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Answers
(HAPTER 1
21. (a) For each positive value of x, there are two values ofy. (b) For each value of x of. 0, there are two values ofy.
-I
11. A
13•
X
v'3 x2,
d.4
P = 3x
= 2d2,
23.
n,)= ' .
f 2-.1:.
oS.t·S 1
l<xS2
v'3'
g(X)
= ,jjX[
25.
-2
--~~-L~r-~-L~--+x -3 -I 0
--' I I I ~tc_I_,_I_':-) I _,
-4 -3 -2 -I -2 ! 2
...
f{/)=.!...
-x + 2,
0
S
<x
2 3
-s 2
3.
2, (b)
x<1
lex) =
0, 2, 0,
I sx 2 sx
< <
3 s x -s 4
A-l
A-2
Chapter 1: Answers
+l
:s x < 0
= {..
~!'x +~,
+
2,
~~ : : ~
-2
:5
Inc. -
00
<x <
00
:5
0
-I
(b) f(x)
= {~~
0<x:51
-1, l<x:53 31'. (a) (-2,0) U (4, co) 33. (3) 0 :s x < 1 (b) -1 < x :5 0 35. Yes 37. V = x(14 - 2x)(22 - 2x) 39. (3) Because the circumference of the original circle was 871 and a piece of length x was removed
<
co
(b) r (c) It
=
s=
=
2
4- ~
27T 27T
r: =
Y'"16-1I"-x---x-=·2
~---;1
(d)V=-m'-h= 3
(811"-x)2V
1611"x -
);2
2411"-
-8
-s
--4
-2
19. Even 2l. Even 23. Odd 25. Even 27. Neither 29. Neither 31. (a) The graph supports the assumption that y is proportional to x. The constant of proportionality is estimated from the slope of the line, which is 0.166.
10
-2
y=0.166 ...
00
<x
00
(b) The graph supports the assumption thaty is proportional to x 1/2. The constant of proportionality is estimated from the slope ofthe line, which is 2.03.
1].
Dec. - 00 inc. 0 :s x
.r'"
Chapter 1: Answers
A-3
+ i ;;:: (.\-+
.:>
l)3
•
4
•
23. y =
Vx +
0.81
25. Y = 2x
Y
y;:;
-0::+--'1--'-2--'-3
--'-4 -SL-
L....17--L8_;_9
+:
2x
),,,,,-.h-+O.SI
Dg; X 2: I, Rf; -00 < Y < 0::'0, Rg:v 2: 0, Df+g = Dfog = Dg, R/+g;y 2: I, Rfog:y2: 3. DJ; -00 < x < 00, Dg: -00 < x < 00, RJ; Y = 2, Rg:y2: I, Dflg:-oo<x<oo, Rf/g:O<y:52, Dgif; -00 < x < 00, RgiJ: y 2: 1/2
27. y -
x-I
29.
(Il) 22
(g)
x
(c) x2 + 2 10 (h) x4
22
ee) 5
42 -
(c) (~ -
5)2
(d) (
1_ _ 4x - )
)2
31. 33.
3
(e) 4.:.:21_ 5 9. (a) f(gG:c» (e) g(1i (f(x») 11. g(x) (a) x - 7 (b) x (c) (d)~
fl,)
(f
+
XZ
v:;: v:;=s
X X-
~
3x
3.1:
+
X
6
-2
~
35.
--::+--'-1 -...Iz---..J....,._ .v 0
4.
x-I
.1'
37 .
(e) x-I
1 +x
x
x
(0
Jt
1, gU(x»
(b) DhJ= (-OO,-l]U(O,oo),D,d (c) Rfog = [0, I) U (l, 00), Rgo.f = (0, (0) 15. (a) y = -(,1" + 7f (b) y = -(x - 4)" 17. (a) Position 4 (b) Position I (e) Position 2 (d) Position 3 19. (x + 2? + (y + W = 49 21. y + 1 = (x
,----Vx+l = (-1,00)
39.
41.
..
-
1)3
-2
A~4
43 ..
51. y = 3;\:2 - 3
}=--.,
Ix -
57 • 61.
]I
-y'~ ~ +
2
'4
47.
-2
-I
~t'=J,+1 r 3
2
R' [2, 3J
R: [-1,0]
65.
67.
y=Ilx)+2 r=II-<)- I
-3
R: [0,2]
R: [-1,0]
69.
-4
-4
71.
~f[X.1
(c) D:[-2,O],
R:[O,IJ
2
-6
y=f(x-I)
73.
75.
-2
R: [D, 1]
(h)D:[~l,I],
R:[O,l]
-2
.\'=/1-.,)
-2
-~
Chapter 1: Answers
A-5
77.
ex
4?
16
(y -
3 )2 9
=1
9. [-3,3] by [-6, 6]
}'
13. [-2,8]by[-S, (d) Even 79. (a) Odd (b) Odd (c) Odd (0 Even (g) Even (h) Even (0 Odd 83. A = 2,B = 2?r, C = -?r.D = -1
y ""
10]
15. [-3,3]by[0,
10]
(e) Even
z s!n
fx+
nJ - i
-4 -2 -2 -4
19. [-4,4]
by [0, 3]
y
85. A =-
11~
2 B = 4 , C = 0 , D = _!_ '7T
.
\'=--SID
IS
Y= :r+3
3.0 2_5
2.0 f(x)
)'
2.
it
x+2
= "~ + 2
.r- + 1
-111-8-6 -4
-2 -4 -6
B 10
0.5
8 -4 -.1 -2 -I 123 4
21. [-10,10]
by [-6,6]
8 4
6
2 -2 4
i(x)
=--f-=-i'--.<-6
-5
-2 10
2 ~ 6 8 La
-4 -6
40
30
50
-2
A-6
2x+
":0:-;'3.\"
~2.11 -
29.
f-
J~' ~
'. '.
•=
'I... ·J
3~h
\'"'.
-I -1 -1
3].
41. (a) y = I 059.14x - 2074972.23 (b) fIJ = 1059.14; this is the amount the compensation increase by each year,
(c)
jU,noo
40.01111 30.000
will
33.
In.OIlQ 1(1001)
19R'i
19<)0
1995
,(JOll
200S
(d) S53,899.17
Chapter 1: Answers
A· 7
1.970 l.r
50.0594
5.
.
y=
.L
~,,\
y=
1" ~
500
200
---t -_;
2 -I
3·1
so
100
7_
\' _ 2-~ J
\' = 2\" - I
(c)
If the
speed
is
72
stopping
distance stopping
is
(d)
367.50 ft. lf'the speed is 85 mph, the approximate is 522.67 ft. )' = -140.4121 -1- 6.889x
distance
5011
~oo
ill!) 200 HKI
• •
9_
-~ -
• •
Ifthe
stopping
distance
is
355.60 ft. If the speed is 85 mph, the approximate stepping distance is44S.IS ft TIle quadratic regression equation is a better fit.
11. 161/4 Range:
2 0
13.41:2
-00
19. -I - oo I
<,
<,
'x'
31. (a}
A(I)
= 66 (I "2
·X
:13. "" 1 1.433 years 35. "" 11.090 years 37. "" 19.108 years 39. 24~ .0:: 2815 X I()I~ 41. (a) Regression equation: Pix) = 6.033( \.030)', represents 1900
.. here .v = 0 v
--J
-3 -2
-I
(}
3.
.r
(b) Approximately 6.03 million, which is not very dose actual population
(c) The annual rate of growth is approximately 3%.
(0
the
-J -4 -5
_""_'21 -
A-a
Chapter 1: Answers
55. 5. One-to-one
(b)
-0.35621
(e) 0.94575
(g) -1.03972
(d) (h)
tt
(f) 0.97041
(b) 71'/4
log2
C x_ x)
00
1
(e) -'TT13
61. (a)
(b) rl(x)
10&1.1(50
x_x)
= 8 (2
)'/12
(b) 36 hours
9. D: [-1', I)
R:[-1T12,r./2)
"'" 44.081 years 73. x "'" -0.76666 (a) y = lnx - 3 (b) y = InCx - I) (e) y = 3 + In (x + I) (d) y = 111 (x - 2) - 4 (e) y = In(-x) (f) y = eX
27Tr , A
2 = -C 4'7r
7. Neither
9. Even
Domain:
all reals (b) Domain: [-4, 4J (b) Domain: all teals (b) Domain: all reals (b) Domain: (3, co) (b) Domain: [-4,4] (b) I x O!Sx<! = ., { 2 - x,
Range: [0,2]
Is
=
!S 2 (e) x,x
=~
=
(b)_l_ 1
19. J-~(x)
21. i-I(.x)
range:
Vx - I = ,y;:; domain:
<Y <
~; domain:
15. rl(x)
v2.5
'1/5
fI
*a
v'
(d)
=
< y < co
Vl/vX+2 + 2
0 0 0 0
= ~;
-00
domain:
00
<x <
co; 0
23.
25.
1- (x) =
I
x> 0;
range: y In3)
>
33. (a) (f g)(x) = -x, x .;;:,-2, (g flex) = 4 - x2 (b) Domain (j g): [-2,00), domain (g J): [-2,2) (e) Range (j 0 g): (- 00,2], range (g 0 i): [0,2] 35, Replace the portion for x < with mirror image of the portion for x > 0 to make the new graph symmetric with respect to the j-axis,
(b) 2(ln2
(e) 1n3
1ln2
i
(e) -ln2,
- In2)
27. (a) In 5
29.
(a) 7.2
I
31. (a)
(b) I (e) -x2 35. e51 + 40 37. Y = 2xer + I In 2 (b) k = 0110) In 2 (c) k
y=x
1000 In a 37. It does not change it. 39, Adds the mirror image of the portion for x > 0 to make the new graph symmetric with respect to the j-axis 41. Reflects the POrtiOD for y < 0 across the x-axis 43. Reflects the portion for y < 0 across the x-axis 45. (a) Domain: -00 < x < 00 (b) Domain: x > 0 47. (a) Domain: -3 s x !S 3 (b) Domain: 0 s x s 4
t=
-101n3
(b) 1=_JJ12
(a) 7
(a)
(b)
V2
x2
(e) 75
(e) sinx
(d) 2
(0 -[
(b) 3
(e) 2
v:;:
12
(b)
51. x =
53. x = 3 or x = 2
Chapter 2: Answers g) (x) = In (4 - x2) and Domain: -2 < x < 2; f)(x) = 4 - (In x)2 and Domain: x > 0; f)(x) = In (In x) and Domain: x > I; g)(x) = -x4 + &:2 - 12 and Domain: -00 < x < 00. R:
-11' [
A-9
49. (j
(g
0 0 0 0
(f (g
7T] 2' 2
X,
(b) D: [-1,1]
R: [-1, I]
3. Yes. For instance: lex) = I/x andg(x) = and g(x) = x/2, or I(x) = eX and g(x) = 5. If lex) is odd, then g(x) = lex} - 2 is not unless j(x) = 0 for all x. If I is even. then also even. 7. y Ixl + Iyl = I u
= (~)3
r
g(f(x»
=x
13.
338.622
] 5. 17.
y=
20.627 x
+ 338.661
19.
I is an even function or ao odd function. (b) Not always. If I is odd, then h is odd. If the graph of IV) passes the horizontal line lest, so will the graph of g(x) = - I(x) since it is the same graph reflected about the x-axis, (a) Domain: all reals, Range: If a > 0, then (d, 00); if a < 0, then (~oo, d). (b) Domain: (c, 00), range: all reals (a) y= 100,000- 10000x,0$x$ 10 (b) After 4,5 years In (10/3) After In 1.08 ~ 15.6439 years. (If the bank only pays interest
(b) Approximately 957 (e) Slope is 20.627. It represents the approximate annual increase in number of doctorates earned by Hispanic Americans pcr year.
CHAPTER
2
pp.
Section 2.1,
75-78
(-1.0)
H.O) -3
(1.0)
-3
.r
-3
-3
1. (a) Does not exist. As x approaches I from the right, g(x) approaches O. As x approaches 1 from the left, g(x) approaches I. There is no single number L that all the values g(x) get arbitrarily close to as x ~ I. (b) I (c) 0 3. (a) True (b) True (e) False (d) False (e) False (f) Twe 5. As x approaches 0 from the left, x/Ix I approaches -I. As x approaches 0 from the right, x/Ix I approaches I. There is no single number L that the function values all get arbitrarily close to as x-> O. 7. Nothing can he said. 9. No; no; no H. (a) I(x) = (x2 - 9)/(x + 3)
(e)
)'=-2/1<+ (-4.1) 1)+1
(d)
3
(0, T)
-2
(-I. -2)
'I 0.-2)
"
(e)
x~-3
lim I(x)
= -6
A-10
13.
Chapter 2; Answers
(a) GCr) = Ix
6),/(x2
4x -
12)
37. (a)
(b) (e)
I)/h
(b) g(x)
v'x
1.0001
(e)
x--6
lim
G(x)
-1/8
= -0.125
1.0000499
0.499
1.0000005 0.5
(d) 0.5
(c]
"--1
lim Jlx)
=
=2
(sin (J)IIJ
~-11
lim giG)
=I =
.\",.,!-"
43. 2 45. 3 47. 1/(2 7) 49. 51. (a) The limit is I. 53. c = 0, I, -I; The limit is 0 at c and I at c = L - I 55. 7 57. (a) 5 (b) 5
v'S
O.
3. 8 = 1/2
x-·J
-7/: -3
4/9
-112 1;2
lim [ix) "" 0.36788 23. 0 25. 9 27. 7i/2 29. (a) 19 (b) 1
1/18
21. -i
41i
4 (b) _ 3~,/3 33. I 31. (a) - T. " 35. Graphs can shift during a press run, so your estimates completely agree with these.
(a)
1118y
not
8 = 0.1 9. 8 = 7/16 J 1. 8 = 2 (3.99,4.01), 8 = 0.01 17. f-0.19,0.2]). \3,15)' 0=5 21. {IOn, 5), B = 2/3 (-\13.5). 8 = V4.5 - 2 "" 0.12 (V'ls, \/17), 4"'" 0.12
Vs -
\14.5,
a =v17 0.03)
Ill'
G - ,~;"*+ t),
0 = 0.05
0.03 2 m'
0.03
111
8=
fh
31. L = -3. ,)
3 = 0.0]
L = 4.
35. L = 4,
0.75
Chapter 2: Answers
A-11
55. [3.384,3.387]. To be sale, the left endpoint was rounded up and the right endpoint rounded down. 59. The limit does not exist as x approaches J.
27.
ll'l '
5 :
r:::-I-
'\=
'*
:
29.
III
5-
-5
9.
(a)
D: 0 s x s 2, R : 0 <
_I'
j~~~.
~::~;
(e):c
I
=2
-10
11$1<
"
'~\
<2
,, ,, ,, ~: I. ,, ',
:__ :"~;; .._ ~
o II.
\13
(a) I
B. I
IS.
2/Vs
17. (a) I
(b) -I
25. 2 27. 1/2 21- I 23. 3/4 (b) 2/3 (b) -J 37. (a) -3 29. 2 31. I 33. 1/2 35. 3/8 41. (a) -5/3 (b) 1/2 (b) -5/3 43. 0 39. (a) 1/2 49. -I 45. -1 47.0 51. (a) 2/5 (b) 2/5 57. (a) 0 55. (a) 7 (b) 7 53. (a) 0 (b) 0 65. oc 59. (a) -2/3 (b) -2/3 61. 0 63. 1 77. 8 =
1'"2
19.
33.
(bl 0 73. 1
,
~
~ x-·s+-
lim ~
=0
~1)""--;:-=-j=H-I+~
I
~I''''
x:
(b) 399 (c) The limit docs not exist. 81. (a) 400 85. 3/2 87. 3 83. 1
II I
I I
21
..J
35.
(b) -00 3. -00 5. -00 7. 00 9. (a) '::JO 13. 00 15. -00 (b) -00 (d) 00 '00 (e) - CG -00 (b) 00 (e) a (d) 3/2 -00 (e) It will be -00, (b) 1/4 (e) 1/4 Cd) 1/4 -00 (b) 00 (d) 0(, 00 (e) 00 (b) 00
i'=-~-~~~:
"".1"+ I
A.-12
37.
i5
<
-8,
57.
-)
59.
41.
43.
61.
, , ,
J{X)~~
I.x-:n---
. ;-./4-)
.< !,';;;;--
-2
,
.( ='2 :
1·<1
51. (a) For every positive real number B there exists a corresponding number 0 > 0 such that for all x xo -
-2 -3
a < x < Xo
==}
f(x)
> B,
65. At
00: 00,
(b) For every negative real number -B there exists a corresponding number i5 > 0 such that for all x Xo
at -O;J: 0
67. At
00:
0, at
-00:
< x < Xo + 8~
f(x)
<
-B.
Chapter 2: Answers 69. (a) y ___,. (see the accompanying graph) 00 (b) y ___,. (see the accompanying graph) 00 (c) Cusps at x = ± I (see the accompanying graph)
J
A-13'
9. Y
12~
16
J(.r "2
l'.. x)
m
1-2. -8) -8
73. (a) x
(b)
11. m = 4,y - 5 = 4(x - 2) 13. In = -2,y - 3 = -2(x - 3) 15. m = 12,)1 - 8 = 12(t - 2) ]7. 19. 25. 29. 37. 43.
In =
±,y -
± (x -
4)
21.
29.
33. 39. 65.
2; not defined at x = 2 Continuous 5. (a) Yes (b) Yes (c) Yes (d) Yes (a) No (b) No 9. OIL 1, nonrernovable; 0, removable 13. All x except x = 2 15. All .r except x = 3,x = 1 17. All x 19. All x except X = 0 All x except x = l1:[r/2, n any integer 23. All x except 117r/2, n an odd integer 25. All x 2": -3/2 27. Allx 0; continuous at x = tt 31. 1; continuous aty = 1 1; continuous at x = 0 35. g(3) = 6 37. f(I) = 3/2 a = 4/3 63. x ~ 1.8794,-1.5321,-0.3473 x "'" I ,754967. x"" 3,5156 69. x"'" 0,7391
m = -10 21. m = -1/4 23. (-2,-5) y = -(x + 1),y = -(x - 3) 27. 19,6m/sec 671' 31. Yes 33. Yes 35 .. (a) Nowhere (a) At x = 39. (a) Nowhere 41. (a) At x = (a) Atx = 0
lim
I(x)
lim f{x)
=
=
_r_____"-~
lim
/(x) = 1, so
+
f(
l }; continuous at x = -]
= 0, so
x---+O
Atx
0:
x~o-
lim f(x)
-1/2 Atx=l:
However, f(O) t= 0, so f is discontinuous at x = 0, The discontinuity can be removed by redefining teO) to be 0, lim f(x) = -I and lim f(x) = I, so lim l(x)
x""'"1-
.1'-0+
lim fex)
lim lex)
O.
x-iIol+
x-:"]
does not exist. The function is discontinuous at x = 1, and the discontinuity is not removable.
}'=/(.'J
-I
7. y
3. (a) -21
(g)
(b) 49
-7
(b)-'7
(b) [0,00) (c) (-00,0) and (0, 00) 7. (a) (-00, +00) (b) 0 (d) (0, 00) 9. (a) Does not exist I 2 21. -00 13. 2;( 15. -'4 17. rr 19. 11. 2 23. 0 25. 2 27. 0 29. 2 5 31.
33. -00
35. 0
A-14,
37.
.'[-=-+1
Chapter 3: Answers 45. (a) y' = -2"(: (d) -00 < x 47. (a) y' = x2
(b)
y
39. I.
41.
'IT
(c) X
<
0,0
<x <
} .\,=3
y'=.\
-I
(b) 25. 0
a--).O
. a......,.~l+
lim
r-(a)
=1
27. 1
CHAPTIER 3
Seeticn 3.1, pp, 152-156 1. -2x,6,0,-2
5 3 .' 2"'1/3e" 2{q 2 1 2
(c) x O,x = 0, none (d) -00 <x< 00, none 49. y' = Jx2 is never negative 51. Yes,y -I- 16 = -(x - 3).istsngentat(3, -16) 53. No, the function ]I = lx J does not satisfy the intermediate value property of derivatives. 55. Yes, (- f)1 (x) = -(j'{x)) get) 57, For g(t) = mt and h(t) = t, lim ,--( ) = In, which need not be ' .....0 (I I zero.
3. -fJ,2'-4'-3v'3
1 3 2v2 7. 6x2 13. I - 2'
2v'3'2'
-j
11.,
9
]
+1)v'q+l
1.
°
." 1)·
+ 1)2
-
15. 3t2 - 6)
ds _ 2 3. -d - 15t 'i
151
.4
'-.-2 -
y - 4=
-}
-2 (x
-]
19. 6
29. d
5. -d
7.
dy
25.
(x -
2/,., b
4x2
z3
+ 2eX, -,
d2w
Z2'
cPy
dx"
8x + Ze"
2 z3 12 - 30,·-4
-
f' on {-4,
6)
dz dy 9 . dx
dw ~=
l. --6 + -[Lx .. -2
353
4
dz2
[8 =~-Z4 ell)!
>,
dr= 11. ds
+ .2_
1.. _
s4
5
s3
12x2 - 2x: - 3
x2
15,v'=3x2+10x+2-J..
33.
y'
17.v'=
[2-
(3x - 2)2
-19
I
19.
g'(x)
= X2 -I x -I:
21. ~d.lv =
(I -I- t )-
21;,
+ 2:i.:-3/2
~. 7
B4 c-:J 87 SR
~"'e~ ".
0
-3.3
c-:J
y'
y(lI)
2xJ
3x -
l,y"
= 6x2
3,y'"
= 12.,yI4)
Since lim,~o+ J'(x) = 1 while 11111.1'_0- f'{x) differentiable at x = 0, Since h%-t' = 2 while lim,,'_r differentiable at x = I. (a) -3 :s x :s 2 (b) None (c) None (3) -3 :s x < 0, < x :S 3 (b) None (a) -1 :s x < 0, < x :s 2 (b) x =
is not is not
0 for n ::" 5
= 2 -I- 14.\"-3
l
12.
rex)
rex)
= 1/2, f(x)
(e) x = 0 (c) None
33. dd = 3e-4, d :. = -120-5 ..er de" 3- dw = 6' :'l. -'_ ze: -I 3)· -.-, = 6' z-·e·, d w eus: dz:
2
12 ze:
) 3z-e' -
Chapter 3: Answers
A-15
37.
rs
-r-
I -4 S ~6 2_q -q
19.
(a)
"7 sec.
280 em/sec
980 cm/sec2
13
I'
= =
(b) -7 x 5
(<I) 20
(b)
111
= -4 nt (0. I) 17
(e) _J'
1'
-lr. Y = 2 45. a = I. b = I, ..f7. (a) _l' = 2\' + 2. (c) (2,6) 49. P'(x) = IW"X"-! + (II - I )(/I~lX"~l
= 8x
-I-
0
2a2.\· Rule,
.L
(e) 29.75 flashes/sec 21- C = position, A = velocity, B = acceleration 23. (a) $110/machinc (b) $80 (e) $79.90 25. (a) b'(O) = I O~ bacter.a/h (h) b'(5) = 0 bacteria/h (e) b'(,IO) = ~IO'lbactcria/h
al
+ ... +
Multiple RuJe.
