Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Owåkwl Azmfjcif Esifh Obm0Ygwf0Ef Usif: Agi Environmental Awareness Series
Owåkwl Azmfjcif Esifh Obm0Ygwf0Ef Usif: Agi Environmental Awareness Series
ESifh
obm0ygwf0ef;usif
AGI Environmental Awareness Series
tjzpf
American Geological Institute
ESifh
Society of Economic Geologists;
Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc;
United State Geological Survey
wdkYyl;aygif;xkwfa0onfh
METAL MINING AND THE ENVIRONMENT
By Travis L. Hudson, Frederick D. Fox and Geoffrey S. Plumlee
udk
aZxuf
u
bmomjyefqdkygonf/
bmomjyefo l\ trSmpm
,ckacwfrsufarSmufurmrSm acwfrSDenf;ynmawGzGYHjzdK;wdk;wufvmwmESifhtrQ vlawG&JYtoHk;
taqmifypnf;rsm;[mvnf;txl;yJacwfrDqef;jym;vmcJhygw,f/ wdk;wufvmwJhvlOD;a&aps;uGufudkarQmfudk;jyD;
vlwpfOD;csif;pDoHk;pGJEdkifr,fhyHkpHrsdK;pHkESifhxkwfvkyfvmcJhMu&mrSm ukefypnf;tr,fwpfrsdK;udk t&nftaoG;trsdK;rsdK;ESifh
aps;EIef;toD;oD; ta&twGufoef;ESifhcsDjyD;xkwfvkyfvmcJhMuwmudkawGY&ygw,f/ xkwfukefawGrsm;vmwmESifhtnD
'DxkwfukefawGxkwfvkyfzdkYtwGuf ukefMurf;toD;oD;udkvJ ydkrdkwdk;wufxkwfvkyfvmMu&wm u@toD;oD;
e,fy,ftoD;oD;rSmawGYjrif&rSmyg/
pdkufysdK;xkwfvkyfEdkifwJhukefMurf;awG&Sdovdkobm0t&if;tjrpfawGuaexkwfvkyf&wJhukefMurf;
awGvJ&Sdygw,f/ obm0t&if;tjrpfuae xkwfvkyfMuwJhukefMurf;awGrSmrS jyefvnfjznfhwif;vdkYr&awmhwJh
ukefMurf;rsdK;awGjzpfwJh urmajrMuD;uae&wJh a&eH? obm0"gwfaiGY? wGif;xGufo,HZmwawG[mvJ wpfESpfxuf
wpfESpf0,fvdktm;ydkvdkYomrsm;vmcJhygw,f/ ,cifutMuD;tus,fxkwfvkyfcJhMuwJhEdkifiHMuD;awGrSm wjznf;jznf;eJY
&Sm;yg;vmwmwpfaMumif;? aps;uGufqdkif&mtompD;&vdkrIawGuwpfaMumif;? ponfh ponfhtaMumif;rsdK;pHkESifh
obm0o,HZmwwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;cGifawG[m 'Dvkyfief;awGzGHYjzdK;rIr&Sdao;wJh o,HZmwMuG,f0wJhEdkifiHawGqDudk
vSnfhvmMuygawmhw,f/
i,fi,fuwnf;u oifMum;od&SdvmcJhMuovdk jrefrmEdkifiHwpfeHevsm;[m obm0o,HZmwayg
rsm;MuG,f0vSygw,f/ pufrIzGHYjzdK;jyD;zGHYjzdK;qJEdkifiHawG&JY t0ef;t0dkif;rSm&SdaecJhjyefawmh pufrIvkyfief;awG&JYt"du
oGif;tm;pkxJrSmygwJh owK&dkif;awG[m ygwf0ef;usifEdkifiHawGaum a'owGif;EdkifiHrsm;omru tjcm;EdkifiHawG&J Y
rsufaphusp&mjzpfvmcJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh jrefrmEdkifiH&JY owKwGif;vkyfief;awG[mzGHYjzdK;oifh
oavmufrzGHYjzdK;cJhygbl;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrIyfESHrItenf;i,feJY jynfwGif;vkyfief;&SifawG&JY tao;pm;&if;ESD;jrIyfESHrIawGESifh
yJvnfywfaecJhygw,f/
EdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;ajymif;vJvmwmESifhtwl aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;ydkrdkyDjyifvmum &if;ESD;jrIyfESHrI
qdkif&mtcGifhtvrf;awGay;jyD; cdkifrmwJhtmrcHcsufawG&SdvmwmeJYtrQ jrefrmEdkifiH&JYowKu@ydkrdkwdk;wufvmr,fh
