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Q
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S E6 VHYHULILFHF ] Q = UQ FRV α Q + L VLQ α Q ∀Q∈1
S F6 VHGHWHUPLQH[∈5DVWIHOvQFkWV DYHPDGHY UDW LGHQWLWDWHD

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
] ⋅ ] ⋅ ⋅ ] Q = [ + U ⋅ ⋅ UQ FRVα + + α Q + L VLQα + + α Q ∀Q∈1

S G6 VHDUDWHF < ∀[ >
[ +
[ + [ +

S H 8WLOL]kQG LGHQWLWDWHD DUFWJ − DUFWJ = DUFWJ ∀ [ > V VH
[ [ + [ + [ +
π
DUDWH F DUFWJ + DUFWJ + + DUFWJ < ∀ Q ∈ 1 Q ≥ 1X VH FHUH
Q
GHPRQVWUD LDLGHQWLW LL
S I6 VHDUDWHF SURGXVXO ] ⋅ ] ⋅ ⋅ ] Q HVWHXQQXP UFRPSOH[FDUHDUHSDUWHD
UHDO úLSDUWHDLPDJLQDU VWULFWSR]LWLYH

6XELHFWXO,,,S
6HFRQVLGHU PXO LPLOH
$ = ^ I 5→5 I [ = D[ + E[ + F DEF∈5 D ≠ `
% = ^J 5→5 J [ = D [ + D [ + + D DDD∈5 D ≠ `
& = ^X $ Y X Y ∈ $` XQGHÄ$³UHSUH]LQW RSHUD LDGHFRPSXQHUHDIXQF LLORU
S D6 VHDUDWHF GDF XY∈$DWXQFLX$Y∈%
S E6 VHYHULILFHF GDF I∈$ I [ = D[ + E[ + F DWXQFL
 E  E
− [  ∀[∈5
 
I − + [ = I −
 D   D 

S F6 VHJ VHDVF RIXQF LHJ∈%FXSURSULHWDWHD J − [ = J + [ ∀[∈5
S G 6 VH DUDWH F IXQF LD K 5 → 5 K [ = [ + [ + DUH SURSULHWDWHD F
∀D∈5H[LVW [∈5DVWIHOvQFkW KD − [ ≠ KD + [
S H8WLOL]kQGUHOD LDGHODSXQFWXOEV VHDUDWHF GDF Z∈&DWXQFLH[LVW
F∈5DVWIHOvQFkW ZF − [ = ZF + [ ∀[∈5
S I6 VHDUDWHF PXO LPHD % − & HVWHQHYLG

6XELHFWXO,9S
6H FRQVLGHU IXQF LLOH I 5 → 5 I [ = + [ + [ + [ úL ) 5 → 5
) [ = + ∫ I W GW ∀[∈5
[

S D6 VHYHULILFHLGHQWLWDWHD ) [ = + [ + [ + [ + [ ∀[∈5

S E6 VHYHULILFHF ) ′ [ = I [ ∀[∈5
S F6 VHDUDWHF [ − ) [ = [ − ∀[∈5

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
S G6 VHDUDWHF ) [ > ∀[∈5

S H6 VHDUDWHF IXQF LD)HVWHFRQYH[ SH5
I + I + + I Q
S I6 VHFDOFXOH]H OLP
[→∞ ) Q

6ROX LL
, DGFEE [ H [ XQSXQFW [ = 1LFLXQXO

H −

,, D ] Q = Q + = UQ E DUJ ] Q = DUFWJ = α Q úLVHvQORFXLHúWHvQIRUPXOD
X
] Q = ] Q FRVDUJ ] Q + L VLQDUJ ] Q F 6H FRQVWDW LPHGLDW F [ G (YLGHQW

H DUFWJ < DUFWJ = DUFWJ − DUFWJ 'HDLFLRE LQHP
N +
N + N + N N +
Q − Q −

DUFWJ + DUFWJ + + DUFWJ = ∑ DUFWJ < ∑ DUFWJ =

Q
N = N +
N = N + N +
Q −

∑  DUFWJ − DUFWJ  = DUFWJ − DUFWJ < DUFWJ =
 π
N =  N N + Q

I ] ⋅ ] ⋅ ⋅ ] Q = U ⋅ U ⋅ ⋅ UQ  FRV DUFWJ + DUFWJ + + DUFWJ  +
 
  Q 

+ L VLQ  DUFWJ + DUFWJ + + DUFWJ  

 Q 
Q
 Q
5H ] ⋅ ] ⋅ ⋅ ] Q = U ⋅ U ⋅ ⋅ UQ FRV ∑ DUFWJ  > ∏ P + FRV >
 −
π
 N = N + 
 P =
Q −

'LQIDSWXOF [ > ⇒ DUFWJ [ > úL ∑ DUFWJ ∈ ⇒
π
N = N +

 Q − 
⇒ VLQ  ∑ DUFWJ  > úLGHFL,P ] ⋅ ] ⋅ ⋅ ] Q >
 N = N + 
,,,DIJ∈$ I = D[ + E[ + F J = P[ + Q[ + S DP ≠ ⇒
⇒ I $ J [ = I J [ = DJ [ + EJ [ + F = D P[ + Q[ + S +
+ EP[ + Q[ + S + F ⇒ I $ J ∈%GHRDUHFH JU I $ J =
E − DF

E 
E I [ = D[ + E[ + F = D [ +


D  D
 −


$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
E − DF E − DF

 E  E E 
= D[ −

I − + [  = D − +[+
 D  D D  D D
 −

 E E − DF
− [  = D[ −

I −
 D  D
F'LQ J − [ = J + [ ∀[∈5GHGXFHP D + D [ + D + D D
 D + D =
D ∀ [ ∈ 5 ⇔  FX D ∈ 5 D = −D + D
D + D + D + D =
D
D = − D D ∈5/X P D = D = D = D = − D = ⇒