27. (a) - = - dt 12
(b) The largest the smallest (e) ."
ely
I
value of-I' value of
5 I, The Product
latter
IX
the
dv
{I
is a
when I = 12 and
special
dv
(III1W)
1111'\1'
!I'VW
(II is -
when
I=
O.
= 1I!1I2!13114
-I- UI!l2U3Uij
lIILl2113114-1-
I/J 114
lIj'''Ur. 1I',1l2""
(e) IIx
d ()
=
till
1I!1I2"'1I"~11I1I
1,1!1I2 .. ·tI,,~2UII~IUn
... +
55. dl'
tiP
nRT
(1'~l1b)2
2ali~ 1'3
29.
I = 25 sec
D = -9-m
6250
31.
(a) (tI)
II 11
= 0 when
< 0 when
at I = 6.25 sec.
up on (6.25,12.5]
-2
012345678910 I
0---0
= 12.5
when it is traveling
It's moving
_.1 ~I
17.
(a) 190 ft/scc (b) 2 sec (e) 8 sec, (d) 10.8 sec, 90 ft/scc (e) 2.8 sec
(f) greatest (g) constant acceleration acceleration happens between
ft/sec,
farthest
away.
A-16
33.
Chapter 3: Answers
27.
.Y
0 when 0 when
11
f=
6±V15
3
sec.
<
6-VlS 3
s; 1
6+VIS 3
3
= body moves
, I >
left;
> 0 when 0
V15 or
.
6+VlS < I S 4 = 3
. ..
)'~~2-.f3x_l~"
+2
.1';:::
.r.
~2.\.-
*I.".'.r,
4~"'IlL
6±
VIS sec.
+3 "\/lS ,4
6 - 3'/15,2 ) U (6 on (
3VlS) U
=
(2, 6 0 and
=
31. Yes, at x
and
7T
33. No
+ 3VIS).
I=
4 when it is sec.
-_-""-'::I2::---L__-r-~--_-;,,1::-2 -+x
6±VIS 3
+3 vl5
units and farthest from the origin. 35. (a) It takes 135 sec. (b) Average speed 0
=
fu
= 59 _ 33 = 26
13 ~ 0.077
(b) y
4-
V3
v'2
v'2
(d) 111e horse is running the fastest during the last furlong (between 9th and lath furlong markers). This furlong takes only 11 sec to run, which is the least amount of time for a furlong. (e) The horse accelerates the fastest during the first furlong (between markers a and 1).
+ 1) =
u5.
= (2):
l),y
dll
ely du elx
= 5u '2
lO(2~
[)4
L
Vx
5. 0
11.
x2 cos x
With 11 = (1 -
cot X}2
- csc2 x
n. e
_7u~8.
13.
(_+) (I - ~ys
=
(xj7)),y
dx
du dx
+ e"
e esc (J (tan I) -
17. -0(8cos8
2 sin 8)
sec2
e-
csc2
Chapter 3: Answers
A-17
= -. - = du dx
ely du
87.
(sec u tan u)(sec2 x) = sec (tan xl tan (tan x) sec2 x ely ely du 17. With II = sinx,y = u3: - = -= 31.12cosx = dx du dx 3 sin2 x (cos x)
.19.
y = e" ,
II
dy = ~5x , dx = ~5e-5 ..
21. )'
.' 23.
= eU
11
= 5 ~ 7x - = "dx
dy
-7e(5-7x)
2v'3=t
89.
.I'
91.
n S r$
..... ....: '·=~1_.,2
",/2
3(
+
II 4-2,·2
)2
,=0
",
\
35. (l - x)e39.
3e3r
37. (~x2 - 3x
3) e542
\ \
-2 -I
t:;;-\ -I
Vx
sec2 (2
Vx)
tan (2-V:;)
+
41. _2_s_in_8-----.". (1 + cos ef 93. (a) x = a cos t,y (b) x = a cos I, y (c) X = (least,)' (d) x = acost,y 95. Possible answer: x 97. Possible answer: x 99. Possible answer: x
=
+
/:
[2)]/2)COS(vf+-J)
I)' cos (71'/ -
a sin t, 0 :s;
sin (e-rf)
= a sin t,
I :s; f,s
21T
47T
I S;
:s; I ,s 271'
= -asinl,O,s = C/sinr,O,s
-2
57.
59.
(I + tan4C~) y(tan3C~)sec2C'2))
cot (3x 71. (b) 21T + 5 (g) 5/32 79. (a) y
5»(sm
(2l -
5»
r,s 41T = -1 + Sf, y = -3 + 4r,O :s; = {2 + l,y = t, t s; a = 2 - 3t,y = 3 - 4/, 12: 0 2y 1=,,/4
=-
V2
103.Y=x+ld2~1
105
J)
65. y"
= 2 (2:'(2
I) e,t' (e)-I
107. Y = 2, -:2 = -! dx ,=.,,(2 109. It multiplies the velocity, acceleration, and jerk by 2, 4, and 8, .=
x- 4-
, dx:
d2Yl
dx
=-2
r=l/4
(=-I
=-
I 2
el2Yl
respecti vely,
(d) 37/6
v2/24
(b)
-5/(3\/i7)
71'X
=
83.
2-
1r
(b) 71'/2
(~.I),y
O,y
= +Zr at r =
7T
81.
2
)'
~+i4 16
2
=1
9 .5/4 1. -4_\
21/3 3. ~/3
3x
5.
ds
7
2(x
I/" 6)' -
7. -(2'(
/ 5)-) 2
1=
",12
-I
9.
2x
-2
(x2
i. 1)1/2
u, +
dt
= 11-5(7
7
-I
13. dy = _ 1. e2t dt 3
5)-2/3]
A-iS
15. f'(x)
Chapter 3; Answers
_~======
-] 4Vx(] - vX)
2
2y - I ,
23.
-2,' + 3x~l} ry
0
xyl
-2.xyx
y2
=~- ~
Y
.\ (x
+ 1Y
27. cos2 y
G) - t) +
(
cos
n
-i
ex
+
+
3)'
3y) )
-v;.-I'
\18
35.
e
(e) 2, 1/2
xy x2
(2.1: y
22 -1-)1" ' -
x 37. yl = - v')'
_y2
xe\""
-,
Y
d'y dx2
'J'
.J 2x e'
);r2
- x e"
2 2.2
-% + %
]I'
y3
----'1'---
vi vY+
7
43. -2
v" =
i ~IlxJ~-4x+,
l ] : til = 1
29
6,
+ 3"
7
'iT
6 .6 (a)Y="7x+"7'
]"
'iT 53. (a) Y=-2X+7T, 55. (3) Y = 57. Points: (21TX ~1T,
2 2 (b) Y=1Tr-1T+2
'7
x (b) Y = - 2'iT
21T
59. m = -1 at 61. (-3,2)'/17 (3, -2): 67. (a) False 69. (3, -1)
dy yJ
=?
('{3, ~),
= --8
Slope: -2
= V'3at
In
(~3,~)
= 8;
27
'17
63.0
(e) Slopeofjat(l, l):3;slopeofgat(I., 1): 1/3; slope ofj' at (-], -1): 3; slope of gat (-1, -I). 1/3 (d) y = 0 is tangent to y = x) at .r = 0; .r = 0 is tangent to y='Viatx=O 7.1/9 9. 3 H.l/x
(b) True
(e) True dx dy x2 y3
13. 2/t
(Lnli
17.
1-
O+l
III I
73. -d
x·
+ 2xy + 3.\)'"
3xy2 2.ty'
"'
dx dy
19. 3/x
27. 33. x(l
21. 2 (In t)
.... :;,.--,-
t:
+
3x 2J: (x
lnx)
2
I)
2I-
39.~+(1.)
x·
x
(
41.
(?
-
1 )'
v x(x
I.
I)
I, x'
~l
.\
1)
43.
G)~ (+ -
. 2 Yx(x
2x
' I)
t~
I) = 2V'/(lI+
J)V2
Chapter 3: Answers
A-19
45. 47.
v8+3(SinO)Cce·~
ret +
1 )(1
3)
_1_
-I-
cot 0 )
_I -]
+ +
1
2)
[1 + t
Xl
1+1
+
]
1+2
= 3t2 -I- 6t
49. Ocos8
O+5[ e
5-
[1 +
X
1 e+ _x_
tane
63. 2 ]
lellVCe'f -
67. 0
1
+1
3(x
+ I)
69. sin"" x 71. (a) y = 55. -2 tan 0 73. (a) y = 81. (a) (b) 83. (a) (b) 93. (a)
t1X_~:: ~) (~ + X ~ 2 - X2~: 1)
1~ t yeYeosx ,.. 59. 1/(1 -I- eO)
%
2
7T
(e) None
)1
= !!..
(e) None
G~)5\;;
+ (log,
C'l/r)'
1-
ye-
smx
65. -d
71. 79
dy x
xy ln x
7TX(,,--I)
Defined; there is an angle whose tangent is 2. Not defined; there is no angle whose cosine is 2 Not defined; no angle has secant O. Not defined; no angle has sine Domain: all real numbers except those having the form -I- lett where k is an integer; range: -1T/2 < Y < 1T/2.
v'2.
. (x
I) 83.
+ ~ 7 cos
87.
(log7 e)
Ii;
95. (x
ln.,)~;,2) (
-7T/6 -rr3 / 3-rr/4 7T/4
e~t t)
3 )310£11 -I-
C~
(b) Domain: -00 < x < 00; range: -00 < Y < 9S. (a) Domain: -00 < x < 00; range: 0 -<; y :S -tr (b) Domain: -] :S x:s I; range: -1 :S Y -s 1 97. The graphs are identical. 1
00
In(x -I-
93. (sinx),,(blSinx
+ x cot x)
dt dV (e) - = dt
dt J dh 11rdt
(b) dV = 27Thr dr
cit
ell
3. 5. 7. 9. 11.
(h) -TT/3 (b) 7T/4 (b) 3-rr/4 (b) rr/6 (b) -1T/3
(b) 7f/6
3-rr/4
(e) TT/6 (e) -7T/3 (e) -rr/6 (e) 21T/3 (e) 1T/6 (e) 2TT/3 5
= 12,csca=S,cota=S
5. (a) 1 volt/sec
(e)
x t
= T2,seca
Vx2 x
1
-I- y2 dt
dx -I- ---:=y== dy + y2 dt
Vx2
a=
Vs
(e) dt = 9. (a)
ydy dt d8 dt
(1
cota = 17.
-2
19. 29.
dt
ciA
= 2abcos8
l/V2
v'x2
x-
-1/V3
2 37.
21. 4
v?+4
2V3
31. 4y2
v3 Vx2
23. 1 33.~
-
25.
-V2
v'9.1=I
39. x -2,
2x I
V9 3 47. 0
16
41. 1T/2
~ 11. (a) 14 cm2/sec, increasing (b) 0 em/sec, constant (c) -14/13 em/sec, decreasing (b) -59.5 J'f;sec (e) - I rad/sec 13. (a) -12 ft/sec
15. 20 fi/ser.:
= -abcos(j-
I . ~ -I- -bsm(J-
-asll1(J-
43. n/2
45. 71'/2
49.
-vI-7
51.
V2 v'l=2?
(b) ell' dt
14.92 em/min
A-20
Chapter 3: Answers
13. 8 cos ' (1 - 2t) sin (1 - 2t) OcosO + sinO 17.• ~ v 20 sine 21. 19 .• cos 15. 5(sec t) (sec t
(b)
I'
= V26y -
y2
m,
tan 1)5
dr /"'111m (c) ~ = ---m5 dt 2881T" 21. 1 ft/min, 401T if/min 23. 11 ft/sec 25. Increasing at 4661168J L/min 27. 1 [ad/sec 29. -s m/sec
31 '.
v 1.1:)28
V2e r..:::.
XCSC(f)
csc(~)
cot(~)
'/
rnm
-32/vl3 ;:::8.875 ft/sec d(Ndl = 8/65 rad/sec, d(h/d! = -8165 tad/sec dOI/dt = 1/6 rad/sec, d02/dt = -1/6 tad/sec
35. 5. Lex) = x 1T
-2 sin 0 (cos
e-
1)
37. 3~ 45.
39.
-9[
5x (5x2
+ cos2x
sin 2x)5/2
13
3. L(x) = 2 13. 1 - x
7. 2x
43. xe4x
9. -5
11.
I 4 I2x + '3
2
(In 2)x
49. -8-'On 8)
15. j(O) = 1. Also, r(x) = k(l + x)H, so 1'(0) = k . This means the linearization at x = is L(x) = I + 10;. 17. (a) 1.0 I (b) 1.003 ]-y 2 3) 2 - ZX2 19. ( 3x - • r dx 21., 2 2 dx 23. r: dx 2vx (I+x) 3Vy -I- x
2y+2(JIl(X -1
+ 2) +
1)
v 1 - x2COS-1 x
;-:---?
+ -'1
2~COS(5v:;.:)dX ~(csc(1
27. (4x2)sec2
(;3)d'x
35. 1
v'?=l
-3x2
~
I-
sec"! z
2
- .l,
- 2v:;.:)cot(1 33. ~ I
- 2\h))d1:
67. 2te
X ' ,
4y
4x -
4yl/3
71.
+
4q
1)
73. -1/2
dx
x<
dx
e2x
6q-4p 3pl
79. dq =
oj -1
(a) (a) dV (a)
. e-2t -
dx
39. (a).41
(b).4
(e) .0]
(b).2 (c) .031 (b) -2/5 (e) [/15 = 41Tro2 dr 47. dS = 12xo dx 0.081T m2 (b) 2% 53. dV;:::; 57. 0.05%
.231 -1/3
tOI"
-b.y3 - 2x4 -2r/ - 1 d2y d2y (b) = 83. (a) - 2 = 2 y5 x4y3 dx dx (b) ~2 85. (a) 7 (d) 1/4 (e) 12 (c) 5/12 (I') 9/2 (g) 3/4 87. 0 95. (a) 89.
3v2eV3;2
4 y
59. The ratio equals 37.87. so a change in the acceleration of gravity on the moon has about 38 time the effect that a change of Lhe same magnitude bas on Earth. 6]. 3% 63.3% 67. lim ~
.,~O
cos (e V3!2)
91.
-'2
93.
-2
(2t
+ I?
,V1+o
I
+ (~) +
1
(%)
= _!_ = 1
75. O.07c
(b) Yes
(c) Yes
9.
Vi
1(1
Vi
1)2
Chapter
3: Answers
A-21
97. (a)
y===
{
X.
oses I
<;;:52
2-x.l
+ +
r
27Th) ~/'
at
cit
dt
(47T1'
dr 27Th) -,
.M
dh 27T/'-d
t
(b) Yes
(c) No
(d) dt
dr
=2
21' + h
dt
149. 22 m/sec
dh
99. (t.~)and
1m. (a) (-2, lOS.
(~,-~)
(6), (3,11)
y
101. (-L271and(2.0)
(b) (0,20), (1,7)
-;-/1 :J
2x
+ -2-
71-2
107.
109. 4
4 x + '4' normal:
4x - 2
2.x - 4. normal: y
= - ~x +
(0)
L(x)
-Vb: +
,/2(4
.4
- 7T)
j. =
-4x
(~)x + ±,±
f. A =
graph of
121. B = graph of
f'
125. (a) 0.0 (b) 1700 rabbits, ""1400 rabbits 127. -1 129.1/2 13J. 4 133. [ 137. -,----= ~==V cos 2x 139. 141. 5 [ (r (I
2(-,2
I) [
-,-.C +
2,X
tan 2x
157. [(x)
= 1.5x
0.5
~dh
161. (a) 4%
(b) 8'%
1
f-
2- t
ve
e·)\ii.i(ln~ ']
f.I col
e)
cos' B - sin28; -2 sin 2() = 2 cos (:J (-sin 8) - 2 sin 8 (cos e); sin 28 = cos8sinf! + sinecosf!;sin28 = 2sinecosf!
e-
Sill"
()
A-22
3. (a)
(I
Chapter 4: Answers
= I. b =
9
0c
=-2
5v5
(b) h = cos a,
sin a
19. Absolute
maximum: -0.25;
absolute minimum: -4
5. It = -4. k
= 2' a = ~
7. (a) 0.09.1' (b) Increasing 81 J % per year 9. Answers will vary. Here is aile possibility.
~~) t,',-~';~,::~,
-3 -4 (0.5. -'I) Abs min
2; absolute minimum: -I
(b)
III
= -7F
(b) 9
= -!. b =
;:I~}I
ntux
17 , (a) a
= 4' ) = 4
3I
19.
odd =>
f'
is even
23. Ii'i defined but not continuous at x = 0; k' is defined and continuous at x = O. 27. (a) 0.8156 ft (b) OJ)0613 sec (e) It will lose about 8.83 min/day.
23. Absolute
maximum:
2; absolute minimum: 0
25. Absolute
maximum:
(-:;1"'2.
I; absolute minimum:
I J Ab, max
-1
-2 -I
IJ -I Abs nnn
v= sin
I), -r./2
S (;
s: j1i/6
~3. J -J
-3
2/\/3;
Abs runx (2'iTf3,
absolute minimum: I
1.1
1.(1 -
(I.S
0.6
(m'3. 'JJ'JY.) ~
Abe min
Ahs mnx
JI'\S)
OA
-I
O_~
"Tl13
ron
2r./:1
29. Absolute
2
maximum:
2; absolute minimum: -)
s.e s
-I
Chapter
1: An swe rs
A-23
31. Absolute
maximum:
-e
Ahli
max
fl. lie)
v = xe-\'
~ l. -~'I -3 A~~ -4
mm
maximum
minimum
at (L I)
Increasing on (0, 8), decreasing on (-[, 0); absolute maximum: 16 at x='8; absolute minimum: 0 at x = 0 37. Increasing 011 (- 32, 1); absolute maximum: 1 at e = I: absolute minimum: -8 at e = -32 39. Minimum value is I at x='2. 41.
43.
Local maximum
Minimum
at
(j,- i~ )
-:1
63, (a) No (b) The derivative is defined and nonzero for .r 2. Also. J(2) = 0 and J(x) > 0 for all x 2. (e) No, because (-co. co) is not a closed interval. (d) The answers are the same as parts (a) and (b) with 2 rep laced by a. 65. (a) e(x) = O.3~ + 0.2(9 - .r) million dollars, where o :s x :s 9 mi. To minimize the cost of construction, the pipeline should be placed from the docking facility to point B. 3.58 111ialong the shore from point If, and then along the shore from point B to the refinery. (b) In theory, the underwater pipe cost per mile p would have to be infinite to j ustify funning the pIpe directly from the docking facility to point A (i.e., for x" to be zero), For all values of p > 0.218864, there is always an Xc ill (0, 9} that will give a minimum value for C 111is is proved by looking at l6p eft (xJ = , ,'" wh ich IS always positi lie for p > (). . (16 + X(~)'I~
= \/4
x~
+
along
(10 - x)2forO:S
x:s
1 IS:1
. at x = '1' l1lUl1Jl1Ul11 ;
1 va 1. ue
IS
at
o
S tui
49.
-1. Minimum
x:=
I'
M.
axunum
value
IS W
. '2
o
-1 -1) e at e' e at ,
69,
(1 (0"2 w)
value is 0 at (±l, 0) point Derivative Extremum Local max Local min Value
(a) Maximum value 15 144 at x = 2. (b) The largest volume ofthe box is 144 cubic units, and it occurs when x = 2.
=
21 crrr'.
l2: 25
b + Sit
o
vo"
75. Yes
= 3ax2
Undefined
o
Value 0
79'. (a) .f'(x) + 2bx + cis H quadratic, so it can have 0, I, or 2 zeros, which would be the critical points of). Examples: The function '/(.1) = .r 3 x = - 1 and x = I.
v ~.'i"~-lr
Derivative Undefined 0
()
-'Vi
V2
-2 2
0 Value 2
Value
.'(3
Critical x = -1
:r
°Undefined
0
5
I
A-24
Chapter 4: Answers
= x' + x has
no critical points.
47. Because its average speed was approximately 7,667 knots, and by the Mean Value Theorem, it must have been going that speed at least once during the trip, 51. The conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem yields 1 1
~
(b) Two or none
b- a
= _ _!_=C1(a 2
c
ao
- b) = a - b=s c = v{ib,
81. 83.
value is 11 at x = 5; minimum value is 5 on the 3,2]; local maximum at (-5,9). value is 5 ontheinterval [3, (9); minimum value is interval (-00, -2].
55. f(x) must be zero at least once between a and b by the Intermediate Value Theorem. Now suppose that fix) is zero rwrce between a and D. Then, by the Meal] Value Theorem, f' (x) 'would have to be zero at least once between the two zeros of H,), but this can't betrue since we are given that /,(x) 0 on this interval. Therefore, f(x) is zero once and only once between a and b. 61. 1.09999::;; f(O.1) ::;; 1.1
C = ±)l
;2 '"
±(),771
5. Does not; f is not differentiable at the intenor domain point x = 0, 7. Does 11. (a) ij ------------~--~~--_.----------__4 o ii) iii) IV) ----------~--~---.-------~5 -4 -3
~I
__
is
----+_--~
24
23. Yes
25. (a) 4
12
(IJ) 3
(e) 3
eb)
x 3- +
3
(e) '4 + C
r4
+
21
C . 2 sm
I '2 cos
'2 +
1. (a) 0, I (b) increasing on (-09, 0) and (1, (9), decreasing on (0, I) (c) local maximum at x = 0, local minimum at x = 1 3. (a) -2, I (b) increasing on (-2, I) and (1, (9), decreasing on (- 00, -2) (c) no local maximum, local minimum at x = -2 5. (a) Critical point at x = I (b) increasing on [I, (9), decreasing on (-09,1] (c) local (and absolute) minimum at x = 1 7. (a) -2,0 (b) increasing on ( - 00, - 2) and (0, (9), decreasing on ( - 2, 0) (e) local maximum atx = -2, local minimum at x = 0 9, (a) Increasing on (-09, -) ,5), decreasing on (~I ,5, (0) (b) local maximum: 5,25 at I = -1,5 (c) absolute maximum: 5.25 at t = -1.5 11. (a) Decreasing on (-00,0). increasing on (0,4/3), decreasing all (4/3, (0) (b) local minimum at x = (0. 0), local maximum at x = 4/3 (4/3,32/27) (c) no absolute extrema 13. ea) Decreasing Oil (-00,0), increasing 011 (0, 1/2), decreasing
33, f(x)
x2
35. I(x) = 1
+2
1 - cos ( 'iTt)
'iT .
e2.r
, 37. s = 4.91"
5/
. 10
39. s =
41. s = e' + 19t + 4 43. s = sin (21) - 3 45. if T(t) is the temperature of the thermometer at time 1, then T( 0) = - 19 DC and T(J 4) = 100 "C. From the Mean Val lie Theorem, there exists a 0 < to < 14 such that T(14} - T{O) 14 _ = 8,5 °C/sec = T'(roJ, the rate a1 which the
by the rising
(b) local minimum at e = 0(0,0), local maximum at e = 1/2 (1/2,1/4) (c) no absolute extrema is. (a) Increasing on (- 09, (0), never decreasing (b) no local extrema (c) no absolute extrema 17., (a) Increasing on (-2, 0) and (2, 00), decreasing 011 (~oc, ~2) and (0, 2) (b) local maximum: 16 at x = 0, local minimum: 0 at x = ±2 (c) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum: 0 at x = ±2 19. (a) Increasing on (-00, - J), decreasing all (-1, 0). increasing on (0, 1), decreasing on (], oc ) (b) local rnaximum at x = ± I 0,0,5), (~ I. 0,5), local minimum at x = 0(0,0) (c) absolute maximum: 1/2 at x = ± I; no absolute minimum
Oil (1/2,09)
Chapter 4: Answers
A-25
2]. (a) Decreasing on ( -2 \12, -2), increasing on (- 2,2), decreasing on (2, 2 (b) 1oca1min~lla:g(-2) = -4,g(2V2j = O.
