤q¡Çjc NZf¢locC ®i−P ¢c−mez
1956 p¡−m ®Q±d¤l£ j¤q¡Çjc Bm£l ®eaª−aÅ l¢Qa n¡pea¿» NZf¢lo−c f¡p q−mJ a¡ h¡Ù¹h¡u−el B−NC BCu§h M¡e
p¡j¢lL n¡pe S¡¢l L−l n¡pea¿»−L h¡¢am L−l −cez AbQ H n¡pea¿» Ae¤k¡u£ 1959 p¡−ml ®éhЦu¡¢l−a p¡l¡
f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e ®L¾cУu J fС−c¢nL ¢ehÑ¡Qe qh¡l Lb¡ ¢R−m¡z Hl 4 j¡p B−NC 1958 p¡−ml 7C A−ƒ¡hl p¡j¢lL n¡pe
S¡¢l q−u k¡uz H−a¡ hÉ¡fL l¡S¯e¢aL LjÑL¡−äl g−m ü¡d£e f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el SeNZ 9 hRl f−l HL¢V n¡pea¿»
®f−uJ Hl p¤gm ®i¡N Ll−a f¡l−m¡ e¡z p¡j¢lL h¡¢qe£l HLj¡œ c¡¢uaÅ q−m¡ ®cn lr¡ Ll¡z ®cn n¡pe a¡−cl
c¡¢uaÅ euz ®pe¡f¢a BCu§h M¡e n¡pea−¿»l ®qg¡k−al nfb ¢e−u ®pe¡f¢a q−mez a¡lC ®eaª−aÅ I n¡pea¿»
h¡¢am q−u ®N−m¡z SeN−Zl Q¡Ll q−u SeN−Zl ®cJu¡ AÙ» hÉhq¡l L−l SeNZ−LC a¡l¡ ®N¡m¡j h¡e¡−m¡z ¢e−S−cl
®cn ¢e−Sl¡C Su L−l ¢e−m¡z
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NW−el E−Ÿ−nÉ HL¢V ea¤e n¡pea¿» ®c−nl Efl Q¡¢f−u ¢c−mez AhnÉ H n¡pea¿»¢V−a 1956 p¡−m fÐZ£a
n¡pea−¿»l fСu Ae¤l©fC ¢R−m¡z a−h 1956 p¡−ml n¡pea−¿»l NZa¡¢¿»L L¡W¡−j¡l hc−m −j±¢mL NZa¿» (Basic
Democracy) e¡−j fªbL HL gj§Ñm¡ ®fn Ll¡ quz H−a ®fТp−X¾V, ®L¾cУu BCepi¡ J fС−c¢nL
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Ae¤¢ùa q−hz
H n¡pea¿»J ÙÛ¡¢uaÅ m¡i Ll−a f¡−l¢ez BCu§h M¡e 70 p¡−ml ®éhЦu¡¢l−a ®pe¡f¢a Cu¡¢qu¡ M¡−el q¡−a rja¡z
qÙ¹¡¿¹l L−lez 70 p¡−m p¡l¡ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e fÐaÉr ®i¡−V ¢ehÑ¡Qe quz ¢ehÑ¡Q−el fl Cu¡¢qu¡ i¤−–¡l osk−¿»l g−m
f¡¢LÙ¹¡e ®i−P k¡u Hhw 71-Hl ¢X−pð−l ü¡d£e h¡wm¡−c−nl Ai¤Écu O−Vz
h¡wm¡−cn 1973 p¡−mC n¡pea¿» lQe¡ Ll−a prj quz H−a pw−n¡de£l j¡dÉ−j A−eL ®j±¢mL f¢lhaÑe q−mJ I
n¡pea¿»C HMeJ Q¡m¤ B−Rz
S¤m¢gL¡l Bm£ i¤−–Ê¡l ®eaª−aÅ 1973 p¡−mC f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el n¡pea¿» fÐZ£a quz 1977 p¡−m −pe¡f¢a ¢Su¡Em qL
p¡j¢lL n¡pe S¡¢l L−lez ¢a¢eJ ea¤e L−l n¡pea¿» fÐZue Ll¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ ®eez f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e SeN−Zl ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa
fТa¢e¢d−cl l¢Qa n¡pea¿» ÙÛ¡u£i¡−h Q¡m¤ b¡L−h ¢Le¡ ®L S¡−e? f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el haÑj¡e (2002) ®fТp−X¾V ®Se¡−lm
f¡l−iS j¤n¡llg LaªÑL ®Se¡−lm BCu§h M¡e J ®Se¡−lm ¢Su¡Em q−Ll j−a¡C c£OÑL¡m °üln¡pe L¡−uj l¡M¡l
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94
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¢i¢š−a N¢Wa j¤p¢mj m£N e¡j ®b−L ‘j¤p¢mj në h¡c ¢c−u ‘BJu¡j£ m£N’ e¡j dl¡Z L−l cm¢V NWZ Ll¡l
pjuL¡l BcnÑ ¢hpSÑe ¢c−m¡z L¡lZ a¡−cl Bpm BcnÑ q−m¡ rja¡z rja¡u ®k−a q−m ¢q¾c¤−cl pjbÑe fÐ−u¡Sez
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Ll−m¡ aMe 1956 p¡−ml 6C ®pÃVðl BJu¡j£ m£N ®ea¡ Ba¡El lqj¡e M¡e fС−c¢nL fÐd¡ej¿»£ qh¡l ®p±i¡NÉ
m¡i Ll−mez
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a¡ p−šÆJ a¡l¡ k¤š² ¢ehÑ¡Qe c¡¢h Ll−m¡ ®L−e¡?
h¡wm¡−c−nl n¡pea−¿» k¤š² ¢ehÑ¡Qe hÉhÙÛ¡C l−u−Rz k¢c fªbL ¢ehÑ¡Qe hÉhÙÛ¡ b¡L−a¡ a¡q−m pwMÉ¡e¤f¡a ¢q¾c¤l¡
naLl¡ 12¢V Bpe ®f−a¡z 300 Bp−el j−dÉ Ljf−r 36¢V Bpe ¢q¾c¤−cl q¡−a b¡L−a¡z 2001 p¡−ml ¢ehÑ¡Q−e
eNZÉ pwMÉL ¢q¾c¤ pcpÉ ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa q−u−Rez k¤š² ¢ehÑ¡Q−el L¡l−ZC a¡−cl H cn¡ q−u−Rz
fªbL ¢ehÑ¡Qe e¡ b¡L¡u ¢q¾c¤ pÇfÐc¡−ul fТa¢e¢daÅ pwMÉ¡e¤f¡−a haÑj¡e BCepi¡u ®eCz Hl SeÉ L¡l¡ c¡u£?
¢q¾c¤−cl CµR¡l ¢hl¦−Ü fªbL ¢ehÑ¡Qe hÉhÙÛ¡ h¡¢am Ll¡ qu¢e, hlw ¢q¾c¤ ®eaªh−ª ¾cl c¡¢h−aC k¤š² ¢ehÑ¡Qe fÐb¡ Q¡m¤
q−u−Rz −k ¢q¾c¤ ®ea¡l¡ 1955 p¡−m k¤š² ¢ehÑ¡Qe c¡¢h Ll−me, a¡l¡ ¢L Hl f¢lZ¡j pÇf−LÑ A‘ ¢R−me? a¡−cl
q¡−a pwp−c rja¡l Q¡¢hL¡¢W ¢R−m¡z a¡l¡ H−a¡ hs p¤¢hd¡ ®b−L h¢’a qh¡l ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ®L−e¡ ¢e−me?
