.

D\ /LOq $NK VK\pNK U\D

Chapter (4)
/Z WR,9

WFHI

$VQIWXj P &DYKXVLIKFHIUVP

DYKXVLIKFHI 
&D &H &i &p &t &y &~ FD FH FL FR FX &L F F  Fq F F  F  Fz F Fz F Fz F F F{ F{ Fq Fq &R &X &q &z &{ &

FiFp FD FH FHP\i F WKq Fq Fq Fq Fq FL LFL

]HO F\PEDO VKLUW

SODVWLF VKHHW

WHVW IHHO WU\ WU\ VWK RXW UHDO JHQXLQH ZHDN VRIW GLVWDQW PDVVDJH FXW

YLIX*LI WXV) ' \Y\ISZGZI" SP *XI SUI0XQIKRQI SGZI SUIRQI SSIU6HIDRP"\'M\LIDRP D\VPKDRP" WPHQIDRP X*PDRP"MFPDRP"XV-DRP (G6\IHIRQI T+\LI Qh\IRQI
Page | 23

%DVLF .D\DK /LWHUDWXUH FLNt FL FR FR Fz FzEZt RXWVWDQGLQJ EDQJ ZHW GDLV VKHIW VWUDLJKW VZDUP MXVW FODVVLILHUV
UHYHUHQWLDO WLWOH DGGUHVVLQJ WR EXGGKLVW PRQN DQG UHOLJLRQ

5RPDQ 6FULSW 

[OX-DRP" -+<DRPFVHI\'+ X*XIZG" YN+ D SNGS*ZIRQI SLIMULIK" =PZISLI DM]PLIKZHIDRP"uNGRPDRP" UVG.SPWN\ISNF"\VPS*-RQI *DRK" $N
iENHIDZPI%X'" $N
iEPRP [N\IRQI XPY0XPDRP FVQID(6PLIRQI U ZLIRQI FV'RQI TLIZODRPWUVG.WUQI RDEP 6G WHPSGUIM]SIRQI W QID\VPIDRP RDEPZORQI "YXIF+RQI" T*-RQI X5HI F-RZ. "FJTHI<RQI \ZIRXI" S\ITNGLIRQI *PR*HIRQIYXI(6LIKTN\IRQI

Fz Fz Fz Fz F{ FX FX F FX F FF F F F

ZUDS SDFN ORQJ WLH IDVWHQ OLIW FDUU\

similar, classifiers of
DV RQH SOHDVHV

REVFHVV
PHOW GLVVROYH

DJUHH DFFHSW SXOO VODYH OHDG VWUHWFK RXW UHODWHG UDLQ

Page | 24

.D\ /LOq $NK VK\pNK U\D $ SO\D FiFp &D R G FHED NKX QX{ 3K Uq FHP\i O  $ F O WKq $ Fq PR O  $ SK~ R Fq O  $ FL F\D $ LFL NKXOX{ &LNt NK SKq .O\i Fz ' QJ Fz R WKzSK\ OR ' QJ W{Fz $ Fz G  $ RFz Kz Q\HQ\  $ Fz VXSO\H $ Fz WK  $ F{ DSKq $ EqFL O NKXNOz $ FX $ F N\  $ PH FX DWKqSOz 0X{SKq FX WR $ Qz WK\iFz O SK~ F

RO YLIX*LI Z'RQI WXV) 'RQISP *XID\Z*LI 6GRQI ]NG IRQI RO<XNG SUIR\IRQI RO<SGZIXNG SUIRQI D\VPKDXPLIRQI ROXDY MFPRQI RO(6G\IZZIRQI RO T+\LIQh\IRQI DUPLIYOS*UIDXPLI YUIDM]PLIK M]ZIYUI \VPRQIRSIXNGLID\Z*LIS*-RQI \VPWN+ZSIWN+ RO[ULI[N\IRQI (6SI XI0XPR*P1\' RO%XG.FVQIRQI RO S2IKWNG FV'RQI RORQI RO<WD](6LIKTLIZORQI RO<DFJLIXGN X*XIZG[GRQI ROWHPSGUI[*XIRQI W QID\VPIR*PRQI RORDEP 6G YN\IRQI WD]WDURDEPUZOEO RO8XNGX5HI ZSIDPXIYNG FNGLIRQI
Page | 25

%DVLF .D\DK /LWHUDWXUH 6 JQDSOz PD 3q F NK\ O  PHQi F

5RPDQ 6FULSW 

.H F Fz W{Q\ PzKp

XVQITHIXNG F-(6LIKYN\I0XRQI UNG ZSIDHXNHI *PR*HIRQI X5(NI\IZNG< H'S\I0XRQI

DYKXVLIKFHI
&X FX FX{ FX{ FX{ JR VKDUS SRLQWHG

&X NO\i Uz P\i U\iU\i +W Pq NKXKW FX{

R*PRQI F5HIDRP YUIR*PY4LI DXPLIDXPLI0XQIK ['UI? DFJLID$PLIRQI F5HIRQI

DYKXVLIKFHI
&Zq &Zt FZq FZt FZL FZR $ LSUL FZq $ SK\p Q\DFZq $ PqWKq FZq $ FZt O NK OLVK\p FZq FZL FZq FZ VFDOH YLVV VFDU ZRXQG VXFN VRDS XS SXOO ORZ

FZq FZq

FVGHIF*LI" \GP WUP *ZI"

3I P SN\IRQI T*-RQI HGUIKDRP

RO FVGHIF*LIIRQI RO (6SI\GPORQI RO<UVXI(6PZ*LI WUP *XI 6GRQI RO8\JXNG RO SN\IRQI

Page | 26

.D\ /LOq $NK VK\pNK U\D FZL WDNOZt WKzSK\ WR 1JiUq KpEq FZR O 

RSIXNGLI DM\PLIM\HIUT*-(6LIK LJ< I SXPWR+HGUIKHGUIKDM\PRQI

DYKXVLIKFHI 
&\i F\D F\ &\p F\H F\D F\  FDQ DEOH

M]SI(NGLIDRP"ZZIRQI WDYFVGHIRQI F\D ZHLJK S\JXV'" XV'" WDS"RSIDS F\ EDUQJUDQDU\ODWH[ UHVLQ GZIRQI T*- RQI F\p VKDYH E\ GUDZLQJ M\.UORQI" RuN\IDTPLIRQI F\H DFW EHKDYH SGUIRQI (6SIRQI F\H VRDN VWHHS GLS TNGDRP" WY*HI F\H EDG ZLFNHG YHU\ 3K Uq PH F\D ]GN I YN\IZZIRQI $ F\D N\DVK\HWKq RORQI F UIFV2IR' XNG FVGHIRQI $ EHGZy EX G F\ N  ROS\JXNG XV'Z*LI RGUI[PRQI .OzPz PD D F\ R DQPLI\LIZ*LI WDS 6GRQI % PD F\H F\D O  RO<UPRuN\IDTPLIDZPIRQI % P\D F\H DK\HFD EOO MUPWZIWSPD SGUIRQI $ F\H O  RO WY*HITNGRQI $ VZt F\H O  ROWY*HI]VPRQI
Page | 27