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-Snyder, Glenn, Prisoners Dilemma and Chickens Models in International PoIitics- studies quarterly,
15 March 1971 PP. 89- 87.
5. Snyder Glenn & Paul Diesing, Conflict Among Nations, Princeton University Press. N. Jersey 1977,P.
33.
6. Ibid.,P. 37
7. Ibid., P. 183
8. Ibid.,PP.61:88.
9. Archibald, Kathleen. Strategic Interaction and Conflict, Institute of International. Studies, University
of California: Berkley, l966.

115


10. Snyder Glenn & Paul Diesing, Ibid P 52:55:
11. Ibid., P.,282.
12. Ibid.. P.130.
13. Ibid., P.131.
14. Ibid., P.132.
15. Ibid., P.145.
16. Ibid., PP163:166.
17. Quandt, William, Decade of Decisions, American Policy Toward the Arab-Israelis Conflict, 19571976, University of California Press: Los Angeles, 1977 P. 165.
18. Snyder Glenn & Paul Diesing Ibid., PP418- 340.
19. Fisher, Roger and William URY, Getting to YES: Negotiating Agreement Without. 1988 Giving
IN., Arrow Books, London.
20. Ibid.. P.3.
21. Ibid., P17.
22. Ibid.. P.40.
23. Nierenberg, Gerard, Fundamentals of Negotiating, Harper and Row. Publishers. New York,1973.
24. Cohen, Herb. You Can Negotiate Anything Bantam Books, Inc.1980.
25. Forsyth Patrick. How to Negotiate Successfully A. Sheldon Press Book London.1991
26. Nierenberg, Gerard, Ibid., PP.90:108.
27. Ibid., PP,147:160.
28. Ibid., PP.160:170.
29. Greenstein, Fred Personality and Politics, Markham publishing Company, Chicago-1969
30. Sanford. Nevitt, ISSUES IN PERSONALITY Theory, Jossey-Bass Inc., Publish. ers, San Franbcis
Co.1970 .
31. Barber-James, Presidential Character, Predicting Performance in the white House. Prentice-hall
Inc. N.J. 1985.
32. Allen, Gary KISSINGER, Published by 76 Press, California-1976
: B
- Caldwell, Dan Henry Kissinger: His personality and Policies, Duke Press Policy studies Durham.
N.C. 1983.
33. Murphy, Robert, Diplomat Among Warriors, New York, Doubleday and Company1964, P. 384.

.( ) B -
. 35. Brown. Gillian and Yule, George Discourse Analysis. Cambridge University. 1983, Press:
Cambridge.

116


36. Berlson, B. Content Analysis In Communication Research, Free Press N.Y 1952.
37. Becker, A.L. The Linguistics of Particularity, BLS10,1984.
38. Labov, William, Sociolinguistics patterns; University of pennsylvania Press, andOxford: Blackwell.
1972,
39. shuy, Roger: Topic as the Unit of Analysis in a criminal law case in DT. (ed) GURT Wastington
D.C. 1981.
: B
- Shuy, Roger Conversational power in FBI Covert Tapes Recordings, in Lea Ke dar eds Power &
Discourse. 1987.
40. Hassan-Wageih, Hassan Going beyond Notional Functional syllabuses, a paper presented at SECOL,
SECOL Review Vol. XI # 11987 A
: B
- Hassan-Wagieh Hassan Twoards a Field of Political Linguistics: Implica-tions for creativity in EFL
Classes CDELT, Ain Shams University 1991B.
41. Chaika, E. A linguist looks at schizophrenic language Brain and Language, Vol 1,1974.
42. Tannen. Deborah Spoken and Written Language: Exploring Orality and LiteracyAdvances in
Discourse processes Vol. IX, Ablex. Norwood. New Jersey 1982.
43. Mallery., C. Computing Strategic Language: Natural Language Models of Belief and. Intention,
Meeting of International Political Association. Washington D.C. 1987
44. Samarin. William, J. Language in Religions Practice. Rowley, Mass: newbury House 1976.
45. Hassan-Wageih, H. A Linguistic Analysis of Mechanisms Underlying Power ir. International Political
Negotiations A Dissertation, Georgetown University. Washington D.C. 1989 (c)
46. Edelman. M. Political Language: Words that Succeed and Politics that Fail Academic Press: N.Y.
1974.
47., Political Language & Political Reality P.S.1985.
48.,Politics as Symbolic Action. Academic Press, N.Y1971.
_ -