tvm;tvmawGtrsm;MuD;&SdvmrSmyg/ zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrIESifhtnD qkwf,kwfrIawGvJygvmwwfwmygyJ/ qkwf,kwfrSm
aMumufaecJh&ifvJb,fawmhrSrzGHYjzdK;Edkifawmhygbl;/ 'gudkcsdefnSdEdkifa&;pOf;pm;Mu&rSm Sustainable Development
qdkwJh ygwf0ef;usifxdcdkufrIudkwwfEdkifoavQmhcsaqmif&GufwJhzGHYjzdK;a&;vkyfief;awGudkpOf;pm;vmMuygw,f/ owK
wl;azmf&mrSm obm0ygwf0ef;usifysuf,Gif;&w,fqdkwmjiif;p&mrvdkwJh tajctaeyg/ enf;wmESifhrsm;wmyJ &Sdyg
w,f/
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&topfwufvmjyD;aemufydkif;rSm obm0ygwf0ef;usifxdrf;odrf;a&;tydkif;ESifhygwf
oufjyD;ydkrdkvkyfaqmifvmwmawGY&ygw,f/ uRefawmfyg0ifygwfoufaecJhwJh owKwl;azmfa&;avmurSmvJ 0efMuD;
Xmewm0ef&SdolawGuGif;qif;Muyfrwfaqmif&GufvmwmawGY&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh taumiftxnfazmfrItydkif;rSm
enf;ynmqdkif&mtm;enf;csufawG&SdaeMuqJyJqdkwmawGY&ygw,f/ vmppfaq;wJholawGjyefoGm;awmh vkyf&dk;vkyf
pOfvrf;a[mif;xJjyefa&mufoGm;MuwmygyJ/ wu,fawmh vkyfief;&SifawGudk,fwdkifu ygwf0ef;usifxdrf;odrf;a&;
aZxuf
atmufwdkb m? 2011/
&efu kefjrdK Y/
tcef; (1)
ed'gef;
oH? cJ? tvlrDeD,rf? aMu;? oGyf? a&T ESifh aiG ponfhowKwdkY yg0ifygwfoufrIr&Sdaom b0wpfck
udkpdwful;,OfMunfhapvdkygonf/ tvGefcufcJonfudkawGY&rnfjzpfonf/ urmajrrSwl;azmf&&Sdaom,if;wdkYonf
,aeYvlrIb0wnfaqmufrI twGufta&;ygaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfaeaomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/ vlYtzGJYpnf;t
wGufvdktyfcsufrSmvnf;tjrJyifwdk;wufvsuf&SdaeonfudkawGY&onf/ tar&duefEdkifiH\ owKwGif;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
ao;i,faomyrmP&Sd&dk;&Sif;aomvkyfaqmifrIyHko@mef&Sdonf owKwGif;rsm;rSonf MuD;rm;IyfaxG;aomvkyfief;
pOfrsm;&Sd owKwGif;rsm;xdyg0ifvsuf&Sdonf/ twdwfESpfrsm;qDutcsdKYaomowKwGif;rsm;udkwl;azmfcJhMu&mwGif
ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&mtusdK;&v'frsm;udk tenf;i,frQomem;vnfcJhMuonfhtavsmuf ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&mqdk;arGrsm;
udkom vufcH&&SdcJhMuayonf/ ,aeYacwfwGifrl owKwl;azmfa&;ukrPDrsm;taejzifh owKwl;azmfrIrjyKrD
aomfvnf;aumif;? wl;azmf aepOfaomfvnf;aumif;? wl;azmfjyD;aomfvnf;aumif;ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&mMuHKawGY
vmEdkifonfhtcuftcJrsm;twGuftpDtrHrsm;? aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk aqmif&GufMu&rnfjzpfygonf/
owKwGif;xGufodkufrsm;udkwl;azmfxkwfvkyf&mwGif ajrrsufESmjyifxufwGif [if;vif;zGifhwl;azmf
enf;rsm;? ajratmufwGifvdkPfzGJYwl;azmfjcif;rsm;vkyfaqmifavh&Sdonf/ a&SUwGifqufvufazmfjyrnfhtaMumif;t&m
rsm;rSm owKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;? ausmufrsm;wGif;xGufrsm;rS owKrsm;cGJjcm;xkwfvkyfonfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;?
