(1) m

!
v0,
k. To

, .

, .
1/4
,
.

!
: vn n-
!
vn-1 ,
:
2
mvn2 3 mvn-1
=
2
4 2

! vn =

3vn-1
2

(1)

!
vn
xn :
mvn2 kxn2
kxn2
! vn2 =
=
2
2
m

! xn =

(1)
m
vn ! xn =
k

3m vn-1
k 2

(2)

1
n=1, 2, 3, . . .
S :

(2)

S = 2(x1 + x2 + x3 + . . . + xn + . . .) !
S=

(1)
3m
(v0 + v1 + v2 + . . . + vn-1 + . . .) !
k

S=

2
n
'
*
! 3$
! 3$
3m )
3
,
v +
v +
v +. . .+#
& v0 + . . ., !
k ) 0
2 0 #" 2 &% 0
2
"
%
(
+

S=

2
n
'
*
! 3$
3m )
3 ! 3$
,
v0 1 +
+#
+
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
# 2 &
)
,
k
2 " 2 &%
"
%
(
+

(3)

3/ 2, :
2

! 3$
3 ! 3$
1
!
1+
+#
+
.
.
.
+
+. . .=
&
#
&
2 " 2 %
1 - 3/ 2
" 2 %
! 3$
3 ! 3$
2
1+
+#
+
.
.
.
+
+. . .=
= 2 2- 3
&
#
&
2 " 2 %
2- 3
" 2 %

(4)

(3) :

S= 2 2- 3

3m
v
k 0

(5)
P.M. fysikos

(2) m,
,
k,
.
i) E m,

.
ii) k=9mg/2h,
; A

.

 t=0 !
. g .
: i)

x*.
! ,
g .
,
. - ,

, :
mgh +

kx2* 2mv2*
kx2*
=
+ 2mgx* ! mv2 = mgh +
- 2mgx*
2
2
2

(1)

!
v*
!
. ! mg
F!" x* ,
:
mg = kx* ! x* = mg /k

(2)

(1) (2) :
mv2* = mgh +

km2g2
mg
3mg2
2
!
2mg
v
=
gh
*
k
2k
2k2

(3)

H (3) :
gh -

3mg2
3mg2
> 0 ! gh >
2k
2k

! k>

H (4) .

3mg
2h

(4)

ii) k 9mg/2k

k

:
mv2* kx2* kx20
+
=
2
2
2

(2)

! mv2* + k

m2 g 2
m2 g 2
2
2
=
kx
mv
+
k
= kx20 !
0
2
2
k
k

m2 g 2
9mg 2
m2 g 2
2
2
=
x !
mv* +
= kx0 ! mv* +
9mg/2h
2h 0
k
2

v2* +

2hg 9g 2
=
x
9
2h 0

(5)

x0 . (3) :

v2* = gh -

3mg2
gh 2gh
= gh =
2(9mg/2h)
3
3

o (5) :
2gh 2hg 9g 2
+
=
x !
3
9
2h 0

8h
9 2
4h
=
x0 ! x0 =
9
2h
9

(6)

E
:
x = x0! ("t + # ) ' t= 0 x* = x0!" ' (6) !" = 9x*/4h &
( !
( !
'
v = x0"$%&("t + # ) )
v* = x0#$%&" )
#$%" > 0
(

(7)

. :
x* =

mg
mg
2h
=
=
k
9mg/2h
9

(7) :
!" = 1/2 &
"
' ! ! =
6
#$%" > 0 (

H :

x=

$
4h
#'
k
! & "t + ) ! 2 =
9
6(
m
%
P.M. fysikos

T
,

!
a.
,
.
i) N ,


!
g' :
! !
!
g'= g + (-a)

ii) E ,
,
.
! L
g .
YH: A ,
. T
!

a,
!
!
mg F ! .
!

! F mg
ma , :
!
!
!
!
! !
(1)
F + mg = ma ! F = m(a - g)
,
,
, :
= ma/mg = a/g

(2)

3
A !
, , F!
( ) mg'
, :

!
! ! (1)
! !
! !
F + mg'= 0 ! m(a - g) + mg'= 0 !
! ! !
!
!
g'= g - a = +g + (-a)

(3)

!
!
g' (3). T g' :
g'=

g 2 + a2

(4)

4
!
H g'
K,
K , (2).

,
,
.. T :

T = 2!