⇒ J [ = [ − [ + [
G'LQ KD − [ ≠ KD + [ GHGXFHP [D + D[ + ≠ ⇔ [ ≠ úL
D +
[ ≠ −
D
H ZF − [ = ZF + [ ⇔ I J F − [ = I J F + [ XQGH I [ = α[ + β [ + γ
 Q  Q   Q
J [ = P[ + Q[ + S 'DU J  − + [  
  
+ [  = J − − [ ⇒ I  J  −
 P   P    P 
  Q  Q  Q Q
− [  ∀[∈5 ⇔ Z − − [  ∀[∈5 ⇒ F = −
  
= I  J − + [  = Z −
  P   P   P  P
I5HYLQHODDDU WDF ∃Z∈%Dv∀IJ∈$ Z ≠ I $ J $OWIHOVSXVH[LVW
D D D D D ∈5DVWIHOvQFkW DP[ + Q[ + S + EP[ + Q[ + S + F ≠
≠ D [ + D [ + D [ + D [ + D ∀DEFPQS∈5(VWHVXILFLHQWV DU W PF
∃D ∈5DVWIHOvQFkW DS + ES + F ≠ D ∀DEFS∈5VDX DS + ES + F − D ≠
DF − E DF − E
9RP OXD D < SHQWUX D > VDX D > SHQWUX D < úL DWXQFL
D D
S ∉ 5&RQWUDGLF LH'HFL % − & ≠ ∅
[ [
,9D ∫ I W GW = ∫ + W + W + W GW = W + W + W + W = [ + [ + [ + [
[

[
'HFL + ∫ I W GW = ) [ E(YLGHQW

F [ − ) [ = [ − [ + [ + [ + [ + = [ − ∀[∈5

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
[ [ [
G ) [ = + [ + [ + [ + [ = + [ + + [ + [ =

+ +


[  [
= [  [ +  + +  +  > ∀[∈5$OWIHOHFXD LDELQRP [ − = DUH
 
   
RVLQJXU U G FLQ UHDO [ = GDU [ − = [ − [ + [ + [ + [ + 8UPHD]
F ) [ = QXDUHU G FLQLUHDOHGHFL ) [ > ∀[∈5
H ) FRQFDY SH 5 ⇔ ) ′′ > ∀ [ ∈ 5 'DU ) ′′ = I ′ [ = + [ + [ =
[ + [ + > ∀[∈5GHRDUHFH ∆ = − <
Q
QQ + QQ + Q +
I ∑ I N = ∑ + ∑ N + ∑ N + ∑ N = Q + + +
N =
Q
 QQ + 

∑ I N
 = Q + QQ + + Q Q + Q + + Q Q + OLP =
  Q →∞ ) Q

&21&8568/'(2&83$5($326785,/25&$7('5(/259$&$17(
¨1¨19àéà0178/35(81,9(56,7$5
352)(625,,

9DULDQWD

6XELHFWXO,S
6HFRQVLGHU SROLQRPXO I = ; + ; − FXU G FLQLOH[[[∈&1RW P
6 Q = [Q + [ Q + [Q ∀Q∈1 6 =
S D6 VHFDOFXOH]H I − I± I úL I
S E6 VHDUDWHF WRDWHU G FLQLOHSROLQRPXOXLIVXQWUHDOH
S F6 VHDUDWHF SROLQRPXOIQXDUHU G FLQLUD LRQDOH
S G6 VHYHULILFHF 6∈=6∈=6∈=
S H6 VHDUDWHF 6 Q + + 6 Q + − 6 Q = ∀Q∈1
S I8WLOL]kQGPHWRGDLQGXF LHLPDWHPDWLFHV VHDUDWHF 6Q∈=∀Q∈1
S J6 VHDUDWHF + + − ∈=∀Q∈1
( ) ( )
Q Q
S K6 VHDUDWHF SHQWUXRULFHS∈1 S ≥ úLRULFHLQWHUYDOQHYLGGHVFKLV,

H[LVW DDDDS∈,±4DVWIHOvQFkW DQ + D Q + + D QS ∈4∀Q∈1

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
6XELHFWXO,,S
ÌQ VLVWHPXO FDUWH]LDQ GH FRRUGRQDWH [2\ VH FRQVLGHU SXQWHOH $ D
% E & F $ D SD % E SE & F SF XQGHD
< E < F úL < D < E < F S ∈ 5 1RW P FX 0 SXQFWXO GH LQWHUVHF LH D
GUHSWHORU$%úL$%FX1SXQFWXOGHLQWHUVHF LHDGUHSWHORU$&úL$&úL
FX3SXQFWXOGHLQWHUVHF LHDGUHSWHORU%&úL%&
S D6 VHYHULILFHF SXQFWHOH$%úL&VXQWFROLQLDUH
S E6 VHYHULILFHF SXQFWHOH$%úL&VXQWFROLQLDUH
S F&kWHGUHSWHWUHFSULQFHOSX LQFkWHSXQFWHGLQPXO LPHD^$%&$
%&`"
S G6 VHYHULILFHF SXQFWHOH$úL%VHJ VHVFSHGUHDSWD
\ E − D − [SE + D SE =
S H6 VHGHWHUPLQHFRRUGRQDWHOHSXQFWXOXL0
S I6 VHGHPRQVWUH]HF SXQFWHOH01úL3VXQWFROLQLDUH

