Knh truyn: l mi trng gia u pht v u thu. Gm c mi trng hu tuyn v mi trng v tuyn. Mi trng hu tuyn: cp, cp ng trc, cp quang.

Mi trng hu tuyn(dng sng in t)-knh truyn v tuyn c th bin i t on gin n phc tp, knh truyn c nh hng ln n hiu qu trong truyn tn hiu nh hng ca knh truyn v tuyn : 1. Phane x xy ra khi sng vo tuyn p vo cc vt cng c kch thc ln hn nhiu so vi bc sng. Phn x xy ra do b mt qu t, ni tng ca ta nh. 2. Nhiu x xy ra do sng in t gp phi cc sc cnh v cc thnh g ca cc cu trc. 3. Tn x xy ra khi kch thc ca vt th trong mi trng truyn sng nh hn bc sng . Tn x thng xy ra khi gp cc tn hiu giao thng ct in. Ngoi phn x, tn x, nhiu x cn b suy hao ng truyn. Phn loi knh truyn: Large scale fading v Small scale fading

M hnh free-space
+ k l tng. +ng truyn thng khng c vt chn gia. + u pht rt cao so vi mt t-khng c tia phn x.

Large scale fading

M hnh suy gim log-normal

+ Mi trng gn nh ng nht.