47.
y
V2)
0, g(2)
(e) absolute maximum: 4 at x == 2; absolute minimum: -4 at x = -2 23. (a) Increasing on (-00, I), decreasing when I < x < 2, decreasing when 1 < x < 3, discontinuous at x = 2, increasing all (3, (0) (b) local minimum at x = 3 (3. 6). local maximum at x = 1 (1,2) (c) no absolute extrema 25. (a) Increasing all (- 2, 0) and (0, co ) , decreasing on ( - 00, - 2) (b) local minimum: -6'0'2 at x = -2 (c) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum: -6V'2 atx == -2 27. (3) Increasing on (-00, -2!\r-n and (2(v7, (0), decreasing on (-2/v7, 0) and
(0,
r-. v
Y~fl.r'
y =/Ixl Ib)
ie)
(b)
III
51. (a) Max
2/\.17)
~
OiltX
O,min
-ln2atx
71'/3 == 2.
(b) local maximum: 24V'2/77/6 local minimum: -24V'2/7,:6 (e) no absolute extrema 29. (a) Increasing on
-2/V7:
=
(b) Max = 1 atx == 1, min = cos (In 2) atx == ~andx 53. Maximum: 1 at x = 0, minimum: 2 - 2 In 2 at x = In 2 55. Abs max of l/(le) assumed at x == I/V/~ 57. Rising 61. Increasing, therefore one-to-one: df-'/dx 63. Decreasing, therefore one-to-one: df-I/dx
2/\/7
(t
In 1/2,
00 ),
= ~ X-2/3
=-
decreasing on ( -00, till 1/2 ) .. 3 I (b) Iocal mmunum: 21/3 alv == "3 In (I) "2 (e) absolute rnnumuru: 22/3 at x ==
x-2/3
..
"3 In "2
I (I)
..
-I 1 e at x = e
=e
(-\13, f)
3
and (
V3, 3
;14),
+
Local maximum: 1 at x == I; local minimum: 0 al x = 2 absolute maximum: J at x = I: no absolute minimum Local maximum: J at x == I; local minimum: 0 at .r = 2 no absolute maximum; absolute minimum: 0 at x = 2 Local maxima: -9 at r = -3 and 16 at r = 2; local minimum: -16 at t == -2 (b) absolute maximum: 16 all == 2; no absolute minimum (a) Local minimum: 0 at x == 0 (b) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum: 0 at x = 0 (a) Local minimum: (IT/3) - V3 at x = 271'/3; local maximum: 0 at x = 0: local maximum: 1T at x = 271' (a) Local minimum: 0 at x == Ti/4 Local maximum: 3 at 0 = 0; local minimum: - 3 at () == 271'
rising on (-1,0) and (1, 00 J. falling 011(-::Xl, -I) and (0, I), concave up on (-00, -\Il) and ("V3, ::Xl), concave down on (-V3, \/3) 5. Local maxima: -2IT/3
V3/2 at x
= -21T/3'"3
-!!_.
Tr
-2-
'V3
at
-
2;
V3 at. x. -2
3' 2 7T /3 -
V3/?
(Ti/l.Ti!2), rising on (-7T/3, 1T/3) , falling on (-2Ti/3. -1T/3) and (Ti/3, 2Ti/3) , concave up on (-71'/2, 0) and (71'/2, 21T/3), concave down on (-271'/3, -Ti/2) and (0, 1T/2) 7. Local maxima: 1 at x == -~andx
X
= -¥-;Oatx
= -27Tand
x = 0, points of inflection at (-1T, 0) and (Tr, 0), rising on ( - 37T/2, -IT/2), (0, 7T /2) and (3Ti/2, 21T). falling on (-2Ti. - h/2), (-71'/2, 0) and (71'/2, 37T/2) , concave up on (- 27T, -71") and (Ti, 217").concave down on (-?T, 0) and (0, 17")
A-26
9.
_\=
31.
~r+J
-I
_.1
I~,
-II LL'I.:mil1
II,
I)
lllJ.:10111
-6
-s
13.
(:!. 51 Lee rnnc
15.
I
= _[~ -
2.\~
33.
35.
." = 1110 - .(~I
Loc
1nJ.\
)0. In 3) l"i'I
I),
-3
-:!
."=-.2r' +6x:! - 3
17.
-,
21 I'
\.
19.
O.:p}
L(_'IC:
37.
)'
39.
Lee max
111.1))
mux
'"~
12. ...=Jr~_x4
(0.0)
Y=
x:'i _
sx-l
I.
LOl'
!' max
1-41T,0)
L""
r'IlJ..\
"
21. 23.
j'.·la-x_ '::!:=-. ~ ..
\ =r+Sin_\ t
-O.S
10.-1)
-"r.
(-2". tI)
-2,.
! max ,
I~IT.
Ute OJ
Loc
max
"'"
,,1,,-, Il)
~"
'\
\Y=~2111'2, '(I)
Inflection
41.
WI
_"..--'-'-'--
Min
__
l_
...L.-+x
J-
2;'
LOl: max
45. y"
I)
Lor ruin
\=
Lee max
(-~\~, n)
I
.1.:=-1
-2
2 (-1;'2.0)
Lee ruin
47 . .1''' = 3(x
2)(x
Loc
\'=1)
+
max
2)
\·~,<,\W
Lee 'Hill
[011 .p;:.-2
Lot
min
.T=-~-.,'3
Chapter 4: Answers
A-27
61 . .1"/'
.r .v
<
>0
51. 63.
53. r
= 2 tan 8 sec"
'1
e. -2 < 8
"iT
<2
7i
65.
lj;f
Lee mill
55.
_I'''
-sin
; "" 4"
r~ Lee
67. Point
lufl r=~
Lee mill
I'
nun
"\
Q
R
+ +
0
+
0
S
T
69.
y ,6.71
Inn
at ,v = 2, inflection
(a) (
_.!:_
2a'
4ac - b2) 40
(I
(b) concave up if
>
0, concave down
if
(I
< [)
A-28
85.
Chapter 4: Answers
0 and y"
0 include
the extrema
and points at
(b) Domain:
(0,9)
of inflection,
.it
respectively.
inflection
at x = 3, local. maximum
x = 7 ~ "\Il3, which confirms = 2 in. or x = 5 in. 19. ""2418.40cm3 21. (a) It = 24,1'1,' = 18 (b) (2~. 10368)
(e) x
l[)[JIII) SIl!lO
(c) Maximum volumc w 1309.95 iJl'> when x "" 3.39 in. (d) V'(x) = 24.1'2 - 336x + 864, so the critical point is at
the result in part (c).
87.
the extrema
sooo
of inflecbon'-respectivelY. at x = -2,
at x
= ~ "'0<2:, = O.
aoco "onl) I)
"""__l___'___'_.!...'
I (I
15
20
__'L...._.L-...,u.__,. 2:'1 JO 35
23.
= (~:)
h = (~:
y/3
(c) L "" 11 in .
16{:r3+2)
27. Radius
31.
I m. volume
91. (b) !'(x) = 3x2 + k; -12k; positive if k < 0, negative if k > 0,0 if" = 0; f' has two zeros if k < 0, one zero if k = O. no zeros if k > 0; that is, the sign of k controls the
number oflocal extrema. lim y' =
DO
(II) v(a) = 96 ft/sec (b) 256 ft at t = 3 sec (c) Velocity when s = 0 is v(7) "" 46.87 Ft 35. (a) 6 X 6VJ
=
in.
-128
It/sec
93.
95.
x~o-
and
;'(-0
lim+y'
33.
~OO
37.
horizontal
tangent near - 3
(a) 1071' "" 3 1.42 em/sec; when f = 0.5 sec, 1.5 sec, 2.5 sec, 3.5 sec; s = 0, acceleration is 0 (b) I 0 em from rest pos ilion; speed is 0
39. 20 (5 ~
Vl7)
=
III.
1 "2 square 35
X
units,
1 bY"2 I 2450.
J
45..
49.
(a).fi¥
enough
.j< _
l'v
CI
4
(b)
ka
43.
%+
50
\1
/2km h
should orderpx units of material to have
. 3"
14
3 X 3111·'nll1·
It
deep.
5.
In
by 200
III
9.
dimensions
(c) Average
x -
(d + p; x2) d ps
x
o .. , .=
X+
2 x,
(b) Minimizing tile surface area of the tank minimizes its weight for a given wall thickness. The thickness of the steel walls would likely be determined by other considerations such as
structural requirements.
a 1l11fUlTIUl1l. when
.1.1. 9
18 in.
13.
-I
r = '2,x
ps
For
15. h: r
8 : 'IT"
.r
>
tJ1S
= ~ ;~ =
minimized to
1200
average
51. M
= i='
2
57 .. (a) y
= -[
Chapter 4: Answers
. Vs 59. ( a ) T'" nununurn di[stance IS -2-' ne ..
A-29
(b) The minimum distance is from the point (3/2, 0) to the point (I, 1) on the graph ofy = "\IX, and this occurs at the value x = 1, where D(x), the distance squared, has its minimum value.
y.D(x)
2.5
11. The points of intersection of y = x3 and y = 3x + j or y = x3 - 3x and y = I have the same .r-values as the roots of part (i) or the solutions of part (iv), 15. 1.165561185 17. (a) Two (b) 0.3500350l505249and-1.026173161530.l 19. ±1.3065629648764, ±0.54lI96]OOI462 21. 0,0.53485 23. The root is 1,17951. 25. (a) For Xo = -2 or Xo = -0.8, Xi ~ - I as i gets large. (b) For Xo = -0.5 or Xo = 0.25, Xi -* 0 as i gets large. (e) For Xo = 0.8 or Xo = 2, X; -* 1 as i gets large. (d) For Xo = - '1/21/7 or Xo = Vii/7, Newton's method does not converge. The values X; alternate between -V2l/7 and /7 as i increases. 27. Answers will vary with machine speed. 29. 2.45,0.000245.
vS
or
t e1T~7T- "J
=
4:1' =
15
2.5
(12- e1'i~1T- x
= 4v'3 --,-;whena
;)
y
= s:
r,
I. (a) x2
x3 3
4"\/6 -~-,h
:J
3. (a) x-]
-tx-3
-x-5
\I\:
(e) -:;- - x2
J
xJ
(e)
(e) 2x
-1x-3
+~
+ x2 +
3x
5'1/6 h = ----:;-,
5. (a)
I
-x-I
= 6:
= 2V6,
h = 2 v 3;
when a = 8' r = .
:J
sv'3 II = -v'3
3
(b)
2W
+ 2\1\:
..
1S -
. =\12. h
I~
(e) x - 5 III X -3 eosx (e) -"1T cos (7TX) -I- cos (3x) 2 (c) -3"tan (e) 2 esc
1
Section 4.6, pp, 323-325 11. 5/7 5. 1/2 9. -23/7 1- J/4 3. 5/7 7.1/4 17. -2 21. 2 13. 0 15. -16 19. 1/4 23. 3 I 27. In 3 25. -1 31. In 2 33. 1 35. 1/2 29. [? ll_ 37. In2
49. 39. cos a 51. lie 53. 41. -1/2 e1/2 55. 43. +! 57 .. 3 45.
47. lie
(b) 2 tan
(f)
ex) "2
(7TX) 2
21.
59 .. 1 27 65. c = 10 67.-1
-=lrr
In 2
~tall-Ix 13
(;;3)
2
29 .. ;
G),
2;:
4
(b) C 27.
:... + C
1. tan"'
"2 +x +
I x
~
~3
+- +
4
/2
+
5
2
-I- 7x -I- C
31. - - -
5 13 = - 3"' 2T
r
3.
X2
x 3
33. ~x2!J
%x4/3
3·
C
-I- C
2 +:x +
f)
41. 2Vr - ~
47. 3eotx C 53. C
+C
43. -2Sll11
te
5e-'
-r= + 1:x +
4
C
-I- C
57.
A-30
59'!_ .2
Sill
4t + C
61.
111\X\+
C
[<1n-
_\'
63. _. _
1,(V'3+1)
Y3+1
69. -cos
f}
65. lan8
67. -cotx
- .\'
+0 +C
(x2 sin,r 2
cos x
c) =
C)
2, sin 2
x + x22
+ xsinx
COSK =
+ '2
x2
=
+
C
)
29.
v v
= -.t~ + 6.(2 -
-cosx
9x + J
C) = -cos.\'
+. XS111X +
1?(2)
3-
+
3
1)3
= ---:---
3(2,
+
3
--t+--C---t::----:--'~)-I
.r
\
y 500 r6.43'2)
+ +
-
1)3 + C) = 3(2x
+
+
1)2(2)
31.
1» 7x
'.
C) = 6 2x 10 91.
1)-
87. (b)
+ =
11 =
I -y
x2
2-
1 '2
93. y = 9x 1/3
95. s
t
11
97. r
lOt.
1)
cos ('lT8) -
99.
tt
= 3 sec-I t -
105. r =
++
+
103. J' = x2 -
+ + =
4x -I5 2~3/2 - 50
33.
2t - 2
107. Y = x3
109. y =
113. v
117.
sin r + cost
);4/3
13 -
111. Y
x-
+~
x-
115. Y
-sin.>.' - cos r - 2
(iii) 33.2uuits = 415/2
-
35. True
(a) (i) 33.2 units, (ii) 33.2 units, 119 .. 1= 88/k, k: = 16 121. (a) 1)= IOt3/2 - 6/1/2 (b) S 125. (a) - \h + C (b) x + C (d) -x + C (e) x - \IX +
(b)
4t>!1
f( I) = 16; critical
maximum; critical 1
37.
5. Absolute
point
minimum: g(O) = I;
= O.
7. Absolute minimum: at x = 1.
9. Yes, except at .r = 0
maximum
value of
at x
25. (a) t = 0,6,12 (b) t = 3,9 (d) < I < 6, 12 < t < 14
(c) 6
<t<
12
Chapter 4: Answers
A-3t
39.
\=Inl..~
55.
4~.~J)
.v
= -'\2+ -,=X+
In'
:t
-I
'
-~ -.1 -~
~:
I
41.
57.
x2
"
~.'= -
at x = -4,
"
- -:
1'=
- __ t
,I
=0
_,3+:! \ l"=-'-=~+2x 2
I
.t
59.
:
45.
(a) Local maximum at .r = 0, local minima at x = x = 2, inflection points au' = (I ± '17)/3 LUI': 11Ii1X (b)
l and
:y=
: x=
I
.tl_4 .\.2_J
r-
\/3
r=
Loc min
JI1I'1
\ =-1
47.
(a) (b)
v2,
Vi
'"0'
61. 5 63. 0 65. 67. 3/7 69. 0 71. I 73.lnIO 75.ln2 77 .. 5 79_ -'Xl 81- I 83, eN 85, (a) 0.36 (b) 18. 18 87. 54 square units 89. height = 2, radius = r: 91. x = 5 - V 5 hundred s= 276 tires. l' = 2(5 hundred s= 553 tires 93. Dimensions: base is 6 in. by 12 in., height = 2 in .. maximum volume = 144 in.'
V2
-Vs)
("",1
Loc min
95.
X5
= 2.195823345
-
97.
.;,A 5 4 + '2x 2
7.1
53.
4+
01'4)3/4
ClOt.
103. ((11
I )~il
to + C
sill ~
esc To
'V2 f) + C
+
±x I
---------
1-----"----------6
.~2
ells.
3
±e' + eZsec-Ilxl
=
+ C119.
-I- C 4/5/2
"1 . ,l' [_
= ". - 1,. x
123. r
413/2
81
A-32
125.
Chapter 4: Answers
Yes, ~jn-l(x)
rr/Z.
n.'1. t/v2 tmits long by lrV~ units high, A = 1/Y2e "" 0.43 units2 129'. Absolute maximum = 0 at x = e/2, absolute minimum = -0.5
131. atr = 0.5 x = ± 1 are the critical points; Y
"" 3.061
To
(d) Each area is less than the area of the circle. the polygon area approaches" .
As n
I is a horizontal
asymptote
in both directions; absolute minimum value r' e-V2/2 at x = -1, and absolute maximum
x = I. 133. (a) Absolute maximum of 2/e at x = e2, inflection (es/3, (8/3)e-4/3), concave up on le8!", DC), concave
on (0, e~(3) (b) Absolute maximum of I at x = 0, inflection cave down all (c) Absolute concave points (± 1/\/2,
6( l)
6(2)
COS(3)7T
SII1"3
1T
\13-2
2
cosl-llrr
=0
I /\,0t) , concave lip OIl (-co, -1/ \/2) U (1/\1'2, CX!), con-
(-I/"V2, I/V2)
of I at x = 0, inflection point (1, 2/e), down on ( - CX!, 1)
maximum
k~1
±(
y
9. b
_l}H
1.
(c)
(e) 16
(c) 3025
23,
25. 240
29. (a)
=
r:
0
j(_'r_~",-_ r"2
_ I.
at x = -1
I ± V7
3
OSx~2
Left-hand
1:1. a = I,b = D.c 9. No 15. Drill the hole at y = h/2. 17. r= RH for l-l 2(H - R) . (b) ~ 2e
(c) (.b) c
>
')R r -, Cd) 0
1
+
2
(e)
-t
-
(t) 1 4e
q
(g) ~
2
(II) 3
c- b
(e)
2bc
+ 4ae
25.s=cekl (c)
y
(2.3)
1'(x)=,\_2_1, U~.\"~2
(c1)c+b+123.mo=1--ql,n"l1
2
27. (a) k
29.
-38.72
(1)) 25 ft 31.
1..'0=
Yes, y = x
Midpoint
CHAPTER 5
Section 5..1, pp. 360-362
L 3. 5. 9. B. 1'"
(a) 0.125 (3)1.066667 0.3125,0.328125
(b) 0.21875 (c) 0.625 (d) 0.46875 (b) 1283333 (e) 2.666667 (d) 2.083333
7. 1.5, I.574603
(a) 87 in,
31 16
(b) 87 in. 11. (a) 349011 (b) 3840 A: (a) 74.65 It/sec (b) 45,28 ft/sec (c) 146.59 ft
31. (a) y
j{x)
(b)
17. I
Upper Upper = 758 gal, lower = 543 gal
= 2363 gal, lower
1693 gal
::::31.4h,""32.4h
A-33
1
lX
57.
11
59. I
~7T
Midpniut _'!.-Cf-'
=
F'
y8ndY(7T) sec
= ./" ,dt - 3 = -3
('"I
-r.:
and yeO) =
./0
{asec
t dt
dx
4=4
Sf)
1.2
~..J...~~
37. 12
69.
2 '3 bh
J2
67. s = ('I(x)
Jill
7 J. $9.00
= d,"
.6
6n2'
73. (a)
j'(l
-if/oJ,
Ino
X2
dx
3.
15
-7
== -dd ["f(x) dx = 1(1) =v(S) = I(5) = 2 m/sec ~.t o (b) a = df/df is negative since the slope of the tangent line at t = 5 is negative.
1.-'
tl
(x2 -
3x) dx
s.e_l~dX
.J~
.\
(c) s =
l3
f(X)
dx = ~(J)(3)
triangle formed
tm
is the
sec x dx
area ofthe
by .\. = j(x),
1=
x
(d)
f
9. (a) 0
11. 13. 15. ]7. 21. 29. 39. 51.
(b) -8 (c) -12 (d) 10 (e)-2 (f) 16 (~l) 5 (b) 5-v3 (e)-5 (d) -5 (a) 4 (b)-4 Area = 21 square unit Area == 9r./2 square units 19. Area = 2.S square units Area = 3 square units 23. b1/4 25. b2 - a2 27. 1/2 2 3r. /2 31. 7/3 33. 1(24 35. 3a2/2 37. b/3 -[4 41. 10 43. -2 45. -7/4 47. 7 49. 0 Using n subintervals of length ilx = bin and right-endpoint
values: Area=
3. = 6 since after t = 6 to
= I=
9. the region
x-axis,
(e) At t = 4 and
there. (f) Toward velocity between
tangents
6 and
I=
9 since the
is positive of there. 0 to 9
on this interval.
I from
x-ax
is than
77. 2x - 2
79. -3x
_fo
81.
(a)
True. Since
5 g is differentiable
or Calculus. it is differentiable. by Part I or
53.
Using values:
II
subintervals
of length !1x=
Area
= O.
./0
/b2crdx=b2
57. av(.f) = -2 59. aV(ll = J 61. (a) av(g) = -1/2 (b) av(g) =1 (e) av(g) = 1/4 63. a = 0 and b = I maximize the integral, 65. Upper bound = 1, lower bound = 1/2 67. for example, 69.
55. av(f)
=0
= 1'(1) > O . f'(x) > 0, so g" never changes sign. (g) True, since g'( 1) = /( I) = a and g'(x) = I(x) is an increasing function cf.r (because j'(x) > 0).
>
O.
= Oandg"(I)
10"
2::
Jat'1(x)
dx
l. a
J
sin (x
b
dx:S;
10"
dx =
=
0 dx=
+
)
1 3. -2 sec 21 + C C
5. -(Ix
- 2)-4
1. (2 ,I) -c;Stn.x-'--L.
") +
3. 8
5. 1
17. -,2113
7. 5/2
19. -8/3
25. 16 I)
9. 2
11. 2V]
13. 0
L I. (a) -
(co~ 2e)
(b) -
(csc2 20)
+ +
C C
C
'\1'2 - \Y8 +
-Jr
(4
77 -
29. 7T
(cosvX) ( ,1
31.
2")
I 33. 2(e -
41. 49.]
v'I+7
51. 28/3
2 vx
r:)
sinr
13.