,if;vkyfief;rsm;\ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&mqdk;usdK;tvm;tvmrsm; ESifh ,if;wdkYudkukpm;Edkifrnfhenf;ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;
udkqufvufwifjyoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/
,ckwGifrl owKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udktMurf;zsif;wifjy ,if;wdkYESifhygwf0ef;usifwdkY\quf
pyfygwfoufyHkrsm;? odyHESifhenf;ynmydkif;qdkif&mrSulnDajz&Sif;ay;EdkifrIrsm;? owKrsm;\ta&;yg&onfhtaMumif;t
&if;rsm;? owKwl;azmfrIoHo&m\tqifhrsm;udkwifjyay;oGm;rnfjzpfygonf/
obm0ygwf0ef;usifE Si fhqufpyfy gwfo ufr I
owKwl;azmfjcif;aMumifhygwf0ef;usifqdkif&moufa&mufrIrsm;jzpfay:&onfhtajccHtaMumif;w&m;
rSm owKwl;azmfxkwfvkyfjcif;ESifhoefYpifjcif;vkyfiefrsm;aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh,if;aMumifhxGuf&Sdvmonfh pGefYypfypnf;
rsm;aMumifhjzpfonf/ if;wdkYrSm- owKwl;azmfjcif;? pGefYypfausmufom;rsm; ESifh tailing rsm;pGefYypfonfhajrae&mrsm;?
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufrnhfypnf;yp,rsm;xkwfvkyfxm;&Sdonfhajrae&mrsm;? taqmuftODrsm;
aqmufvkyfonfhajrae&mrsm;tjzpfoHk;pGJjcif;wdkYtwGuf ajr,mIc if;rsm;\ky fy dkif;qdk if &m
ysufpD;qHk;IH;jc if;?
- ajr om;rsm;\tufqpf"gwfwd k;jrifhvmjcif; aMumifh,if;ajrom;rsm;rSmtyifrsm;twGuf
tqdyftawmufjzpfapEdkifjyD; ,if;ajrom;rsm;udkuyif ygwf0ef;usifodkYowKrsm;xGuf&Sd&m
t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpfjcif;
owKwl;azmfjcif; ESifh obm0ygwf0ef;usif
- owKyg0ifaomwGif;xGufrsm;aysmf0ifjcif;aMumifh"gwfwdk;rIjzpfapjyD; ajray:ajratmufa&rsm;
\t&nftaoG;avsmhu sapvmjcif;
- avwGifyg0ifaomzkefrIefYrsm; ESifh owK&nfusdKpufHkrsm;rSxkwfvTwfaom qmvzm'dkifatmuf
qdkuf ESifh Edkufxdk*sifatmufqdkuf uJhodkYaom"gwfaiGYrsm;yg0ifvmaomaMumifh ygwf0ef;usif
a'oESifhavxkudkn pfnrf;apjcif;
wdkYyifjzpfonf/
acwfopfowKwl;azmfonfhenf;ynm&yfrsm;udktoHk;csvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh owKwl;azmfxkwfvkyf
jcif;aMumifhjzpfay:vmEdkifaom txufyg obm0ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&m tusdK;qufrsm;udk umuG,fwm;qD;Edkif&ef
xda&mufpGmMudK;pm;aqmif&GufEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ xda&mufaomumuG,fwm;qD;jcif;\t"duaomhcsufrSm rvdkvm;
tyfaom obm0ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&mxdcdkufrIrsm;udkavQmhcs&ef odkYr[kwf umuG,fwm;qD;&ef twGuf odyHESifh
enf;ynmqdkif&mwdk;wufrIrsm;udktajccHvkyfaqmifjcif;omvsifjzpfayonf/