. -
50. Onuf Nicholas After International Relations: The Constitution of Disciplines and their Worlds,
Paper Presented at American Political Science Association, Chicago, Illnois, Sep . 1987.
51.Azar, Edward, The Conflict and Peace Data Bank (COPDAP) Project Journal of Conflict Resolution,
Vol. 24, No. 1, March 1980 pp,. 152-143.
52. Weinstein, Brian: The Civic Tongue: Political Consequences of Language Choices Langman,
London. 1983 .
53. Bell, David, International Negotiation & Political Linguistics Unpublished Paper, York University,
Political Science Dept. Ontario, Canada . 1988.

117


54. Lasswell, Harold, The Language of Power in Language and Politics: Studies in Quantitative
Semantics H.D. Lasswell & N. Listes , George Stewart Publisher Inc. N.Y. 1949.
55.Becker, Ibid p .11.
56. Habeeb, M. William, Power and Tactics in International Negotiation, The Johns. Hopkins University
Press: Bultimore, Maryland,1988.
57. Hassan-Wageih H., in 45 Ibid pp155:170.
)( -
> /( ) B
.
59. Rubin, J. Study of Cognitive Processes in Second Language Learning, Applied, Linguistics,22,11731, 1981.
60. Chomsky, Noam, Language and MIND, Harcourt, Brace and World Inc 1968.
61. Carroll, John Language, Thought and Reality, The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts.1984
62. Searle, J.R. Expression & Meaning, Cambridge University Press: London 1979.
63. Austin, J.L. How to Do Things with Words, ed by TO. Urmson, Oxford University, Press: London
1962 .
64. Labov, William and Fanshel, David Therapeutic Discourse, New York: Academic Press. 1977.
. B -
.( ) B -
67. Nimo, Dan. & Ungs, Thomas. Political Patterns in American Conflict Repre sentation & Resolution,
W.H. Freeman & Co. San Francis Co., Ca,1978.

68. Young, OR. The Intermediaries: Third Parties in International Crisis, Princeton, University Press:
Princeton. 1967.
69. Jouval, Sadia. Biased Intermediaries: Theoretical and Historical Considentions Jerusalem Journal
of International Relations. Vol. #1, P.51, 1975.
70. Brown, Carl International Politics and the Middle East, Old Rules, Dangerous Games. Princeton
University Press1984.
71. Sadat, Anwar In Search of Id entity: An Auto-biography, Harper Colophon BooksN.Y. 1977 p.
261.
72. Milstein, Jefforey, Soviet and American Influence on the Arabt Isralie Arms Race., The Middle
East, ed by walter Isord, Cambridge Mass 1972.
73. Ikle, F. How Nations Negotiate, Institute for Diplomacy, Georgetown UniversityWashington
D.C.1988.
74. Ibid., pp.26:43.

118

75.Andrews. KR., The Concept of Corporate Strategy.Home Wood Illinois. Richard D. Irwin, Inc1980.
76. Alfred R. Oxenfeldt. The Formulation of a Market Strategy, in Eugene Kelly William Lazer, Eds.
Mangerial Marketing: Policies, Strategies and DecisionsHomewood, Illinois, Richard irwin Inc. 1973.
77. The Economist, Nov 30 .1991.
78. Elkins, Arthur, Management Structures: Functions & Practices London: Addisor, Wesley, Inc.
1980.
79. Makenna, Eugene F., Psychology in Business: Theory & Applications Lowrence Erlbawm Associates
Ltd. 1989.
.80. David W. Gravens and Charles Lamb, Strategic Marketing: Cases and Applications Illinois, Richard
D. Irwin Inc. 1983.