6XELHFWXO,,,S
6HFRQVLGHU VW∈1 D∈∞ D ≠ IXQF LD I 5→5 I [ = D [ úLQX
PHUHOHUHDOH < D ≤ D ≤ ≤ D V < E ≤ E ≤ ≤ EW 1RW PFX $N = N D + + N DV
úLFX %N = N E + + N EW ∀N∈1 N ≥ 6HúWLHF $N = %N ∀N∈1 N ≥
S D6 VHFDOFXOH]H OLP $Q
Q →∞
S E6 VHDUDWHF V = W
S F6 VHDUDWHF I Q [ = D [ OQ D Q ∀Q∈1 ∀[∈5
I [ − I
S G6 VHFDOFXOH]H OLP
[ → [
[ [ [ Q Q 
I [ −  I + I ′ + I ′′ + + I 

Q = I
Q+

S H6 VHDUDWHF OLP

[→ [ Q+
Q +
S I6 VHDUDWHF OQ D Q + OQ D Q + + OQ DV Q = OQ E Q + OQE Q + + OQEV Q
∀Q∈1
S J6 VHDUDWHF D N = EN ∀N∈^V`

6XELHFWXO,9S
S (ODERUD LRSURSXQHUHGHRS LRQDO&XULFXOXPODGHFL]LDúFROLL±&'ùSHQWUX
GLVFLSOLQDODFDUHVXV LQH LDFHVWFRQFXUVFDUHV DERUGH]HXUP WRDUHOHDVSHFWH
DSUHFL]DUHDWLWOXOXLRS LRQDOXOXL

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
EVWDELOLUHDWLSXOXLGHRS LRQDOSURLHFWDWvQFRQFRUGDQ FXQLYHOXOGHúFROD

ULWDWHVDXFXFLFOXOFXUULFXODUFRUHVSXQ] WRU
FSUH]HQWDUHDvQDSUR[LPDWLYRMXP WDWHGHSDJLQ DXQXLDUJXPHQWFDUHV
PRWLYH]HSURSXQHUHDRS LRQDOXOXLúLFDUHV VHUHIHUHODXQXOGLQWUHXUP WRD
UHOHDVSHFWHQHYRLDOHHOHYLORUDOHFRPXQLW LLORFDOHIRUPDUHDXQRUFRPSH
WHQ HGHWUDQVIHU
S (ODERUD LSHQWUXGLVFLSOLQDODFDUHVXV LQH LDFHVWFRQFXUVRSURE GHHYD
OXDUHILQDO VXPDWLY FDUHV FRQ LQ
DWUHLLWHPLFkWHXQXOODDOHJHUHGLQWUHXUP WRDUHOHWLSXULFXDOHJHUHGXD
O FXXQU VSXQVVFXUWvQWUHEDUHVWUXFWXUDO HVHXVWUXFWXUDW
EEDUHPXOGHFRUHFWDUHDOSUREHLGHHYDOXDUHU VSXQVXOFRUHFWSHQWUXILHFD
UHLWHPúLGLVWULEXLUHDSXQFWDMXOXLGHGHSXQFWHGLQWUHFDUHSXQFWHVH
DFRUG GLQRILFLX
S 'HVFULH LODDOHJHUHXQDGLQWUHXUP WRDUHOHPHWRGHGHvQY PkQWSUR
EOHPDWL]DUHDGHPRQVWUD LDOXFUXOFXPDQXDOXOSUH]HQWkQG
DGHILQL LD
EFDUDFWHUL]DUHDPHWRGHL
FXQH[HPSOXGHXWLOL]DUHDPHWRGHLODGLVFLSOLQDGHFRQFXUV

6ROX LL
, D I − = − I − = I = − I =
E 'HRDUHFH I − ⋅ I − < UH]XOW F H[LVW [ ∈ ± ± FX I [ =
FRQIRUPSURSULHW LLOXL'DUERX[DIXQF LLORUFRQWLQXH$QDORJH[LVW [∈±FX
I ([ ) = úL[∈FX I [ = 'HFLWRDWHU G FLQLOHSROLQRPXOXLIVXQWUHDOH
F5 G FLQLOHUD LRQDOHSRVLELOHVXQW ± FDGLYL]RULDLOXL±FDUHQXYHULILF
G 6 = 6 = − 6 = ∑ [ = (∑ [ ) − ∑ [ [ = − ⋅ =

HÌQPXO LPLGHQWLWDWHD [ + [ − = FX [Q úLRE LQHP
[Q + + [Q + − [Q = úLDOWHOHGRX DQDORDJHSHQWUX[úL[$GXQkQGXOHRE L
QHP 6 Q + + 6 Q + − 6 Q = ∀Q∈1
I(WDSDGHYHULILFDUHDIRVWSDUFXUV ODSXQFWXOG3UHVXSXQHPF 6S∈=SHQWUX
S ≤ Q + 'LQ UH]XOW 6 S + = −6 S + 6 S − GDU 6 S úL 6 S − ∈= ⇒ 6 S + ∈=
J /X P [ = + [ = − $WXQFL [ + [ = [ [ = − )RUP P
HFXD LDGHJUDGXOFXU G FLQLOH[úL[ [ − [ − = 'HDLFLUH]XOW
[ − [ − = [ − [ − = úLDSRL [Q + − [Q + − [Q = [Q+ − [Q+ − [Q =
GH XQGH 6 Q + − 6 Q + − 6 Q = FX FDUH VH GHPRQVWUHD] SULQ LQGXF LH GXS Q F
Q N Q N
6Q∈=$OWIHO + Q + − Q = ∑ &QN + ∑ &QN − N =
N = N =

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
Q N N N
∑ &QN  + − N ⋅  = ∑ &QN ⋅ ∈=