ody HE Sifhe nf;ynmtm;jzif htult nDay;Edk ifr I
odyHESifhenf;ynmwdk;wufvmjcif;onfobm0ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&mrvdkvm;tyfaomtusdK;quf
rsm;udkjzpfapaom kyfydkif;ESifh"gwkjzpfpOfrsm;udk ydkrdkod&Sdvmaponf/ xdkodkYod&Sdvmjcif;udk owKwGif;rsm;? t&nf
taoG;jrSifhwifoefYpifpufrsm; ESifh t&nfusdKpufkHrsm;wGiftoHk;csjcif;tm;jzifh ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&mjyoemrsm;udk
umuG,fajz&Sif;Edkifonf/ vkyfaqmifqJowKwGif;vkyfief;rsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;? owKwl;azmfrI&yfqdkifydwf
odrf;&mwGifvnf;aumif; atmufygwdkYuJhodkYaom trsdK;rsdK;aomumuG,fa&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmifavh&Sd
onf/
-
ysufpD;,dk,Gif;oGm;aom ajrae&mrsm;udkjyefvnftoHk;cs&efEdkifvkyfaqmifjcif;
owKyg0ifaeaomajrom;udkwnfjrJ&efjyKjyifxdrf;odrf;jcif;
npfnrf;oGm;aoma&rsm;udkjyKjyifjcif;ESifhumuG,fjcif;
avxkodkYxkwfvTwfaomt&mrsm;\oGifjyifvuPmrsm;ESifhyrmPudkxdrf;csKyfjcif;
pGefYypfypnf;yrmPudkavQmhcsjcif;ESifhukef;Murf;rsm;ESifhwGJzufxGufvmaomukefpnfrsm;udkjyef
vnftoHk;jyKEdkif&efvkyfaqmifjcif;
twdwfordkif;wpfavQmufygwf0ef;usifqdkif&mjyoemrsm;udkygumuG,fukpm;Edkifrnfhvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udkygaqmif
&GufEdkifa&;yifjzpfygonf/
owK rsm;\ta&;ygrI
owKrsm;onf tvGeftoHk;wnfhaom*kPfowdrsm;jzpfonfh cGeftm;?tjym;cwfEdkifpGrf;? vQyful;
EdkifpGrf;ponfwdkYydkifqdkifaomj'yfpifrsm;yifjzpfonf/ owKtrsm;pkonf yHko@meftrsdK;rsdK;odkYzdESdyfyHkoGif;Edkifonf/
ao;rQifaom0dkif,mrsm;jzpfatmif jywfawmufusdK;yJhjcif;r&SdyJ eef;qGJEdkifonf/ t&nfaysmfatmifusdKjyD;a&maESmaygif;
pyfEdkifonf/ tcsdKUaomowKrsm;wGif oHvdkuf"gwf&SdaewwfjyD; tcsdKUrSmvQyfppf"gwfpD;ul;EdkifpGrf;jrifhrm;Muonf/
Oyrm-a&Tonf vQyfppfESifhtylpD;ul;Edkifonfh xl;jcm;aom*kPfowd&Sd tnSdwufjcif;?yGwfwdkufpm;cH&jcif;rsm;udk
cHEdkif&nf&Sdjcif;aMumifh vQyfppfypnf;ud&d,mrsm;wGifoHk;avh&Sdonf/
owK ESifh tjcm;wGif;xGufrsm;onf tdrf? um;? ypnf;ud&d,mwefqmyvmuJhodkYaom aeYpOf
vdktyfcsufrsm;twGufr&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaomt&mrsm;jzpfonf/ trSefwu,fwGifrl uGsEkfyfwdkYonfuGefysLwmowif;
tcsuftvufpepf? urmvHk;qdkif&mqufoG,fa&;uGef,ufrsm;uJhodkYaomtvGefMuD;rm;us,fjyefYonfhenf;ynm
topfrsm;ay:wGifydkydkrSSDcdkvmMu&jyD; ,if;wkdYtm;vHk;rSmvnf; owKrsm;udkvdktyftoHk;jyKae&onfudkawGY&rnf