Lw−NËp ®ea¡ L¡¢je£ L¤j¡l cš J d£−l¾cÐ e¡b j¤M¡¢SÑl j−a¡ ®ea¡−cl fТa B¢j nÐÜ¡ S¡e¡Cz a¡l¡ ®k Bc−nÑ ¢hnÄ¡p
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fªbL S¡a£ua¡−h¡d j¤pmj¡e−cl je ®b−L EvM¡a Ll−a f¡l−m Bh¡l HC i¡l−al jq¡p¡Nl a£−l ¢q¾c¤-j¤p¢mj
HL S¡¢a−a f¢lZa q−hz djÑ¢el−fra¡h¡c k¢c h¡P¡¢m j¤pmj¡e−cl BcnÑ h−m NZÉ qu a¡q−m Cpm¡j£ n¡p−el
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Lw−NËp ®ea¡l¡ AaÉ¿¹ c§lcnÑ£ ¢R−mez a¡l¡ BCepi¡u ®k "hÉ¡−m¾p Ah f¡Ju¡l' ®i¡N Ll¢R−me a¡ j¤pmj¡e−cl
q¡a ®b−L rja¡ ®L−s ®eh¡l ®L¡e p¤−k¡N pª¢ø L−l¢ez j¤pmj¡e pcpÉl¡ cm¡c¢m Ll−m I rja¡V¤L¤ hÉhq¡l L−l
HL c−ml hc−m AeÉ cm−L rja¡u Be¡ k¡u h−V, ¢L¿º ®no fkÑ¿¹ Bpm n¡perja¡ j¤pmj¡e−cl q¡−aC ®b−L
k¡uz a¡C a¡l¡ I "hÉ¡−m¾p Ah f¡Ju¡l'V¤L¤ BCepi¡ ®b−L p¢l−u C−mL−V¡−l−V (®i¡−Vl juc¡−e) ¢e−a ®Q−u−Rez
a¡l¡ ¢ehÑ¡Qe −L−¾cÐ "hÉ¡−m¾p Ah f¡Ju¡l' hÉhq¡l L−l j¤pmj¡e e¡jd¡l£ Hje ®m¡L−cl−L ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa Ll¡l
f¢lLÒfe¡ ¢e−me, k¡l¡ ®k¡NÉa¡l p¡−b Cpm¡j£ pj¡S hÉhÙÛ¡ L¡−u−jl ¢hl¦−Ü l¦−M cy¡s¡−hz ¢q¾c¤−cl j¤−M Cpm¡j£
n¡pe J Cpm¡j£ BC−el ¢hl¦−Ü ¢LR¤C hm¡ pñh euz H S¡a£u Lb¡ hm¡l SeÉ Ef−k¡N£ j¤pmj¡e p¡cpÉ−cl−L
BCepi¡u pwMÉ¡N¢l−ù f¢lZa Ll−a f¡l−m a¡−cl ph jq¡e E−ŸnÉ pq−SC f§lZ q−hz Cpm¡j£ B−¾c¡me J
Cpm¡j£ ¢nr¡l ¢hl¦−Ü h¢mù L˜ BCepi¡u fÐ−u¡Sez H ¢hl¡V fÐ−u¡Se ¢q¾c¤−cl à¡l¡ fÐaÉri¡−h ¢LR¤−aC f§lZ
qJu¡ pñh euz a¡C f−l¡ri¡−h j¤pmj¡e e¡jd¡l£ Cpm¡j ¢h−l¡d£ ®m¡L ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa Ll−a q−hz Hl SeÉ k¤š² ¢ehÑ¡Qe
AaÉ¡hnÉLz j¤pmj¡e−cl ®i¡V j¤pmj¡e fСbÑ£−cl j−dÉ ¢hiš² q−u k¡−hz ¢q¾c¤l¡ ®k "j¤pmj¡e'®L pcpÉ h¡e¡−a Q¡e
a¡−L ¢q¾c¤−cl ph ®i¡V HL−Q¢Vu¡ ¢c−m j¤pmj¡e−cl HL¡w−nl ®i¡−VC a¡−cl ®m¡L f¡p Ll−a prj q−h, HV¡C
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Hl SeÉ a¡l¡ ¢hl¡V aÉ¡N ü£L¡l L−l−Rez
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l¡−M e¡z Cpm¡j£ j§mÉ−h¡d fkÑ¿¹ hm¡C k−bø j−e L−lz
n¡pea−¿»
f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el n¡pe a−¿» k¤š² ¢ehÑ¡Qe fÜ¢al pw−k¡Se
1956 p¡−ml 6C ®pÃVðl f§h-Ñ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e BJu¡j£ m£N J ¢q¾c¤ pcpÉ−cl ®L¡u¡¢mne plL¡l L¡−uj quz Se¡h
Ba¡El lqj¡e M¡e fС−c¢nL fÐd¡ej¿»£ qez ®L−¾cÐ nq£c ®p¡ql¡Ju¡c£−L fÐd¡ej¿»£ h¡e¡h¡l fÐ−u¡Se ®cM¡ ¢c−m¡z
NieÑl ®Se¡−lm Cú¡¾c¡l ¢jSÑ¡ f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el pcpÉ−cl−L ®p¡ql¡Ju¡cÑ£l pjbÑL h¡e¡−a prj qez BJu¡j£
m£N, Lw−NËp J ag¢em£ ¢j−m ®LHp¢f J ®ek¡−j Cpm¡j f¡¢VÑl pcpÉ−cl ®Q−u ®h¢n q−mJ f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e
BJu¡j£ m£−Nl ®L¡e n¢š² ¢R−m¡ e¡z
Cú¡¾c¡l ¢jSÑ¡ J f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡e£ L¡−uj£ ü¡−bÑl dhS¡d¡l£l¡ fÐd¡ea HL¢V E−Ÿ−nÉ ®p¡ql¡Ju¡cÑÑ£−L fÐd¡ej¿»£l
c¡¢uaÅ ®cJu¡ Af¢lq¡kÑ j−e L−lez H lqpÉju E−ŸnÉ¢Vl Lb¡C HMe hm¢Rz ®Q±d¤l£ j¤q¡Çjc Bm£l ®eaªaÅ 1956
p¡−ml 28−n ®ghЦu¡¢l−a f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e ®k n¡pea¿» NZf¢lo−c f¡p qu, a¡−a ¢ehÑ¡Qe fÜ¢al ¢hou¢V Aj£j¡w¢pa l¡M¡
quz f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el 4¢V fÐ−cn−L HL¢V fÐ−c−n f¢lZa L−l ®k BCepi¡ NWe Ll¡ qu, ®pM¡−e pcpÉNZ fСu
phÑpÇjai¡−hC fªbL ¢ehÑ¡Q−el f−r l¡u −cez ¢L¿º f§hÑ-f¡¢LÙ¹¡e BCepi¡u A¢dL¡wn pcpÉ k¤š² ¢ehÑ¡Q−el f−r
ja¡ja ®cuz H AhÙÛ¡u H ¢ho−u n¡pea¿» lQ¢ua¡NZ ¢hou¢V j§ma¢h l¡M−a h¡dÉ qez NZf¢lo−cl c¡¢uaÅ ®n−o Hl
pcpÉNZ ®L¾cУu BCepi¡l pcpÉ ¢q−p−h H ¢hou¢V ¢pÜ¡¿¹ NËqZ Ll−h h−m p¡hÉÙ¹ quz HV¡ ®Q±d¤l£ j¤q¡Çjc Bm£ J
NZf¢lo−cl ¢hl¡V hÉbÑa¡z HV¡ j¤ma¢h l¡M¡u n¡pea−¿»l Cpm¡j£ d¡l¡…−m¡ h¡Ù¹h¡u−el f−b ¢hl¡V A¿¹l¡u pª¢ø
q−m¡z
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f¢lZa Ll¡ q−m¡ aMe H fÐ−c−nl fÐd¡ej¿»£ ®L q−h, H ¢e−u ¢hl¡V ¢haLÑ pª¢ø quz NieÑl ®Se¡−lm Cú¡¾c¡l ¢jSÑ¡