 
N =   N − SDU
K6 REVHUY PPDLvQWkLF RULFHLQWHUYDO,SRDWHILFRPSULPDWSULQWURELMHF
LHvQLQWHUYDOXO±'HH[HPSOXDSOLFD LD I αβ→±

I [ = HVWH R DVWIHO GH ELMHF LH 3UREOHPD VH UHGXFH OD D J VL S
α+β
[+
β−α α −β
QXPHUHGLQ,±4XQGHGHDFHDVW GDW , ±FXSURSULHWDWHDGLQHQXQ
6 FRQVLGHU PFD]XOSSDUDGLF S = S $VWIHOYRPDOHJHSSHUHFKLGHQX
P+Q P−Q
PHUHGHIRUPD D = D = PQ∈= VHFRQVWDW F DD∈
P + Q

P + Q
∈±úLDVWIHOSHQWUXSSDUH[LVWHQ DQXPHUHORUDDDDSFDUHV vQGH
SOLQHDVF FRQGL LDFHUXW HVWHDVLJXUDW DP LQXWFRQWúLGHSXQFWXOJ
ÌQ FD]XO S = S + DOHJHP S± SHUHFKL FD vQ SULPXO FD] LDU XOWLPHOH WUHL
QXPHUHYRUILU G FLQLDOHXQHLHFXD LLGHWLSXO [ + [ − = vQFDUHHIHFWX PR
[
WUDQVIRUPDUHGHWLSXO = \ QRXDHFXD LHvQ\YDDYHDWRDWHFHOHWUHLU G FLQLUHDOH

LUD LRQDOHúLVLWXDWHvQLQWHUYDOXO±
&RQIRUPSXQFWXOXLIFRQGL LDKYDILYHULILFDW úLvQDFHVWFD]

,, D3XQFWHOH$%&VXQWFROLQLDUHGHRDUHFHDSDU LQWRDWHGUHSWHL2[
E3XQFWHOH$%&VXQWFROLQLDUHGHRDUHFHDSDU LQGUHSWHL \ = S[
F & − = GUHSWH
G ⋅ E − D − D SE + D SE ≡ ⇒ $ ∈ ∆
SE ⋅ E − D − E SE +
\
D SE ≡ ⇒ % ∈ ∆ XQGH∆
&FSF
HVWHGUHDSWDGHHFXD LH
\ ⋅ E − D − [SE + D SE =
%ESE
H 0 = $ % $ %
$ % \ ⋅ E − D − [SE + D SE = $DSD 3
$ % \ ⋅ D − E − [SD + E SD = 1
0
2
$D %E &F [

 D E D − E + D E D − E SD E D − E 
0  
 D D − EE D D − EE 

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
[0 \0
I6HDUDW F GHWHUPLQDQWXO [ 1 \1 HVWHQXO
[3 \3

,,,D LQHPFRQWF SHQWUXRULFHα ≥ OLP Q α = ÌQWUDGHY UGDF α!GH
Q →∞
ILQLPúLUXO ε Q = α − (YLGHQW ε Q ≥ $WXQFL

Q
QQ − QQ −
α = + ε Q Q = + Qε Q + ε Q + > εQ ⇒ ≤ εQ ≤ α

QQ −
⇒ ε Q → FkQG Q → ∞ 'HDLFLGHGXFHPF OLP Q α = $WXQFL OLP $Q = V
Q →∞ Q →∞
E'LQIDSWXOF $Q = %Q ∀Q∈1 Q ≥ UH]XOW OLP $Q = OLP %Q ⇔ V = W
Q →∞ Q →∞
F I [ = D ⇒ I ′ [ = D OQ D 3ULQLQGXF LHVHGHGXFHF

[ [
I [ D [ OQ D Q Q∈1 ∀[∈5
Q
I [ − I
G'LQGHILQL LDGHULYDWHLvQSXQFWXO [ = GHGXFHP OLP = I′ OQD
[→ [
H3XWHPVFULHVXFFHVLY
[ [ [Q
I [ −  I + I ′ + I ′′ + + 
 Q 
I
Q
OLP   =
[ → [ Q +
[ [ [ Q −
I ′ −  I ′ + I ′′ + I ′′ + + 
 Q 
I
Q −
= OLP   =
[ → Q + [ Q
[ Q−
I ′′ [ −  I ′′ + + 
 Q 
I
Q −  = = OLP I
Q
[ − I Q
= OLP 
Q + [
=
[ → Q + Q[ Q − [ →
I Q +

Q +
=
V
I&RQVLGHU PIXQF LD ϕ 5→5 ϕ [ = ∑ D − EN
[ [
N
N =
Q
Q∈1 Q ≥ ⇒ ϕ Q =
)LH [ = D N Q − EN Q = ⇒ ϕ Q =
∑
Q N =
⇒ OLP ϕ Q = ⇒ ϕ = GHRDUHFHIHVWHFRQWLQX
Q →∞

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
ϕ [ − ϕ
ϕ′ = OLP = OLP Q>ϕ Q − ϕ@ = OLP Qϕ Q = OLP =
[ → [ Q →∞ Q →∞
ϕ′ [ − ϕ′
ϕ′′ = OLP = OLP Qϕ′ Q 'DU
[ → [ Q →∞

ϕ Q − ϕ − ϕ′
ϕ′′ Q
= OLP = OLP >Q ϕ Q − Q ϕ − Qϕ′@ =
Q→∞ Q →∞

Q
= − OLP Qϕ′ = OLP = ⇒ ϕ′′ =
Q→∞
ÌQ PRG UHFXUVLY VH DMXQJH OD ϕ Q = $FHVW IDSW vQVHPQ VROX LRQDUHD
SXQFWXOXLI
V
J1RW P 3 ; = ; − OQ D ⋅ ; − OQ D ⋅ ⋅ ; − OQ D V = ∏ ; − [N úL
N =
V
4 ; = ; − OQ E ⋅ ; − OQ E ⋅ ⋅ ; − OQ EV = ∏ ; − \ N XQGH [ N = OQ D N
N =
\ N = OQ EN N = V
&RQIRUP SXQFWXOXL I DX ORF UHOD LLOH [ + + [ V = \ + + \ V N ≥
N N N N
$FHVWHD VH H[SULP vQV FX DMXWRUXO SROLQRDPHORU VLPHWULFH IXQGDPHQWDOH FDUH
FRQGXF [ N = \ N N ≥ DGLF D N = EN ∀ N ≥