I. -')\3 - 2.1"-),-" + C
- (;i2)j!~
4) ," 1-
17. -~(l
+ +
+ ,/t») + +
C
21. ~sill(3=
J
4)
23. ln lsecx]
A-34
Chapter 5: Answers
25.
(;.~
Y+
+ I) 1
27. C C C
-teos
35.
(X3/
1)
3. (a) -1/2 C 5.
(b) 31
1)-1/2 dx = 2
(c) 13 7.
2~ 33. 37.
+ + +
31.
Sill" (l/e) 2 2
lS(2X ~ + -2\112
=
i>OS~dX
8v2
6-
(d) 0
=2
(s3+2s2-Ss+5}2
n. 8/3
C
9. (a) 4
(b) 2 13. 62 I
23. 32
27.
7
33.
?(
1-
x1 ).,,"
39. e,;nx
43.lnllnxl+C
+
2.
51. tan" x
47 .. %t311-1
e;') +
+
l\Si~11)
_I
31. 6/5
39. Y
Sin-I.,
41. y = sec
x+
3' x>
+
I)
2'iT
43. -4(cosx)]'c
+
C
(sin-1 x)3 C
yl +
45. 82
+
.J
sin (2f.!
47.
"3 + I + +
C
1- C
(3
55.
(a)
----'--:.:- +
+
2
I
6 (b)• 2 + tan'x
51. t<1l1(e" - 7)
53. e''''H
+ tan'x
()']
6.
+C
1"
59. -±(lnxr2
V 3 21' -
C 9
59. s
I = 2"
.~ (3t- -
1)4 _ )-
(3·,2)
I) +- C I1
+ ~) +
(x . -.r:·1) + C
v2
C 71. 2Vtan-1 79. 8
I) +
1001 + 1
65. 6 rn
-r: -In.
+
I
\13"
105. 'iT
113. (3) b
109. sec-112yl + C
-t (xlnx (ox
12 L
-x
C) = x·-:--\. + lnr - 1 .
0 = lnv
41. 2-rr/3 43.\13" 49. 25/2 51. 'iT/2 5/6 59. 38/3 61. 49/6 8/3 69. 8 71. 5/3 (There 18 75. 243/8 8/3 4 4 87. "3 - IT 83. 56/15 85. 4
rt.
-I 45. -Tl/12 53. 128/15 55. 4/3 63. 32/3 65 .. 48/5 are three intersection poinrs.) 79. 2 81. 104/15 , 89. 'TTj2 91. 2 93. 1/2
\12 +
cos) x
123. -"--~
-6
dv -2 dv I __:'_ = ,co, (2 lnx] 127. = /====;,-~===;==-: dx xc ell" '/1 -~.lVI _ 2(sin-l.\f Yes 131. -VI +x2 Cost f':; $10,899 using a lower sum estimate
-=-
., + x
95. 1 97. 1n 16 99. 2 JUI. 2111 5 103. (3) (± V~, c) (b) c = 42/3 (c) C = 42/3 105. 11/3 107. 3/4 109. Neither 111. F(6) - F(2) ]13. (a) -3 (b) 3 115.1= a/2
5. (a) 1/4
7.. j(x) 11. 36/5
Practice herdses,pp.
I, (a) about 680 ft
415-419
(b)
h (feel)
= -.....:.:....~ 9. y +1
(b) No (b)"J,ij2 x
Vx"
xl
+ 2, - 4
~:;~t
;00
~oo
.1110
20U 100
---J~'-'----'-l
-6L___l_
....
(sec)
Chapter 6: Answers
A-35
13. 2
y
59. ".2/2
63. (a)
(b)
=0
(c) "=
I
7r~
-I
15.
13/3
y
..
3. 271'
5.
15
147T
3
7. S... 9. 5) 17.
51T 6
81T 3
JI.
717 15
(3\12 +
19. 'rT/2
1T/,1
21. In 2
23.
1/6
25.
Jo
tJ(X) dx
23.
6;
4?T
)
(e) 2...
r
31. 2/17
=2 (g) [-2rr,0]
tr
11" 6
33. (a) 0 (b) -1 (c) (e) y = 2~'+ 2 - -ir 37. 2/x 39. sin 4r sin .;. - --'
(f) x = -I,x
l'
V=
vr
2";;;
41. 2r lnlxl-
27. (a)
45. I
\12
577 3
16
= 4(1 - x2)
(d) A(x) =
\13 { I
- x2)
39.1T
(I - i)
3.
3'
16
7. (a)
2\./3
(b) 8
9. 8".
(b) s2h
17 .. 4-17 27. Eln4 2 35. 4-tt In 4 43. 17(17 - 2) 51. (a) 817 53. (a) 55. 16". 15
21. 36 at
23.
13 ) 1
-tt
25. -T (I
- J,)
e-
3. 7 15.
.• 2 21 ~. 17.... /3 4x2 dx
(c)
7.
e)
~+
9. 12
8
+
99
+ 2\/2 2'7T
3
31. 271"
41. 11;7T
33. 27r 19. (a) 21. (a) 23. (3) 25. (a)
1\/t
-I
41T
321T
(e) (e)
561T
15
I" 1~
./0
0::,:
6.13
".OJ
VI +
cos2ydv
(v
(c)
3.82 9.29
VI +
1)2 dy
(c)""
/"i(' scc x dx
V = 2a1b17l
57. (a) V=
17112(3a - h) 3
I (b) ""lJQm/sec _ 7T
27. Yes. f(x) = ±x + C where C is any real number. 29. (a) y = Vx from Ct, 1) to (4.2) (b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function value of the function at one value of.r.
and the
A-36
Chapter 6: Answers
1
31.. y = e·</2 -
35. e3
3 e
4 it 3. (L/4, L/4) 5. Mo = 8, M = 8, = 1 lv10 = 15/2, M = 9/2,.r = 5/3 Mil = 73/6. M = 5, x = 73/30 11. Mo = 3, M: = 3, x x = G,y == 12/5 15. x = J,y = -3/5 .x = 16/105,), = 8115 19. = O,y = rr/8 (a) 1.44,ji "" 0.36 (b)
43. V
32rr, S
32 v'2rr
45. 4172
47. 3",)/6
= O,.v =
1 49 ..
x~
4b == O,y = 3rr
51.v21Ta3(4
53.
+
2
3
~I
1. 400 N . m
- = ~,y4 - =' 0 In x
11116 12
= 3/2,y
== 1/2 (b)
x=
~~6'Y 0
41~ 16
(a) (e)
22i
rr
= 2,.J! =
)'
A
-4
35.
= 1/3
37.
x=
a/3,y
= b/3
39. 138/6
41 .x=
a 'Y=4 - aTT
72", 35
(b) '17 (e) 12rr/5 (d) 2671/5 (b) 1088'17/15 ee) 5121TIIS rr)/3 13. 7T(e 23. 9~ 29. 1) 15.. 25.
2~7T
sec4xdx
(e) "'3.84
v3 -
ft3
17. 8/5
[2 Y V I + ),-4 dy
-
~o
1112
21. 10
= 12/5
..
x "" o.j :=
=
11/10 37. 4640 J
= 3/2,y
= 91S,y
v'.;:} V
(I -
3x-I/2)2
dx
(e) ""63.37
33. 477
1"'/3(1""
- 1)/9
10 ft-lb, 30 ft-Ib
11. 3rrV5
rreYs
19. 35rrVs/3
21. rr
C~
Chapter 7: Answers
A-37
J2Y;;
=
211
a
11
== V~
<
(e17XIO'')I/JO''
a. where C ::=:
24, 154.952.75
0-
'.1'
ab
b21/i3'T1"(a
b))
(e) X""· 3.4306311 X 1015 (d) They cross at x ~ 3.4306311 X 1015 23. (a) The algorirhrn that take' 0 (Ii log2 11) steps 25. It could take one million for a sequential search; at most 20 steps fo r a b i tl ary search. 411)
IS. ~ 2329.6 Ib
8ah
-I-
3112)/(6a
-I-
+
C
C 11.
5.11116
8el.'i-11
-I-
5. .v
-I-
1
I
7.
I
e5x
9.
e~\"
13. 2 cosh
123.2
+ +
15. sech" v
-r.,
tanhVt
'VI
19. -elix
-t-
23 . 1
25. In (l
e)
r
tanh s) 27. -[ [ -
31. 1:7
33. 32760
x)
I
e-
tanh"! 8
I
CIIl;y)2)
31. +sech" x
39. 20n2f
(InlO)lnlln.l;1 + C 47. y = 1- ccs Is ' - 2) _\' = 2(e-" + xj - 1 51. j: = x + Inlxl + 2 53. '"IT In 16 6 -I- 1112 57. (b) 0.00469 (a) 1.89279 (b) -0.35621 (c) 0.94575 (d) -2.80735 (e) 5.29595 (n 0.97041 (g) -1.03972 (h) -1.61181
35. I sec x]
45. 7lnlex[7 49. -2 sech 57. 3/4 67. (a)
4I
cosh 21; 2
43. 12 sinh (~ - In 3) +C
+
I
e-x,171
3) +
+
1112
C 55. e - e"
I
51 . In~2 InY2
59. ~ sinh-l
61. In (2/3)
63. -~3
65. In3
eV3)
(b) 1n(\1}
2)
un
+
(b)
G) LnG)
(I +
In
VI ~ (4/5)2)
(4/5)
73. (a) 0
=
;>:;
Ji!!f-
(e) 80YS
83.
A-38
Practice
Chapter 8: Answers
1. -cos e·
3. In 8
5. 21n2
7.
-"3
SITI~
9. 31n 7
11. 2(V2 - J)
13. y = In (3/2l
In 2
sirr' B
15. y = lnr - In 3 17. (a) same rate (b) same rate (c) faster (d) faster (e) same rate (f) same: rate 19'. (a) true (b) false (c) false (d) true (e) true (t') true 21. 1/3 23. I/em/sec 25. In 5x - In 3x = In (5/3) 27. 1/2 29. 18,935 years
=/
=
.I
1tan20 1tan28
(b)
=
tanS 8 dO
Inlcos e]
(b) 71/2
(1:)17"
3. 2/17
7..
x=
tnr.4, 5.i
(e) ftan70de
(d)
l=:
= ttanliB
I
8 d8 =
J... tan2k
2k
j'
tan2k-1
e dB
87. 2(sinv)Jj2
5.ln5 - 7x)1
91.
2Y2 - In (3 In (2 +v3)
2\12)
93. x
=
89.
O,y
= In
(2\1'2 +
3)
(\IX.l..
I)
-l-
-Inlcsc(eo
f+
+
1)
tan
fl
1)1
+ +
C 5. ln4 -
C C
?V/~
sin t
+
+
21 cos t - 2 sin t
4"
- 77)
cot Is - 77)1
17. 1
?
7. ytan-l(y)
9. x tanx l1.
+C
"
+
23. -I 25. 3 tan-I 3u 31. 37.:!r. 43. C C 27. 71/18 6sec-115xl+ 33. tan-leX + C
n~
+
S2
35.111(2
\/3)
(x' - 3x2 + 6x - 6)e" + C 13. (x2 - 7x + 7)e' + C 15. (.'15 - 5x4 + 20x3 - 60x2 + 120x - 120)e' 17.
112 -
19 cos B
41. sec-II~\+ 45 . .c
11>
511
3 \./3
tanx - 2 lnjcsc x
cotr]
- cot x - x
sill 2'1
I
51.
55.
212_-
2 tan-I
(t) +
C
47. x - In C
Ix + II
+C +C + +
+ +
eO SiJ11:1)
+ +
C C
-I- C
+
x2
In 8
2.,-
VI sin81
+
C
2cos3x)
V2
(~e\13rl9
- eVW)
Ti -18
61. cotx
+.\ + csc x + +
Y2
67. 2
27.-3-
77v3
- In(2)
2
+
C
+ xsinClnx)]
lnjcos x]
77. 12 tan"
(vY) +
+
C
79. sec-t'
~ 11 -I- C
1T
(b) 311 (e) 5'iT (d) (2n + l)'iT - In 2) 35. (a) Ti(r. - 2) (b) 21i"
37. _l_(l - e-21T) 39. u = x".dv = cosxdx 2r. 41. u = x", du = e'''' dx 43. x sin " x -I- cos (sin-I x) 45. x sec'" x - In + 49. (a) x Sinll-1 x - cosh (sinh"! x) (b)
X
Ix ~I
+
C C
47. Yes
+
C
sinn"' x - (l
X2)1/2
Chapter 8; Answers
A-39
.. x - 3 + x - 2
3 _1_+ .x+1 I 7. I
(x + 1 f
25 . -I 2 sin
(t_) 5
+ tV25=f2 + 2
49
1
5. ~2
-,1
z:
+ _ -=
~
_17_ 1-3
-12 {-2
9.
Ilnl;1:
7[
-I- V4X~ -
+C
13. ~ 17. -2V4
IV
I 9. 2[ln11 11.
xl ?
Inll - xl]
-
C 13. (lIlIS)/2
II.
'/ y2 7 49 2
sec-l"7
C') ] + C
-I- C x \! x2
-
x -
+
)1."1
I "7lnl(x +
6j-(x -
15. 17.3In2-2
b(x
j
4)3/2 - 4~ 21. -
+C
II
-I- C
2(..- - 1)
;'
21. (rr+2In2)/8
_l(~y
5
+C
4x +C -I- I)
+C
(4x2
25. 27.
-(5 - 1)-2
& 2
+1 + (s 2
1_
-I- C 1)-1
29. In 9 - 111 (I
+
1
via)
C
+ tan " s
-I- C
- I.
2(}
29. x
+ In x ~ 1
In (82
l)
35.
+C
-
- sec-I (~)
Vx2
31. 9x 33.
21n
Ixl
-I-
xI -I- 7ln/x
+
II +
C 35. In
- 3;
41. h!4
47. V'9'377
y2
I 2 -lnlyl+"21n{1
21
+
+v2} + C
C
(£....±J..) + C e' + 2
= t+2 61
43.
1-
2 tan (x/2)
-I- C
45. I
39.
41.
(tan-1
2d
- 3 Inlx -
21 +
49.~·
]
\12
In
1tan (1/2)
tan (t/2)
+ +
I1
-I-
V21
Y2
II +
45. 371ln25
49.
IOOOe41
e4!
(b)
I.. 55 day.s
(b) 0.04%
(tan-\!-:r ; 3) + C
(2(X 3 5
2)
1)
. r+»: V.x - 2
(2'( -
11. 2
+ \12)
27. 4/3 33. -6/5
21.
\12
5.
3)3/2(X
(2
-I-
\13)
3" 27 4
- 1112) 2?-r ((
31.
InV3
35. rr
7. -~ 9. (x
2 - 31n
1~-31
~
+C
V9 - 4r + 3
. 4 sin
.
-I
9'J'4 + 1)3/2
1)
41. In
37.
39.
(1
\12)
2)(2x - 6)~.L 6
11. __ I-ln
if?
l \)'7 ~I 12+~1
+
x
-
(x - 2) +
~
2 111
x'
IV9
+ y2 + yl
-I- C
- p2
2} sin-I .~ -I- C
A-40
17. 2 sin~1 19. 21.
Chapter
8: Answers
% - ~r'/4 1
)"2
C C
[X2.1 -
I.n2
- -.--, (In2)"
2"']'
8]. t[sec(c'
tall (e In
l
l j tanIc' - 1) +Inlsec(e'-
n
+
13 (2 cos 3t
+ 3 sin
3/)
C
-
-+
83.
1),
1+ C
I)
-
v'2
2
(vi +
cos,I'" jX
-
85. 'fT/3
112~ 90 SU11
jX
1 4x V'~l
J)"
-.t
.2
cos b3' .t
T
I 'C 45 cos 13 X T 1
S2)
+ -OIS
I'
In
Is + I S
2. 27 sin h 3x 'C
27. - V~
x 29. 2 V jt
31.
,3
+2Inl~-31
3
,2
I V4x + 9 + 3
+
C
+C
91. - SeCj17 x
2rr'V3 + 'fT\12
105. 7.62
In (\12
'V3)
'fT/4
103.
4/3,.11
107. '17/8
Ill.
,~
+ 61n
+
+ XC) +
35.
33 . 37,
c
.
Sl
+
Jsin
C
(7t/2)
7
sin (9t/2) 9
j,
T
+ %sin
I)
(78/12)
39 • .lInex-" 2 41.
2( I
(x -
+
.1'2
i~
+
C
x")
+ -21 tan-Ix +
+
C
I11 ---'.--J+
YI
r-r-r--r-r-r-rr-
sml
5i0
/1 +
Ilny
+ Y) +
-
(InFP
I+ C
x +C
4
+'/9r·1
I +C
sin" 2x cos 2x 53, - =-=':I-=O'=-::::":' 55. 57. cos 27T~ Sill 2m sin"
2~~OS2 3
15
cos 2x
- --15-
cos 2x
31
+
C
+ ~ cos 27T~sin
2m
2fJ
Sil~~2e + C
59. ~ tan} I
+ +
1
1. I: (a) 1.5, (b) 1.5, 0 0'% II: (a) 1.5,0 (b) 1.5,0 (e) 0% 3. I: (a) 2.75, 0.08 (b) 2,67,0.08 (e) 00312 "" 3%, 11: (a) 2.67,0 (b) 2.67,0 (c) 0% 5. I: (a) 6.25,0.5 (h) 6,0.25 (e) 0.0417"" 4% n: (a) 6, 0 (b) 6,0 (e) 0% 7. I: (a) 0.509, D.03l25 (b) 0.5, 0.009 (c) 0.01.8 "" 2'% II; (a) 0.5,0.002604 (b) 0.5, 0.0004 (c) 0%, 9. r: (a) 1.8961,0.161 (b) 2,0.1039 (e) 0.052 "" 5% II: (a) 2.0045,0.0066 (b) 2,0.00454 ee) 0% 11. (a) 0.31929 (b) 0.32812 (e) 1/3,0.0]404,0.00521 13. (a) 1.95643 (h) 2.00421 (e) 2,0.04357, -0.00421 15, (a) 1 (b) 2 17. Ca) 116 (b) 2 19. Ca} 283 (b) 2 21. (a) 71 (b)]O 23. (a) 76 (h) 12 25. (a) 82 (b) 8 27. 15,990 ft3 29 .. 5166.346 ft Po; 0.9785 rni 31. ""10.63 ft 33. (a) ""0.00021 (b) "" 1.37079 (e) ""0.015% 35. (a) 3.11571 (b) 0.02588 (e) WitbJl.l= 3.ll,wegetIETi'" (,,3/1200)(3.11) <0.081 39. 1.08943 41. 0.82812 43. (a) TIO "" 1.983523538, TlOo "" 1.999835504, TlOtio "" 1.999998355 (b) n IETI = 2 ~ T" IO 100 1000 0.016476462 = 1.6476462 X I D~2 1.64496 X 10-4 1645 X 10-6
ee)
cot3 I
cot t
tJ
3.
.X
C tan 7l'X I
7TX)(tan'17X) 7T
+
-
3t811
2,
C 3 - Slnlescx
3escxcotx 8
,2
+ 9
C
e3x
cotr]
(3x -
+
1)
- 2\·4(1nx) + ~ 12,2",.</2
C I)
73.
96ex/2
(i -
Chapter 8: Answers
A-41
77. (a)
."
+ 2 cu;;Lr)
/
(e) The graph shows that -3 (d)
:=;
rex)
=
:5
2 for -1
:-=; x:=;
1.
(b) ~O.683, ""0.954, ""0.997 81. Diverges 83. Converges 85. Converges
87. Diverges
IETI
(-(-I)
:-=; :-=;
12
(.:1x2)(3)
2
(1)
11 ~
D.\.2
(e) IETI
2
.:1x2
< O.Ot
47. (a) 2.3,1.6,1.5, 2.t, 3.2, 4.8, 7.0, 9.3,10.7,10.7,9.3,6.4,3.2 1 (b) 4r.}o (C(y)bZl' (e) ""347 in."
r,
'
3.
(2t·
I ()
1)5/2
(2T
-I-
I )~/2
v'~ 8
1(_ 7. 21n 2)
+ )r) +
0
(d) V:::::: 34.79 ill.] by Simpson's Rule. Simpson's Rule estimate should be more accurate than the trapezoid estimate. The error in Simpson's Rule estimate is proportional to ilx4 = 0.0625. whereas the error in the trapezoid estimate is proportional to i1x2 = 0.25. a larger number when LlX = 0.5 in. 49. (3) ;::,,5.870 (b) IETI $ 0.0032 51. 21.07 in. 53. 14.4 55. 54.9
9. -~ 13.
+C
I cos 28)
2( I -
4 cos
II
-1- C
-I-
17. -Ieco,lT
+ +
.
+C
v] + C
21.!;2
2·,-1
23. ln lln vi + C
27. sin-I (2x)
12 +
tan-I
sin"' (~)
3. 2 17.17
5. 6
7. rr/2
v3
19.111(1 +
f)
9. In 3 21. -1
1 L In 4 23.
13.
31. -3
tan"
(-.l~)+
33 . Ssec -I I
Isxl "4
35. Sin-'('; 2) + C
39 . sec -II x - 1 I 43. 45.
37. ~tall-tl; 4] . 2 x
2) + C
T
-1/4 27. Ti/2 29. rr!3 31. 6 33. In 2 Diverges 37. Converges 39. Converges 41. Converges Diverges 45. Converges 47. Converges 49. Diverges Converges 53. Converges 55. Diverges 57. Converges Diverges 61. Converges 63. Converges (a) Converges when P < I (b) Converges when p > ( 69. h 71. III 2. 73. (b) ""0.88621
(a)
v
sin 2x -4-
tcoS3(~) - 2COS(~)
tan2
+ +
75.
47. 53.
co\(2.x)
(~)
I+
49. 111\/2 C
51. 2
2\/2
+
55. x - 2l8J1-1
+
C
57. x -I- xl
1.2
Il.~ U.6 . 0.4
SIL~ I;;;;
.10
21n
t ..
in I dt
\ "" sin
/
4)
--::-I'----r-:--{--~--r-~-r~<;:::;t::-~
25
- r2
U.'2
I)
-0.2 10 15 20 25
-tin
I
(
G·) + + 2Sin-l(t) +
-l
tan-'
12t-II
[sec If - 3x)
tan (5 - 3x)1
(b) 1T/2
67. 4 In sin
(*) I +
3
69. -2
(\~)3
-
(~)5)
5
A-42
Chapter 8: Answers
71. !(=V.:2 + I +
73'. In 1 y
Inlz
,\,.':2
1/) + C
x
2
163.
1:1sin (28 2 x2
+ + +
1) -I-
cos e2f) 4
.
1)
I
+ .v~I + y- + 25
- x~
sec-Ilw}
c
C
C
7~.
- - VIx 79. In
77. sin;lx
81. ~
+ +
-
15 +
\/~I
165.
T
1
-I- 2,
3 In Ix -
II
x_ \
+ +
167.