jzpfonf/ owKrsm;onf tpm;tpmxkwfvkyfjzefYjzL;a&;? vQyfppf"gwftm;oHk;pGJjcif;twGufvdktyfaomvQyfppf
ypnf;rsm;? vrf;wHwm;? rD;&xm;oHvrf;? avqdyf? ,mOftoD;oD;wdkYuJhodkYaom o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;pepfrsm;
ponfh vlrIb0tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;\ tpdwftydkif;rsm;tjzpfyg0ifaeMuonf/
vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;vmrI? enf;ynmwdk;wufvmrIwdkYESifhtwl owKvdktyfrIrSmvnf;ydkrdkrsm;jym;vm
onf/ urmvHk;qdkif&mvlaerIjrifhrm;apvdkaomqErsm;wdk;jrifhvmjcif;? urmYvlOD;a&wdk;yGm;vmjcif;wdkYaMumifh
tem*gwftwGuf urmYowK0,fvdktm;vnf;jrifhwufaeqJomjzpfrnfyif/ xdk0,fvdktm;uyifvsif owKvkyfief;
rsm;udktoufwrQta&;ygaomvkyfief;rsm;tjzpfqufvuf&yfwnfaeaprnfjzpfonf/
owK wl;azmfjc if ;oHo &m
urmYblrdqdkif&mqifhuJjzpfpOfrsm;u urmYtay:,HvTm&SdowKyrmPESifhtESHtjym;wnf&SdaerIudk
xdef;csKyfxm;onf/ owKMuG,f0aomodkufrsm;udk&SmazGawGY&Sd&eftwGuf us,fus,fjyefYjyefY&SmazGrIrsm;jyKvkyf&ef
a,bk,stm;jzifhvdktyfjyD; owKwl;azmfjcif;oHo&mwGif pl;prf;&SmazGwdkif;wmjcif;udk yxrOD;qHk;tqifhtjzpf
pwifvkyfaqmifMuonf/ pl;prf;&SmazGa&;blrdaA'ynm&Sifwpfa,mufrS owK&Sdaomae&mwpfckudkawGYonfESifh
tusdK;tjrwf&&Sd&ef vHkavmufaomt&G,ftpm; ESifh MuG,f0rI&Sdr&Sd avhvmpl;prf;&onf/ ,if;owKodkufonf
oifhavsmfaomMuG,f0rI&Sdygu urmajrxJrSowKudkxkwf,lEdkif&efvkyfaqmifrIrsm;udkpwif&awmhonf/
aemufwpfqifhjzpfonfh xkwf,ljcif;tydkif;wGifrl ajrom;ausmufom;rsm;xJrS owKyg0ifaom
wGif;xGufrsm;udkz,fxkwf7,lonfh owKwl;azmfjcif;tydkif;? owKyg0ifaomwGif;xGufrsm;udkpkpnf;&eft&nft
aoG;jrSifhoefYpifonfhtydkif;? wGif;xGufrsm;wGifyg0ifaeaomowKrsm;udkvHk;0z,fxkwfaomt&nfusdKoefYpifonfh
tydkif;rsm;yg0ifonf/ ,if;tqifhrsm;wGif t&nftaoG;jrSifhoefYpifjcif;? t&nfusdKoefYpifjcif; ponfwdkYonftoHk;
owKwl;azmfjcif; ESifh obm0ygwf0ef;usif
rsm;aomenf;vrf;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; tcsdKUaomowKtrsdK;tpm;rsm;udkxkwf,l&eftwGuf
Leaching vkyfjcif;uJYodkYaomenf;pOfrsm;udkoHk;avh&Sdonf/
"gwkaA'qdkif&m
owKwGif;rsm;ydwfodrf;&yfem;jcif;onfowKwl;azmfjcif;oHo&m\aemufqHk;tqifhyifjzpfonf/
xkwfvkyfaomowKwGif;wpfck&Sd owKMuG,f0aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk pD;yGm;jzpfxkwfvkyfjyD;oGm;aomtcgwGif
owKwl;azmfjcif;vkyfief;tqHk;owfoGm;jyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;odkYowKwl;azmfjcif;vkyfief;rS tusdK;tjrwf&&Sd&efquf
vufrvkyfaqmifEdkifawmhaomtcgwGif owKwGif;ESifhqufpyforQ owKt&nftaoG;jrSifhwif&mwGif odkYr[kwf