3URIHVRUL,,

9DULDQWD
6XELHFWXO,S
6HFRQVLGHU SROLQRPXO I = ; + ; − FXU G FLQLOH[[[∈&1RW P
6 Q = [Q + [ Q + [Q ∀Q∈1 6 =
S D6 VHFDOFXOH]H I − I± I úL I
S E6 VHDUDWHF WRDWHU G FLQLOHSROLQRPXOXLIVXQWUHDOH
S F6 VHDUDWHF SROLQRPXOIQXDUHU G FLQLUD LRQDOH
S G6 VHYHULILFHF 6∈=6∈=6∈=
S H6 VHDUDWHF 6 Q + + 6 Q + − 6 Q = ∀Q∈1
S I8WLOL]kQGPHWRGDLQGXF LHLPDWHPDWLFHV VHDUDWHF 6Q∈=∀Q∈1
S J6 VHDUDWHF + ( ) + ( − ) ∈=∀Q∈1
Q Q

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
S K6 VHDUDWHF SHQWUXRULFHS∈1 S ≥ úLRULFHLQWHUYDOQHYLGGHVFKLV,

H[LVW DDDDS∈,±4DVWIHOvQFkW DQ + D Q + + D QS ∈4∀Q∈1

6XELHFWXO,,S
ÌQ VLVWHPXO FDUWH]LDQ GH FRRUGRQDWH [2\ VH FRQVLGHU SXQWHOH $ D
% E & F $ D SD % E SE & F SF XQGHDE
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E $U WD LF VXPDQXPHUHORU DEF DVWIHORE LQXW HVWHGLYL]LELO FX
1*ULJRUH* HúWL'kPERYL D

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
6ROX LHD6FULHPQXP UXO[vQED]D

[ = DEF + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = DEF + + + + +
+ + − + − + − + − + −
'DU Q − = − $ = 0
$YHP [ = DEF + + 0 = 0 ⇔ DEF + = 0
DEF + DSDU LQH^`
'HFL DEF DSDU LQH^`
E6XPDQXPHUHORUHVWH
6 = + + = ⋅ ⇒ 6

9,GLQQU 'HWHUPLQD LQXPHUHOHQDWXUDOH DEF SHQWUXFDUH
DEF = Q D + E + F XQGHQ∈1
SURI$XUHO'RERúDQ
6ROX LH Q = ⇒ DEF = D + E + F LPSRVLELO
Q = ⇒ D + E + F = D + E + F GHXQGH D + E + F ≤ I U VROX LH
$QDORJSHQWUX Q >
5 PkQHV DQDOL] PFD]XO Q =
DEF = D + E + F &XP ≤ DEF ≤ UH]XOW ≤ D + E + F ≤
&XP⋅ úL≠QXH[LVW VROX LH
⋅ úL≠QXH[LVW VROX LH
⋅ úL VROX LH
⋅ úL=VROX LH
⋅ úL≠I U VROX LH
⋅ úL VROX LH
⋅ úL VROX LH
⋅ úL VROX LH
⋅ úL VROX LH
$úDGDUVROX LLOHVXQW

9,GLQQU6 VHGHPRQVWUH]HF VXPDS WUDWHORURULF URUGRX QX
PHUHSDUHQHQXOHSRDWHILVFULV FDGLIHUHQ DS WUDWHORUDGRX QXPHUHQDWXUDOH
SURI*KHRUJKH)0ROHD&XUWHDGH$UJHú

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
6ROX LH)LH[\∈= ⇒ [ \ = QXPHUHSDUHQXQXOH3XWHPVFULH

[ + \ = [ + \ = [ + \ = > [ + \ + − [ + \ − @ ⋅

⋅ > [ + \ + + [ + \ − @ = [ + \ + − [ + \ −
'HFL [ + \ = [ + \ + − [ + \ −
'DF QRW P D = [ + \ ⇒ D ∈ 1 D∈1 D±∈1
5HOD LDGHYLQH [ + \ = D + − D −
9, GLQ QU ÌQ WULXQJKLXO GUHSWXQJKLF $%& P

$ ° P
&
°ELVHFWRDUHD>&&′@DXQJKLXOXL$%&LQWHUVHFWHD] >$$′@$′∈>%&@vQSXQFWXO
(LDU>$'@⊥>&&′@'∈>&&′@
'HPRQVWUD LF
DWULXQJKLXO$'$′HVWHLVRVFHOúL&&′ $′'
ESDWUXODWHUXO&′%$′'HVWHLQVFULSWLELO
1*ULJRUHùFRDODÄùHUEDQ&LRFXOHVFX³* HúWL'kPERYL D
6ROX LH $
D ÌQSDWUXODWHUXOFRQYH[
$&$′'
$'&≡
$$′&GU
5H]XOW F $&$′'SDWUXODWHU &′ (
LQVFULSWLELO '
'&$′≡
'$$′
$'&≡
$$′' % &
GDU
&′&$≡
&′&% $′
GHFL
'$$′≡
'$′$∆$$′'LVRVFHO>$′'@≡>$'@
&& ′
ÌQ WULXQJKLXO GUHSWXQJKLF $&&′ P
$ ° P
$&&′ ° $'=