-cos (2Vt;:)
,
+
C C
169.
-!J1lcsc(2y) - (r
2)J
+ +
cat (2y)
I+
83. (x 85.
l)(ln(x
X tan "
(3x) -
1)
(x
+ +
C
1)
+
C
sec/ {~)3
+
3
v;)
Ln (l
+ 9x2) +
J)ex 2ex
2(x
179. 2.(
181.
tan-I (y -
l)
:;.
_in 2,
eX c~s 2x
+
II
C In (z1
189.
21-lnlxIn f"
II + x
~I
187. 191.
9-
e.
+ 4) +
ttan-I
(~)]
+ +
C
2
Inlsinal-tln(] -BIn
4tan-1x
197. -
co; x
IsecvYl
-I- C
+ +
193.
I: ~;1
+
C
C
38 1 )
C
C
-I- C
x+
199. In (I
C
99. ]61n
I(v - 2)5(v + v6
2)1
+C
+
C
203.1nllnsi.l1vl
r-
\13 tan-I_I_
6
I -5 tan _I
In
205.
fx
C
e')
201. 1/4
J/2
cos (51)
'
209'"3
1(271n+ 27
+C
v'3
+ v,..) + C
)~2 -I-
1)1: 21
6
+~-
C~J)+
;2 _ ~
In
Ix + 31 + ~ In Ix + II + C
+1+1 / +C
x2 j
217.
Vs-I
219. -T(3b - 0)
+2
1+
.109. 1]]1
j-
e-si
+
C
+
C
113. -tlnl4
x21
Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp, 622-625 1. x(sin-I xi" + 2(sin-1 x)~ - 2x + C
"-l 3 x· Sill . 2
V9 .c;
+C
co; x
i
+
C
+
+
x- 4
sm
'-1
x+
121.
T+
5
5.
In Isec 2ft
tan
28 I -I- 2B
co;e _
co~~ 11:1 + C
125.
4VI
- cos (tI2)
7.
(In
(t - Vl=(2) -
sin"!
t) +
127. At least 16 129. T = tr, S = 71' 131. 25°F 133. (3) ""2A2 gal (b) :::;24.83 mi/ga.l 135. 71'/2 ]37. 6 139. In 3 141. 2 143, 71'/6 145. Diverges 147. Diverges 149. Converges
151. 2>;3/2 ~3 - - .r
2x + + -81(tan"' (x + 1) + tan-I (x - I» x -2x+2 11. 0 13. In(4) - J 15. 1 17. 32w/35 19. 2w 21. (a) To (b) "iT(2e - 5) 9. 1161n 23. (b)
71'
1< +
21
r: 2 V x - 2 In
Cv x +
,I
I)
+
C
l53
zs,
(e~4--'-2+1 e2
2)
27.
VI + e2
-111(0
vt;:,
i) - V2+ In(1
33. (b) I
+ \1'2)
155. sin-I (x
+
1
157. Inlu
cot r ]
T
+ \I'~I + csc x +
C
+
C
29. 6
1 +u 12 III 3 _ v
13
37.a=2'-4
31. y = I In 2
39'2<P~1
0~ x~ 4 1
Chapter 9: Answers
A-43
41.
s:
"
cas
JX)
"'I
..L
(d)
dv
,1/
= 10 -
Sill
Y _ '(l00
C 47.
X
+
.
I) _ (
e'"
a=
b"
III (ax) - x
C
(e)
+ TOO
y(25) nne
111
Concentration
arnt.
b"
tan'
CHAPTER 9
Section 9.1, pp, 632-634
2~ I 9. 3" y'-I' - x"" " = C 13. -x 2 tan 17. Y = sin(x2 11. eY
-
1 "" -3
27.8 min
29.
L R In 2 sec b () 8 60 y;,
V = li (.I -
eX = C
33.
+ lee
35. y3 = 1
+ Cx-3
23.
vY
C)
=C
25.~TT.~~J77TTT~~~
i,
)'1
= -0.25,
)12
= 0.3,
Y3
= 0.75
= 3ex(x+2i, .1'1 = 4.2, 5. y (exact) = e' + I, )'1 = 2.0, 7. v =:: 2.48832, exact value is e
9.
.\-'2 = )'2 =
6.216, 2.0202,
V:l =
9,697 2.0618
YJ
~v""
-0.2272,
"" -0.2880
11
27.
29.
x
0.2 0.4 0.6
z
I
j-approx.
3 4.608 7.623475 \ 3.56369
jr-exaet
Error
0 0.050122 0,211614 0.712777
IS
\2\3
~x
I II
l' = 1 ,y(3) = -0.2 x2 - 2x + 2 (b) -0.1851, error "" 0.0149 (e) -0.1929, (d) ~0.1965, error re 0.0035
error s= 0.0071
x>
a
x>
1 19. The exact solution in V = 0 , so y(3) = -0.2. To find . x- - 2x + 2 the approximation, let 2" = y,,_1 + 2v" -I(X,,-I j)dx and
1'1/ )',,-1 + (V/-I = (X,,-I - 1) + z} (x} - I»dx with ini. 1 rial values Xo = 2 and Yo = - J' Use a spreadsheet, calculator,
ex
1_
to
3(1 -
(r - 1)4 0 < 0 < 71/2 _ 3 I _1{ 1 7T 1~. v = - - -e 17. l' = --cos8 +. 0 28 2 2 , 1)4 (I -
= (cscO)(lnlsecOI , e"
1)4 C),
or CAS as indicated in parts (a) through (d). (a) -0.2024, error> 0.0024 (b) -0.2005, error> 0.0005 (e) -0.2001, error> 0.0001 (d) Each time the step size is cut in half, the error is reduced to approximately one-fourth of what it was for the larger step size.
19. y = 6ex23.
25.
2'1. Y
ynekl
(b) is correct, but (a) is not (a) 10 lb/rnin (b) (100 (e) 4CO/+
I) gal
lb/min
A-44
Chapter 9: Answers
7. y' = (y -
)'>0
_j
y'<;{J
y'>O
l)(y - 2)(y - 3) (a) y = I and y = 3 are unstable equilibria and y = 2 is a srable equilibriurn.
(b) y" = (3),2 -
-,2
)"<0
0
~\'~> 0
.I'~<O
(y -
1)0' y'<O
12y
ll)(y
I )(y - 2)(\1 - 3) =
6 -3\!3) C); I.
r' ,
I
3)
0,5
(c)
y'>O.y">O
\,·>0
I I
\"·<0
\'~>o,
3 \'·<0
I I I
~II
<o.y/!<
6 VV3 ~ 2.58 3
(c)
y'>o.yr'<o
y'>u,y~:;-..n
3. yf = y3 - Y = (y + I )y(y - I) (a) )' = -I and v = J are unstable equilibria stable equilibrium, (b) y" = (3.1'2 - 1)/ = 3(.1' + IlCi; + (y - I)
y'<
and y = 0 is a
--4__::::::====~~~.. ---~~~.~.~: ~~
:::;;.-..,.:l:;:::;:=----_--=,.-._-_.= : : -
1/V3}(y - 1/\13)
y':>O
z>.: I~T>': Q
y'< (J. y"< 0
/>0,.\'''<
-I
_r'>U
/<0
---l.of--- ...... --Jol--,-----4>---rl+-+-~_:_ .... v -I.:> -I 0 1.5 : -"W;.O y'<o: y·>O y-<o: y'>O
-0.51
10.5
9. -dP
dt
I-
I d"P 2P 1 las a sta bl e equi'l'b num at P = 1; --, = J' "' dr: -?(1 - 2P) "
-? dP =
-j_ {i
j_
- ell
p
'/3
(C)
IS
r'e».
p" > II
1.25
1.5
75
11. dP _ 2P(P - 3) has" stable equilibrium 5, y' = >0 (a) There are no equilibrium
(b) )'''
v'v,y
unstable values,
4P(2P -
", equilibrium
3)(P -
81
.
I
at P = 0 and an
I 2
/>0
3)
P'"O
l
/">1) I -I
-o~:) )
f'~<u
~, o.str» -t
I
1 I~
+,
,)
I Jj
I)
/'">0
•~
I
(c)
-2
Chapter 9: Answers
A-45
r,
(a) 168.5 m
150
Ilrn
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - __ -
P,
-------
_______ ~
, --------------, , ,
---
--------~
:"'~1.
, , , ,
(b) About 17.21 weeks; 21.28 weeks 8 X la' . 7. (a) y(t) = I + 4e-0711 y(l) ~ 2.69671
-_
1.5_ du dt _ ..
a o
_.! u, m2
.
(b) t"" J.95253 years 400 9. (a) V = 2e' - 1 (b) ."(1) = --:..::..:::.-. 'I + 19ge-2001 Po • j 1]. (a) p(t) = _---'--(b) Vertical asymptote at ( = kPo I - kPot 13. x2
. g, A, 111
>
.. 0 and v ( I):> 0 _ -
~> -2(~V) ~~
=
dt
_! V 2 In
O=V
=
Ei. -"\/
_
+ y2 = C
t,
-2U~v
)(g - fiiv
Il
~>o
du
di<
(b) 15. In Iy
I2 I -'p =
"2X" +
0
I
_\'
(c)
l',ennirmi
(l6O -yOJ)05=
= 50 -
l7.
F = Fp - Fe; ma
Slvl; :~
= k(SO -
SlvlJ.
The
. maximum ve I' ocity occurs when du = 0 or v = 10 ftl sec cit 19. Phase line:
17.
]I =
± V 2. + C
,-
If the switch is closed at t = 0, then 1(0) = 0, and the graph of the solution looks like this: v R
V ",t. = R'
A-46
Practice
1. Y
(x ~ c) y
-
;(x -
2)5/1 -
t(x +
x + C)
+
C
2)3(2)
_elx'-I)!2;y(2) "" -3.4192; exact value is -4.4817. 41. (a) y = -1 is stable and)' = I is unstable. d2y dv , (b) dx2 = 2y dX = 2y(y- - 1) 39. y(exact)
_eJ/2
;::; ."~l
9. (y Ce
X /
+
2
l)e-Y = -lnlxl
,
I
= eX
13. y
4 e'"
=
23)' .'
4 t .?
: ~<o
I
dx
: ££>0
dx
15·. y=
21. v . 25.
. = =
x2
-2 ~(l .)
2x2
2.;c + C
17. Y
19. xy
3.\·2
+ y3 =
C (c)
111(2 - e~X)
+6 = =:...__:___:::_:__:_~
+
1)2 1
- 4e-xJ)
-
27. y = 4x - 4~
29.. Y 31.
e -." (3.:.:3
x
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
x
1.1 1..2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
y 1.6241 1.8319 2.05[3 2.2832 2.5285 2.7884 3.0643 3.3579 3.6709 4.0057
~2
1.8
1.9 2.0
1.2411
1.4273
33.
35. (')~
5. ~- -
9' = 1, F(±Vl3,O),
±'2 X
F(±J,O), 3
,
v2
V(±2,0),
asymptotes: y = 7. "2+.1'"=1, 9.
y
Xl
y-values decrease very rapidly and our calculator cannot handle the calculations for x :=; -1. (This occurs because the analytic solution is y = -2 + In(2 - e-x), which has an asymptote at x = -In 2 ;::; -0.69. Obviously, the Euler approximations are misleading for x :=; -0.7.)
V(±V2,0
r:
11.
x;::-3
),=2
'~
[-I.
-J
0.21 by [-10, 2J
37. y(exact)
tx2 - t;y(2)
A-47
15.
2'9. Asymptotes: y
±x
kl
If.!
f directrix
_Y."" -
k
19. 31. Asymptotes: y
17.
_I'
-5
-4
±:£
2
21.
--rio
F2
25. 4
x2
+ y2
-1
2 =1
27. Asymptotes: y
±x
(H 2)' =8Ix- I)
A-48
41.
\17,3);
65. Hyperbola:(x-I)2-(y-2)"=
F(1
(x-4)2 16
--+--=1
9
(\' _3)2
67.
'\./2,2) and IV(2, 2) and V(0,2); asymptotes: (y - 2) = ±(x - 1) (y - 3)2 .2 Hyperbola: . 6 = I, C(O,3), F(O, 6) and
F(
V2,2),
I,
C(I,2).
0;
v(o,
\/6 + 3) and
v(O, 71.
-vl6 + 3);
VIx + 3
" 4 alld4_r2+9\12~]6 '
asymptotes: y =
(8.3)
-V2x + 3 or y
=-
x::!·1·4\,2~4
.1
43.
(-2,0): (b)
asymptotes: y = "
±4 (x
- 2)
73.
45.
F(-1,-3). F(1,-5),
3x2
(x + 2f
+ =
4 =0 2\/2.
is inside the circle. width = area = 4
(y -
1)2
V2,
49.
2?
_j_
'
(Y
+
9
±3 - Ii,
no.
(y-3)2 2
7. e =
11. 4851
r"
,
\/3/3, F(±\I3,o).
+
1/2
I '
x = ±3\/3
x! y2 9. 27 -I- 36 =
v( ± v'3 +
53.
(x - 2)2
4'900 = 1
~2 ).2
asymptotes: (y - 2) =
'vIs =r
(x - 2) 1)
1)2- (x
))2
= I,
C(-l,-I),
F(-I,
V2 -
F(I.4±\,S).
r;.
e=
r:. vS/3.
811dF(-1,-v'2-I), V(-I,O)andV(-1,-2)' asymptotes (y + 1) = ±(x + 1) 57. C(-2, 0), a=4 59. V(-l,ll, F(-l,O) 61. Ellipse: (x
y =4± 21.
(J
(9V5/5)
b = -4, c = 0, e=
= 0,
23. e = 27.
2)2
+ y2 = [,
.
C( -2,0),
25. e =
v(v'5 2
2.0) and
?
V( -VS I,
(
29.
d
V2, F(±\/2, 0), x = ±1/V2 '\.12, F(O, ±4), Y = ±2 e = V5, F( ± v'lo, 0). x = ±2/V'lO e = \15, F( 0, ± VlO). Y = ±2/vlo
'/3;'2
(x - I)"
+(y-l)"=
C 1,L),
,x31. y2 35. e =
V(V'2+ 1,1)andV(-V2
8- =
1
J
, 33. x- -
11 '8 =
1,1)
'\.12, '~ -
8" =1
v2
37. e
2, x2
v2 )-
A-49
6)2
(x 45
1)2
5.
39.
36
7.
y
x=_
ji;}:;;;
9. 17.
21.
25.
3. Ellipse 5. Parabola 7. Parabola Hyperbola II. Hyperbola 1.3. Ellipse 15. Ellipse X'2 - y'2 = 4, hyperbola 19. 4X'2 + 16)" = 0, parabola .1'.2 = I, parallel lines 23. 2\/2x'2 + 8 = O. parabola 4X'2 + 2y'} = 19, ellipse
I
I I=:.
,. ,.,.
n
(I
I I II
v2y'
...
,
\ \ \
, , ,
l
I
;'
I
I
1=0 -I
I)
I .r
I
\
\ \
(e) y' =
-,tx' + :1
=
2
(d) y' =
-,Jzx'
=
13. x=(a-b)COSO+bCOS(a:be).
2a
(b)
.1,2 -
.1'.2
= (a -
b) sin
e-
b sin
(0 ~
e)
~'=-2x-+ :1
15. x=asin2ttanl,y=asin2t
17, (1,1)
, !!) (.~·1
(c) )'
-2x -
3, )'
-2x +
(-2.0)
(2.0)
(_,~, !I.) 2
-¥- + 21lT.)
and
-I-
l)-rr).
11
an integer
(2,3; + 2mI')
(f)
(217 and
n an integer
(2n + l)ro ).
811
~~
__ ~~r=~o~.
'...
....
__
- ,.'"
11 I
,
\
\ \
11 an integer (d) (2, (21'1 + 1)r.) and (-2, 21l1T), 17 5. (a) (3,0) (b) (-3,0) (c) (- I,
;'
(e) (3,0)
(1, \13)
\13)
(g) (-3,0)
A-50
7.
3. j.-axis
s
r= I +cusO
r=
I-sinn
11.
13.
-2
5. y-axis
-I
7. .r-axis
15.
17.
r=2+sin!.l
1-
-I
-L------,o+--__l_----+x
19.
-I
2, vertical line through (2, 0) 0, the .r-ax is v = 4, horizontal line through (0, 4) x + I' = I. line. /1/ = l , b = I x2 + .1'2 = I .circle, qo, 0), radius I t: - 2x = 5, linc;m = 2,b = 5 )/2 = x, parabola, vertex (0, 0), opens right y = e"; grapb of natural exponential function x + .r = ± I, two straight lines of slope -1, j-intercepts b = ±1 41. (x + 2)2 +v1 = 4, circle, C(-2, O),radius 2 43 . .\" + (.I' - 4)2 = 16. circle. qo, 4), radius 4 45. (:r - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 = 2, circle, C( I, I), radius
X""
_F =
-r
-I
15. Origin
V2
47. + = 4 49, f"cosfi = 7 53. r = 2 or r = -2 55. 4r2 cos' 8 57. rsill~(j = 4cose 59. r = 4sin8 61. ,.2 = 6r cos f) - 2,. sin () - 6 63.. (0, e), where f) is any angle
V3v
A~51
l, at (-],
-77/2) is I.
(0,0), (0,0),
(l,7T/l2),
43. (a)
2\16 -9~
8 13.
5. 2
7'"2
'TJ
-]
9. 57T - 8
3V3 3
f+~
9V3
27. 21T
17. (a)
"2 - "4
19. 19/3
(ta, 0)
"8
rcos(e
(a)
!'
(b)
3.
r cos (61
- 7T/6) = 5,y
- 41T/3) = 3,y 7. y=
=3
= -(
5. y=2-x 9. r cos 13. 19. 23. 25. 27. 31. 35. 37.
(e - %)
S?
23. (a)
(Il)
\"
r = 8 cos (j l5. r = 2v2 sin 8 17. C(2, 0), radius = 2 C(I,7T),mdius =I 21. (x - 6)2 + y2 = 36,1' = 12cosB x2 + (y = 25,1" = IOsine (x + 1)2 + y2 = 1,r = -2 eos e x2 + (y + 1/2)2 = 1/4, r = -sin e 29. r = 2/(1 + cos 0) 1" = 30/(1 - 5 sin tI) 33. r = 1/(2 + cos tI) r = 10/(5 - sin (:I)
y x~1 1 r=-~ I + cos
(j
39.
x;;:: -5
25 r=-10-500'
25.
41.
43.
r=
( 50
50 400
r=c-r-z--r-»
3' 2 '""
")
H 2 - 2 sin
(!
r=
16.,8,;00
(5,0. ~) o _
A-52
45.
)'
A
2
!'
57.
(b)
Planet
Mercury
Perihelion
0.3075 AU 0.71 84 AU 0.9833 AU 1.3817 AU 4.9512AU 9.0210AU 18.2977 AU 29.8135AU 29.6549 AU
Aphelion 0.4667 0.7282 1.0167 1.6663 5.4548 10.0570 20.0623 30.3065 49.2251 AU AU AU AU AU AU AU AU AU
-4
Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus eptune Pluto (a) x2 (b)
r=4sinO
9. (x -
2f
= -12(y
3).
= 1,
V(2, 3),
P(2,0);
directrix:y V(-3,0)and
(X+3)2 11. 9
V( -3,
+
-10),
(.1'+5)2 25
F( -3,
C(-3.-5),
13.
(y - 2v2)2
8
and V(2, 0),
(x -
2f
1, C(2,2V2),
V(2, 4\1~)
F(2,
v'lO
59.
{.1' - 2)2
4, x
v3
,,13)
I,
F ( 2 ± \15,0,
= V(-3,
r:)
(2·1"3.
V(2 ± 2,0),
(,(2,0);
asyrnptotesj-
±~ (x
I).
2)
(fi.3)
17. Parabola: (y - 1)2 = -16(x + 3), FC -7, I); directrix: x =1 . (x + 3)2 (y - 2)2 19. Ellipse: 16 + 9 = I,
F(
±V7 - 3,2),
V(±4 ~ 3,2),
C(-3,2)
65.
61. r = 4/( I + cos 8) 63. (b) The pins should be lin. apart. r = 20 sin f) (a circle) 67. r cos (e - a) = p (aline)
21. Circle: (x - 1 + (y - 1)2 = 2, C(I, J), radius = 23. Ellipse 25. Hyperbola 27. Line 29. Ellipse,5x,2 + 3y,2 = 30 31. Hyperbola, ),,3 - X'2
V2
=
, I
2
I
I
33.
35.
\ \ \ \
(;;;;-O
s=s:
3.
2
,2::
3x
o
-I
37.
39. (d)
4l. (I)
43. (k)
45. (i)
47. (0,0)
(V2, 7T/4)
Cllapter
11: Answers
A-53
55. y =
63. ( - V ')7 .x 2 .61. .\"2 + (y + 2)2 = 4 67. r = 3 cos 0 65. r = -5 sin 69. 71.
('/3/3)x e
57.x=2S'9.y=-3/2
+ y-, =
] '9. x 2
(a
+ +
b)
cos IJ - b CDS
f) -
(a ;
-
o ),
bj sin
b sin (a ; be)
~ (e47T I)
e2f!
(b)
r"",·_5_ I - 2. (;05 Ii
4 2 25. r = -:--+--=2'-c-o-s-=-f} 27·1'=2+sin8 31. I X 107 miles 37. (a) r = __ 33. e = \/2/3 2a ---=c:____
73.
= +
2 cos
75. r = 2
+ 2sine
77. 9,,/2
+
(c) t: ='1
cos(e - ~)
2 sin 0
(b) r
3-
cos IJ
85. (2 -
V2)1I
43. 11/2
47. (2,
Addttionat
I.
±2f ). I
51. 'iTll
53. ,,/4
3yl - 8y
4=0
CHAPTIER 11
16 y
(b)
~)2 ( +*
25
v
-1/4, a, = -2/9, a4 = -3/16 -1(3,C/3 = 1/5,((4 = -1/7 ((I = 1(2, a2 = l/2, a3 = 1/2, (14 = 1/2 3 7 15 31 63 127 255 5 [[ 1.023 7, I, 2<1'8' 16' 32' 64' 128' 256' 512 1 \ I] II 1 I 9'. 2,1. -2' -4' 8' 16' - 32' - 64' 128' 256 Ll, 1,1.2,3,5,8,13,21,34.55 13. all = (-1),,+1,112: 15. all = (-I),,+I(n?,1J 2: 1 1.7. a" = nl - 1,1'12: 1
l. 3. 5.
al
= 0,
a2
GI
= I,G2
l3.