eJu¡h j¤na¡L Bqjc …lj¡e£l p¡−b ¢j−m H j£j¡wp¡ L−le ®k, j¤p¢mj m£−Nl ®ea¡ eJu¡h …lj¡e£ f¢ÕQj-
f¡¢LÙ¹¡e fÐ−c−nl NieÑl q−he Hhw p£j¡¿¹ fÐ−c−nl ®ea¡ X¡x M¡e p¡−qh fС−c¢nL fÐd¡ej¿»£ q−hez 4 fÐ−c−nl
j¤p¢mj m£N ®ea¡−cl j−dÉ ®LE fÐd¡ej¿»£ e¡ qJu¡u a¡l¡ ph¡C H j£j¡wp¡ −j−e ¢e−mez AbQ X¡x M¡e p¡−qh
Lw−NËp ®ea¡ ¢R−me Hhw ¢a¢e ay¡l ®ea¡ "p£j¡¿¹ N¡å£' e¡−j f¢l¢Qa M¡e Bhc¤m N¡gg¡l M¡−el p−q¡clz
NieÑl ®Se¡−lm ¢jSÑ¡, f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el NieÑl eJu¡h …lj¡e£ J Lw−NËp ®ea¡ fС−c¢nL fÐd¡ej¿»£ X¡x M¡e p¡−qh
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qJu¡ fÐ−u¡Sez 1956 p¡−ml 12C ®pÃVðl ®q¡−pe nq£c ®p¡ql¡Ju¡c£ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el fÐd¡ej¿»£ ¢q−p−h j¿»£pi¡ NWe
L−lez ¢a¢e k¤š² ¢ehÑ¡Qe fÜ¢a ®L¾cУu BCepi¡u (eÉ¡ne¡m H−pðm£) f¡p L¢l−u ea¤e n¡pea¿» Ae¤k¡u£ ¢ehÑ¡Qe
Ae¤ù¡e aÅl¡¢ða Ll¡l V¡−NÑV ¢e−u LjÑavfl qez eÉ¡ne¡m H−pðm£l A¢d−hne f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e hp−m JM¡eL¡l
f¢l−h−n k¤š² ¢ehÑ¡Qe hÉhÙÛ¡ f¡p Ll¡−e¡ Apñh ¢h−hQe¡ L−lC NieÑl ®Se¡−l−ml Ae¤j¢a ¢e−u ¢a¢e Y¡L¡u
A¢d−hn Ae¤ù¡−el hÉhÙÛ¡ L−lez
Y¡L¡u S¡a£u pwp−cl A¢d−hne hp−m¡z pe-a¡¢lMV¡ HMeJ ®k¡N¡s Ll−a f¡lm¡j e¡z Na Lu¢V ¢L¢Ù¹−a A−eL
l¡S¯e¢aL abÉ f¢l−hne L−l¢Rz ®k ph hC ®b−L pq−k¡¢Na¡ ¢e−u¢R a¡−a H abV¡ Bj¡l ®Q¡−M f−s¢ez hC…−m¡
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1945-1975', Se¡h ¢jS¡e¤l lqj¡e ®Q±d¤l£l "l¡Se£¢al ¢ae L¡m' Hhw HX−i¡−LV p¡c Bqj−cl "Bj¡l ®cM¡
pj¡S J l¡Se£¢al ¢ae L¡m'z
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f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡¢e pcpÉ AaÉ¿¹ B−hNju i¡o¡u fªbL ¢ehÑ¡Q−el f−r hš²hÉ l¡−Mez f§hÑ-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el pcpÉ−cl j−dÉ
®ek¡−j Cpm¡j£ f¡¢VÑ R¡s¡ Bl ®L¡e cm fªbL ¢ehÑ¡Q−el f−r ®p¡µQ¡l ¢R−m¡ h−m j−e f−s e¡z Sepi¡ ®n−p fÒVe
juc¡e ®b−L ¢hl¡V ¢j¢Rm nql fÐc¢rZ Ll¡l SeÉ ®hl quz ¢j¢Rm fÒVe juc¡e Hm¡L¡u b¡L¡L¡−mC k¤š² ¢ehÑ¡Q−el
f−r fС−c¢nL plL¡−ll ®m¢m−u ®cJu¡ …™¡l¡ ¢j¢R−ml Efl c§l ®b−L hª¢øl j−a¡ i¡P¡ CV J f¡b−ll ¢Ym Ry¤s−a
m¡N−m¡z f¤¢mn p‰a L¡l−ZC a¡j¡n¡ ®cM¡l i§¢jL¡ f¡me Llmz Bj¡l j¡b¡J ¢Ym fs−m¡z l−š² S¡j¡ ¢i−S ®N−m¡z
M¡¢m q¡−a ¢j¢RmL¡l£l¡ ¢LR¤rZ ¢Ym ®M−u Rœi‰ q−u ®N−m¡z j¤p¢mj m£N ®ea¡ Bh¤m L¡−pj J n¡q BS£S¤l
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Ll−m¡ e¡z
S¡a£u pwp−c Ni£l l¡a fkÑ¿¹ ¢haLÑ Qm−m¡z f§hÑ-f¡¢LÙ¹¡¢e pcpÉ−cl L−uLSe R¡s¡ ph¡C Hhw f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el
pcpÉ−cl HL¡wn ¢j−m k¤š² ¢ehÑ¡Q−el f−r pwMÉ¡N¢l−ùl pjbÑe ®k¡N¡s L−l fÐd¡ej¿»£ nq£c ®p¡ql¡Ju¡cÑ£ NieÑl
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nq£c ®p¡ql¡Ju¡c£Ñ fÐd¡ej¿»£ qJu¡l B−NC f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el 4¢V fÐ−c−nl BCepi¡u fСu phÑpÇj¢aœ²−j fªbL
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f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e ¢h−no dl−el l¡Se£¢a
f§h-Ñ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e SeNZ ¢ehÑ¡Q−e k−a¡V¡ ü¡d£ei¡−h ®i¡V ®cu, f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el SeNZ a−a¡V¡ ü¡d£e euz S¢jc¡¢l
fÐb¡, ®N¡œ£u ILÉ Hhw BlJ ¢h¢iæ lLj −nÐZ£−i−cl L¡l−Z H p−hl fÐi¡hj¤š² q−u l¡S¯e¢aL ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢e−u SeNZ
®i¡V ®ch¡l p¤−k¡N f¡u e¡z a¡R¡s¡ k¡l¡C ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa qe a¡l¡ plL¡¢l c−m b¡L¡C Sl¦¢l j−e L−lez j¤p¢mj m£N
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Seü¡−bÑl fТa¢e¢daÅ L−le e¡z a¡l¡ fСu ph¡C L¡−uj£ ü¡bÑh¡c£ N˦−flC fТa¢e¢dz
l¡S¯e¢aL Cp¤Él ¢i¢š−a a¡l¡ LjC ¢hiš² qez rja¡ ¢eu¿»−Zl n¢š² k¡−cl q¡−a, a¡−cl ¢e−cÑn Hl¡ pq−SC ®j−e
