Small Solar

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-346\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {734}\par\pard\li666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
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slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A}\pa
r\pard\li666\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ISSN 1673-565X (Prin
t); ISSN 1862-1775 (Online)}\par\pard\li666\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {www.zju.edu.cn/jzus; www.springerlink.com }\par\pard\li666\ri0\sl-186
\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {E-mail: jzus@zju.edu.cn}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Li et al. / J Zhejian
g Univ Sci A
2007 8(5):734-740}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pard\li640\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li640\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Modeling and control of a
small solar fuel cell hybrid energy system}\b0 {\super \fs22\up6\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {*}\b0 }\par\pard\li3613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3613\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3613\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {LI Wei}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8224X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {, ZHU Xin-jian, CAO Guang-yi }\par\pard\li2453\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Fuel Cell Research Institut

e, Shanghai }\i0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 20
0240, China}\i0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li4386\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8224X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E-mail: li
_wei@sjtu.edu.cn}\par\pard\li3386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Received May 10, 2006; re}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vision accepted Nov. 21
, 2006}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Abstract:
}\b0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{This paper describes a solar photovoltaic}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { fuel ce
ll (PVEC) hybrid generation }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {system consisting of a
photovoltaic }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(PV
) generator, a proton exchange membra}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ne fuel cell (
PEMFC), an electrolyser, a supercapacitor, a storage gas tank and power}\par\par
d\li640\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conditioning unit (PCU).
The load is supplied from the PV gene}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rator with a f
uel cell working in parallel. Excess PV energy }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-226\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {when available is converted to hydrogen using an
electrolyser fo}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r later use in the fuel cell. Th}\fs
18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e individual math}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ematical
model}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {for each component is presented. Control strategy for the sys
t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {em is described. MATLAB/Simulink is used for the s
imulation of }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {thi
s highly nonlinear hybrid energy system. Th}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e simula
tion results are shown in the paper.}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Key words: }\
b0 { }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Photovoltaic (PV), Fuel cell, Electr}\fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {olyser, Maximum power point tracking}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-2
26\slmult0 \*\tx3973\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {doi:}\b0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {10.1631/jzus.2007.A0734
}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Do
cument code: }\b0 { }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
}{ }\f
s18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {CLC number:}\b0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { TM911.
4}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5440\colsr-0\colno2\colw5653\par
d\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {INTRODUCTION}\par
\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Photovoltaic (PV) power is an intermittent}\par\pard\li
640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {source of energy for dealing
with the variations in }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {solar radiation level over the day. This phenomenon }\par\pard\li640\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {may cause operational problems such a
s excessive}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {frequ
ency deviations, spinning reserve increase, etc. }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {at a central control center in a power utility.
One so-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lution i
s to store electrical energy in batteries and}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {accumulators but this can only be achieved in limit
ed}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amount and can
have direct impact on the environ-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ment. Another solution for the long term storage }\par\pard\l
i640\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {problem can be reached by }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {converting the electrical }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {energy into hydrogen using water electrolys
is and}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {store hydr
ogen for later use in fuel cells. Main char-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acteristics of fuel cells include high efficiency, n
ear }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {zero emissio
ns, and low noise levels. Presently, pro-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {totype solar cells in the range of 10~50 kW are}\par\pa
rd\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {available for testing an
d demonstration, while proto-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch

arscalex100 {types of proton exchange membrane fuel cells}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(PEMFCs) are now in the development and
testing}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phase.}\
par\pard\li613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li613\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { Project (No. 2002AA517020) supported by the Hi-Tech Researc
h}\par\pard\li613\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and Development
Program (863) of China}\par\column\pard\li426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {So far as several solar hydrogen projects were}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {developed over the past decade
around the world. At}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {the residential level, Hollmuller}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {et al}\i0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.(2000) reported}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a single-family home in Switzerland has operated a 5}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kW PV array since 19
91 to produce electrolytic H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {which is then utilized to power a
stove, laundry ma-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{chine, and minivan. At the building level, Barthels}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {et }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {al}
\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.(1998) introduced a study of a solar-hydrogen }
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {powered library in
Germany outlines the challenges}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {to systems engineering optimization in a stand-alone}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx2066\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {configuration. Lehman}\t
ab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {et al}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.(1997) r
eported that a }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mar
ine laboratory at Humboldt State University has}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {been powered successfully by solar-hydrogen for}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {many years in a standalone configuration. However,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {because of commercial secret or other reasons, these}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {research institutes provide little
technical information.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {It is significant to carry on this research on our own.}\par\pard\li413\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {In this paper, a combination of PV an
d fuel cell}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hybrid
energy system for st}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ationary applications is }\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {provided. The system inc
ludes solar panels and a }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {PEMFC system working in parallel, a supercapacitor,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {power conditioning units to smooth volta
ge fluctua-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tions,
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826\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3826\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li3826\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3826\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li3826\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Li et a
l. / J Zhejiang Univ Sci A
2007 8(5):734-740}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
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\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {735}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5440\colsr-0\c
olno2\colw5653\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-426
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and the excess power is stor}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ed in hydrogen by the}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {electrolyser. Otherwise, the fuel cell is switched on }\par\p
ard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to generate electricity
to complement any shortfall in}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {solar radiation. A forward}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-facing si
mulation software}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{for photovoltaic fuel ce}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ll (PVEC) hybrid system }\
par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {based on MATLAB/Si
mulink is developed and the}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {simulation models of PVFC hybrid system are also}\par\pard\li640\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {built, and are used as a main method
to study PVFC }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {co
ntrol strategy.}\par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Basically, the hybrid system will be operating}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {under transient conditions most of the time due to
the}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {intermittent
nature of solar radiations. Therefore, the }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {objective of this work is to model the system and to
}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conduct transie
nt analysis of its operation under }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {varying solar conditions. The suggested system will }\par\par
d\li640\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {be dimensioned to provide
electricity in stand-alone }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {mode. The work includes modelling and computer}\par\pard\li640\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {simulations using available commercial
software to}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {stud
y the transient behavior of the hybrid energy}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {system. Simulation results are also shown in the pa
-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {per. }\par\par
d\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CONFIGURATION}\pa
r\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {As shown in Fig.1, PVFC hybrid power system }\par\pard
\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {includes a photovoltaic (P
V) generator, a proton ex-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars

calex100 {change membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), an electrolyser,}\par\pard\li640\ri
0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a supercapacitor, a storage gas tan
k and power con-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
ditioning unit (PCU). In this hybrid power system,}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the fuel cell is used to }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {produce power if the load }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {power exceeds that produced from the PV generator. }\par\pard\
li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {It can also function as an
emergency generator, if the }\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\par
d\li5253\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li2680\ri0\s
l-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV generator }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {PV generator system fails. An}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { electrolyser co
nverters }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {electrici
ty into chemical }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {energy which produces hy-}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {drogen which can be stored
in pressure tanks and }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {used for fuel cell later. A }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {supercapacitor is a
n energy}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {storage de
vice constructed like that of a battery and}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is used for the safe operation of the fuel cell compo-}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nent and also to su
pply power during transient load }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {conditions. In addition, a control system is required}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to monitor and guide the }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {operation of the compo-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nents of the system.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {SIMULATION MODELS FOR PVFC HYBRID }\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {SYSTEM}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {One of the goals of this paper is to simulate the }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {operation of PVFC hybrid }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {energy system as accu-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {rately as possible so that realistic optimal control}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {strategies can be found. To ach
ieve this aim, one }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{needs a set of relatively detailed models. In this sec-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tion, the individual mathematical model fo
r each }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {component w
as developed in MATLAB, and the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {model, simulation and control of the systems was}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {developed using Simulink. }\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b {Photovoltaic array model }\b0 \par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The current-voltage characteristics of a photo-}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {voltaic cell are charac
terized by a parametric diode}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {model proposed by Roger and Maguin (1982) and }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Green (1981). A detailed approach to PV c
ell mod-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ule or arr
ay modelling based on a mathematical de-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {scription of the equivalent electrical circuit of a PV}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cell is given in (Ro a
nd Rahman, 1998).}\par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li133\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DC bus }\par\pard\li813\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li813\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2600\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {=}\ul0 \tab \fs14\cf0\f0