owKoefYpifMudKcsuf&mwGifoHk;aom pufud&mtoHk;taqmifwdkYonfvnf;&yfwefY&awmhonf/ xdkodkYydwfodrf;&yf
em;jcif;vkyfief;wGif rvdkvm;tyfaom ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&m ESifh vlrIa&;qdkif&mxdcdkufrIrsm;udk umuG,fjcif;ESifh
avsmhyg;apjcif;wdkY uJYodkYaomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;pGmyg0ifonf/ xdkvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;wGif xkwfvkyfrIjyKvkyfjyD;ysufpD;
oGm;aom{&d,mrsm;udkjyefvnftyfESHjcif;? taqmufttHkud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udkz,f&Sm;jcif;? ab;tE&m,f
uif;&Sif;rIESifhqdkifaom ab;tE&m,frsm;rS oufomatmifavsmhyg;apjcif;? vkyfom;rsm;tm;usef;rma&;qdkif&mavh
usifhrIrsm;vkyfapjcif; wdkYtjyif ,cifuowKwl;azmfcJh&mae&mwGif ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&m 'kuray;yJab;uif;aom
tajctaejzpfatmifaqmif&GufrIrsm;yg0ifonf/
a&S;,cifESpfrsm;qDu vkyfudkifcJhaom owKwGif;rsm;onf ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&m xdcdkufrIrsm;udk
ta&;tMuD;qHk;taMumif;t&mtjzpfaumif;pGmem;rvnfMuao;onfhtavsmuf taxGtxl;pdwfylp&mrvdkaom
t&mtjzpfoabmxm;cJhMuonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom 1970 jynfhESpfrsm;qDu owKwl;azmfjcif;oHo&mwGif ygwf0ef;
usifqdkif&mESifh vlrIa&;qdkif&mxdcdkufrIrsm;twGuf txl;jyK'DZdkif;qGJxm;aom owKwGif;rsm;ydwfodrf;jcif;tpDtpOf
rsdK;yg0ifavhr&Sday/ tusdK;quftaejzifh ordkif;0ifowKwGif;a[mif;rsm;wGif jyefvnfrtyfESHao;aomae&mrsm;?
taqmufttHkud&d,mwefqmyvmtMuGif;tusefrsm;? jyefvnfoefYpifrIrjyK&ao;aoma&rsm;ponfjzifh usef&Sdae
wwfonf/ xdkuJYodkYaom owKwl;azmfjcif;aMumifhjzpfvm&onf ygwf0ef;usifysufpD;rIqdkif&mtarGqdk;rsm; ,ck
acwfumv\ owKwl;azmfjcif;oHo&mwGif qufvufrjzpfae&efvdktyfayonf/ ,cktcgwGif owKwGif;rsm;ydwf
odrf;&yfem;jcif; ESifh ygwf0ef;usifESifhvlrIa&;qdkif&mxdcdkufrIrsm;udk avQmhcsjcif;twGufvkyfief;aqmif;&GufrIrsm;pGmwdkY
onf owKwl;azmfa&;qdkif&mpDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif; ESifh zGHYjzdK;atmifaqmif&Gufjcif;tm;vHkwdkYwGif pwif&SmazGawGY&SdcsdefrS
ydwfodrf;csdeftxdtpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpfyg0ifaeayonf/
tcef; (2)
"gwfo wK rsm;&S mazGprf;oyfwd kif; wmjcif;vky fi ef;
urmajrrS "gwfowKrsm;&SmazGawGY&Sdjcif;jzpfpOf\ueOD;vkyfief;rSm &SmazGprf;oyfwdkif;wmjcif;vkyf
ief;yifjzpfonf/ owKwl;azmfa&;ukrPDrsm;onf owKodkufrsm;&SmazGawGY&Sd&eftwGuf rsm;jym;vSpGmaom tcsdef?
MudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI ESifh aiGaMu;wdkYudkoHk;pGJMu&onf/ owKodkuftopfwpfck awGY&efqdkonfrSm vG,fulaomudp
r[kwfay/ &SmazGa&;blrdaA'ynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh owKrsm;obm0tavsmufrnfodkYjzpfay:onfqdkaomtaMumif;
w&m;? owKodkufwpfck jzpf&efxdrf;csKyfxm;aom blrdaA'qdkif&mtxl;jzpfpOfrsm;? ajrurmwGif owKodkufrsm;
onf &kyfydkif;qdkif&m "gwkqdkif&mrnfodkY&SdaeaomtaMumif;wdkYudk aumif;pGmem;vnf&rnfjzpfonf/
blr daA'qdkif &mtajc cH
owKrsm;udk urmYtay:,HvTm&Sd ausmufrsm;ESifhwGif;xGufrsm;rS&&Sdonf/ wGif;xGufrsm;rSm
wdusaom "gwkzGJYpnf;yHk ESifh &kyf*kPfowd&Sdonfh obm0tavsmufjzpfay:aeaom "gwkj'yfpifrsm; odkYr[kwf
j'yfpiftpkta0rsm;yifjzpfonf/ owKwGif;xGuf ESifh owKr[kwfaomwGif;xGufrsm;rSm urmYtay:,HvTm&SdykHrSef
awGYavh&Sdaomausmufrsm;wGifyg0ifvsuf&Sdonf/ odkYaomf tcsdKYaomwGif;xGufrsm;omvsif tusdK;tjrwf&&Sdonf
txdwl;azmfxkwfvkyfEdkifaom yrmPtjzpfyg0ifaewwfonf/
tcsdKYaomowKrsm;jzpfonfh aMu;eD? cJ? oGyfwdkYonf qmvzmj'yfpifrsm;obm0tavsmuftvGef
qufoG,fESD;EG,frI&SdjyD; ,if;wdkYaygif;pnf;oGm;jcif;jzifh qmvzdkuf'f[kac:aomwGif;xGufrsm;jzpfvmonf/ tawGY&
rsm;aomqmvzdkuf'fwGif;xGufwckrSm A[ef;a&T0g[kac:aom wenf;tm;jzifht&l;a&T[kac:aom ydkif&dkufwGif;xGuf
jzpfjyF; aMu;eD;ESifhtwl oHESifhqmvzm wdkYaygif;pyfyg0ifaeonf/ qmvzdkuf'fwGif;xGufrsm;udk wl;azmfxkwfvkyfjcif;
ESifh oefYpifjcif;rsm;onf owKwl;azmfjcif;\ ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&m oufa&mufrIt&SdqHk; &if;jrpfrsm; tjzpf
ordkif;wpfavQmufod&SdvufcHxm;Muonf/
owK odku fr sm;
&SmazGa&;blrdaA'ynm&Sifrsm;twGuf tjrJwap&Sdaeaompdefac:rIwpfckrSm blrdaA'qdkif&mjzpfpOf
rsm;aMumifh qmvzdkuf'fwGif;xGufrsm;pkpnf;aeonfh owKodkufrsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwf&jcif;yifjzpfonf/ if;wdkY
onf pD;yGm;jzpfwl;azmfxkwfvkyf&eftwGuf vdktyfaom owKyg0ifaomwGif;xGufrsm;MuG,f0pGm pkpnf;aeonfh
owKwGif;xGufodkufrsm;udk&SmazG&onf/ owKwGif;xGufodkufrsm;onf awmifrsm;twGif;ysHESHYwnf&Sdaeavh&SdjyD;
,if;wdkYudkwl;azmfonfjzpfap? rwl;azmfyJxm;onfjzpfap ygwf0ef;usifqdkif&mxdcdkufrIrsm;udk obm0tavsmuf
jzpfay:apwwfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhowKodkufrsm;onfa&a0aMumtwGif;odkYpD;qif;vmonfhtufqpf"gwfESifhowK
rsm;yg0ifaeaoma&rsm;jzpfxGef;&mt&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpfaewwfonf/
owKwGif;xGufrsm;yg0ifrIEIef;jrifhaom wGif;xGufodkufrsm;jzpfay:ap&eftwGuf xl;jcm;aomblrd
aA'jzpfpOfrsm;rSOD;aqmifonf/ xdkuJYodkYaomowKodkufrsm;rSm&Sm;ygjyD; ae&ma'otm;jzifhvnf; tvGefuGJjym;pGmjzpf
owKwl;azmfjcif; ESifh obm0ygwf0ef;usif
atmifjrifrI\aomhcsufrsm;jzpfjyD;aemufqHk;wGif&SmazGa&;blrdaA'ynm&SiftbdkY owK&dkif;odkuf&SmazGawGY&SdrI[laom
tEdrqkvmbftwGuf pdwfvIyf&Sm;aysmf&Tifjcif;udkcHpm;apaomtaMumif;w&m;rsm;vnf;jzpfonf/
owK&dkif;odkuf&SmazGawGY&Sdjcif;onfum; &&SdEdkifaomowKudk xkwfvkyfEdkif&eftwGuf yxrqHk;
avScg;xpfyifjzpfayonf/