®euz NieÑl ®Se¡−lm ®N¡m¡j ®j¡q¡Çjc, ®pe¡f¢a BCu§h M¡e J fТalr¡ p¢Qh ®jSl ®Se¡−lm Cú¡¾c¡l ¢jSÑ¡
®pe¡h¡¢qe£l n¢š²h−mC f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el l¡Se£¢a c£OÑL¡m ¢eu¿»Z L−l−Rez H ¢ae L¤Qœ²£l Aöi Bya¡a e¡ q−m
f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el C¢aq¡p ¢iæ q−a¡z
H L¤Qœ²£ pª¢øl ®fR−eJ j¤p¢mj m£N ®ea¡−cl Ahc¡e l−u−Rz 1950 J 51 p¡−m f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el fС−c¢nL
BCepi¡pj§−ql ¢ehÑ¡Qe j¤p¢mj m£N ®ea¡l¡ Qlj ¢ehÑ¡Qe£ L¡lQ¤f£ L−l rja¡ L¤¢rNa l¡−Mz ®hp¡j¢lL J p¡j¢lL
LjÑLaÑ¡l¡ l¡S¯e¢aL ®ea¡−cl Be¤NaÉ L−le SeN−Zl fТa¢e¢d qJu¡l L¡l−Zz kMe ay¡l¡ ®cM−me ®k, l¡S¯e¢aL
juc¡−e ®ea¡l¡ pl¡L¡¢l LjÑQ¡l£−cl Ly¡−d h¾c¤L ®l−M A¯hdi¡−h rja¡ cMm Ll−Re aMe Hl fТa¢œ²u¡u a¡l¡
¢e−Sl¡C rja¡ qÙ¹Na Ll¡l ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢e−m¡z
Cw−lS n¡pe¡j−m Ly¡−d Q−sC a¡l¡ ®cn n¡pe L−l−Rz AhnÉ Cw−lSl¡ ®k¡NÉ n¡pLC ¢R−m¡z ¢ehÑ¡Q−e L¡lQ¤¢f L−l
k¡l¡ n¡pe rja¡ cMm Ll−R, a¡l¡ plL¡¢l LjÑLaÑ¡−cl ®Q−u ®h¢n ®k¡NÉ euz AbQ A¯hdi¡−h rja¡ ByL−s b¡L¡l
SeÉ a¡l¡ plL¡¢l LjÑLaÑ¡−cl−L hÉhq¡l Ll−Rz plL¡¢l (®hp¡j¢lL J p¡j¢lL) LjÑLa¡Ñ−cl j−dÉ H −Qae¡ pª¢ø
q−m¡ ®k, H ph A−k¡NÉ ®m¡L Bj¡−cl Ly¡−d Q−s n¡pe Ll−a Q¡uz Bjl¡ H−cl ®Q−u ®h¢n ®k¡NÉz H−cl−L Ly¡d
®b−L ®g−m ¢c−u Bjl¡C ®a¡ pl¡p¢l n¡pe Ll−a f¡¢lz Hl¡ k¢c SeN−Zl fТa¢e¢d q−ae, a¡q−m a¡−cl Be¤NaÉ
Ll−a Bjl¡ °e¢aL ¢cL ¢c−u h¡dÉ ¢Rm¡jz Hl¡ p¢aÉL¡l fТa¢e¢d eu, H−c−l−L j¡e−a Bjl¡ h¡dÉ eCz
H L¤¢Q¿¹¡l e¡uL ¢q−p−h ®hp¡j¢lL LjÑLa¡Ñ ®N¡m¡j j¤q¡Çjc J p¡j¢lL LjÑLaÑ¡ BCu§h M¡e J Cú¡¾c¡l ¢jSÑ¡l j−dÉ
H Bya¡a quz 1951 p¡−m fÐd¡ej¿»£ ¢mu¡La Bm£ M¡−el qaÉ¡ ®b−L öl¦ L−l 1971 p¡−ml ¢X−pðl fkÑ¿¹
f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el l¡Se£¢a H ¢ae L¤Qœ²£l osk−¿»l S¡−mC BhÜ ¢R−m¡z
98
fТah¡c fkÑ¿¹ L−le¢ez fТah¡c q−h e¡ H ¢ho−u ¢e¢ÕQa e¡ q−m NieÑl ®Se¡−lm H−a¡ hs ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢e−a
f¡l−ae e¡z BlJ ¢hpÈ−ul ¢hou ®k, pcpÉNZ NieÑl ®Se¡−l−ml ¢e−cÑ−n ¢he¡¢àd¡u B−j¢lL¡u ¢ek¤š²
f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el l¡øÌca
§ (plL¡¢l LjÑ¡Q¡l£) j¤q¡Çjc Bm£ hNs¡−L f¡mÑ¡−j¾V¡¢l f¡¢VÑl ®ea¡ ¢q−p−h ®j−e ¢e−mez
2. 1954 p¡−ml 31®n ®j NieÑl ®Se¡−lm ®N¡m¡j j¤q¡Çjc NZf¢loc h¡¢am L−l ¢c−m Hl fТaL¡−ll p¡j¡eÉ
®Qø¡J a¡l¡ L−l¢ez NZf¢loc pi¡f¢a ®j±mi£ aj£S¤Ÿ£e M¡e−L p£eÚc Q£g ®L¡−VÑ j¡jm¡l hÉ¡f¡−lJ ®L¡e
pq−k¡N£a¡ L−le¢ez
3. 1956 p¡−ml n¡pea¿» Ae¤k¡u£ f¢ÕQj-f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el 4¢V fÐ−cn−L HL£i§a L−l hªqšl fÐ−cn Ll¡ q−m¡z 4¢V
fÐ−c−nl BCepi¡uC j¤p¢mj m£N j¢¿»pi¡ ¢R−m¡z AbQ "Ju¡e CE¢eV' L¡−uj L−l ®N¡V¡ f¢ÕQj-
f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el fС−c¢nL fÐd¡ej¿»£ ¢q−p−h p£j¡−¿¹l Lw−NËp ®ea¡ X¡x M¡e p¡−qh−L ®j−e ¢e−a a¡−cl ®L¡e
Bf¢š qu¢ez Hj¢eL X¡x M¡e p¡−q−hl c¡¢h Ae¤k¡u£ j¤p¢mj m£−Nl pcpÉNZ NieÑl ®Se¡−lm Cú¡¾c¡l
¢jSÑ¡l ¢e−cÑ−n "¢lf¡h¢mL¡e f¡¢VÑ' e¡−j ea¤e c−m ®k¡Nc¡e Ll−aJ ¢àd¡−h¡d L−le¢ez
4. 1956 p¡−ml 12C ®p−ÃVðl X¡x M¡e p¡−q−hl ¢lf¡h¢mL¡e f¡¢VÑ NieÑl ®Se¡−lm Cú¡¾c¡l ¢jSÑ¡l ¢e−cÑ−n
nq£c ®p¡ql¡Ju¡cÑ£−L f¡¢LÙ¹−el fÐd¡ej¿»£ ¢qp¡−h ®j−e ®euz
5. 1957 p¡−ml 11C A−ƒ¡hl NieÑl ®Se¡−l−ml CµR¡ f§lZ Ll−a ®p¡ql¡Ju¡c£Ñl fТa pjbÑe fÐaÉ¡q¡l L−l
Hhw j¤p¢mj m£N ®ea¡ BCBC Q¢¾cÐNs−L fÐd¡ej¿»£ ¢q−p−h NËqZ Ll−a pÇja quz
6. 1962 p¡−m p¡j¢lL n¡pL BCu§h M¡e kMe ®hp¡j¢lL plL¡l L¡−u−jl E−cÉ¡N ®ee, aMe a¡l ¢eSü
l¡S¯e¢aL c−ml fÐ−u¡Se quz ¢a¢e j¤p¢mj m£N ®ea¡−cl−L HL¢V p−Çjm−e (Le−iene) q¡¢Sl q−a
Bqh¡e S¡e¡ez ¢LR¤ ®ea¡ R¡s¡ j¤p¢mj m£−Nl ®eaªÙÛ¡e£u fСu ph¡C BCu§h M¡−el ®eaªaÅ ®j−e ®ee Hhw
j¤p¢mj m£N−L p¡j¢lL n¡peLaÑ¡ a¡l f−LVÙÛ L−lez
7. 1980 p¡−m ®Se¡−lm ¢Su¡Em qLJ Ae¤l©fi¡−hC j¤p¢mj m£N cMm L−lez
73.