81. Maximychev, Igor, German Unification Journal of International Affairs, English Translation
Publication of Progress Publisher Moscow; October 1990.PP 43-36.
82. Salacuse, Jeswald Making Global Deals: Negotiating IN THE INTERNATIONAL Market Place
Houghton Miffin Company . 1991.
B .
83. Ibid, p.87.
84. Ibid, p.75.
85. Ibid. p76.
86. Habeeb, William Mark, Ibid, p. 34:35. see. (56)
87. Salacuse, Ibid, p .80.
88. Cohen, Raymond. Problems of International Communication in Egyptian-American Relations in
International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 11, pp.29-47, 1987.
89. Tannen, Deborah The Pragmatics of Cross-Cultural Communication, Applied Linguisties, Vol. 5,
No 3,1984.
90. Chafe, Wallace. Integration and Involvement in Speaking & Oral Literature,In D . Tannen (ed.).
Spoken and Written Language, Ablex: Norwood, NJ, pp. 35-53,1982.
91. Clark, Virginia et al Language, The Language of the body: Kinesics and Proxemics pp. 453:528, St.
Martins Press, New York1977.
92. Salacuse, Lid.p 80:81.
93. Ibid, p81.
94. Zandt, Howard, How to Negotiate in Japan in Intercultural Communication: A. Reader, by Larry

119


Sam Ovar and Richard Porter, Wadsworth Publissting Company, Inc. Belmont, CA. 1976.
95. Zandt, Ibid, p.308.
96. salacuse, Ibid, p82.
97. Institute for the Study of Diplomacy of Georgetown University, UN. Security Council Resolution
242: A Case Study in Diplomatic Ambiguity, Washington D.C.1985.
98. Salacuse, Ibid. p.84.
99., Ibid, p85.
: -
B : .
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- Neopatnarchy: A Theory of Distorted Change in the Arab Society, Oxford. University, Press,1988.
: B .( ).
101. Salacuse, Ibid, p,.86.
102. Snyder & Diesing. Ibid. p 207:209.

103. Grice. H.P. Presupposition & Conversational Implicature, in Coles ed. 1981.
104. Eco., Umberto. Dr. Eligia, Dolbuox Deassman An Interview in Al-Cafe Journal Sacramento. CA.
December.. 1983.
105. Tannen, Deborah, THAT IS NOT WHAT I MEANT! William Morrow & Co. Inc.N.Y. 1986, p
199.
. -
107. Hassan Wageih (c) pp. 23-25. (see 45).

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235

(1) Grice, H.P. presupposition and Conversational Implicature, in Cole, P. & Morgan J. L. (eds) Syntax
& Semantics: Speech Acts. N. Y Academic Press . 1975 .
(2) Scruton, Roger A Dictionary of Political Thought, Hill and Wang. N.Y. 1982 (pp270-267).
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(7)Stewart & Cash Interviewing, Pnnciples and Practices, Brown Publishers, Dubuque lowa 1978.
(8)Brady, John, The Craft of Interviewing, Vintage Books,. Y. l977
(9)Sinclair,J&Coulthard Towards an Analysis of Discourse,Oxford University Press. London1987.
(10)Al-Aridi, Yahya A Discourse Analysis of POlitical Television Interviews: Van ation in Interactants
Manipulation of Language A Dissertation, Georgetowr University 1986.
(11)Kedar, Leah Power Through Discourse, Ablex Norwood, NJ 1987.
- B . / /

(13)Tannen, Deborah & Saville-Troike Perspectives on Silence, Abledx Publishing Corporation,
Norwood, New Jersey 1985 p199.
(14)Ibid., P. XV
)(15)Ibid., pp (21:77

236

 

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1994/ 5/16
(16)Ibid p 165.
(17)Ibid p 55.
(18)See. (1)
(19)Niereberg, Gerard Fundamentals of Negotiating, Harper & Row, Publishers, N.Y.1987 p 151
(20)Bate, Walter Harvard Magazine, The Crisis of English Studies, Sep.-Oct 1982, pp 46-53.
(21)U.N. Security Council Resolution 242: A Case Study in Diplomatic Ambiguity, by Lord Caradon,
Arthur Golderg, Mohamed Hassan El-Zayyat & Abba Iban. Published by Institute for the Study of
Diplomacy, Georgetown University. 1981
.// B -
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Kissinger, Henry Years of Upheaval, Little Brown & Co. Baston1982 pp530- 531.

