Chapter 5: CELL DIVISION

Why cell division? To reproduce to form new cells Unicellular: asexual reproduction Multicellular: Growth & Development, Replacement of damaged cells, Sexual reproduction

Factors that affect cell cycle: Gene Nutrition Environmental conditions

Phases of cell cyle: Interphase Mitotic Division

Mitosis Prophase 1.Chromosome become condensed, thicker and tightly coiled 2.Centrioles separates/duplicates and moves to opposite poles 3.Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear 4.Spindle fiber formation

Metaphase 1.Centrioles reach opposite poles 2. Chromosome line up at the equator of the cell. (Centromere attaches the chromosome to the spindle fiber)

Anaphase 1. Spindle fiber shortens > sister chromatids separated (at centromere) and pulled to opposite poles.

Telophase 1. Chromosome become long, thin and tightly coiled 2. Nucleolus and nuclear membrane appears (for each set of daughter chromosomes) 3. Spindle fibers disappear

Cytokinesis (Division of cell cytoplasm at the end of mitotic division) Animal cells Contraction of actin microfilament in the middle of cells > formation of cleavage furrow > plasma membrane eventually joins up at the side of furrow. Plant cells Vesicles produced by Golgi apparatus collect at the middle of cell > vesicles fuses to form cell plate > extend outwards and join the existing plasma membrane. Cellulose deposits at outside of new plasma membrane > new cell walls formation. Mitosis in Animal and Plant cells Similarity 1. PMAT 2. Daughter cells have 3. Each parent cell has

Difference Aspect Centrosome and centrioles Cell plate Formation of cleavage Location Animal cells Plant cells

Why MEIOSIS? To produce unique and new combination of genes > survival in changing environment

Meosis Prophase 1. 2. 3. 4. +

Metaphase 1. 2. + Anaphase 1.

Telophase 1. 2. 3. Prophase

1. 2. 3. 4.

Metaphase 1. 2. Anaphase 1.

Telophase 1. 2. 3.

Why are the daughter cells genetically different? C I