99
l¡Se£¢a pÇf−LÑ p¢WL d¡lZ¡ ®f−a q−m ¢hi¡N-f§hÑ A¢hiš² h‰−c−nl l¡Se£¢a pÇf−LÑ ¢LR¤ B−m¡Lf¡a Ll¡
Sl¦¢lz f§hÑ-f¡¢LÙ¹¡e J h¡wm¡−c−nl l¡S¯e¢aL fVi§¢j ¢q−p−hC I ¢ho−u pw¢rç B−m¡Qe¡ Ll¢Rz
100
1939 p¡−m Ae¡ÙÛ¡ fÐÙ¹¡−hl ¢hl¦−Ü ¢hSu£ q−u ®n−l h¡wm¡ LªoL-fÐS¡ f¡¢VÑl j§m c¡¢h ®j−e ¢e−u S¢jc¡¢l fÐb¡
E−µRc L−le Hhw GZ p¡¢m¢p ®h¡XÑ ÙÛ¡fe L−l jq¡S¢e BC−el Mèl ®b−L LªoL−cl j¤¢š²c¡e L−lez H−a qL
p¡−q−hl Se¢fÐua¡ hÉ¡fLi¡−h hª¢Ü f¡uz
1940 p¡−m Y¡L¡ ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡m−u ¢àa£u j¤p¢mj qm ÙÛ¡¢fa quz I q−ml e¡j l¡M¡ qu gSm¤m qL j¤p¢mj qmz "72
p¡−m ®nM j¤¢Sh rja¡p£e qh¡l fl djÑ¢e−lfra¡ J Ap¡ÇfÐc¡¢uLa¡l ®c¡q¡C ¢c−u Cpm¡j J j¤p¢mj në EvM¡a
Ll¡ quz HM−e¡ ®p hÉhÙÛ¡C B−Rz a¡C I q−ml e¡j HMe gSm¤m qL qmz p¢mj¤õ¡q j¤p¢mj q−ml pw¢rç e¡j
¢R−m¡ j¤p¢mj qmz AbQ ®p j¤p¢mj në EvM¡a qJu¡l HMe Hl e¡j p¢mj¤õ¡q qmz
−n−l h¡wm¡ l¡S¯e¢aL juc¡−e hýh¡l ¢XNh¡¢S ®M−u−Rez ay¡l Aá¤a Se¢fÐua¡l L¡l−Z ¢a¢e ®L¡e pjpÉ¡u
f−se¢ez a¡C ®k cmC L−le, ®p c−mC ¢a¢e fÐd¡e ®ea¡z a¡C ¢a¢e HL¡C HL¢V l¡S¯e¢aL c−ml jkÑ¡c¡u Bp£ez
a¡l H hÉ¢š² C−j−Sl L¡l−Z ¢a¢e L¡−l¡ flJu¡ Ll−ae e¡z ¢L¿º f¡¢LÙ¹¡e B−¾c¡me c¡e¡ hy¡d¡l fl ¢a¢e L¡−u−c
Bk−jl ¢e−cÑn Aj¡eÉ L−l ¢hf−c fs−mez j¤p¢mj m£N ®b−L ¢a¢e h¢qúªa q−u 1946-Hl ¢ehÑ¡Q−e f¡¢LÙ¹¡e Cp§§Él
¢hl¦−Ü ¢ehÑ¡Qe L−lez ¢a¢e hÉ¢š²Nai¡−h ¢ehÑ¡Q−e ¢hSu£ q−mJ ay¡l cm−L lr¡ Ll−a hÉbÑ qez HlflJ 1954
p¡−m ay¡l LªoL-nТjL f¡¢VÑ k¤š²é−¾V …l¦aÅf§ZÑ f¢Sne f¡uz a¡C hm¢Rm¡j ®k, ¢a¢e HL¡C HL¢V c−ml jkÑ¡c¡l
A¢dL¡l£z
101
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fÐd¡ej¿»£ M¡S¡ e¡¢Sj¤Ÿ£e l¡øÌi¡o¡ pwNË¡j L¢j¢Vl k¡−cl p¡−b i¡o¡ pwœ²¡¿¹ Q¤¢š²−a BhÜ q−u¢R−me a¡l¡J I
N˦−flz i¡o¡ B−¾c¡me ü¡i¡¢hLi¡−hC plL¡l ¢h−l¡d£ n¢š² ¢R−m¡z Hlfl M¡S¡ e¡¢Sj¤¢Ÿe fÐd¡ej¿»£ ¢q−p−h 1952
p¡−m fÒVe juc¡−e "Ec¤ÑC HLj¡œ l¡øÌi¡o¡ q−h' h−m ®O¡oZ¡ ¢c−u B…e m¡¢N−u ¢c−mez ¢a¢e fС−c¢nL fÐd¡ej¿»£
¢q−p−h l¡øÌi¡o¡ pwNË¡j L¢j¢Vl p¡−b ®k Q¤¢š²−a BhÜ q−u¢R−me Hl ¢hfl£a i§¢jL¡ f¡me L−l "Le−XjX' q−u
®N−mez "52 p¡−ml 21C ®ghЦu¡¢l l¡øÌi¡o¡ B−¾c¡me−L cje Ll¡l SeÉ R¡œ−cl Efl …¢m Q¡¢m−u j¤p¢mj m£N
plL¡l R¡œ-Sea¡l BÙÛ¡ q¡¢l−u ®gm−m¡z
1945 ®b−L "47 p¡m fkÑ¿¹ ®k j¤p¢mj m£N H ®c−n HL ¢hl¡V l¡S¯e¢aL n¢š² ¢R−m¡ ®p cm¢V j¡œ 4/5 hR−ll
j−dÉ SeNZ ®b−L ¢h¢µRæ q−u fs−m¡z plL¡l NW−el fl j¤p¢mj m£N−L e¡¢Sj¤¢Ÿe-e§l¦m Bj£e N˦f ¢e−S−cl
L¤¢rNa l¡M¡l ®Qø¡ Ll¡l g−m f¡¢LÙ¹¡e B−¾c¡m−el p¢œ²u k¤hn¢š² a¡−cl ¢h−l¡d£ i§¢jL¡ f¡me Ll−a h¡dÉ q−m¡z
1954 p¡−ml ¢ehÑ¡Q−e j¤p¢mj m£N SeN−Zl BÙÛ¡ q¡l¡−e¡l fl H cm¢V Bl cy¡s¡−aC f¡l−m¡ e¡z haÑj¡−e (2002)
j¤p¢mj m£N l¡S¯e¢aL cm ¢q−p−h ¢hm¤çfСuz
1954 Hl fl
1954 p¡−ml ¢ehÑ¡Q−el fl f§h-Ñ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e BJu¡j£ m£N J ®n−l h¡wm¡l cm c¤−V¡ fТaà¾cÄ£ n¢š² ¢R−m¡z ®n−l h¡wm¡l
jªa¤Él fl a¡l hÉ¢š²¢i¢šL cm¢V Bl l¡S¯e¢aL n¢š² ¢q−p−h NZÉ lC−m¡ e¡z j¡Jm¡e¡ Bhc¤m q¡¢jc M¡e i¡p¡e£
BJu¡j£ m£N ®b−L ¢h¢µRæ q−u h¡jf¿Û£−cl ®ea¡ ¢q−p−h eÉ¡ne¡m BJu¡j£ f¡¢VÑ (eÉ¡f) e¡−j HL¢V cm NWe
Ll−mez
1969 p¡−m BCu§h£ n¡p−el ®no¢c−L kMe ¢hl¡V NZB−¾c¡me N−s E−W, aMe j¡Jm¡e¡ i¡p¡e£ HL¢V l¡S¯e¢aL
n¢š² ¢q−p−h NZÉ ¢R−mez ¢L¿º "70 p¡−m ®nM j¤¢S−hl hÉ¡fL Se¢fÐua¡l g−m S¡a£u ¢ehÑ¡Q−e S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£
R¡s¡ pLm l¡S¯e¢aL cm BJu¡j£ m£N−L juc¡e ®R−s ®cuz ¢ehÑ¡Q−el fl BJu¡j£ m£NC HLj¡œ l¡S¯e¢aL
n¢š²l jkÑ¡c¡ m¡i L−lz
ü¡d£e h¡wm¡−cn
ü¡d£e h¡wm¡−c−n l¡S¯e¢aL A‰−e BJu¡j£ m£NC HLL l¡S¯e¢aL n¢š² ¢q−p−h NZÉ ¢R−m¡z ®nM j¤¢S−hl
L¤n¡p−el g−m fТah¡c£ L˜ ¢q−p−h fÐb−j j¡Jm¡e¡ i¡p¡e£ Hhw f−l ®jSl Bhc¤m Sm£m J B p j Bhc¤l l−hl
S¡a£u pj¡Sa¡¢¿»L cm (S¡pc) l¡S¯e¢aL n¢š² ¢q−p−h B¢hi§Ña quz plL¡l ¢h−l¡d£ B−¾c¡me Ù¹ì Ll¡l E−Ÿ−nÉ