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(27)Cohen, Raymond, Problems of Intercultural Communication in Egyptian-Amer) jean Diplomatic
Relations, International Journal of Intercultural Relatiom. Vol. 11 pp 29-47, 1987.

(28)Tannen, D, Spoken and Written Language: Integration & Involvement in Speakingand writing in
Advances in Discourse Analysis, Ablex. Norwood N.Y.1982.
(29)Fowler, Roger, Language & Control, Rontledge & Kegan Paul 1979.
(30)Shuy, Roger, Conversational Power in FBI Convert Tape Recordings, in Leah Kedar eds.1987.
Chafe l Power l l B Tannen

237


. ..
(31)Tannen, D. That is not What Imeant!, William Marrow & Company, Inc. N.Y 1986 pp101-119.
(32)Lasswell, H, & N. Listes, Language of Politics: Studies in Quantitative Semantics George W.
Stewart Publisher Inc. N.Y. 1949.
(33)Hassan-Wageih, H. A liguistic Analysis of Mechanisms Underlying Power in In ternational Political
Negotiations, PHD, Dissertation Georgetown University Washington D.C1989.
(34)Tannen, D, You Just Dont Understand Women & Men in Conversation, Ballantine Books N.Y.
1990(# 1 National Bestseller). p 25.
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(40)Lane-Pooles, Stanley Saladin and the Fall of the kingdon of Jerusalem, Lave-G. P. N.Y., putnams
Sons, N.Y1978.

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(44)Koch, Barbara Johnstone. Parataxis in Arabic: ModifiCation AS Model for Presentation, Paper
Presented at the Linguistic Society of America, Annual Meeting, Mineapolis, Minnesota, December1983.
(45)-Repetition in discourse: Cohesion and Persuasion in Arabic

238

 
Argumentative Prose, PH. D. Dissertation, University of Michigan 1981.
(46) Presentation as Proof: The language of Arabic rhetoric.
Anthropological linguistics pp-25:51-61,1983.
(47)Rodell, Goldfarb, & James Raymond Clear Understanding: Aguide to Legal writing Lets Kill all
the lawyers (pp IX: XV)Random House N.Y1982.

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(1)Morganthau, Hans, The Politics Among Nations: The struggle for power & peace 5th ed., Alfred A.
Knopf: N. Y, l973.
(2)Boyett, Joseph & Conn, Henery, Work place 2000: The Revolution Reshaping American Business,
Penguin Group N.Y. N.Y. l 990.
(3)Nierenberg, Gerard, Fundamentals of Negotiating, Harper & Row, Publishers, N.Y1987.
(4)Fraser, Bruce The challenge of adversative discourse to the cooperative principle in shuy &Tomic
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(9)El-Badri, Hassan, Taha El-Magdoub, The Ramadan war, 1973, Published byT.N. Dupuy Associates,
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()

()

A COURSE DESCRIPTION
DIPLOMACY & PRAGMAICS
OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Successful diplomatic exchange relies critically on bridging any. gap that
may exist between different cultures. The challenge for dip. lomats or interactants
in international settings at large is to capture. within the context of the source
culture, all meanings inherent in a given message at every discourse level so as
to avoid misunderstandings or misperceptions while interacting with others.
Focussing on the importance of understanding the nature of communicative
mechanisms in a given culture or across cultures, this course will cover the
following: sections & readings
/ :
Section # 1: The Need For An :
Interdisciplinary Approach For: Studying Diplomatic I Negotiational Interactions
This section introduces an interdisciplinary approach for studying diplomatic
I negotiational interactions, his approach derives its basic concepts from the
findings of the three disciplines of linguistics, Polit. ical Science & International
relations.
This section also demonstrates the components of strategic communicative
competencies that a diplomatist or prospective diplomatist. Or an interactant in
)(
.B