GHFL && ′ = $′'
E ÌQ∆$′('P
('$′ °XQJKLH[WHULRUSDWUXODWHUXOXL%$′'&′
P
&′%$′P
$′'&′ °
'HFL&′%$′'LQVFULSWLELO
9,,GLQQU5H]ROYD LHFXD LD DE = DF + GE

SURI5RPDQ DúL,RDQ*KL %ODM
6ROX LH DE = DF + GE ⇒

⇒ D + E = D + F + G + E ⇒ D + DE + E = D + DF + F +
+ G + GE + E ⇒ G = DE − EG − DF − F
&XPDEFVXQWFLIUH ⇒ F = (FXD LDGHYLQHGDF RvPS U LPFX

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
G = DE − EG ⇒ G = ED − G GDUSURGXVXO ED − G SRDWHILPD[LPFHHDFH
VHRE LQHSHQWUXG∈{}

&D], G = ⇒ E = ∈1 ⇔ D − ∈^` ⇒ D = úLE VDXD úLE
D −
$WXQFLGHYLQH = + VDX = +

&D],, G = ⇒ E = ∈1 ⇒ D±∈{}&RQYLQGRDU
D−
D { } 'DF D = ⇒ E = QX FRQYLQH D = ⇒ E = QX FRQYLQH
D = ⇒ E = FRQYLQH D = ⇒ E = FRQYLQH
5HOD LDGHYLQH = + VDX = +

&D],,, G = ⇒ E = ⇒ D±∈{}&RQYLQGRDUD {}
D −
'DF D = ⇒ E = QXFRQYLQH D = ⇒ E = QXFRQYLQH D = ⇒ E = FRQ
YLQH5HOD LDGHYLQH = +

&D],9 G = ⇒ E = ⇒ D±∈{}&RQYLQ
D−
GRDUD {}'DF D = ⇒ E = QXFRQYLQH D = ⇒ E = QXFRQYLQH
D = ⇒ E = QXFRQYLQH

9,,,GLQQU'HWHUPLQD LQXPHUHOHQDWXUDOHQSHQWUXFDUHQ±úL
QVXQWFXEXULSHUIHFWH
SURI$XUHO'RERúDQ/XJRM
6ROX LH1RW P Q − = N N∈1úL Q + = S S∈1
5H]XOW Q = N + = S − GHXQGH S − N = DGLF
S − N S + SN + N = úLFXP S − N < S + SN + N vQQXPHUHQDWXUDOH
DYHPFD]XULOH
S − N =
 I U VROX LH

 S + SN + N =

S−N = S=N+
 FX N = N = − ∉ 1
 
 S + SN + N = N + N − =

⇔
ùLDWXQFL Q =
S−N = S−N =
 I U VROX LH  I U VROX LH
 
 S + SN + N =  S + SN + N =

$úDGDU Q =

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
,;GLQQU )LH I 5→5FXSURSULHWDWHD

I [ + + I [ − = I [ RULFDUH[∈5
6 VHDUDWHF IHVWHSHULRGLF
6ROX LH)DFHPVXEVWLWX LD [ → [ +
I [ + + I [ = I [ + = > I [ − I [ − @ GHXQGH
I [ + = I [ − I [ −
)DFHPDLFLVXEVWLWX LD [ → [ + I [ + = I [ + − I [ +
'LQúLRE LQHP
I [ + = I [ − I [ − − I [ + = I [ − > I [ − − I [ + @ =

= I [ − I [ = I [ − I [ = − I [
) FkQG DFXP [ → [ + DYHP I [ + = − I [ + = − − I [ = I [
RULFDUH[∈5FDUHDUDW F IHVWHSHULRGLF GHSHULRDG 7

 
,;GLQQU)LHPDWULFHD$∈0 5 $ =   &DOFXOD L$Q
 
 
 
$ QXQGHQ∈1 LDU$ HVWHDGMXQFWDOXL$
1LFRODH3DSDFX6ORER]LD
  − 
6ROX LH$YHP $ = ( + % XQGH ( =   úL % =  
   
   − 
   
&XP ( = ( úL % = − % LPHGLDWVHGHPRQVWUHD] SULQLQGXF LHF

( = S − ( úL % S = − S− % ∀S∈1 'HDVHPHQHDFXP (% = %( = 2 IR

S
ORVLQGELQRPXOOXL1HZWRQDYHP $ Q = ( + % Q = ( Q + % Q =
 ⋅ Q− − − Q− ⋅ Q− ⋅ Q− + − Q− 
 
Q ⋅ Q− ( + − Q− % =  ⋅ Q− ⋅ Q− ⋅ Q− 
 ⋅ + − ⋅ ⋅ − − 
 Q − Q − Q− Q − Q − 
 − − 
&DOFXOkQGGLVMXQFWDRE LQHP $ =  − 

 
 − − 
 

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
 − 
&XP $ =  − −  = − ⋅ $ LPHGLDW SULQ LQGXF LH VH GH

 
 − 
 
PRQVWUHD] F $ Q = − Q− $
;,GLQQU'HWHUPLQD L D ∈5 SHQWUXFDUH

D[ QRW
OQD[ + ≥ ∀[!PD[{± − } = 0
[ + D
6LOYLX'LOLPR 1L VWXGHQW)DFXOWDWHDGH0DWHPDWLF 8QLYHUVLWDWHD%XFXUHúWL
D[
6ROX LH 1RWkQG I 0 ∞ → 5 I [ = OQD[ + − úL REVHUYkQG F
[ +
I = FRQGL LD GLQ HQXQ GHYLQH I [ ≥ I ∀ [ ! 0 ÌQ DFHDVW FRQGL LH
[ = SRDWHILSXQFWGHPLQLPSHQWUX I úLGLQWHRUHPDOXL)HUPDW I ′ =
D D
&XP I ′ [ = ⇒ I ′ = ∀D∈5
D[ + [ +
−
&RPHQWDULX5HFLSURFDOXL)HUPDWQXHVWHDGHY UDW GHDFHHDIDFHPYHULILFD