®nM j¤¢Sh HLcm£u h¡Ln¡m£ n¡pe Q¡m¤ L−l NZa¡¢¿»L n¡pea¿»−L ¯üla−¿» l©f¡¿¹¢la L−lez f¢lZ¡−j 1975
p¡−m−l 15 BNØV p¡j¢lL Ai§É›¡−e ®nM j¤¢Sh pf¢lh¡−l ¢eqa qez H pjuJ n¡pe rja¡ M¾cL¡l j¤na¡L
Bqj−cl ®eaª−aÅ BJu¡j£ m£−Nl q¡−aC ¢R−m¡z "75-Hl 3l¡ S¤e ¢hÐ−N¢Xu¡l M¡−mc ®j¡n¡llg p¡j¢lL n¢š²h−m
rja¡ cM−ml ®Qø¡ Ll−m ®pe¡h¡¢qe£l ®S¡u¡el¡ ¢h−â¡q L−lz 7C e−iðl ®S¡u¡el¡ ®pe¡fÐd¡e ®Se¡−lm ¢Su¡El
lqj¡e−L h¢¾ccn¡ ®b−L j¤š² L−l LÉ¡¾Ve−j¾V ®b−L ¢j¢Rm L−l ®hl Ll−m m¡M m¡M j¡e¤o a¡−cl p¡−b ¢j¢ma q−u
¢hSu£ h£l ¢q−p−h ®Se¡−lm ¢Su¡El lqj¡e−L rja¡u hp¡uz ¢Su¡El lqj¡e p¡−s 5 hRl ®cn n¡pe L−lez ¢a¢e
®hn Se¢fÐua¡ ASÑe L−le Hhw H ®c−nl l¡Se£¢a−a jkÑ¡c¡l Bpe q¡¢pm L−lez
74.
102
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Ae¤ù¡ephÑü djÑ j−e L−lez l¡Se£¢a J AbÑe£¢a−L a¡l¡ Cpm¡−jl pÇf§ZÑ fÐi¡hj¤š² l¡M−a cªtpwLÒfz
djÑ−L öd¤ hÉ¢š²Na hÉ¡f¡−l ¢qp¡−hC NZÉ L−lez H−a¡V¡ hÉ¢š²Na ®k, a¡l¡ plL¡¢l hÉhÙÛ¡fe¡u Hhw
p¡d¡lZ ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡uJ djÑ-¢nr¡ h¡dÉa¡j§mL Ll¡l ¢h−l¡d£z ®hplL¡¢li¡−h k¡−cl CµR¡ a¡−cl p¿¹¡e−cl
djÑ ¢nr¡ ¢c−a f¡−lez HV¡ plL¡−ll c¡¢uaÅ eu h−m a¡−cl d¡lZ¡z
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h¡l h¡l H Bc−nÑ ¢hnÄ¡p£ h−m ®O¡oZ¡ ¢c−a ¢àd¡−h¡d L−le¢ez
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L−l−Re, a¡ phC BJu¡j£ m£N BaÈÙÛ L−l ¢e−u−Rz j‰m fÐc£f, n´M-dh¢e, i¡C-®gy¡V¡, E¢ó Aˆe,
p£j−¿¹ ¢pyc¤l f¢ld¡e, ®M¡m-Lla¡m, Em¤dh¢e, l¡¢Mhåe CaÉ¡¢c h¡P¡¢m ¢q¾c¤−cl djÑ£u L¡mQ¡lz H ph−L
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p¡j¡eÉ fТah¡cJ S¡e¡e¢e; hlw h¡wm¡−c−n ¢q¾c¤−cl−L qaÉ¡ Ll¡ q−µR h−m ¢h−c−nJ AffÐQ¡l Q¡¢m−u−Rez
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d¡lZ¡z AbQ BJu¡j£ m£N i¡la−LC ALª¢œj hå¤ h−m ¢hnÄ¡p L−lz a¡C BJu¡j£ m£−Nl q¡−a ®c−nl
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4. BJu¡j£ m£−Nl ¢hNa fy¡Q hR−ll (1996-2001) n¡pe¡j−m plL¡¢l k¡ha£u avfla¡u ®L¡e ¢cL ¢c−uC
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H¢V k¢c p¡d¡lZ qaÉ¡ q−u b¡−L a¡q−m ®N¡V¡ ®cnh¡p£−LC Bp¡¢j Ll¡ fÐ−u¡Se ¢R−m¡z L¡lZ H qaÉ¡u
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103
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pÇj¡e Ll¡l SeÉ −cnh¡p£−L h¡dÉ L−l−Rez i¢š², nÐÜ¡ J pÇj¡e ®S¡l L−l Bc¡u Ll¡l hÙ¹¤ eu-H ®j¡V¡
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a¡−L ®cnh¡p£l ¢eLV hlw −quC L−l−Rez
−nM q¡¢pe¡ S¡a£u ILÉ Ns¡l ¢hfl£−a SeNZ−L ¢hiš² Ll¡J flØfl ¢h−ào pª¢øl SeÉ SOeÉ Af−Qø¡
Q¡¢m−u−Rez öd¤ f¤¢mn J fÐn¡pe eu; ®pe¡h¡¢qe£−L fkÑ¿¹ BaÈ£uLlZ J cm£uLl−Zl phÑe¡n¡ e£¢a NËqZ
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5. BJu¡j£ m£N djÑ¢el−fr jah¡−c ¢hnÄ¡p£ h−l j¡cl¡p¡, Jm¡j¡ J Cpm¡j£ l¡S¯e¢aL cmpj§q−L a¡−cl
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B¢bÑL n¢š² pª¢ø L−l−Rz a¡C j¤¢Sh qaÉ¡l fl¦ cm¢V p¤pwN¢Wa ¢R−m¡z 1973 p¡−m f¤¢mn J fÐn¡p¢eL
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128
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l¦Le ¢iæ ja ®f¡oZ L−le a¡l¡ ph¡C S¡j¡u¡−al l¦Le fb ®b−L C¢Ù¹g¡ ¢c−u−Rez p−Çjm−e 98% Se l¦Le ®k
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H−p Bj¡l p¡−b ®g¡−e ®k¡N¡−k¡N Ll−mez B¢j ay¡−LJ l¡jk p¡−q−hl p¡−bC M¡h¡l c¡Ju¡−a nl£L Llm¡jz ¢a¢e
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132
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146
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E−ŸnÉ A−eLM¡¢e pgm q−u−Rz ®p¢je¡lpj§q HL¢c−L S¡j¡u¡−a Cpm¡j£l ¢Q¿¹¡d¡l¡ A−eL ¢n¢ra ®m¡L−L
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85.