289

international communication context must have

Readings:
- Power & International Political Negotiation.
- Analysis Of Power In Negotiations: Perspectives From Linguistics, Political
Science & International Relations.
- A Linguistic Analysis Of Power Mechanisms Underlying International
Political Negotiations A Dissertation, Georgetown University, Washington D.C.
1989 by Hassan Wageih Hassan(Ch. #1 & Ch.2# ).
:
Section # II: Dilpmacy, Negotiation, Bargaining, Persuasion &Propaganda:
This section is intended to clarify the differences inherent in the. meanings
of the above key concepts.
Readings:
- Diplomacy & Negotiation ch. #1 from Nicolsons Book Diplomacy
published by the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy,Georgetown University,
Washington D.C. 1988(ed).
- Negotiation, & Bargaining.
- Negotiational Objectives ch #1 & ch #3 from F.C. Ikles book How Nations
Negotiate, Harper & row, Purchase N.X. 1987. (pp1-7 &pp26-42).
- Language, persuasion & Propaganda. From Werkuneisters book.An
Introduction to Critical Thinking, Johnsen publishing company, 1948.
: /
Section # III: Diplomacy & Ethnolinguistics This section provides findings
of several case studies in the field of Ethnolinguistics that highlight the degrees
of cultural barriers and the dynamics of cross cultural-communication.
This section is intended to increase the diplomatists or the prospective
diplomatists awareness of-the sope of problems he or she may face in real crosscultural cornmunicatiofl situations.

290

Readings:
- Pragmatics of Cross-Cultural Communication, by D. Tannen in Applied
Linguistics, Vol. 5 No. 3, 1984,pp1-8).
- Kinesics & Proxemics: part eight in Virginia Clark et als book Language,
1977, pp.453-528).
- That Is Not What I Meant, by D. Tannen, ch #2 & ch #10, published by
William Morrow & company, Inc., New York,1986.
- The Art Of Diplomatic Signalling, ch. #1 & ch #7, by R. Cohen, Longman
1987,(pp 98- 114 & pp188-166).
- Arguments With Khomeini: Rhetorical situation& persuasive style in crosscultural perspective, Text (2), Mounton De Grayter. Amesterdam, 1986 by B.
Johnston,(pp153-171).
- Problems of International Communication in Egyption-Amer-. ican
Relations in International Journal Of Intercultural Relations.vol. 11, 1987 by
R. Cohen,pp29-47.
- Cultural Influences upon Perception by Harry Triandis,(pp119-124).
- How to negotiate in Japan, by Howerd F.Vanzanat,(pp 307-319),in Samorar
& Porter ed. Intercultural Communication A Reader Prespective,1979.
- Undiplomatic Translations, in Native Tongues by Charles Berlitz, The
Putnam publishing group N.Y. 1982. (pp153-159).(Additional examples will
be added).
- How To Do Business in the Middle East Management Review 65. no.8
August 1976: 19-28 by Alghanim Kutayba.
- Egypt: A Strong Sense of National Identity. In Hans Binne-diik, ed,
National Negotiating styles. washington D.C. Foreign Ser. vice Institute, U.S.
Department of State, 1987 by william quandt.
- Argentinas Bargaining with IMF. Journal of Inter American Stud-. ies &
World Affairs 29, No. 3 (Autunm 1987) 55-86 by stiles K.W.
- The Asian Mind Game: Unlocking the Hidden Agenda of the Asian
291