L (4)
L
! T = 2!
2
g'
(g + a2 )1 / 2

P.M. fysikos

L-C
, Kirchoff
.
t=0 q(0)=0 i(0)=i0<0,


, .
:

, :
q 2 Li2
+
= W0
2C
2

(1)

 q, i i
t L-C 0
.. (1) :

! di$
q ! dq $
q dq
+ Li di = 0 !
#
& + Li# & = 0
C " dt %
C
" dt%

5
, ,
t ,

*. q>0, i=dq/dt<0, di<0
:

! di$
! di$
q
q
i + Li# & = 0 !
+ L# & = 0
C
C
" dt%
" dt%

(2)

,
q/C
,
(5) L|di/dt|. E
t Kirchoff
:
q
| di|
q
di
-L
=0 !
+L
=0
C
dt
C
dt

(2)
Kirchoff
. q i
:
'
q = q 0! ("t + # ) ' t= 0 0 = q 0!"
( !
( !
i = q 0" $%&("t + # ) )
i0 = q 0# $%&" )
'
!" = 0
!" = 0 &
( !
' ! ! ="
#$%" = i0 /q 0& )
#$%" < 0 (

 q0
L-C 1/(LC)1/2.
:
q = q 0! ("t + # ) '
q = - (i0 /!)" (!t + # ) '
q =(i0 /!)"!t &
( !
( !
'
i = q 0" $%&("t + # ) )
i = -i0 $%&(!t + # )
i = i0 #$%!t (
)

6
WC WL
:
2

q2
1 " i0 %
i20 LC
Li20
2
WC =
=
! 2"t =
! 2"t
$ ' ( !t ! WC =
2C 2C # ! &
2C
2

(3)

WL =

Li2
Li20
=
!"# 2$t
2
2

(4)

(3) (4) (6).

P.M. fysikos
To k,
,
m. t=0


!
a.
i)
.
ii)
:
k
! 2t2 ! 4t4 ! 6t6
1
! 2 =
+
-. . . =
m
5!
7!
9!
6

: i)

!
, mg
, L0 L+mg/k,
L .
!,
!
mg ,
F!"
!
!
D Alembert ! = -ma ,
:
d2x
m 2 = mg + ma - F!"
dt

(1)

!
x () ,
!
t . F!"
:

F!" = k(x + mg/k) = kx + mg

o (1) :
m

d2x
d2x
!
=
mg
+
ma
kx
mg
m
+ kx = ma !
dt2
dt2

d2x k
+ x=a !
dt2 m

d2x
+ ! 2x = a
2
dt

!2 =

k
m

(2)

(2)
x1(t)=a/2,
:

x2 (t) = A! ("t + #)

(3)

, ,

 .
(2) :
(3)

x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t) ! x(t) = a/! 2 + A" (!t + # )

(4)

(4)
!
v ,
:
v=

dx(t)
= A!"#$(!t + % )
dt

(5)

(4) (5) t=0 :

0 = a/! 2 + A"# (
A!" = -a/# 2 (
A = -a/! 2 $
!
!
)
)
%
0 = A!$%&'
$%&' = 0
" = # /2 &
*
*

(6)

(4) (6)
, :
x(t) =

a
a
a
- 2 " (!t + # / 2) ! x(t) = 2 1 - "#$(!t
2
!
!
!

(7)

!
E x!
, t :
x! = -at2 / 2

(8)

:
(7),(8)

X(t) = x! + x(t)

X(t) = -

at2
a
+ 2 1 - "#$!t
2
!

(9)

!
ii) H v!
t :
v! = -at

:
v=-

a!
a
"#$(!t + % / 2) ! v = "!t
2
!
!

H ( )
t, :

V(t) = v! + v ! V(t) = -at +

a
"!t
!

(10)

V(t) :
-at +

a
"!t = 0 ! !"t = "t !
!

!t ! 3t3 ! 5t5 ! 7t7

+
+ . . . = !t !
1!
3!
5!
7!
! 3t3 ! 5t5 ! 7t7
+
+. . .= 0 !
3!
5!
7!

" 1 ! 2t2 ! 4t4

%
! 3t3 $ - +
+ . . .' = 0 !
5!
7!
# 3!
&
! 2t2 ! 4t4
1
+. . .=
5!
7!
6

(11)

(11) ,

.
P.M. fysikos

(8) 1
2 m
k. 1
O1 .
i) .
ii) 1, 2
:

! 12 =

(3 + 5)k
(3 - 5)k
! 22 =
2m
2m

: i)
2
!
!
mg f2 , :

f2 = mg

(1)

!

1
mg ,
!
!
-f2 f1 ,
:

(1)

f1 = mg + f2 ! f1 = 2mg

(2)

t
1 2 1
!
!
2 x1 x2 . 2
:
m

d2x2
= mg - F2
dt2

(3)

!
F2 .


!
x2+mg/k-x1, F2 :

F2 = k(x2 + mg/k - x1 ) = kx2 + mg - kx1

(3) :
m

d2x2
= mg - kx2 + mg + kx1
dt2

d2x2 k
+ (x2 - x1 ) = 0
m
dt2

(4)

T
1 :
d2x1
(5)
= mg + F2 - F1
dt2
! !
-F2 , F1 1
!
. F1 :
m

F1 = k(x1 + 2mg/k) = kx1 + 2mg

(5) :
d2x1
m
= mg + kx2 + mg - kx1 - kx1 - 2mg !
dt2
d2x1 k
+ (2x1 - x2 ) = 0
m
dt2

(6)

(4) (6)
.
ii)
.
(4) (6) :
x1 = A1! ("t+# )$
%
x2 = A 2! ("t+# )&

(7)