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h¤¢eu¡c£ NZa−¿»l j¡dÉ−j ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa ®fТp−X−¾Vl jkÑ¡c¡ m¡−il fl ¢a¢e HL¢V n¡pea¿» L¢jn−el j¡dÉ−j fÐZ£a ea¤e
n¡pea¿» 1962 p¡−ml fum¡ S¡e¤u¡¢l S¡¢l L−lez 1956 p¡−m SeN−Zl ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa NZf¢loc ®k n¡pea¿» fÐZue
L−l Hhw ®k n¡pea−¿»l ¢i¢š−a 1959 p¡−ml 15 C ®ghЦu¡¢l S¡a£u J fС−c¢nL BCepi¡l ¢ehÑ¡Qe Ae¤ù¡−el
Lb¡ ¢R−m¡, 1958 p¡−ml 7C A−ƒ¡hl p¡j¢lL Ai¤É›¡e O¢V−u I n¡pea¿» h¡¢am Ll¡ quz 1962 p¡−m I n¡pea¿»
hq¡m e¡ L−l BCu§h M¡e ¢e−Sl j¢SÑj−a¡ n¡pea¿» °al£ L−l a¡ Q¡m§ L−lez
H ea¤e n¡pea®¿» h¤¢eu¡c£ NZa¡¢¿»L hÉhÙÛ¡fe¡u ¢ehÑ¡Qe Ae¤ù¡−el ¢hd¡e l¡M¡ q−u−Rz ®p ®j¡a¡−hL 1962 p¡−ml
28C j¡QÑ S¡a£u f¢lo−cl (National Assembly) ¢ehÑ¡Qe Ae¤¢ùa quz Hlfl ®j j¡−pl 6 a¡¢lM fС−c¢nL
f¢lo−cl ¢ehÑ¡Qe quz
H ¢ehÑ¡Q−e öd¤ CE¢eue L¡E¢¾pm ®jð¡l¡C ®i¡V¡l ¢R−mez l¡Se£¢a¢hcNZ pL−m ¢ehÑ¡Q−e Awn −ee¢ez k¡l¡ Awn
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j¤q¡Çjc Bm£ (hNs¡), p¡−hL Bhc¤m ®j¡e¡−uj M¡e fÐjM¤ z
BCu§h n¡pea¿» fÐaÉ¡MÉ¡e L−l Hhw ¢ehÑ¡Q−e AwnNËq−Zl ¢h−l¡¢da¡ L−l k¡l¡ ¢hhª¢a ®ce a¡l¡ q−me, p¡−hL ¢ae
fС−c¢nL fÐd¡ej¿»£ e¤l¦m Bj£e, Bh¤ ®q¡−pe plL¡l J Ba¡El lqj¡e M¡e Hhw q¡j£c¤m qL ®Q±d¤l£, °puc
B¢SS¤m qL (e¡æ¡ ¢ju¡) J j¡qj¤c Bm£ fÐjM¤ z ¢hhª¢a−a a¡l¡ c¡¢h L−le ®k, SeN−Zl ®i¡−V ea¤e NZf¢loc NWe
L−l ea¤e n¡pea¿» lQe¡ Ll−a q−hz a¡l¡ 1956 p¡−m fÐZ£a n¡pea¿» f§ehÑ¡q¡−ml c¡¢h a¤−me¢ez AbQ ®p c¡¢h
®a¡m¡V¡C ®h¢n k¤¢š²f§ZÑ ¢Rmz L¡lZ ®p n¡pea¿» h¡¢am Ll¡V¡C AeÉ¡u ¢Rmz
148
Y¡L¡l pj¡−h−n B¢j J BS£S¤l lqj¡e j−’ hp¡ b¡L¡ AhÙÛ¡u Y¡L¡l plc¡lNZ HLcm ®i¡V¡lpq Y¡L¡l eJu¡h−L
p¡j−e ¢e−u eJu¡−hl e¡−j ¢S¾c¡h¡c dh¢e ¢c−a ¢c−a q−m fÐ−hn L−lez i¡hM¡e¡ HC ®k, eJu¡h R¡h−LC ph¡l
®i¡V ¢c−a q−hz
¢lV¡¢ew A¢gp¡−ll fr ®b−L HLSe plL¡¢l LjÑLa¡ pi¡f¢aaÅ L−lez fÐb−j BS£S¤l lqj¡e hš²hÉ l¡−Mez ¢a¢e
M¤h q¡mL¡ LaL Lb¡ hm−mez Hl HLV¡ Lb¡ j−e B−R, “Bj¡l e¡j BS£S¤l lqj¡ez Hl AbÑ qm Bõ¡ql ¢fÐuz
Bn¡ L¢l Bõ¡ql ¢fÐu hÉ¢š²−L ®i¡V ®c−hez” B¢j 15/20 ¢j¢eV k¡ hmm¡j ph¡C M¤h j−e¡−k¡N ¢c−u n¡¿¹i¡−h
öe−mez ph ®n−o eJu¡h p¡−qh cy¡s¡h¡l p¡−b p¡−bC k¡l¡ a¡y−L ¢j¢Rm L−l ¢e−u H−me, a¡l¡ ph¡C q¡a a¡¢m
¢c−a b¡L−mez pi¡f¢a ph¡C−L Q¤f L−l öe−a Ae¤−l¡d S¡e¡−mez eJu¡h p¡−qh HL¢V j¡œ Lb¡ h−mC h−p
fs−me, “B¢j ¢e¢ÕQa qm¡j ®k, Bfe¡l¡ ph¡C Bj¡−LC ®i¡V ®c−hez”
ay¡l hš²ªa¡ Ll¡l AiÉ¡pC ¢Rm e¡z IV¤L¤ Lb¡J Bsøi¡−C EµQ¡lZ Ll−mez plc¡lNZ eJu¡−hl e¡−j ¢S¾c¡h¡c
®nÔ¡N¡e ¢c−a ¢c−a ¢j¢Rm L−lC pi¡ÙÛm aÉ¡N Ll−mez eJu¡h p¡−qh S¡a£u f¢lo−c ®L¡e¢ce HL¢V Lb¡J e¡ hm¡l
¢cL ¢c−u ®lLXÑ ÙÛ¡fe Ll−mez
149
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b¡L¡L¡−mC H jq¡e I¢aqÉ L¡−uj quz 1962 p¡−ml ®p−ÃVðl Ll¡Q£−a BCu§h M¡e j¤p¢mj m£−Nl HL Le−iene
(p−Çjme) Bqh¡e Ll−mez e¡jLl¡ j¤p¢mj m£N ®ea¡−cl naLl¡ 90 Se I Le−ien−e ®k¡Nc¡e L−lez H j¤p¢mj
m£−Nl ®fТp−X¾V qe BCu§h M¡ez AhnÉ fÐb−j ¢LR¤¢ce ®Q±d¤l£ M¡¢mL¤‹¡j¡e ®fТp−X¾V ¢q−p−h e¡jL¡Ju¡−Ù¹ c¡¢uaÅ
f¡me L−lez k¡l¡ BCu§h M¡−el X¡−L p¡s¡ ¢c−u Le−ien−e k¡e¢ez a¡l¡ c−ml L¡E¢¾pm A¢d−hn−el B−u¡Se
L−le Hhw f¡”¡−hl p¡−hL j¤MÉj¿»£ jja¡S j¤q¡Çjc M¡e ®c±ma¡e¡ H j¤p¢mj m£−Nl pi¡f¢a qez Hi¡−h plL¡¢l
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86.