Business Culture: A Westerners Survival Manual. New. York: Maxwell

Macmillan International 1990 by Chu, Chin Ning.
- Negotiating with Firms in Developing Countries: two case studies Industrial
Marketing Management 17, no. 1(FebuAry 1988) 49-53 study of India & nigeria
by Ghuari, Pervez N.
- Marketing Negotiations in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and
the United States. Journal of Marketing 52, no. 2(April 1988): 49- 62 by Cambell,
Nigel C. John L. Graham, Alain Jolibert. and Hans Gunther Meissner .
- Some Believes of Americans can Lead to Wrong Conclusions The
Nihan Kerzai Shimbun. Japan Economic Journal(August. 1980)24 FF by
herberger, Roy. A.
: B
Section # IV: Grice Maxims & Diplomatic Maxims
This section brings into focus Grices Conversational Maxims and. relates
these Maxims to Diplomatic Maxims
Readings:
- Grice Maxims in Stephen C. Levinsons Pragmatics publishedby
Cambridge Textbooks linguistics N.Y. 1983,(pp100-118).
- Language & Morality by Henery Abraham,(pp 565- 676)in Exposition &
The English Language, James Sanderson & W.Gordon published by Merdith
corporation 1969.
- The Bargaining Reputation.
- Rules of Accommodation ch. #6 & 7 in Ikles How Nations Negotiate,
Harper & Row, publishers N.Y.pp76-122.
:
Section # V: Ambiguity & Levels of Explicitness in Diplomatic Documents
This section highlights cases of ambiguity and demonstrates level of explicitness
in diplomatic documents.
Readings:
- U.N. Security Council Resolution 242: A Case Study In Diplomatic
292

Ambiguity Lord Crdon, Arthur J.Goldberg,Mohamed H.El-Zayyat Abba Ehan,

published by Instiute For The Study Of Diplomacy.
- Text of the Anglo-French Ultimatum directed to Egypt in l956. Suez
Crisis
-Text of Nixons letter to Sadat during 1973 October crisis. (Other text will
be provided for analysis and comparison).
:
Section # VI: Diplomacy & The Personality Of The Diplomatist: Or The
Political Actor: This section provides some important theoretical findings in
re-lation to the study area of personality and politics. It also displays pat-terns
of interactions derived from the practices of influential & con. temporary political
actors in our world.
Readings:
- Personality & Politics ch #IV by F. Greenstein, Markham publishing
company Chicago 1969,pp 14-25.
- Cognitive Maps & International Realities: Kissingers Approach to world
politics and The Policies of Henry Kissinger, in Henry Kissinger: his personality
& Policies, edited by Dan Caldnehl Durham, N.C. 1983,pp 86-108 ch #4 & ch
5#.
- A Cultural Analysis of the Rhetoric of Franois Mitterand by Beatrice K.
Reynolds International Journal of Intercultural Relations. Vol. H.(pp279294,187).
_ B

Section # VII: Essential Technical Training Needed For Diplomatists Or
Interactants In Cross-Cultural Communication Negotiating Situations:
This section is intended to address essential technical skills that a diplomatist
must develop continually. The following are some of such skills:
1) Building & refuting arguments in political & business settings.
293

2) Ability to avoid being trapped by the subtle linguistic strategies deployed

by professional interviewers or other interactants in gen eral. This means the
ability to deal with control exercising dis course strategies, that in many cases
serve the agenda of one party. while blocking and thwarting the agenda of the
recipient
3) Knowledge of the essential types of text and talk analyses such as Speech
Acts, Topic & Move Analyses. This type of knowledge greatly enhances
understanding of the working mechanisms of, such linguistic elements in various
discoursal contexts.
Readings:
- On Discourse Analysis, Speech Acts, Topic & Move Analyses,ch.#3
Dissertation by Hassan Wageih Hassan(cited in section #l). ( pp58-101)
- Argumentation in Politics & in Business. ch 313. #15 in Argumentation
And The Decision Making Process, by Richard Dieke Malcolm Sillars Scott,
Foresman & Company Glenview, Illinois1984 pp 264-283 & pp307-337..
- Questions & their uses in Interviewing: Principles & Practices W.M.C.
Brown publishers, Dubuque, Iowa 1985 pp79-104.
- Strategies for Processing Political Information in Doriss A.Grabers
Processing The News: How People Tame the Information,Tide, Longman, N.Y.
1984,pp 123-146.
- Texts for analysis will be provided.

Section # VIII: Glossary Of Technical Diplomatic Phrases: From Nicolsons
Diplomacy, cited in section #11(pp122-136).

294

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