19. all = 4n - 3, n
2:
21. Cl,.
+ (-
!)"+I
'n
2:
23. Converges. 2 25. Converges. -1 27. Converges. -5 29. Diverges 31. Diverges 33. Converges, 1/2 35. 4:1. 47. 53. 59. Converges. 39. Converges, 1 Converges, 0 45. Converges, 0 I Converges, e7 51. Converges. I 1 Diverges 57. Converges, 4 0 Diverges 63. Converges, e~1 65. Converges, e2i3 67 .. Converges. x (x > 0) 69. Converges, 11. Converges, 1 73. Converges, 1/2 75. Converges. 7[/2 77. Converges. 0 79. Converges. 0 8"1. Converges, j /2 83. Converges, 0 85. x; = 2"~2 Converges, Converges. Converges, Converges. Converges. 0
vil:
15.
9.,[2+ 412_';6
17.
.
"",{I
87. (a) f(;o;) = .1'2 - 2, 1.414213562 "" (b) f(x) = tan (x) - 1,0.7853981635 "" 7T/4 (c) l(x) = c", diverges 89. (b) I 97 .. Nondecreasing, bounded 99. Not nondecreasing, bounded [0 L Converges, nondecreasing sequence theorem 103. Converges, nondecreasing sequence theorem lOS. Diverges. definition of divergence 109. Converges 111. Converges 121. N = 692. a; = \i'G.5, L = I 123. N = 65. an = (0.9)". L = 125. (b) \/3
V2
A-54
Chapter
10: Answers
..
1"
J;2 >
1. S" 9.
s.;>
(1/3)") 1-(1/3),3
n
=
1
I - (-L/2)" 1_(_1/2),2/3 I 1 64
, 4
Sn =
2' 7
+
7
2~"2 7
7. 1 -
4" + 16 -
+ .. "'5
Converges; integral Test Converges; Integral Test Converges; Integral Test True
23. Diverges; »th-Tenn Test 27. Converges; Integral Test 31. (J = 1 33. (b) Abollt41.55
4"+16+64+""3
I)
It. (5 +
13. ( 1 - " IS.
(% + ±) + (% + ~)
2 4 25
19. I
u+
17. 5
2:( 1(\/-;')
1
In2
V2
n_)1.' +I
<
(.!!....)I.' 311
(_j~)"
27. Diverges
e2
1
, 1'1 -
35. Diverges
37. Diverges
41. a = I,r= -x;convergestol/(l +x)forlxl< 43. a = 3. r = (x - 1)/2; converges to 6/l3 - .r) for x in (-1,3) 45. 49.
9. Diverges; direct comparison with I( I/n) 11. Converges; limit comparison with I(1/112) 13. Diverges; limit comparison with I(1ln) 15. Diverges; limit comparison with I( 1/1'1) 17, Diverges; lntegral Test 19, Converges; compare with 2:( l/n3/2) I I 21. Converges; n2" :::; 2" 23. Converges; with 2:( 1/11) 27, Converges: compare with I ( 2) L/11 tan-Ill Ti/2 29. Converges; --1-'- < -'-I
25, Diverges: limit comparison
3/1-1
<-3,,-1
Ixl <
x""
.
()
47, -2 <
.r < 0'-2 + A.
1 - sin.t 57. 41333/33300 ,~ (n
]
51. 23/99
59
53, 7/9
"
/I~2(1I
4)(n + 5)
(b) ~
2){n
3)
(e)
69.
,,=5 (11 -
L
Xl
(n) r
.J)tn - 2)
(b) r
~"
31. Converges; compare with I( 1/112) 33 . Diverges; limit comparison with 2:( \/11) 35. Converges; limit comparison with I(l/1l2}
n.
n'
3/5
-3/10 75. 8 m2
71. 77.
Ir I <
I, I + 2~ I - r:
73. 28 m
(a) 3 (~)"-'
(b)
A" = A +
..1 -
tA
t(~)A
t(*)"-2
I
9,
A,
Diverges;
1/----+00
lim
(I -1.1'1)" = e'
""
n.
15. 19. 23. 25. 27. 31.
Converges; compare with 2:(1/1l2) Diverges; compare with 2:(I/n) 17. Converges;RatioTest Converges; Ratio Test 21. Converges; Ratio Test Converges; Root Test Converges; compare with I( 1/11") Converges; Ratio Test 29. Diverges; Ratio Test Converges; Ratio Test 33. Converges; Ratio Test
all
<
I'lin
II -+
I=1
..
*0
"8
1
35. Diverges;
="3(
)i'/II!l __,.I
7. Converges; gcometnc series, r = 9', Diverges; Integral Test 11. Converges; geometric series, r 13. Diverges; Integral Test 17. Diverges; limll~cc (\/~/ln
39. Diverges; Root Test 41. Converges; Root Test 43. Converges; Ratio Test 47. Yes
2/3
<
fl~OO}f.
*0
11: Answers
A-55
-+>
->
35. 37.
0 -
5. Converges
by Theorem by Theorem
16
16
1/2
Series of absolute r:
is a convergent
39. I
41.
< x < 16. 2/(4 -V,;) \/2 < x < V2.. 3/(2 - .\'1) < x < 5. 2/(x - l ), j < .r <
x2
2x - xl)
5. -2/(x
Il
(a) cosv =
XX .\'10
- '2!
,4
\:~
4! -
6!
+
.
13. 15.
Id conditionally. I; V 1/-> 0 but ~,,=I ,I ivcrges. VI' . 8G ') absolutely. Compare with 2:,1=11.1/,,-)I ,':;V
for all ~-
17. Converges
diverges 19. 21. Diverges;
conditionally. (compare
1/(11
3) -> 0 but
2:~
I --1 ~
rI _J
3+
5
]I
x-l
23
x'
-I-
+ 5! - 71 -I45
x 6
2\·5
27
x'
91 - -.\-11lO
29.\''1
211xll
+".
II
n __,. I (
J, -1- k)
n:
Test
43.
->
(a) (b)
'2 +
I
l2
+
-I-
0 but
+.r- +
2,4
2520 17.. 6
45
17x~
+
+
14175'
Jlx
62:1:'
a"
absolutely
I absolutely; ., . ,r+211+
absolutely p-series) absolutely conditionally:
33. Converges
(convergent
since
n-
=
=
=
(x I
I) - ~(x
= -
I)" -I-
tv ?)' - -.
2)- -
I ) -2(x-I),
I»
I,~'~~1 1
J'-' 3. Po(x)
'\" '/7
2' PI(x)
1 I 2 - 4' (x
I '2 -
4(x - 2),
-
by Root Test
37i-Dlverges;
a"
---700
'\'/n + 1 - VII
P2(x) .
((v,;- +
~)--->O,butseriesorabsolulevalues
diverges
(compare
(/,,-'>
with.
2:( 1/ V;;)
11
P31x) =
1 II 2 - 4 (x
- 2)
8' (x
,I
16 (.r
2)'
41. Diverges.
43.
1/2 *- 0
scch
ell
2~
en
2
e
J!
= ---1e"
ll
45.
51.
I Error I
geometric
X
il +
49.
<
5. PoLd = -2-'
P2(x)
=
\12
PI (x)
sertes.
0.54030
-2-
V2
+
-I12
-2-
'vi2(
x-
IT)
17' '4 ) 4
-44'
V2(
x-
17)2 '4
< 0.2
G,,+ I
(a) a; 2::
10-11
E) _ v2 (~._ E)2
4
-
v'2 (_
IT)3
, 4 (_,r ) 4.
4-_ 4)~
0
(e) none
.1 7. PIl(x) = 2. PI ( .r) = 2
P2(x)
3. (a) 1/4, -1/2 <.\' < 0 (b) -1/2 < x < 0 (e) none 5. (a) 10. -8 < x < 12 (b) -8 < x < 12 (e) none 7. tal 1. -I < .\ < I (b) -1 < x < I (e) none 9. (a) 3. -3 ::5 .r ::5 3 (b) -3 ::5 x :s; 3 (e) none
oo , for 8r1.r
00.
I 4(x
4) 4) ,,2
I.), 64 (x I 64 (x _'(';
P3(X) ~
9. ~
=2
I + 4 ex = l-
I ill (x
- 4.
)1
(a)
(a)
for all .r
::5 .r
(-x)"
11.
(a) 5. -8
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a) (a)
(b) -I < x < 1 (b) -8 < _~ 1 < 3. -3 3 (b) -3 < x < 3 I. -1 < x < I (b) -I < _r < I D,x = 0 (b) x = 0 (e) none 2. -4 < x S 0 (b) -4 < .r < 0 1.-1 ::5xS I (b) -1 Sxs I 1/4. I S x S 3/2 (b) I S x ::5 3/2
I. -I
<
n=O -o
x+
-X+x2-
2! -
3! -I- 4! .r 3+
_,A
11. 2:(-I)"x"=
'1"=0
...
1)".1'21> (211)!
(e) none
(e) none (e) x = 0
13. ..::..11=0
(_I)"3bl+1,2nTI
(211
I)!
11=0
L
00
(_
_:_______c___
]7. ~
,,=()
X2JI.
(211)1
(e) none
(e) none
19. 21.
x" 8
21'3 -
5x 2)
+
+
10(x - 2)
36(x
_L
(x -
2)3
1,(-I-Tolsx«I-To) (e).\'=-I-17
23. 2l -
2)2 - Six
2)·1
(x
+ 2)-1
(b)(-I-To)<X«l-17)
A-56
00
:2:.t-I}"il1 +
n=U
Il(", - I)"
27.
11=011.
L e~ (x
00
- 2)"
I.
9. 1 +
.L 2x
X)4
_18x2
=I
+ _I+
4x
16.~·3
L(x) = 0, Q(x) =
-.,2/2
35. L(x)
= .1. Q(x,l =
+ .: .. 2/2
11. (I
6x2
4xJ
+ X4 =
21.
ex:
00
[(xl = x. Q(x) = x
13. (I - 2x)3 = 1-
6x + 12x" - 8x3 = eX
15. Y =
'1=0
~
L
00
::0
(-1)"
--I-X"
n.
17. Y I
L(xfl/n!)
11=1
00
=
~
e' -
:L
00
(_
Y = 2:(x"/n!)
11=:
= e' - .\' -
v
.
n.
.....),
5(-l)"(-xj2n+'
(211
T
= ~ 5( _1),,+IX211-1 ,,=0
3.
11=0
1)' 5x'
(211
I)!
= -5x
0.0
,5.\'3
T! - T! + 7! +
+
I)"
5Xi
2: (2n~ +
~2'H-l
sinh x
5. 7.
L---11=0 (2n)!
11=1) ex:
(-I
)"(X
29. y
X-
l"2f~
00
'(2n+l J'
32:
..=fi (_II
+
bx5
~
1).
x"" 2: --o
fll
x
'
+- +_
x6
xS
-t-
x3 2'
xo.! 31
.\"5
_
4!
.\,LO
+ ...
31. Y == a
ax"
~
bx
3' 4 -
a,,4
0 - (;':6:7 +
39. 0.10000 I
x7
... 4
9.,~
= 4! -
6T S! -lOT + ..
37. 0.0999444611
<-:< 4
0.00011
45. (a) x2
,.2
..»:
12
,,4
+ -'\_ - ~
5.6
.6
..8
7 .8
+ ... +
(_1)15_'_'_ 31 ·32
,.32
]5. xl2:;(2r)"
11=0
= .1'"
17. 19.
21.
L nx,,-1
CXJ
=I
-t-
3..-"
+ 4.r' + ., .
10-10,
47. 1/2 49. -1/24 51. 1/3 53. -I 55. 2 59. 500 terms 61. 4 terms ,,3 3J'5 5x7 63. (a) x + + 40 + 112' radius of convergence = I
6.
1;
Ixl < (0.06)115 < 0.56968 IEn-or I < (H),-3)'/6. < 1.67 x
[Error]
11=1
(b) -10-]
!!_ -
,.3
~
<
<
6
-
35 5 .7 ....:£. - ~ 40 112
23. 33.
<
(3°')(0.1)3/6
<
1.87
65. 1 - 2\'
3x2
4.\'3
+ ...
10-4
25. 0.000293653
35. e smr = .r
+ r + '3 +
kx
"'1);3
30 - 90 ...
I)
ki]: 2
x2
(b) for 0
(e)-i
-<;
<
100-1/3
(b)
(1/\12)0
I, - 30 X'
...
i)
x-,1 +
'3 x J
; W1
" 2'
3.".
2'iT
.f
A-57
3. fix)
II=I
2:
00
2(-1),,+1
II
sin (nx)
43. (a) 1/3,0 s x :S 2/3 (b) 0 45. (a) OC, for all x (b) for all .r 47. (a) (e) none 49. (a) e. -e 51. J ~
00
:S
(e) none
vi -\/)'< x
x'
<
V3
0
(b)
< \II)
x
t·~
(2n
'1 11.
<x <e
(b) -e
'IT,
<
.v
53. sinx,
I
55.
00
In 2. 2
57. 2,2"x"
n=O
_"
63.2,
((1Txi/2)"
I)!
61.
.. =0
2,
(-I )"XS"
(J
_11).
'1
_ (x + 1) 6::J. 2 - -) -11z
r
/;=0
t:
+.
3(x
1)2
2-' • 2 I
+.
9(.\
1)3
2~ . 31
-
+ ...
:J
1 42 (.x - 3)
+
x"
')" 4I. (x - _1 J
I 44 (:c -
1;
-
'j=O
00
L
00
(-1),,'11
11.
-e-> .
71. y = 3
Jl=O
L (-l
)"2"
n.
--I-X" co
= 3e-1,
(X"/III)
~ou
:IOU -
73. y = -] - x 75.v=
22,
n=2
= 2ex -
3x - 3 I-x
:wo
IIIIJ
I +x+22,(x"/f1!)=2e"11-=0
7.
lex)
I 2cOSX
77. 0.4849171431 79. "" 0.4872223583 81. 7/2 83. 1/12 85. -2 87.]' = -3,s = 9/2 89 .. (b) I error] < [sin (1/42) I < 0.02381; an underestimate cause the rema i nder is posiri ve 91. 2/3 93. In
be-
(n ~
(t).
95. (a) 00 (b)' = 1, b = 0 97. It converges. 1 ~2sin((211-1)x) 105. - - L.J 2 11=1 (21'1 - 1)1T
27T
-I
{I
3rr
A-58
~
107 .
n~1
.£."
,,~I
£.,
I )x)
19. (a) r = 3 (b) y = -1 (e) z = -2 21. (a) z = 1 (0) x = 3 (e) y = -I 23. (a) Xl + (y - 2j2 = 4, Z = 0 (b) (y - 2)2 + Z2 = 4, x = 0 (e) xl
+ z2
= 4,F = 2
25. (a»),=3,2'=-1 (b)x=l,z=-1 (c)x=l.y=3 27. x2 + .1'2 + z2 = 25, Z = 3 29. 0 S z S I 31.:: 33. (3) (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 + (z - I)" < 1 (b) (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 + (z - 1)2 > I 35.. 3 37.7 39.2\1'3 41. C(-2,O,2),a=2\12 43. C(V'2, v2, -vl2).a = 45. (x'- ])" -I- (y - 2f -I- (2' - 3)2 = 14
v2
47. (x
~.
c(_l _1 _1)
4' 4' 4
;-,-.-,
-I-
2)2
+ .1'2 +
:;2 = 3
'
(1
49. C( -2,0,2),
a=
VS
5\1'3 4
~ +
z
L Converges: 5. Converges;
t - \'3
,2
L.
\/17 +
\/33
-I-
z"
(b) Vx~
(e) \i.e
1'-
11/3)
(x -
71"/3)2
tt /3)3
+ ...
+
x + ':;-,- :;-1 + ... +
.).
H.
With a = 0, e' = 1
...3
5. (a) (J
2, -
19)
(b)
v's05
7. (a)
B. (-~,
(t, 15 )
4
\~)
(b)
\/10
(b) ~
13. With a =
niT. cosx
= 1-
±(x - 2211)2
11 ex ±-:J
+ ...
23. b = I
2j - k
19. -3i
-I-
16j
15. Converges, limit = b 17. orl2 29. (h) Yes 25. a = 2,L = -7/6
cc
2]. 3i
II
and w
(b) 6
(e) l/q
- e-k1o), 37. (a) R" = Coe-!:I"(J - e-""")/(l kl,,) = Cu/(ekrll - I) R = Co(e-kl·)/(1 - e(b) RI =1 [e "" 0.368, RlO = R( I ., e-IO) "" R(O.9999546)
(R - Rlo)/R
(b)
J"
'V
+ ~k
CHAPTER 12
Section 12.1, pp .. 836-837
1. 3. 7. 9. H.
13.
(c)
-,.
(dl
15. (a)
(b)
17. (a)
(b)
line through the point (2, 3, 0) parallel to the a-axis .r-axis 5. The circle x2 + y2 = 4in the xy-plane 2 + 2'2 = 4 in the vz-plane circle. x circle y" + 2'2 = I in the jzz-plane circle x2 + y2 = 16 in the xy-pl:ll1e The first quadrant of tile x!'-plane The fourth quadran! of the x)'-plane The ball of radius 1 centered at the origin AU points greater than 1 lIl1 it from the origin Theupper hemisphere of radius 1 centered at the origin The solid upper hemisphere of radius I centered at the origin
~
25. 3(~i
-t~
(d) 6i - 2j
29. ft (~i 31. (a) 2i 33 .'. (b) 35. (a) ,r:: i 5v2
3
tj -
~k) \.~j -
27.5(1.)
.~k)
(c)
- \13k
]3 ,j 0
3k
7. 13 (1 2 i - Sk.1
+ -----_;:::: j! SV2
---:= k y'2
(b) (1/2.3,5/2)
A-59
"\13
- _I_J. -
V/3
39 .. 11(4, -3,5)
41. a =
t,
_I_k v3
b =~
(b)
(~1. 2\
2' 2' 2)
31. a 35. x + 2y = 4
37. -2r
+J
-3
43. 5
V3i. 5j
-~i
45.
~ \ -338..095, 725.046j
s+
i (2'5v'3) 2
IOcos315°,5sin60° 2
10\12)
+ .i 21.
IOsi[1315°) =
(b) i
(e) (2,2.1)
.t
+y
[j
= -I
y
41. 2, - y
0
p,l.
(c) -5
(c) -:;.l
(d) -2i
+ +
4j -
VSk
-2
Pt-2.,
2J
l l] - 2kl
..I:+y"",-I
v'3
(b)
V3v34
2 r-.;::-:
V34
i-j
(b) 10 +~17
43. 5 J 53.
45. 3464 J
47,
Y546
(Si
%-
49.
5],
0.14
+ \1I7~1
+ 'v /17
V26
II.
=' COS-I
+ .il
~5 A :l . .. t
(0 , 0) : "2; at (1 I ).:"4 an d tt rr .,
j7f 4
1.77 rad
(:5) ~
IU
x vI
1 di . =.l,llIcCtIUI1IS-
. 2. 1. 1+-::;-,+-::;-{;VX
.J'
2I
.J
u]
3,
C05-1 (~)
""
direction is
_l
i-
.!. j
3-
- ~k
C
17, 19,
= COS-I
(ifs) ~
v I = 6 ..direction is -k;
Iv
III -
28,,_ i _ 16,' _ 12k)' 3 3' 3 3 3' 3 21. The sum of two vectors ofequal length is always orthogonal to their difference, as we can see from the equation
(VI
vi = 6Vs,directionis
IS -
~i 5
6v5,
. .. d irecnon 9.
1.. 2 -= 1 + -= I{
'1/5
Y5
V5
11.
O. 27. Horizontal component: "" 1[88 ft/sec, vertical component: "'" 167 ft/sec 29. (a) Sincelcos81:s l,wehavelu'vl=lull\'IICos81:s luJlvl(l) = [ul]v]. (b) '0/e have equality precisely when I cos &1 = 1 or when one or both ofu and v are O.ln the case of nonzero vectors, we have equality when e = 0 or 70, that is, when the vectors are parallel.
1"112
hl2 =
V2)
= \']'''1
V1'VI
VI'V2
V2'V1
x ]=k
.,
A-60
13.
15. x = I, Y = 1
t, Z = 0, -[
15. (a)
]7.
(a)
rV6 V2 2
(b) ±~(2i-t-.i+
V6
k)
17.
.r =
0. y = l -
21,::
1,
:s
1$ ]
(b) ::,::_I_(j_j)
19. 8 21. 7 23. (i1) None (b) u and w 27. (a) True (b) Not always true (e) True (e) Not always true (f) True (g) True 29. (a) prOJ,U
.
=
v'2
(1).-1,
II
I
I
(0.1.11 ,....._.
I I I I I
I I I
V:-V"
U'"
(b) ± u X v
(c)
± tv
X v] X w
(d) I(vxv)'wl (b) No (e) Yes (d) No 31. (a) Yes 33. No.v need not equal w. For example, i -I- .i :/' -] i X (i + j) = il X j + i X j = 01 + k = k and i X [-i + j) = -j X i + i. X j = 0 + k = k. 35. 2 37. 13 39. 11/2 41. 25/2 43. If A = ali + t12,i and B = hi + b2j, then
+ j,
but
19. x = 2 - 21,), =
21,2
2 - 21,0
1:S
k A
X
(II
(/2
hi
and the triangle's area is
°
0
(/1
a2
k
.c
(0.2.01
b,
b2
= -]
23.
7x - Sy - 4z
=6
The applicable
from A to Bruns
if it runs clockwise.
37.
9"'17!42
+ +
3y
Z
+
=3
4z = 34
:n,
+z
=7 35. 0
39. 3
45. 9(V41
47 .. w/4
2/, z =
55. (I, I, D) 57. x = I - t, Y = 1 + t, Z = -I 59. x = 4,y = 3 + 61, Z = L + 3t 61. Llintersects L2; L2 is parallel to L3; L I and L3 are skew. 63. x
2t,y
-4 Z
I, z =
3t;x = -2 - I,
Y = -2
65. (0,69.
~,-%).
(1/2)1,
I-
(3/2)1
Many possible
answers.
+y =
3 and
I
I I
(I.I.~) -
2y+z=7 71. (x/a) + (v/b) + (zlc) = I describes all planes except those through the origin or parallel to a coordinate axis.
:--,---~x
I
I I
_____
J/
I I
A-61
29.
31,
.1'
33.
35.
17.
19.
.I'
21.
23.
37.
25.
27.
41.
43 .
A-62
45.
.(.:.+J':'+~:! =...J.
::_"I= 1'+_1'"2_.t.2
65.
67.
.r
-~~,
x x
.r
rY
l>
y
49.
;r:::: -t:r2 +Zl)
5l.
69.
71.
.y
53.
55.
,, x~+z-;;:s
15.
.r
57.
59.
77. (a)
27T(9 ~ e2)
47Tabc - a2j(4c))
t) \Yu)
(b)
\11:313
(ll) 10
[assuming counterclockwise]
3 6k 7 J. + 7'·
8. 2. 15. -~I--~J+~~'
v'33
v'33
v33
A-63
17.
I" I =
II
vi 1111
=
3.V·
II
U•
=
=
3, v
1I
= -2i + 2j - k ,
(~)
73.