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1960 p¡−m jÉ¡−lS −l¢SØVÌ¡−ll c¡¢uaÅ
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j¡−pl R¤¢V ¢e−u a¡hm£−N ¢Qõ¡u k¡Cz H Lu j¡p a¤¢j HL¢Vw jÉ¡−lS ®l¢SØVÌ¡−ll c¡¢uaÅ f¡me L−l¡z B¢j plL¡¢l
Ae¤j¢al hÉhÙÛ¡ L¢lz''
Bf¢š Ll¡l ®L¡e L¡lZ ¢Rm e¡z Bî¡ L¤¢jõ¡l Q¡¢¾ce¡ b¡e¡u 17 hRl L¡k£ b¡L¡L¡−m Bjl¡ L−uL i¡C R¤¢V−a
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hm−me, H−a¡ a¡s¡a¡¢s ¢h−u Ll¡−he h−m B−N −a¡ h−me¢ez ®j−ul f¢lQu S¡e−a Q¡Cm¡jz f¢lQu ö−e hmm¡j,
B¢j ®a¡ H ®j−ul Q¡Q¡ qCz ®j−ul h¡h¡ q¡−gk g−uS j¤q¡Çjc Bj¡l O¢eù hå¤z R¡œ S£h−e HLC ®q¡−ØV−m ¢Rm¡jz
¢a¢e T¡mL¡¢W−a hÉhp¡ Ll−aez S¡j¡u¡−al p¡wNW¢eL pg−l T¡mL¡¢W ®N−m q¡−gk p¡−q−hl h¡¢s−aC b¡La¡jz H
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®L¡b¡u ®cM−m? Hl j¡ q¡−gk¡ Bpj¡ M¡a¤e Y¡L¡u H−m Bj¡−cl h¡¢s−a Bj¡l ®My¡S-Mhl ¢e−a Bp−aez B¢j
T¡mL¡¢W−a L−uLh¡l a¡−cl h¡¢s−a ¢N−u¢Rz B¢j ®c−n ¢g−l Bp−a f¡l¢R e¡ h−m S¡e−aez Hi¡−hC q¡−gk¡l
p¡−b ®j−u−LJ ®cM¡l p¤−k¡N q−u−Rz
1978-Hl S¤m¡C j¡−p mäe ®n−L Y¡L¡ ®fy±Rm¡jz Mhl ®f−u q¡−gk g−uS j¤q¡Çjc ®cM¡ Ll−a H−mez Q¡Q¡l p¡−b
®cM¡ Ll¡l SeÉ ®j−uJ p¡−b H−m¡z q¡−gk p¡−qh hm−me ®k j¤æ£ ®a¡ BCHp¢p fl£r¡ ¢c−u−Rz Jl j¡ Bfe¡l
ja¡ja R¡s¡ H ¢h−ul ®L¡e fÐÙ¹¡hC ¢h−hQe¡ Ll−a l¡¢S euz 2/3V¡ fÐÙ¹¡−hl Lb¡ S¡¢e−u Bj¡l ja¡ja S¡e−a
Q¡C−mez B¢j hmm¡j, Bj¡−L ®a¡ ¢hl¡V pjpÉ¡u ®gm−mez L−uL¢V fÐÙ¹¡−hl j−dÉ HLV¡ h¡R¡C Ll−a Bj¡l
fl¡jnÑ Q¡−µRez B¢j HMe ¢L L¢l? ¢ae hRl B−NC H ®j−u−L Bfe¡l i¡¢h a¡l ®R−ml SeÉ h¡R¡C L−l ®l−M−Rz
H Lb¡ ö−eC q¡−gk p¡−qh Bj¡−L S¢s−u d−l h¡lh¡l Bmq¡jc¤¢mõ¡q EµQ¡lZ Ll−a m¡N−mez
hå¤−L hmm¡j, ¢h−ul pju ®j−u−L Amˆ¡l ¢c−u p¡S¡h¡l c¡¢uaÅ f¡œf−rlz q¡a, Nm¡ J L¡−el Amˆ¡lV¤L¤ e¡
®f−m ®j−ul je M¤¢n q−a f¡−l e¡z Bj¡l f−r q¡a J Nm¡l Amˆ¡l ®cJu¡ Apñhz hå¤ ¢q−p−h Bf¢e H c¤−V¡l
HLV¡l c¡¢uaÅ ¢e−m Bj¡l SeÉ Bp¡e quz ¢a¢e M¤¢n q−u l¡¢k q−mez
BaÈ£u-üSepq ¢h−ul ¢ce-a¡¢lM ¢WL Ll¡l pju Bj¡l HL BaÈ£u ®R−ml SeÉ L−e f−rl ¢eLV ¢LR¤ c¡¢h Ll¡l
fÐÙ¹¡h ®c−h ¢Le¡ Bj¡−L ¢S−‘p Ll−m B¢j L−W¡li¡−h ¢e−od Llm¡jz B¢j HV¡−L Qlj Aiâa¡ j−e L¢lz
Bj¡−cl c¤f−rl j−dÉ ®L¡ef−rC hl J L−el SeÉ ®L¡e ¢LR¤ ®LE Q¡u¢ez
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S¡j¡u¡−al l¦Le qJu¡u B¢j ®N±lh−h¡d Llm¡jz
Bõ¡ql öL¢lu¡ ®k, Bj¡l ®L¡e ®R−mC ¢h−u−a L−efr ®b−L ¢LR¤ f¡Ju¡l p¡j¡eÉ BNËqJ fÐL¡n Ll¡l j−a¡
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1j h−oÑl R¡œz aªa£u e¡¢a Jp¡j¡ H ®m−im ®no L−l ®j¢X−L−m Q¡¾p ®f−u−Rz Hl¡ ¢ae i¡C-C hs ®R−ml p¿¹¡ez
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h−m h¡wm¡ hC ®L¡e lL−j fs−a f¡l−mJ QQÑ¡l Ai¡−h œ²−jC i§−m k¡−µRz J−L Bj¡l L¡−R h¡wm¡ ¢Q¢W ¢mM−a h¡dÉ
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S¾ji§¢j q−mJ −p ®cn−L ¢e−S−cl ®cn j−e L−l e¡z B¢j S¡¢e e¡ ®k, LjÑS£h−e Jl¡ ®L¡eÚ ®c−n b¡L−hz a−h
J−cl "l¦V' ®k h¡wm¡−cn H hÉ¡f¡−l Jl¡ p−Qaez
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p¿¹¡e−cl L¡E−L AhnÉ Hi¡−h f¡W¡C¢ez
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d¡l¡h¡¢qLa¡ b¡−L e¡z ®j−u ®a¡ ¢h−ul fl AeÉ hw−nl pcpÉ q−u k¡uz ®p ¢q−p−h fum¡ p¿¹¡e ®R−m q−m hw−nl
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b¡Lm¡j ®k, hw−nl ®Ql¡N ¢q−p−h Hh¡l ®k−e¡ ®R−m quz ¢L¿º Hh¡lJ ®j−uC q−m¡ ah¤ ®hS¡l qC¢ez p¡mj¡−el önÄl
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Bj¡l ®Q−m-®j−u−cl−L Hi¡−h B¢j ®L¡e¢ce Bcl L¢l¢ez'' l¡p§m (p) hm−me, ""Bõ¡q a¡Bm¡ ®a¡j¡l ¢c−m
j¡u¡ jqîa e¡ ¢c−u b¡L−m Bj¡l ¢L hm¡l B−R?''
p¢aÉ ®R¡V ¢nö hs−cl−L ®k ¢ejÑm Be¾c ®cu Hl ®L¡e ¢hLÒf ®eCz ¢nö−cl fТa H BLoÑZ e¡ b¡L−m j¡e¤o
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171