UHDPDLUHPDUF PF WHRUHPDOXL)HUPDWQXIDFHGHRVHELUHDGLQWUHSXQFWHGHPD
[LPGHFHOHGHPLQLP±XQPRWLYvQSOXVSHQWUXDIDFHYHULILFDUHD
5H]ROY PHFXD LD I ′ [ = ⇔ [ + = D[ + ⇔ [ + [ + = D[ + ⇔
⇔ [ [ − D + = FXU G FLQLOH [ = ∈0∞úL [ = D −
$QDOL] PFD]XO D − ∈0∞DGLF D − ≥ 0
 D − > − D >
 − > − ⇔  ⇔ D ∈∞úLvQDFHVWFD] 0 = − úL

 D D − D + > D

OLP I [ = −∞ FHHDFHQHDJ I [ > ∀[!0 = −
[ →−
D
D

[>−
D
5 PkQHFD]XO [ ∉ 0∞ ⇔ D ∈ @úLvQDFHVWFD] 0 = − úLWDEHOXOGH
YDULD LHDOOXLIHVWH
[ ± ∞
I ′[ ± ± ±
I [ ∞

&HHDFHDUDW F I [ ≥ ∀[∈5SHQWUX∀D∈@

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH

;,GLQQU)LH[QQ≥DVWIHOvQFkW OLP [Q + = úL OLP [Q − =
Q→∞ Q →∞
'HPRQVWUD LF [QQ≥HFRQYHUJHQWúLDIOD L OLP [Q
Q→∞
6LOYLX'LOLPR 1L VWXGHQW)DFXOWDWHDGH0DWHPDWLF 8QLYHUVLWDWHD%XFXUHúWL
6ROX LH)LH ε > ⇒ ∃ 1 ∈ 1Dv [Q + − ≤ ε ∀Q ≥ 1 ⇔ [Q + ≤ + ε
∀Q ≥ 1 ⇔ − − ε < [Q + ≤ + ε ⇔ − − ε ≤ [Q ≤ − + ε ∀Q ≥ 1 ⇔
ε
⇔ − − ≤ [Q ≤ − + ∀ Q > 1
ε

$QDORJ ∃ 1 ∈ 1DVWIHOvQFkW [Q + − ≤ ε ∀ Q ≥ 1 ⇔ [Q − ≤ + ε

⇔ − − ε ≤ [Q − ≤ + ε ⇔ − − ε ≤ [Q ≤ + ε ∀ Q ≥ 1

'LQFHOHGRX LQHJDOLW LUH]XOW ∀ Q ≥ 1 PD[{11}DUHORF

− − ε ≤ [Q ≤ + ε < − + ε ⇒ [ Q + ≤ ε ∀ Q ≥ 1 ε DGLF [QHFRQYHUJHQWúL

OLP [Q = −
Q→∞

;,,GLQQU6 VHFDOFXOH]H

L ∫  [ + [ + − [ − [ +  G[ LL ∫ OQ [ + + [  G[
−   −  
6ROX LHL)LH I [ = [ + [ + − [ − [ + [∈>±@&DOFXO P

I − [ = [ − [ + − [ + [ + = − [ + [ + − [ − [ +  = − I [ ⇒
 

⇒ ILPSDU $WXQFL ∫ I [ G[ =
−
LL 1RW P I [ = OQ [ + + [  [∈>±@$WXQFL

 
[ −− [
I − [ = OQ − [ + + [  = OQ = OQ = − OQ [ + + [  =
  − [ − + [
[ + + [  

= − I [ DGLF ILPSDU $WXQFL ∫ I [ G[ =
−
[ − [
;,,GLQQU'HWHUPLQD LSULPLWLYHOHIXQF LHL DUFFRV [∈±


$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
[ − [
6ROX LH ) [ = ∫ I [G[ = DUFFRV
∫ G[ FDUHVHLQWHJUHD] SULQS U L

[ − [
[ − [

− [ −
−
X [ = DUFFRV ⇒ X ′ [ = =

=
[ − [ + [ − [ [ −
−

 −
[ ∈ − − ∪


− [ −
− [



= =
[ − − [

 [ ∈ −

 − [
Y ′ [ = ⇒ Y [ = [ $WXQFL
 [ − [ [
 [ DUFFRV + ∫ G[ [ ∈ − −
 − [
 [ − [ [
) [ =  [ DUFFRV − ∫ G[ [ ∈ −
 − [
 [ − [ [
 [ DUFFRV + ∫G[ [ ∈
 − [
[ − [
 [ DUFFRV − − [ + & [ ∈ − −


[ − [

=  [ DUFFRV + − [ + & [ ∈ −


 [ DUFFRV [ − [ − − [ + & [ ∈




3XQkQGFRQGL LLOHGHFRQWLQXLWDWHvQ±úLDYHP
) − − = − DUFFRV+ − + & = − + & 
 ⇒ & = + &
) − + = − DUFFRV + + & = + & 
) − = DUFFRV− + + & = π + + & 
 ⇒ & = + &
) + = DUFFRV− − + & = π − + & 

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
[ − [
DUFFRV − − [ + + & [ ∈ − −