75.
x v = 2i - 2j
k.]v x u]
3,e
= COS-I
\/2
=~,
.,
- kl-t(5i k
Ilk)
Xv
Additional
1. (26,23, -J/3)
7.. (a) BD = AD - AS
..c.
tXo
+
7k
23. 25. (>I)VI4 (b) 29. \178/3 31. .v = I - 3r.y = 2.:; = 3 + 7/ 33. 35. 2x + v + :; = 5 37. -9,t + Y + 7:: = 4
rJi
v'2
13.
41
3)
4~j
)'
1'
- 4~ k
39.
(O'-~-~}(-LO,-3J'(I,-I,O)
=
41.77/3 -31
15. fa) 0,0 (b) -IOi - 2.i + 6k. -9i - 2j (c) -4i - 6j + 2k, i - 2j - 4k (d) -IOi - 10k, -12i - 4j - 8k 25. (a)
I f'I =
45. (b) x = -121,1' = 19/12 + 15[,:;: = 1/6 + 6t 47. Yes; y is parallel to the plane, 49. 3 5 L - 3j 53.
G :\~m (I d=
i~!
i '+
(i~
1)"-
, 'J )
(b) Yes
)35
(5i - j - 3k)
55,
(If, 6,~)
29
3k
CHAPTER 1.3 +
41
1 - 51,,1' = -2
3/,2
= -I
2x, v = i
Y
2j, a = 2j = l' ~I
(d) no
(e) yes
2, 1 .. y = "9:':-' 5. t =
7T
". = .)1
I T
4' J,ll
8' J
4:v =
v'2 . 2
I-
-2- J. a = ~
V2 .
- \1'2 .
I-
\,/2 .
J:
{ = 71'/2: v = -j, a = -j
69.
.- = -Ix~
+ r::·,
71.
7,
= Tr: V
= 2i, a = -j;
= 3;: v = i - j, a =
-I
A-64
9.
v =i+
2tj + 2k;
=
}k;V(I) U.
3(t + t + tk)
i
j
ti + ~
j+
v = (-2sint)i
(3costlj
4k;
- (3 sint)j;speed:
2\/S;
(-1/\I5)i
+ (2/\/S)k: + l2/Vs)k] +
2j
= 2\/S[( -1(\/5)i
+
2tj
k;
(a) 149 ft/sec (b) 2.25 sec 15. 39.3° or 50.]0 46.6 ft/sec 21. 1.92 sec, 73.7 ft (approx.) 4.00 ft, 7.80 It/sec 25. (b) vc would bisect LAOR (a) (Assuming that "x" is zero at the point of impact.) dt) = (x(t»)i t (Y(l»j, where xU) = (35 cos 27°)1 and yet) = 4 t (35 sin 27°)t - 16t2• (b) At 1 ~ 0.497 sec, it reaches its maximum height of about 7.945 ft. (c) Range r= 37.45 ft: fligh: time ~ 1.201 sec (d) At I"" 0.254 and i ""' 0.740 sec, when it is "" 29.532 and 'OJ 14.376 ft from where it will land. (e) 'res. It changes things because the ball won't clear the net.
V6
+ ~2.
"\/6
1 ,1":-; k
v(
I) = v6(_I_i + ___1_ i +
yI6 y'6'
=
~k)
V'6
27T
7T
vs
(y(t)L
where x(t) =
=
C.~8)(lU.~~}
e-UII81).
1 - e-O.08t).
15. rr/2
17. 7T/2
19. t
0, 7T,
23. (
+ 22V2} +
2k
27.
29. 31. 33. 37.
r(1) r(l)
=
=
(_;2 + I}
+ +
{ln4)j
(In2)k
+ (_;" +
2)1 +
(-;2 + 3)k
r(t) = 8d
+ (-e-r + j)j + (1n(l +1) + 1)1, 8!j + (-16t" + 100)k x = t. Y = -I .. z = I + t 35. x = at, Y = a, Z = 27Tb + bt (a) (i): It has constant speed I (ii): Yes (iii): Counterclockwise (iv): Yes (b) (i): It has constant speed 2 (ii): Yes (iii): Counterclockwise (iv): Yes (c) (i): H has constant speed I (ii): Yes (iii): Counterclockwise (iv): It starts at (0, -I ) instead of (I, 0) (d) (i): It has constant speed I (ii): Yes (iii): Clockwise (iv): Yes (e) (I): It has variable speed (ii): No (i ii): Counterclockwise (iv): Yes
1)3/1 -I)i
=
«t
(sin 20°) + ( 32 )(1 - 0.08t - e-OIJSr) . 0.082 (b) At t "" 1.527 sec, it reaches its maximum height of about 41.893 ft. (e) Range > 351.734ft, flighttime "" 3.1S1 sec. (d) At I "" 0.877 and t ."C 2.190 sec, when it is about 106.028 and 251.530 ft from home plate. (e) No. The wind gust would need to be greater than 12.846 ft/sec in the direction of the hit for the ball to clear the fence for a home run.
2. "3 ( - :3 ). + (2 cos ).
I
+ 3' V5
k~
Yri"
3. T =
VI+I
it
~k,-::;=VI-I-t k3
V~
57 .,
.' 5 . T =-costJ+sml',;-
7. T
= (cos t ,I
+[
15111
I). +
L
Sin!
+ teost). +1
39. ,'(1)
(* 2
~
+ •~ r+
V
II
l)i
(~t2 ~
+
Yll
2.
I - 2)j
\/"2r1/2) (~
9. (0,5, 24rr)
k, ;
712
-tr
(+[2 (i
+.
~r VII
3)"
(-21t
III
\/11
21
)(3i -
k) +
11. S(I)
-
51, L
5;
IS.
V3, L
XL
= .)/
1\/--'
v2
t
In( I
\/'2)
Vsj
I vi =
2,
ax I a I = 3, min I a I = 2
+ y2 =
1, plane is x
z = 1.
A-55
0:
1-" v r
-
sin2 t dt
rs
e.
r(E.)
4
v'2 + Y2J' 2 2
j.
_k
'4
N(
0:
7T) 4"
0:
--2-1
\;12.
v2. 2 J, B"4
+
F
(rr) =
0:
T(E.)
=_
'\12,. + v2 ~. i 2: '2
(sinf)j,N
i.I
(-sinl)i j N=
(COSf)j,K -t
0:
cost I j
==
- 1; normal plane: -x
0: rectifying plane:
3. T =
"\.IJ+f2
1 2( cos x
v'I+7'
\fl+""72
i_
v' [ + ,1 .,
x+y=
V2
== ----====-
v'I+/Z)J
a"
5, (b)
21.
IFI =
K(II!(~;y)
* 0), then
23.
+,p
3 cos f 9 . T = -5-1
K
(cos I)j,
3 25
11. T = (CoSIV"2Sin)
(caSfy;Sinr},
+(
-sin ~~ cos
. = ( -cos~
K=--
Sill
f}
I>,
i
I
I t i+ j
29. Components of'v: -1.8701, 0.7089, 1.0000 Cornponerus of a: -1.6960, -2.0307,0 Speed: 2.2361, Components ofT: -0.8364,0.3170.0.4472 Components ofN: -0.4143, -0.8998, -0,1369 Components of B: 0.3590, -0.2998,0.8839; Curvature: 0.506() Torsion: 0.2813; Tangential component of acceleration: 0.7746 Normal component of acceleration: 2.5291) 31. Components of v: 2.0000. 0,0.1629 Components of a: 0, -1.0000,0.0086; Speed: 2.0066 Components ofT: 0.9967, O. 0.08[2 Components of N: -0.0007, -1.0000. 0.0086 Components orB: 0.0812, -0.0086, -0.9967; Curvature: 0,2484 Torsion: -0.041 I ; Tangentia] component of acceleration: 00007 Normal component of acceleration: l.OOOO
e'h v'f2+I
I I J.No:
13.
T=
\/r2 +.1'
\/12 +
K(X)
Isil]xl/(1 + COS2~}!2
1.16+2=
- (';Sin/)j
) S. B = -I"
_lk
T
5' r:
T =_..:!..
=0
25 7. B = k,
== 0
-4
9·1I=laIN
11.a(1)=~T+2j5N
13.a(O)==2N
At
I=
0:
IT
aT
= 0,
aN
= 4,
0: ~,
J(
0:
2;
K=~
At t =
4": aT
3' aN
4V2
4v'2"
A-66
3. 11.
I"Im",
5.
I(
= 1/5
7. dr/dl
-x;
J(
clockwise
CHAPTER 14
Section 14.1, pp. 957-959
1. (a) (e) All points in the xv-piane (b) (d) All rea Is points (e) The lines y - x
15. (a)
21.
5<.).1 9 n/sec
Leusth '"
T(O)
== 'E
4\1'
-
W+
16
-
(~+
4
==
19. )1
1. J k
== 71'S
7[1) ]6
'/2
23.
2. = ~I
J
2 J.
+ -1] ,; N(O) i
3
----;:=
\/2
+ ----= J; I.
K
== c
No boundary
B(O) = - ----;;::+ I
J.
3\12
I
1. 4 ---r:= J + ----;;=
3\12
3V2
v2 = -3-; Vl7
1 = '6
(I") Unbounded 3. (a) All points in the xy-plane (b) z ;=: 0 (e) For [i x, y) = 0, the rigin: for jt», .1") '" 0, ellipses with the
Both open and closed center (0. 0), and major points and minor axes. along the .v- and (e) Both open and closed (b) All reals for f(x.),)
;i O. hyperbo-
25, T([o21
==
i -'- 4
j:N(ln2)
= __ 4_i
V17 ==
k;
I(
V17
---:T
\/17
J.
r-axes. respectively
(d) No boundary
B(ln2)
(f) Unbounded
5. (a) AU points (e) For f(.r,y) (d) No boundary in the xy-planc
lTV'l7 6N
(_l_COSI)i
;0.:
==
V2
(sintlj
+ (~COS/)k;
\/2
V2
B = _l_
v'2
33 .
i - _1_ k:
.1'=
31.
35.
71'/3
\/'2' 1+
_1_.
I,x
v'2'
=0
+!
t,y =
(f) Unbounded 7. (a) All (x . .1') satisfyingr ' (c) Circles centered at the (d) Boundary is the circle (e) Open (I') Bounded 9. (a) (x.y) '1'= (0,0) (b) (e) The circles with center
(d) Boundary (e) Open is the single (f) Unbounded
+ .1'2 < IG
.1'2
(b);:?
1/0.1
4
+ )'2
<
= 16
>
X I07km~,3.21%visible
-1 5: J' - x 5:
(-1 51 +
8
3 = 2\1~ a"
f!hll
5: z :5.
71'/2
linesr = 1 +.r and _I' == - j
4j~}
(-20t
(e) Straight
100)j:
(d) Boundary
+ .\
(I 0-2.
"n!.b + b·
Z
u,
15. (a)
b2)'
H. (a)
'" " ~
~I
= .~
+
b-
gbl
d~r
bg V·c/ +
/)2
.:::;; IJ
'v a:
a( ,bgl
a:
There
,)"N
b'
---c----:
---f------,
~ I
~"
is no component
in the direction
of B.
-t-
dx
rf)cos()
21.
(a)
(b)
.. ..'"
IJ
1'-=-XSI11
d() dt
.'
(j
+.1'e05 ()
(b) 6.5 in.
-9u/. - 6ue, v( 1) = -u,. + 3UII (c) v = hI,. + rello -'- z k, a == Ii: - 1'612)",. (1'0
2i·e)uv
ik
A-67
23. (a)
(11)
37.
39.
,t-f;
1
25 .. (a)
(b)
-Inz
=2
43.
=s= = In 2
x +v
r.
15. 27. 29. .11. 33. 35. 37. 39.
5/2 3. 2\16 5... I 7. 1/2 9. 1 n. a 13. -[ 17.2 19. 1/4 21. 19/12 23.2 25.3 (a) All (x, y) (b) AH (x,)I) except (0, 0) (a) All (x,y) except where x = 0 or y = 0 (b) All (x,y) (a) All (x, y, z) (b) All (x, y, z) except the interior of the cylinder XZ + y2 = 1
27. (a)
(a) All (x, y, z) with z ¥- 0 (b) AU (x, y, z) with x2 + z2 ¥= I Consider paths along y = x, x > 0, and along y = x, x < Consider the paths y = kx", k a constant Consider the paths )I = nIX, m a constant, In =1= -1
41. Consider the paths y = kx2, k a constant, k "" 0 43. No 45. The limit is 1 47. The limit is 0 49.. (a) ft», y) IY~",x 53. Does not exist 59. 0 = 0.1 61. 65. 0 '" 0.005 (b)
sin 28 where tan 8 = III 51. 0 55. n/2 57. 1(0,0) = In 3 = 0.005 63. 8 = \/0.015
:=0
z=T
0=0 -I , =-1
1. ax - 4.x, oy -
of _
. af _ _
3. ax - 2..~(y + 2), oy - x
af _
af _
2_
aj
aj
af
ax
29. 33.
X4
+)/2
= 10
31. tan-Iy
- lan-Ix 35.
= 2 tan "
v'2
9.
af
ax B]
VX2+yl'oy
-1 (x
at al
ay ily
V.:c2+y2
(x -1 -x2 (_~y _
+ )1)2'
-
+ y)2
-
_)12
I aj
11. ax
13.
)"
(xy = e'+YTI
[j2'
IY
15 -
oj -
ax
af . oy
= e,+y+1
af
ax
aj
x+y
/
It.~.r, z) .
=
17. ax - ~ sin (x
I
aj _ "). aj
_~
.))1)
cos ()i
._
3y),
x~ + :.;.+ =- ""·1
/(,\'.y,;)::;;X+1=
A-68
. at
Chapter
14: Answers
19. ax = yx.l-1, iJy = x.l lnx 21.x '" -g(x), ay '" g(y) a jr = )'2, j,. '" 2\y, l '" -4:;; 25. 1< = I, fl" '" _y(y2 + z2 1/2, yz
23. 27.
,at.
at
aj
r I:
v1I
°
dw
I
= -2(1'2
XZ
+ z2)-1/2
= -----;==:::::::::::0:=
Ix
= ,/
v 1 - x2y2z2'
,/1' '" ,
X2)/Z2
,Iz
xy
(b) dw (3) = I dt
_I
VI -
.\'"2y2z2
41 tan
1 -I- I,
'"
-tr
29. f< = x + 2~' + 3z,ly '" x -I- 2~ + 3:;;' II '" X + 2~ + 3z '+ ~) ' .., ., , 31. I, = -2xe-x·.1'· .i, '" -2ye-X (2 +.Y'TZ·),f: = -2ze-(;c+),,+=-),
{ ~..J.. t
a~
iJz vv
= 4 cos v In
-41.1
eu sin v)
'
33. IT
sech2(x
2y
2y
3z), (b) 9 . (a )
;,- =
-d-
Sill V
In (u sin v)
+ sm u .
r:
4u cos'
aj
Sin
.,
(jf,
az
u
,r,::, = V 2 (102
'J -'-
2),-:-=- = -2 v2 (In 2 - 2)
du
,2 -r
[)7.
Sill cfJcose,-;-:;-
all
dcp
pcosdJcos6.
all.,
,
~ll
(Iv
= -psrnq,sm8
ow _ a II -
_II
4uv_" oV - -211 .
oW _
2u
39.
= v, WvCP, v, 0,
u, g) = P
+ 20'
o
15v2
oW = 3 aw = _l au ' av 2 au = 0 au = z
ax art
. _ /Iv" ..l ,r _ /Iou Wa(F, /1,0, u. g) - 2g' II u(P, J, 8, v, g) g' Vi5u2 WgfP, 11,6, u,g) '" ---, 2g-
ax
°' au oy
'
oy
(z - yf'
au az
= -.:1'_
(2 _ y)2
=I 0' dy iJy dt
, au az
= -2
41. -;;-:= \
rX
+ y, -a '"
Y
of
+ x,
-:-;:; = 0,
a2f
ax-
-2
a2/
dz oz dx 13. -"'---I-~dt ax dt
= 0,
ay
.r
oW 15. -
-\
(x
iPr
ay2
-I
oW ax aw iJy aw dZ au = -- au + -;-- au + -- ilu' ax all az i)w oW ax a~v ay iJw az -=--+--+-au ax iJu oy av ilz au
+ yf'
cPr
ayax
i/r
ax (I)' (x
-I
+ )')2
a"w
= axel),
(2x + 3yf
• + 4x'y~. ,
-6
.r
-:-
oX
a!w
2xv
3x )'-
2'
-_ -_~
dydx
=0-.-
axay
,iw =
)' +
12x·v]
-
ilwax ax au
rJwa,F
ay
ilu
51.
(a) x first (b) y first (e) x first (d) x first (e) y first (f) y first 53_ IxO,2) '" -13J\ .. (l,2) = -2 55. 12 59. i'JA _ 77. Yes
57.-2
=
oa - be sin A' ob -
aA _ e cos A - b be sin A
61. v, .
(Inll)(lnu)-
]nv
A-6'9
19. -
az at
= --
Ciz ax ax at
oz ay iJz + --:--- -
<'Jy at' as
= -_
az ax ax Cis
<Jz + -- ay
C!y (is
1':-i+X'~_J
,_>;;.II -n=-iJ--?'I~c----"""'<
-I
21.
dw
'.,"
as
dw in: ---
ow
du as' at
dw au elu Fit
5. Yt=3i+2j-4k 9. -4
)4
"
clw
u.
V2
I
U
dii
!
1/
dll"
a.;
17. u = -
Vi: -u
= , I;: i - , ~ J,
v2
I
23.
-
ou
(D-"f)Pr,
r) n
V'2
5. I (f') 3 V3 J - 3 \1.3 k, Du'
1'.
as
"Ji
19- u = 3 I.
V3
I-
= . V J;
3- 1:3
+ -;-<'l",' + --
dw
dy
ely dr
-u
=-
.ll:. i 3v3
(i
+ ~j
3\/3
+ ~k, =
3V3 2vi
(D-uf)po
-3\/3
dx =0 cis
21. u = ~
-u
+j +
(i
k), !Duf]p"
=- ~
,.
+ .i +
-2"\/3
23.
VI =
2,'2i -'--- ~j 2
25. 4/3
3], 37.
27. -4/5
29
. ax
(Jz
= .1
4'
oy
iJz
_1
4
_. '7 U
ox
~z
-1, °a:: = -I
y
33. 12
35.-7
=
7
--I
7.
dZ au =
'81,'
az =
\153
- --J,-U
2.
v53
= ---I'--=j
"
v::,~) (~2,- ~}
~dt
/4
\/5
minimum
= +
6. min = 2
x3
.t: In
2\1
;-,-3
3. (a) 2., - :: - 2 = 0 (b) x = 2 - 41,), = 0, z = 2 + 21 5. (a) 2x + 2y + z - 4 = 0 (b) x = 2t, v = I + 21. z = 2 + 1 7 .. (a) x + y + z - 1 = 0 (b) x = t, Y = 1 + t,.:: = I 9. 2x - .::: 2 = 0 11. x - y + 2z - 1 = 0 13. .x = I,Y = I -I- 2t,z = I - 2t
=1
2{
A-70
15. x = 17. x = 1 19.
23.
J t e ,v -
1•
,= 1. 2
.i.
2t
+ ,
901,y = 1 -
90r,;: = 3
21. dg = 0
df =
(a) ~
9 "iT83O :::::0.0008
Sill
\13 =1
tcos cos
(b)
V3 sin V3 =
=I
(b) L(x.y) 3x - 4y + 5
2y -
(b) Lex,y)
=
= 3x -
5
37.
frO, 0), saddle point; f(O, 2) = -12, local mtnimum; f( -2,0) = -4, local maximum; I( -2,2), saddle point f(O, 0), saddle point; f( l. I) = 2. f( -1, -I) '" 2, local maxi rna 1(0, O} = -1, local maximum f(I17T. 0), saddle point; f(ll1r, 0) = 0 for every Jl Absolute maximum: 1 at CO. 0); absolute minimum: - 5 at (1,2) Absolute maximum: 4 at (0, 2); absolute minimum: 0 at (0. 0) Absolute maximum: 11 at (0, - 3); absolute minimum: -10 at (4, -2)
Absolute (3.-~} maximum: (3,*}
(a) L{x,y)
L(x,.")
+x
(b) L(x,y)
-y + ~ =
x
33. L(x.y)
+Y +
=
I; 0.08 y
= =
2r
0
2y
2z - 3
(b) Lex,y,;;;)
39. a = - 3, b = 2
z 41. Hottest: 2-
= .r I
(b) L(x,y,:) 2 2
= , leX
vz
+ . IcY
'v2
at
(t,o)
1 at
0
--
2'
minimum:
3;12 at
and
--
2'
--
2'
. coldest: --
(c)
Llx,y,z)="3x+"JY+3-'
=2
+x +~ + +
43. (a) I(O, 0). saddle point (b) I( 1,2), local minimum (c) f(l, -2), local minimum; I( -I, -2), saddle point _l_ _l_ 355) 49. ( 6' 3' 36
53. (a) On the semicircle, at I min
%+I
6,0.0024
=
f
max
f=
g
f=
-2
IT.
circle,
max
I
0=
2V2
at t = ,,/4,
L(x, j', z)
2x -
6y -
2z
= 2 at t = 0,7</2.
45. Lis, )',z) = x + y - z - 1,0.00135 47. Maximum error (estimate) ~0.31 in magnitude 49. Maximum percentage error = ±4.83% 51. Pay more attention to the smaller of the two dimensions.
generate the larger partial derivative. in d.
It will
53, (a) 0,30% 55. f is most sensitive to a change 57. Q is most sensitive to changes i.n h. 61. 1\t -
4' -
7r"7T
2V'2: at 0, 0; at
4' 2V2
1T
11
t = 3'iT/4. On the quarter circle, max g = 2 at I = 11/4, ming = Dati = O,To/2. (c) On the semicircle, max h = 8 at t = 0, rr; min Ii = 4 at I = 'iT/2. On the quarter circle, max II = 8 at 1 = 0, min h = 4 at t = rr/2. 55.i)minf= -1/2all= -1/2; no max ii)ma;;.j=Oat I = -1,0; min I = -1/2 at t = -1/2 iii) max f = 4 at r = 1; min f = 0 at I = 0 20 9 71 57. y = -13x + 13' ylF4 =-0 3 59. )' = 2""'
2 at
= ,,/4,
nun g
-2
at
3. 7,
I(t,i)
f(%, ;;).
-5,
local minimum
+ 6'
ylx=4
6"
37
= 0, local maximum
5./(-2,
saddle point
11. f(2. -1) = -6. local minimum 15. 1(0.0). saddle point
17. 1(0,0),
saddle point;
f(-}.%)
= 1 7 0,IOCalI113XiLTIu(Tl
27 I, - I), saddle point
10,1) ~i,
=-
I(
local minimum
A-71
'
63. (a)
IMt
171)0 ~ 178'i 17~O ~ :: 1775
..
