trphcc

right of the poles at s

= -1 and -2, tbe inverse signal, and, applying eqs. (9.14) and (9.104),

Example 9.16
The initial- and final-value theorems can be useful in checking the corectness of the Laplace transform calculations for a signal. For example, consider the signal .r(t) in Example 9.4. From eq. (9.24), we see that x(o') = 2. Also, using eq. (9.29)' we lind

x(t) = l2te'

e-t + 3e-2'lu(t).

Domain

limsx(r) R

).1 r : ll ;;7;;;;5.1 + l') :

z,

X(s), withROC:

which is consistent with the initial-value theorem in eq. (9.1l0).

9.5.1|

Table of Properties

In Table 9.1, we summarize the propenies developed in this section. In Section 9.7,
many of these properties are used in applying the Laplace transform to the analysis and chamcterization of linear time-invariant systems. As we have illustrated in several examples, the various properties of Laplace transforms and their ROCs can provide us with

differentiation property set forth in Section 9.5.7. n property presented in Section 9.5.6. Specifically,

It

lt

x(r1d.

- u(t)*r(t).
(Re{s}

(9

TAaLE

9.1

PROPERTIES OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Property

Signal
r(r)
xr(r) xr(r)

Transfom
X(r)
Xr(s)

LapLce

ROC

r .. *;, .t)
property,

>

0,

n
Rl R.

X:(s)

u(t\ *

1s111

rl <-----+ :X(s),
s

Linearity Time shifting Shifting in the.r-Domain Time scaling

Conjugation Convoluti()n

axt(t) +

.r(r

btlt)
ro)

dxr(r) t D&(s) .-",'X(s)

X(r

At least Rr n Rr
R

e"r,',Y(t)

so)

ntersection of the ROC of X(s) and the ROC of the , which results in the ROC given in eq. (9.106).

shifted version of i? (i.e., s is in the ROC if r - so is in R)

Scaled ROC (i.e.,

x(at)

:xl:l
X"(r')
Xr(s)Xr(s)
sX(s)

is in the

ROC

if Jd is in R)

r'(r)
xr(t) * r'(r)

Inal-Value Theorems
0 for I < 0 and that r(t) contains no impulses t the origin, one can directly calculate, from the Laplacc +Fi.e., "t(t) as t approaches zero from positive values of e limit as t -+ of r(t). The initial-value theorem slaffa
that

At least Rr n Rr At least R
R

i(t) :

Differentiation in the Time Domain Dfferen(iation in the

,r-Domain Integration in the Time Domain

:'r{l}
rr(r)

lxat
1xt.)
s

x(rld(rl

AtleastRn{G{r}>0}

x(0') = 16
iays that

ra1r;,

(9.110)
Initial- and Final-Value Theorems

Ifr(l)=0fort<0andx(rcontainsnoimpulsesorhigher-ordetsingularitiesatt=0,then

lim x1r;

= rlim sX(s). -(l

(e.lrl)

.r(0'):

limtx(s)

lim x(r) = limrx(r)

is considered in Problem 9.53.