[


[ − [

$WXQFL ) [ =  [ DUFFRV + − [ + & [ ∈ − &∈5


 [ DUFFRV [ − [ − − [ + + & [ ∈



;,,GLQQU)LH I > ∞ → ∞ GHULYDELO DVWIHO vQFkW

I = úLILH J > ∞ → ∞ J [ = H I ′ [ − I [ [ ≥ 6 VHDUDWHF GDF
[
∫ OQ + J [G[ ≤ [ OQ ∀ [ ≥ DWXQFL I [ ≤ H ∀ [ ≥
[

*DEULHO'RVSLQHVFX2QHúWL
6ROX LH /HP )LHIJ>∞→5 FRQWLQXH$WXQFL

OQ I W + J W GW OQ I W GW OQ J W GW

∫ ∫ ∫
[ >
[ [ [
H ≥H +H

'HPRQVWUD LH
Q
  N[   N[ 
Q
 N[ 
Q
 N[ 
$YHP OLP Q ∏  I  Q  + J  Q  ≥ Q ∏ I  +Q ∏ I  Q  ∀Q ≥ [ >
Q →∞
N =      N =  Q N =
[  N[ 
OLP ∑ OQ I  Q G[ OQ I W GW

 N[ 
Q

∫
'DU OLP Q úLDQDORDJHOHGHXQGHUH]XOW
→∞ [ Q [
∏ I  Q  = H =H

=

Q →∞
N =
FRQFOX]LD
7UHFHPODUH]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHL$YHP
 
OQH GW − I W GW I ′ W GW OQH GW− I W GW I [ −− I W GW 

∫ +H ′
∫ ∫ ∫ +H ′
∫ ∫
≥+ H

[ [ [ [ [ [ 
H ≥H +H ⇒H  

   
OQ+ J W GW I [ −− I W GW  I [ −− I W GW  [ OQ

∫ ∫ ∫
≥+ H − = ⇒
[ [  [ 
⇒H  
⇒H  
≤H [

[
⇒ I [ ≤ + ∫ I W GW [ > $YHP I = GHFL I ≤ H

′

'DU  H − [ ∫ I W GW  = H − [  I [ − ∫ I W GW  ≤ H − [ = −H − [ ′ ⇒ K ∞ → 5
[ [
  
   
[
 
K [ = H − [  + I W GW  HVWHGHVFUHVF WRDUH'HFL K [ ≤ OLP K [ = ⇒
∫
  [ →
  [ >

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
[
⇒ ∫ I W GW ≤ H [ − 'LQúL ⇒ I [ ≤ H [ [ ≥

2/GLQQU6 VHGHPRQVWUH]HLQHJDOLWDWHD
S
S
 Q Q
 Q
 ∑ DN  ≥ ∑ DNS + Q S − Q ∏ D N  XQGHQS∈1 D N > N = Q
 Q
 N =  N =  N = 
1LFRODH3DSDFX6ORER]LD
6ROX LH'HPRQVWU PLQHJDOLWDWHDSULQLQGXF LHPDWHPDWLF GXS S3HQWUXS
HYLGHQWLQHJDOLWDWHDHVWHDGHY UDW 3UHVXSXQHPDGHY UDW LQHJDOLWDWHDSHQWUXS
S +
S +
 Q  Q
 Q
úLGHPRQVWU PF  ∑ DN  + Q − Q ∏ DN  $YHP
 Q
≥∑ DNS + S +
 N =  N =  N = 
S
S + S  
 Q  Q  Q  Q  Q S  Q
 ∑ DN  =  ∑ DN  ∑ DN  ≥  ∑ D N  ∑ D N + Q − Q ∏ DN   =
  S Q 
 N =   N =  N =   N =  N =  N =  
 
S
 Q  Q  Q  Q Q  Q  Q
=  ∑ D N  ∑ D NS  + Q S − Q ∑ DN  ∏ DN  ≥  ∑ DN  ∑ D NS  +
 
 N =  N =   N =  N =   N =  N = 
S +
 Q
+ QQ − Q ∏ DN  XOWLPDLQHJDOLWDWHGLQLQHJDOLWDWHDPHGLLORU'HDVHPHQHD
 Q
S
 N = 
 Q  Q S  Q   Q S  Q   S  Q Q 
 
 ∑ DN  ∑ DN  = ∑ DN  ∑ DL  = ∑ DN  DN + ∑ DLS  = ∑ DNS + + ∑ DN  ∑ DLS 
 N =  N =  N =   L =  N =   L≠N  N = N =   L ≠ N 
)RORVLQGLQHJDOLWDWHDPHGLLORUDYHP
Q  Q    Q  Q − S
S 


D D
∑  N  ∑ L  ∑  N
  ≥  D Q − Q −
∏L D S
 = Q − 

Q −
∏ L ∑ DN Q − ≥
D S 
N =   L ≠ N  N =  L≠N  L ≠ N  N =


S S S +
+  −
 
 Q − Q  Q − 

 Q  Q
≥ Q Q −  ∏ DN  = QQ −  ∏ DN 
 Q
 N =   N = 
S +
 
 Q  Q S   Q S +  Q
ùLDWXQFL  ∑ DN  ∑ DN  ≥  ∑ DN + QQ −  ∏ DN   3ULQXUPDUH
 Q 
 N =  N =   N =  N =  
 

$5+,0('(V1UPDLLXQLH
S + S +
S +
 Q   Q  Q  Q  Q
 Q 
≥  ∑ DN  ∑ DNS  + QQ S − Q ∏ DN  ≥ ∑ DNS + + QQ −  ∏ DN 
 Q Q
 ∑ DN  +
 N =   N =  N =   N =  N =  N = 
S + S +
 Q  Q Q
 Q  Q
+ QQ S − Q ∏ DN  = ∑ DNS + + Q S + − Q ∏ DN 
 N =  N =  N = 
2EVHUYD LH ,QHJDOLWDWHD GLQ HQXQ XO SUREOHPHL FRPSOHWHD] LQHJDOLWDWHD FX
S
 Q 
Q
 ∑ DN 
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Arhimede 5-6 2004

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