7. Q uadratrc: J2, x~ d . 1(
9. Quadratic:
'J ky"')
+ )Ie
1 -I- (x -I- y)
+ y) +
~Xl -
(x
.1')3
().OOI34
(b) y
0.0427[( +1764.8
(e)
1780
1. Domain: all points in the \v-plane; range: ~ ~ O. Level curves are ellipses with major axis along they-axis andminor axis along the .r-axis,
(±~.~).(
(b) 64
±~,-±)
3.39
5. (3,±3y"2)
-I
9. r = 2 I:tTI. h = 4 em 11. Length = 4\/2". width 1(0,0) = 0 is rninirnum.I(2, 4) = 20 is maximum. 15. Lowest = 0°. highest = 125° 17.
= 3\--12
2,2':2 (3 5)
3.
19. I
Domain: all (x, _v) such that x '" 0 and y '" 0; range: z "" O. Level curves are hyperbolas with the v- and j--axes as asymptotes.
23. I(L-2,5)
rrururnum.
=
"7
_.
30 iSlT1{lximul11.f(-1.
-30 is
,~I
25. 3 . 3 ,.J~
S 128
I), minimum is 5. Domain: all points in xyz-space; range: all real numbers. Level surfaces are paraboloids of revolution with the s-axis as axis
6v'3at(=V6.-vi
is
4 at (0.0, ±2),
is 2 at
t------'--____,
Jp.:, y_ or .::=x~'"
=-i
a
dP
(b)
2=
(e) I
(b)
2: V
ilU -1--
1,2
+I
(a) ~U
+ =
au nR «r (~)
cos
iJU(I1/?)
ilP
aT
5. (a) 5 7.
(~Jr)
dX
(ax) AI'
(b) 5 ~
e
7. Domain: all (X"V' z) such that (x.y.z) ~ (0,0.0); range: posilive real numbers. Level surfaces are spheres with center ro, 0, 0) and radius t: > O.
_J'
.r
-I- xy:
cubic: x
-I- xy
I + 2" xy-
xy: cubic: xX
_F
-I-
"2
1(
2,1.1'
, y"): 2_1'J)
- .1'
..L
A-72
9. -2 17. No; ] 9.
21. 23.
Chapter 14: Answers 13.1 15. Lety=Jo;2,k;to f(x,y) does not exist. 51. Tangent: x -I- y =
y
y=-X+7r-t"
11.1/2
linl(x,v)~(o.O)
'IT
1: normal line: y =
.t -
To
ag
or =
af
aRI aF
cos
e + sin e, a~ =
af
R/'
au
-1'
sin () -I-
cos (}
= - R12' aR2 = -
rJI
aR3
=-
R]"
an
V' aR
=0'
RY fJP
V' aT = V' av = - V2
=2X2 a2j a21 , .. -=0,-.-=--=1 (x- -I- 1?' (}y2 ilyax
«r
aF
nR ap
nRT I
25. -
a2g
{}2!
a2g
ax2
ax.
ay2
i'
2x
--
iPg
ayax
= --
a2g
53. x = I - 2t,y = 1,2 = 1/2 + 2t 55. Answers will depend on the upper bound used for
ax a_)!
= --
y2
2_
iif
ax oy
M = V2/2.
IEI:s;
0.0142. With
= x +)' - z - 1 59. Be more careful with the diameter, 6:1. dJ = 0.038, % change in 1 = 15.83%. more sensitive to voltage
1=0
31. r.hv
ar
E
I
Ir. <1=("', 0)
= 2, ilw
iJs
I
(U')=(lT,O)
=2 -
1T
33.
_,J.1 d
~,
= -(sin
1=1
(cos 1
cos 2)(eos I)
- 2(sinl Y 35. d ! dx
= -]
(.<.1')=(0,1)
.' idl . th di 37. Tncreases most rapt yIn e irecnon u = - -2. d ecreases most rapiidl yIn the d"rrecnon -u Du! ==
=
v'2. . 2 J; V2 .
1-
V2 . vI] 21 + -2-j;.
ill
2;
\/12
D-ui
-~2~;
\/2,
Du,i
= -10 where
+
v
UI
Ivl
. 2 39 . Increases most raptidlY III t h e di irecuon u = 71. . rrection -u d ecreases most raptidly 111 t he d" Du!
=
3 6 7 J. + '7 Ic;
-
change 63. (a) 5% 65. Local minimum of -8 at (-2, -2) 67. Saddle point at (0,0),/(0,0) = 0; local maximum of 1/4 at (-1/2, -1/2) 69. Saddle point at (0, 0), /(0, 0) = 0; local minimum of -4 at (0, 2); local maximum of 4 at (-2.0); saddle point at (-2,2), f( -2,2) = 0 71. Absolute maximum: 28 at (0, 4); absolute minimum: -9/4 at (3/2. 0) 73. Absolute maximum: 18 at (2, -2); absolute minimum: -17/4 at (-2, 1/2) 75. Absolute maximum: 8 at (-2,0); absolute minimum: -[ at (1,0) 77. Absolute maximum: 4 at (I, 0); absolute minimum: -4 at (0, -1) 79. Absolute maximum: 1 at (0, ± 1) and (1,0); absolute minimum: -1 at (-1,0) 81. Maximum: 5 at (0, I); minimum: -1/3 at (0. -1/3) · 83. Maxnnumr ...::; at (I . ;;::' - --;=, I w/ o V3 \/'3 \~,• (;
-712 .
3. 6 7.1 - '7 k ;
1)
3
111111lmum:- 'v(;3 at
..
7; D-uf
Ivl
== fy( 1,2) = 2
(87.
~,
85. Width =
(c:r)'tJ,
\~)
depth =
(b:~ltl,
-) V2
height =
(a;:r]
;-2)',
1 V2 -.(;,-) v2
\/2' -
J \/2' - .,v
89. (a) (c) (1 47. Tangent: 4.r - y - 52: = 4; normal line: .r = 2 + 4t, Y ==- 1 - t, z = 1 - 5 t 49. 2y - z - 2 == 0
9 '1. iJw _
(2y +
+
cos
x2z)e.'~ x2,v)e·l>;:
D Il
(b)
x er=0' - {y)
2
ax -
iJw_ ill'
Ia
.
Sin
iJw ill'
cos r
@ iJw
afJ
A-73
/.,AO,
0
0) = 1 z 2) 1:". V __ '"
21.
y 4
'2
+ y" +
4,g(x,y)
Y3
abc
41'(4-)')/2
dx dy
23.
Jo ,.
{Ii,'
dy d."(
n.
f(x"y)
=~
=~
+~ +
y=4(1,2)
2\'
"h v os
(2i
+ 7j)
'iTX
----co+-...L.-------..
w=
e -c',,'r sin
CHAPTER 15
Section 15.1, pp .. 1063-1065
1. ]6
y
25.1" l-, r
j
dx dy
27.}o}o
r(\!G)/2
16xdxdy
3.
..",-,(3, ;l)
1--
...
o
-I
29.
1-1,-1) (I. -I)
. -I
'11~
a
y
3y dy dx
3]. 2
5. ~+ 2
2
lIT. rr)
7. 81n8 - 16
y In 8
-1
111In 8
33.
e-2 2
35. 2
y
(1.11
9. e - 2
1--__
--.,-,."..1 I. 1)
\I
15. -1/10
19. 271
U.0625
(0.5.0.0625)
-2
A-74
39. -2/3
7.
'11 la
.,'
•l'-V' •
dx dy =-
9 .. 12
(12,6)
12
N'o-r-ro 11.
-I,
SC;\LI!
\12-
13. ~
41. 4/3
43. 625/12
45.16
47. 20
49. 2(1
In2)
51.
59 .. r
53. rr2
55. - ;2
57. 20~
=~
y=-!
[ll2-"(X
+ y2)dydx
15. (a) 0 (b) 4/712 17. 8/3 19.. x = 5/14,y = 38/35 21. = 64/35,y = 5/7 23. = 0,;; = 4/(31T) 25 . .x = v = 4a/(311) 27. 1,. = 1) = 471,10 = 811' .29. = -I,y = 1/4 31. I, = 64/105,Rx = 2V2{i 33. = 3/8,y = 17/16 35 .. x = 11/3,y = 14/27,1;, = 432. R" = 4
x x
2y2
<4
63. No, by Fubini's Theorem, tile two orders of integration must give the same result. 67. 0.603 69. 0.233
37. 39.
11
2
2x -
dy dx = 2
or
1 1'
2
2Y - dx
dy = 2
R, = 3V6/1O,R,. = 3Y2/lO,Ro = 3v2/5 2 41. 40,OOO(1 (7/2) "" 43,329 43. IrO < a :S 5/2, then the appliance will have to be tipped more than 45° to fall over, 45. (x, .v) = (2/,71,0) 47. (a) 3/2 (b) They are the same. 53. (3) (7/5,31/10) (b) (19/7,18/7) (c) (9/2,19/8) (d) (11/4,43/16) 55. Fo r the center of mass to be on the common boundary, II = For the center of mass to be inside T, h >
x= :x =
=-v2l73l
e- in
aY2.
aV2.
2 y-2
1'-:)" dv =9 dx
•
5.
t"2f"' Jo Jo
dy dx
27.
= 5/6,ji
=D
29. 23
31. 23 (b) I
(-1,1)
_.!",
.r
}'
Ve)
35.
i + 5;
+ 2h2)
r:
On 2,2)
39.1Tln4,110
41. ~(a2
--+-~--------4X
H.-2)
U If12
1/6
A-75
3.
i113-3-"12-2"-2o/J
11,-2X!u'3-JX-3Y/2
0 U
dz ely dx,
.~
1213-JJ/2ll-Y/2-"/3
. dy
dz dx,
1311- [2-2r-2z/3.,
U 0 0
/ Z
1211-Y/213-3X-3Y/2_
3
dz dx ely,
5.
= 0,
= 12/5,
f,
= 7904/105
"" 75.28,
C(), dx dz
I, = 4832/63 7. (a)
= y = 0, Z = 8/3
00.0
.0
dx dz ely,
9. h = 1386,RL = 13. (a) 4/3 15. (a) 5/2 Cd) (b) (b)
= R,
312-2"/311-Y/2-"/3
o
0
dx dy dz.
.
\!¥
+
=.J'fs
=
~p
s,
[c.,n.
=jfi
b2) 7hZ)
= l~ = 11/6
17, 3
(b)
IZ
5.
121~.21S-X'-i /21'S-/1\~
I -~ ,2+1 __
1 dz dx dv
"
12£1I4-/j'8-,.1-l
-2.
abc(a2
12
=~
12
b2
-vs-z-i
. • __
1 dx dz dy
j_'214j'V~ _
-2.
-v'4=?
y'
x'+y'
(b)
1 dx dz ely,
h~
~ abc(a2
r;?+7b2 \j~
-\I.-v' dz:
(b) Ii = aV2
-'v"h
-VS-:-Jr
1 dx dy dz
24
-V8-z-.r
, 1 dy dz dx
1214£~
. () . -2
1.. 4'1T(v'23
9, 'iT/3 11. (a)
dz,
I)
3.
17_7T" )
5. r.(6 v 2 - 8
>
,/::
.'
3r. '10
,1 ely dz dx .
-~
-V8-:-,.'
3
i dydx dz +
[4[",,"}'\/z-.I-v= -\~
13. 18
.r"
. -~
,0 .
i dy dx
In Jo JlI
2
(b)
2(1 -
7T
cos 1)
15. 7/6
1 "1 i"
V3
o
0
I
r dz dr de
r dr dz dO
(e) B. dz
15.
17, 0
21. (a)
1.1 [l-X'l
IJO
.'
0
I 1Z o
19
.2
1_ ~
8
l -,
(e)
l1 j'V;;
-Vy
x'
dy dz dx
(b)
Jo _~I2
,0
(1)'\/1-=
.0
rdxdydz
(d)_
Jo .
('LV; r;«;
-\1.1';0
10
'1
.t:
-V."
t': dydx
dx cit dy
1"',";2.faI /2.
i:
'"./2
-"/2
.Q
£2'iTf'
• \i]
21~
0
r ell' dz
de
Jo
1'31"
1(1',8, z) dz r dr dO
["
{2,i01e
17.. ) 19.
j'
I
./0
r>:
1(1',
l+cos Ii
14
0
e, z)
dz r dr dO
f(r, e,z)
dz rdrdii
25. 20/3
27. 1
29. 16/3
Jo
{70'/4
)0
r:)0r»:
27. 27T
f(l',
e. z)
2'
dz rdrdi)
21. 7T"2
23, Til3
33. 2 35. 4" 37. 31/3 39.. 1 41. 2 sin 4 45., a = 3 or a = 13/3 47. The domain is tbe set of all point (x, y, z) such that 4x2 + 4y2 + Z2 :s 4.
43. 4
25. 571'
29. (
8-
5\12)
-ir
31. (a)
Jo ./0 Jo
r: r: [2
p2 sin r/J(lp d¢ de
A-76
e,
(/(zl, G, .)
J;
II
0,11 = 0, and
v =3
(b)
1"'l "j
V
(e) 43.
jv3.31
311 =
U,1I
= Zu, and
v3-'~
V0j
9./
2
J\u
11) 2~1 du dv = 8
81T / 3
45.9 4 I
55.
31T 47'-1-8-4
11.
'Tr"ab(a +b
13'"3 1 -I- e2
-u sin
l(
3)
V
5 21112 3
'""
0.4687 u sin2 v = u
4(2v2 :3
15. (a)
I cos v
sm v sin v
u cosv
vi
= u cos2
= y = O,Z
=y
= = 7T/4
30)
=
63. 2/3
65. 3/4
3/8
5/6
69. (x,y, z)
(b) (0,0,3/8)
=
u. co.s v
-USlllV
COSV
I=
=u sirr' v - u cos2
-I<
71.
o.r =
73. IE = 301T,R,
75. ]_T
77. J""i)
a4h1T
J%.
19. 12
21. -6-. -
a2b2c2
(0, 0, ~
(x,y,z)
3. 9/2
(h2
2h)
,R, -
__
,t::
s.,
(1,1) I
v2
-3
NOT TO
seA LE
A-77
5.
1°1
2 2<+4
-x' dy dx =4
7.
1(l!2 V9=?
J
3 "2
30
ydy dx = -2
3. 27T
5. 37T/2
(b) 4\137T
x2:+4yl=9
1/\Y3
b2)J/2
(%) -
bYa2
bI,
_
COS-I
(%) _
~3 ~
3 6
(a2 _
19. ~b (ea'b 9. sin4 11. ln 17 4 2 -\n4 13. 4/3 21. 15.4/3 17. 1/4 23. Ix = 28,R" 29. X
=~
I)
21. (b) I
v60 in,
:19.
=y=
'0 = 104
27.7i
CHAPTER 16
25. M=
4,Mx = O,~;, = 0
3~,y
Vi
(%)
11. Ii
2
5. Graph Cd)
3Yl4
2
lOYs 3
15.i(5Ys + 9)
21. 8 \1'2) R, = 1 23. 2\1'2 1
4Y2 -
(b)
Vi + 1n (1 +
33.
7T - 2 4
35. 0
37. 8/35
39. 7T/2
___E_)i - (~)jy2 + y2 +
x2
z2 3/2
+
j,
eZk any k
(xl
+ y- )3/2
I-
(x2
+ y2)3/2
ky.
>
(a) 9/2 (b) 13/3 (e) 9/2 (a) 1/3 (b) -1/5 (e) 0 (a) 2 (b) 3/2 (e) 1/2 1/2 15. -7T 17. 69/4 19. -39/2 21. 25/6 (a) Circ, = 0, circj = 2rr, flux, = 2rr, fiUX2 = 0 (b) Circ, = 0, eire, = 8rr, flux, = 8rr, flux2 = 0 25. Circ = 0, flux = a27T 27. Cire = a27T, flux = 0 29. (a) -~
31.
(b) 0
y
(e) 1
(e) 125/4
1'1
3s
-..->x2 dy dx
(b)
[21 J-3
x
-.<2 (Xl
Jo
dz dy dx
A-78
33. (a) G
Chapter
16: Answers
-yi
35. F - - Yx2
xi
+ xj + -l'J'
+ yZ
y2 iF 41. 0 41..
39.. 71"
+ + +
+ /..k,0 2 +
:s; r
:s;
2,
:5
(t/2)k,0
:5
6,
3. Not conservative
5. Not conversative
+ 2""- + +C +
31'2
2z"
= (r cos 6')i
:5 r :5
3Y2/2, 0
V9 -
xlnx - x
tan (x
+ y) +
(b)
tln(y2
z2)
13. 49
27.
15. -]6
F=V
(xl ;
17. 1
1)
19. 91n2
21. 0
(e) 1
23.-3
29. (a) 1
311. (a) 2 (b) 2 33. (a) c = b = 20 (b) c = b = 2 35. It does not matter what path you use. The work will be the same on any path because the field is conservative. 37. The force F is conservative because all partial derivatives of M, N, and P are zero. f(x, y, z) = ax + by + CI + C; A = (xu. yo, za) and B = ixb, .vb, :::b) . Therefore, dr = f(Bl... - f(A) = a(xb - xa) + b(yb - ya) + crIb - za) = P·AB.
IF'
cos ¢ 7f/3 :s; (p :s; 27f/3,O :s; :s; 271" 9. l'(X,Y) = xi + yj + (4 - y2)k, 0 :s; X :s; 2, -2 :s; y:s; 2 ll.r(u, l')= tli -l- (3 cos vl.i + (3 Sill v)k, 0 :s; u :s; 3, o :s; u :s; 271" 13. (a) r(r, 8) = (rcosO)i + (rsinO).i + (1 - reos 0 - rsin fJ)I.., 0 :s; r :s; 3,0 :s; e :s; 271" (b) r(u, 11) = (1 - II cos V - II sin v)! + (u cos v)j + (usinv)k,O""" u s 3.0""" l':S; 21T IS, r(u,v) = {4eos2v)i + uj + (4 COS 11 sin vlk, 0 :s; 11""" 3, -(7f/2):S; l':S; (IT/2) , Another way: r(u,v) = (2 + 2cosu)i + uj + (2sinv)k,0:s; II s 3.0:S; v S 2'11" 17. 19. 23. 25. .02 10
(V3
)Ii,
'
1
t;
s
'2"1'Vs j3 2 1T .I
-reb'dB
=--
7I"v5
2 21.
12""1"' u"\/4u
1
=
2,,"!41 du d» = 67f
,1
+-1 du du = (5~
- ]) 11"
27.
Jjrr .r dIT
r:J""/4
s
{IT 2
sin ¢ d¢ d8 = (4
+ 2v2)11" + 1 du 2
du
4112
]7\!l7 - I 4
4
2.9.
'TTVC2
r JJrr XL de =.10err)0
3.4
-
5.
6v'6 -
2v2
7.
+J
9a3
31.
II
s
z da =
.f1'
(4 -
11 -
v)V3dvdll
3\6
5VS)
11. 3
17, 2
21n 2 19. 18
rs,
.,.,,
+ ac + be )
25.
+
7T 3
~~. 6
3[/4
, 71"a~
(for x = u,y = v)
27. -32
29. -4
31.
(x, .J.I, z)
V2D, e.
= ~1
0
I
81T ""3a 4 s
511"Yl
43. (5v5 - 1)
(b)
207f 3(/ 4 8
Appendix B: Answers
31. Not conservative 33. lex, y, z) = y2 + yz + 2x + z 35. Path 1: 2; path 2: 8/3 37. (a) I - e-211" (11) 1 - e-21T 39. 0 41. (a) 4
V2 -
(b)
V2
In
(I
-I-
v'2)
43. (x,y,z)=
R =
s
(1':~'1}l_,=2il,r!,=~~,f"=596;
J'
I
2\.129
3''15' 1, =
51.
45.
z=
t, Tf3, s; = A
59. 17
= 4V2 R yls'
=
Z
2v7
3
47.
53. 3
2;
(7 - 8
VZ)
3. 2/3
b2c2COS4¢COS2(}
+ xj
2, b
-I- yk
(b)F(x,y,
z) = zi
+ yk
d4) de
57.
XOX
+ YaY
= 25
II. (b)
"3g
=
16
(c) Work
13. [2'lT
(1
gxY dS)
=g
fc
xy2 cis
6 13 g
+ xj
13. Il-n-
15. 12rr(4 V2
5. -16
- J)
7. -871"
9. 31T
the surface
APPENDIX B.l
Section B.l, pp. AP~29-AP-30 1. o.T, 0.2, 0.3, 0.8, 0.9 or I
3. x<
-2
Practice Exercises, pp. 1207-1210 1.. Path 1: 2\13; path 2: 1 + 3V2 3. 4a2
7. 871" sin (1)
15. a bc /_!_2 2 . \j a
-2
5. 0
5.
7.
x:5
-3"1
9.
7
-113
9. 0
11. 71"\/3
17. 50
13.217(1 - ~)
+
(6
CDS
3, -3.
J, + _l_2 b" c
H.
</»k,
6' 6
25
-2
4
~2 :5 t :5 4 10
13. 0:5;::5
19. r(cfJ,8)
1T
III
6 :5 ¢ :5 3'
21.
271
-2
-3
+ +
:5
2,
21. (0,1)
+ +
(usiou)k,O
1,
(-00 ,1]
25.
v'6
27.
1T[
V2 + in (1
\1/2")]
29. Conservative
A-80
29.
Appendix B: Answers
Graph of region.
y
Ixl + lvl
25. x2
(y - 3/2)2 = 25/4
3
-I x" +
.... ?-'
-1
(y -
312t ~ 2514
27.
7. (a) x = -I 9. y = -x 13. y = 4x
29.
5 -4"x + 6
15. y = - ~
l2
-V2
-2
centered at the origin 31. Exterior points of a circle of radius 33. The washer between the circles x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y2 = 4 (points with distance from the origin between 1 and 2) 35. C. + 2f + (y - I? < 6 37. 39.
V7,
41. (3) "'" -2,5 degrees/inch (c) "" -8,3 degrees/inch 45. Yes: C = F = -40 c 23. (x
+ v3f +
(-../3,0)
(y
+ 2F =
51. k = -8,
k = l/2
Appendix B: Answers
A-8t
13.
Period 2'17
r 3. 8.4 in.
0 0 0 0 '17/2
[ )l=Sil1(X-~)+
I
-2'17/3
0 -1 0 UNO -1 UND
= - ~,
V3
2 1 2
V2
[
_E 0
4
~
4
V3
1
UNO
0 UNO
\1'2
-1
-[
cots
see 0 esc 0
V3
-2 2
UNO
-\1'2
V2
17. Period = 417, symmetric about the origin
v3
tanx =
UND
7. sinx
y
-v8
11. Period 6
.v
9. Period 1T
.~=
esc 2"
-6
27. 2 .65
Y6+\1'2 4
35. 3 2
29.
2+V2 4
V3
"" 0.982 3