(7) :
dx1 /dt = A1!"#$ (!t+%)&
d2x1 /dt2 = -A1! 2 "(!t+#)$
%
' !
dx2 /dt = A 2!"#$ (!t+%)(
d2x2 /dt2 = -A2! 2 "(!t+#)&

(8)

(8) (4) (6) :

-A2! 2 " (!t+# ) + (k/m)[A2" (!t+#) - A1 " (!t+#) $
% !
-A2! 2 " (!t+# ) + (k/m)[2A1" (!t+# ) - A 2 " (!t+# ) &
-A2! 2 + (k/m)(A2 - A1 ) = 0 "
A 2 (-! 2 + k/m) = (k/m)A1 " (:)
!
#
# !
-A1! 2 + (k/m)(2A1 - A 2 ) = 0 $
-A2 (k/m) = (! 2 - 2k/m)A1 $

-! 2 + k/m
k/m
= 2
! -! 4 +! 2k/m+ 2! 2k/m - 2k2/m2 =-k2/m2 !
- k/m
! - 2k/m
-! 4 + (3k/m)! 2 - k2/m2 = 0 ! ! 4 - (3k/m)! 2 + k2/m2 = 0
(9) 2 :

3k/m + 9k2 / m2 - 4k2 / m2

k(3 + 5
! =
=
2
2m
2
1

! 22 =

3k/m - 9k2 / m2 - 4k2 / m2

k(3 - 5
=
2
2m

(9)


.
1
:

! k k(3 + 5 $
A1 2 - 3 - 5
k
=
< 0
!
A2 # & = A1
A2
2
2m &%
m
#" m

,
.

2 :

! k k(3 - 5 $
A1 2 - 3 + 5
k
=
> 0
!
A2 # & = A1
A2
2
2m &%
m
#" m

,
.
P.M. fysikos

m
L
.
,
o ,

:

x(t) = x0!"#$t
x0, .
i)
:
d2! g
x0# 2
+
"!
$%&#t$%&! = 0
L
dt2 L

ii) N 2g/L
t=0
0,
.

: i) - m
t
.

:

9
!
. mg m,

!
!
!
. D Alembert ! =- ma m, a
t
, A
.
E
:
d2!
d2!
I 2 = -mgx'+" (AB) ! I 2 = -mgL"! - maL#$%!
dt
dt

(1)

!
2
mL a x02t, (1)
:
mL2

d2!
= -mgL"! +mx0# 2$%&#tL$%&! !
dt2

d2!
= -g"! +x0# 2$%&#t$%&! !
dt2

d2! g
x0# 2
+
"!
$%&#t$%&! = 0
L
dt2 L

(2)

ii) E 0
,
1 , (2) :
d2! g
x0" 2
+
!
#$%"t = 0 !
L
dt2 L

d2! g
x0" 2
+
!
=
#$%"t !
L
dt2 L

g
d2!
x0" 2
2
+ " 0! =
#$%"t ! 20 =
2
L
L
dt

(3)

(3)

.
(3) :

! 1 (t) = A1"#t + A 2$%&#t

(4)

:
d! 1 (t)
= A1"#$%"t - A 2"&"t !
dt
d2! 1 (t)
= -A1" 2#"t - A 2" 2$%&"t
dt2

(5)

(3) (5)
:

-A1! 2"!t - A 2! 2#$%!t + ! 02 (A1"!t + A 2#$%!t) = x0! 2#$%!t/L !

(! 02A1 - ! 2A1 )"!t + (! 02A 2 - A 2! 2 - x0! 2/L)#$%!t = 0

(6)

(6) t>0,
:
"
"
! 02A1 - ! 2A1 = 0
A1 (! 02 - ! 2 ) = 0
!
#
# !
! 02A 2 - A 2! 2 - x0! 2/L = 0 $
A 2 (! 02 - ! 2 ) = x0! 2/L$
"
A1 = 0
2
2
2 #
A 2 =x0! /L(! 0 -! )$

(7)

(4) (7) :

! 1 (t) =

x0" 2#$%"t
L(" 02 - " 2 )

(8)

(3) :

! 2 (t) = C1"# 0t + C2$%&# 0t

(9)

C1, C2 ,
. (t) (3) :

x0" 2#$%"t
+ C1&" 0t + C2#$%" 0t
!(t) = ! 1 (t) + ! 2 (t) ! !(t) =
L(" 02 - " 2 )
(8),(9)

(10)

 (10) :

d!(t)
x " 3#"t
=- 0 2
+ C1" 0$%&" 0t - C2" 0#" 0t
dt
L(" 0 - " 2 )

(11)

t=0 (10) (11) :

! 0 =x0" 2/L(" 02 -" 2 )+C2 #
C2 =! 0 - x0" 2/L(" 02 -" 2 ) #
!
$
$
0=C1" 0
C1 = 0
%
%

(10) :

!(t) =

x0" 2#$%"t
x0" 2#$%" 0t
+
!
#$%"
t
!
0
0
L(" 02 - " 2 )
L(" 02 - " 2 )

!(t) =

x0" 2 (#$%"t - #$%" 0t)

+ ! 0#$%" 0t
L(" 02 - " 2 )
P.M. fysikos