\charscalex100 {AC user load}\par\pard\li1186\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols8\colno1\colw2306\colsr-0\colno2\colw600\colsr-0\colno
3\colw1946\colsr-0\colno4\colw413\colsr-0\colno5\colw1026\colsr-0\colno6\colw413
\colsr-0\colno7\colw1266\colsr-0\colno8\colw3120\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\fs10\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li93\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Alkaline}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {electrolys
er}\par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {system }\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\ul {Supercapacitor }\ul0 \par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {module}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3026\colsr-0\colno2\colw1613\colsr-0\colno3\
colw6453\pard\li1800\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {H}\ul0 {\
sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul { storage}\ul0
\par\pard\li2320\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs10\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1920\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Air}\par\column\pard\li66\ri
0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PEMFC}\par\pard\li40\ri
0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {system }\par\column\pard\li266\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {Control}\ul0 \par\pard\li373\ri0\s
l-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unit }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Power con
ditioning units and control unit}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn
16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li2826\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li2826\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig.1
Block diagram o
f th}\b0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {e PVFC hybrid power system}\b0 \par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sec
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s4\colno1\colw1640\colsr-0\colno2\colw1986\colsr-0\colno3\colw200\colsr-0\colno4
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lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {736}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63726X}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63737X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Li et al. / J Zhejiang Univ Sci A
2007 8(
5):734-740}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3226\colsr-0\colno2\colw933\colsr-0\colno3\colw6933
\pard\li2053\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63729X}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {q V}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63740X}\fs22\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X \uc1\u8722X}{\super \fs22\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {V
}\i0 }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols6\c
olno1\colw1640\colsr-0\colno2\colw653\colsr-0\colno3\colw1026\colsr-0\colno4\col
w653\colsr-0\colno5\colw786\colsr-0\colno6\colw6333\pard\li680\ri0\sl-226\slmult
0 \*\tx946\*\tx1306\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {=}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-133\slmult
0 \*\tx1146\*\tx1520\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {ph}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\par\column\pard\li80\ri0\sl-253\slmul
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\f0\charscalex100 {PV}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx213\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63741X}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li306\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex1
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arscalex100 {PV}{\super \fs22\up1\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I R}\i0 }\fs12\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {PV}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
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pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63731X}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs12\cf0
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alex100\i {AKT}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscal
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lt0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X \uc1\u63734X}\par\column\pard\li0\r
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l-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63729X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {qE}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
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00 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
63734X}\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63740X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols7\colno1\colw1813\colsr-0\colno
2\colw506\colsr-0\colno3\colw693\colsr-0\colno4\colw146\colsr-0\colno5\colw346\c
olsr-0\colno6\colw346\colsr-0\colno7\colw7240\pard\li1186\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\
tx1413\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 \par\pard\li1266\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \*\tx165
3\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or}\par\column\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X \uc1\u63735X
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {exp}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs
12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li80\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63741X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {
(2) }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\mar
glsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2653\colsr-0\colno2\colw8440\pard\li1920\r
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3\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {KA T}\
i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {T}\i0 { }\

fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X
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rd\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx533\*\tx1093\*\tx1413\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {
=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 \tab \fs
22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k T T}\i0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {(}\tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {)\} /100,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
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olw6066\pard\li960\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \*\tx520\*\tx986\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {ph}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {scr}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\p
ar\pard\li173\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx426\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 \ta
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cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63729X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q V}\i0 \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {)}{ }\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63740X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63737X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols7\colno1\colw1053\col
sr-0\colno2\colw453\colsr-0\colno3\colw266\colsr-0\colno4\colw1226\colsr-0\colno
5\colw733\colsr-0\colno6\colw920\colsr-0\colno7\colw6440\pard\li680\ri0\sl-226\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-253\slmult0 \*\tx613\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {n I}\i0 \tab \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {n I}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {exp}{ }\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}{\super \fs20\up1\cf0\f2\charscalex
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cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63741X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\f
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0 \fs20\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmul
t0 \*\tx613\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p ph}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p o
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lsr-0\colno6\colw373\colsr-0\colno7\colw6066\pard\li960\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sh}}\fs20\cf0\
f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63728X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63731X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {AKT}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63742X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63739X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn
16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2080\colsr-0\colno2\colw840\colsr
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c1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {V}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I
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ub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsx
n16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3413\colsr-0\colno2\colw2400\col
sr-0\colno3\colw5280\pard\li2266\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
PV}{\super \fs22\up1\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}{\s
uper \fs22\up1\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 }\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\par
\pard\li2560\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 {\sub \fs12\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sh}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {
(4) }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig.2 Typical }\b0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b \i {U}\b0 \i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {-}\b0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b \i {I}\b0 \i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { characteristic of a fuel cell}
\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
\cols4\colno1\colw2853\colsr-0\colno2\colw1266\colsr-0\colno3\colw1320\colsr-0\c
olno4\colw5653\pard\li2440\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
63726X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u63729X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q V}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63740X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63737X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-36
0\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tion overvoltage (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {\uc1\u951X}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {act}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {) and the ohmic overvoltage}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pg
hsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2533\colsr-0\colno2\colw733\c
olsr-0\colno3\colw946\colsr-0\colno4\colw280\colsr-0\colno5\colw6600\pard\li680\
ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx1013\*\tx1906\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 \tab \f
s22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n I V}\i0 \tab \fs2
2\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n I}\i0 \pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {exp}\fs22\cf0\f
2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {PV}{\super \fs22\up1\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {I R}\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {s}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u63741X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1
}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {V}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893
\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw3386\colsr-0\colno2\colw12
00\colsr-0\colno3\colw853\colsr-0\colno4\colw5653\pard\li773\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\*\tx1280\*\tx2160\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{p ph PV}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p o}{ }\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u63727X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{AKT}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx213\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u63738X}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {\uc1\u
951X}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ohm}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {):}\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols
4\colno1\colw2853\colsr-0\colno2\colw1360\colsr-0\colno3\colw373\colsr-0\colno4\
colw6506\pard\li2440\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63728X
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63731
X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u6374
2X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u637
39X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
\cols3\colno1\colw1226\colsr-0\colno2\colw906\colsr-0\colno3\colw8960\pard\li106
6\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx640\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {((}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {V}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) / )}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {,}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\cols4\colno1\colw3000\colsr-0\colno2\colw2533\colsr-0\colno3\colw653\colsr0\colno4\colw4906\pard\li1466\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \*\tx2680\fs12\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {PV}{\super \fs22\up1\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
PV}{\super \fs22\up1\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n V}\i0 }\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{s}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
(5) }\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx266\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 \tab \f
s22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {nV I}\i0 \par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1040\*\tx1440\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fc f
c}{\super \fs22\up1\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {nI E}
\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fc}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\tab \fs
12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nernst}\tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs
22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u951X}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {act}}\fs22
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u951X}{\sub \fs12\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {ohm}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {),}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {
(6) }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840
\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw5626\colsr-0\colno2\colw680\colsr-0\co
lno3\colw1946\colsr-0\colno4\colw2840\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sh}}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fc}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmu
lt0 \*\tx186\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {
(7) }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsx
n16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li5520\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx6453\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {H (g)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {O (g)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {H O (l) e ,}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols6\colno1\colw5680\colsr-0\colno2\colw626\colsr-0\colno
3\colw293\colsr-0\colno4\colw880\colsr-0\colno5\colw293\colsr-0\colno6\colw3320\
pard\li640\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {where}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {I}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { is the PV cell output current, }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 {\
sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ph}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is light}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmu
lt0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-53\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\
pard\li66\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5693\co
lsr-0\colno2\colw5400\pard\li640\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx4720\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {current,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {o}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is diode reverse saturation current,}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or}}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {saturation current,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 {\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {scr}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the short-circu
it current,}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { A}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {E}\i0 \fs
12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nernst}{\super \fs22\up1\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.229 0.85 10 (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {T}\i0 { }\f
s22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {298.15)}\pa
r\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\li733\r
i0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx2573\*\tx3653\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {4.308 10}\fs12\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {T}\i0 }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[ln(}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {p}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) 0.5ln(}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {p}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)],}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { (8)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\mar
grsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw8080\colsr-0\colno2\colw1093\colsr-0\colno3\colw1920\p
ard\li640\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the ideality factor, }\

fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {E}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { is the band gap for silicon,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {K}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult
0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{\sub \fs8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs8\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw6546\colsr-0\colno2\colw1373\colsr-0\colno3\colw3173
\pard\li5520\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5866\*\tx6880\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u951X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {= +}\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
958X \uc1\u958X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u958X}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx506\*\tx933\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {T}\i0 { }\fs22
\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {T}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {c}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f2\
charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u958X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {T}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[ln( )],}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {
(9) }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw7173\colsr-0\colno2\colw1000\colsr-0\coln
o3\colw2920\pard\li640\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx2640\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B
oltzmann\uc1\u8217Xs constant,}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k}\i0 {\sub \f
s14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the short-circuit c
urrent }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {[ln(}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)]}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slm
ult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghs
xn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw6986\colsr-0\colno2\colw586\col
sr-0\colno3\colw3520\pard\li5640\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \*\tx6120\*\tx6493\fs12\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {act}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \f
s8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840
\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5600\colsr-0\colno2\colw5493\pard\li64
0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3533\*\tx3773\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {temperature c
oefficient at }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {scr}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q}\i0
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is the electron}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \*\tx426\*\tx1520\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u951X}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f2\charscalex100 {= \uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {i R}\i0 \fs12\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {electronic}\tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {proton}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {)}}\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {= \uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {iR}\i0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {internal}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {,}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
(10) }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5733\cols
r-0\colno2\colw480\colsr-0\colno3\colw4880\pard\li640\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {charge,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 {\sub \fs14\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {R}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sh}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { are the series resistance and shunt}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resistance respectively. }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {T
}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the PV cell temperature. }\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ohm}\par\column\pard\li160\ri
0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {proton}{\sub \fs
22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r l A}\i0 {\sub \fs12\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/ ,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {
(11) }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw8893\colsr-0
\colno2\colw2200\pard\li8733\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {i A}\i0 {\su
per \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.5}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1189
3\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5520\colsr-0\colno2\colw4
066\colsr-0\colno3\colw1506\pard\li640\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx3493\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {T}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { is the reference temperature.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {V}\i0
{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the PV cel
l}\par\column\pard\li333\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {181.6[1
0.03( / ) 0.062( / 303) ( / )}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx413\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u955X}\par\pard\li346\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx666\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {[}\tab \fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{0.634 3( / )]exp(4.18[(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {T}\i0 { }\fs22\cf0\f2\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {303) / ])}\par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(12)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5440\colsr0\colno2\colw5653\pard\li640\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {outp
ut voltage and}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {PV}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the PV cell output current.}{ }\fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {\uc1\u955X}\i0 \par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is the irradiance.}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fuel cell model}\b0 \par\pard\li1040\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {U}\i0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { characteristics of a PEM fuel cell pre-}\par\column\pard\li613\ri0\sl-1
33\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {where}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {fc}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the stack power, }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the cell number,}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {V}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fc}}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is cell voltage,}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { I}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fc}}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { is cell current, }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {E}\i0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { is the open circuit }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {voltage,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {\uc1\u951X}\i0
{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {act}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the acti
vation overvoltage,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {\uc1\u951X}\i0 {\sub \fs14\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ohm}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the}\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw544
0\colsr-0\colno2\colw3733\colsr-0\colno3\colw200\colsr-0\colno4\colw1720\pard\li
640\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sented in Fig.2 can be divide
d into three regions, }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {ohmic overvoltage,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {T}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { is the temperature,}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}}\fs8\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { is the }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn66
6\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw5440\colsr-0\colno2\colw3253\colsr-0\colno3\colw2
00\colsr-0\colno4\colw2200\pard\li640\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {which are governed by different overvoltages. Acti-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vation overvoltage dominates at low curr
ent densities.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {hydrogen reactant partial pressure,}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 {\s
ub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}}\fs8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the oxy-}\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5
440\colsr-0\colno2\colw5653\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {The middle of the region is governed by the ohmic }\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gen reactant partial pressure,}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {A}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the active ce
ll area,}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrs
xn133\cols4\colno1\colw5440\colsr-0\colno2\colw1613\colsr-0\colno3\colw200\colsr
-0\colno4\colw3840\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los
ses and bending down of the polarization curves}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {i}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the
current,}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c
}\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}}\fs8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {is oxygen concentrati
on at the}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5440\colsr-0\colno2\colw5653\pard\li640\ri0\sl-226\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {due to the concentration overvoltage. The cell vo
lt-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {age model was
studied empirically and physically by}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {many researchers. In this study, a generalized elec-}\par\
pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {trical model of PEMFC
is developed by using a}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {combination of physical and empirical modelling }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {techniques developed by Mann }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {et al}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.(2000) and }\par\pard\
li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Amphlett}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {et al}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.(1995).}\par\pard\li1053\r
i0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The output voltage of each cell wa
s define}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with Eq.(6) as a function of the thermodynamic}\par\pard\l
i640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {equilibrium potential (}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {E}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) corresponding to t
he over-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {all chem
ical reaction expressed in Eq.(7), the active-}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\s
lmult0 \*\tx800\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cathode,}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {r}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { i
s the membrane specific resistivity for}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {the flow of hydrated protons, }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{l}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the thickness of the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polymer membrane,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {\uc1\u955X}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {is membrane water content, }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {\uc1\u958
X}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {i}\i0 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are empirical coefficients for calculating activat
ion}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {overvoltage. Ac
cording to Eqs.(6)~(12), the electric-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {ity model is applicable for PEMFC stack of various}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {configurations and operating
conditions.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Electrolyser model }\b0 \par\pard\li426\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The electrolyser model is based on
a combina-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tion of
fundamental therm}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odynamics, heat transfer}\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbkpage


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s2\colno1\colw9706\colsr-0\colno2\colw1386\pard\li3826\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li3826\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3826\ri0\sl-213\slmu
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l-346\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Li et al. / J Zhejiang Univ Sci A
2007 8(5):734-740}\i0 \par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li6
40\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx5440\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {theory, and empirical
electrochemical relationships.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Supercapacito
r model}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
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ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The electrode kinetics of an electrolyser cell
can be}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {modelled u
sing empirical voltage-current (}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {U}\i0 \fs20\cf0\f
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640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {shown below (Ulleberg, 2003):
}\par\column\pard\li426\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A superca
pacitor is an energy storage device }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {with a construction similar to that of a battery. It has}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {two electrodes immersed
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tor electrodes. Therefore, a supercapacitor can store}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
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ater amounts of energy than conventional capaci-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult
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80 C }\par\pard\li2773\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Over-voltag
e}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.5}\par\pard\
li2053\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {U}\i0 \fs8\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {1}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=1.26 V }\par\pard\li2053\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {U}\i0 \fs8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs14\cf0\f
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calex100 {1.0}\par\pard\li1426\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx1933\*\tx2533\*\tx3133\*\
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\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {800}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1000}\par\pard
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0 {m}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) }\
par\pard\li840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig.3 Typical }\b0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i
{U}\b0 \i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {-}\b0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {
I}\b0 \i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { characteristic of a electrolyser cell}\
b0 \par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-320\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The actual flow rates of hydrogen and oxygen}\pa
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consumption in an electrolyser}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {where}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ESR}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { is the internal equivalent series resistance.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
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ap}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the voltage of the capacitor.}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {SCap}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { is the cur-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r
ent of the capacitor.}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {I}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {dis}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the self-discharge current.
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {And}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
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li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Power conditioning unit mod
el}\b0 \par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vosen and
Keller (1999) provided a mathe-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
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curves for electrical }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
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\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {different models wh
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harscalex100 {as an energy converster are linear, quadratic, and}\par\pard\li0\r

i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {piecewise linear models. The quadr
atic model is the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b
est model among all the models to represent all }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PCUs in the system study because its parameters}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {have physical meaning
of the PCU and are very sim-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {ple for programming (Abd El-Aal}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {et a
l.}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, 2006). }\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The output power in this model can be repre-}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sented as:}\par\pard\sect
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t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cell can be calculated by:}\par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx520\*\tx1133\fs22\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\fs2
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(14) }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f2\charscalex1
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0\f0\charscalex100 {The parameters of the model (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
C}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {i}\i0 }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) a
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7;32768}}

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7;32768}}
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7;32768}}

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7;32768}}
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{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\margtsxn666\margbsxn413\cols2\colno1\colw3826\colsr-0\colno2\colw7266\pard\li6
40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {738}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Li et al. /
J Zhejiang Univ Sci A
2007 8(5):734-740}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
xn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5440\colsr-0\colno2
\colw5653\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-426\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {drogen pressure}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{p}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { in a storage tank can be calculated}\par\par
d\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {from: }\par\pard\li2040\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2040\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {p nRT V}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/ ,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {
(17) }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {where}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the hydrog
en pressure inside the tank,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { is}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {the number of moles,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { is the universal gas constant, }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {T}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { is the temperatu
re of the gas and}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {V}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { is the volume of}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {the tank.}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {CONTROL DESIGN AND SIMULATION RE-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {SULTS}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li640\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Control strategy for
PVFC}\b0 \par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The inp
ut data such as solar radiation and am-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bient temperature are fed in to calculate the amount}\par
\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of energy that can be
generated by the PV generator. }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {The value of PV output power (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\
i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) is compar
ed}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {with the load
demand energy (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {L}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) to determine the }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {distribution of energy flow between the
storage unit }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and
the load. Surplus PV energy is stored in the form }\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of hydrogen by the electrolyser (}\fs22\cf0\f

0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el}}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {) and deficit en-}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {ergy can be taken from hydrogen by the fuel cell (}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fc}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {)}\par\pard\li640\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {back-up ge
nerator. }\par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A fl
ow diagram of the co}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ntrol strategy for the}\par\par
d\li640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PVFC hybrid system is sho
wn in Fig.4. }\par\pard\li1053\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
According to Fig.4, the control strategy is based}\par\pard\li2973\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S
tart }\par\pard\li2506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2506\ri0\sl-306\s
lmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Calculate:}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P
}\i0 {\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}}\fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li2506\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fc}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{
}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el}}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 {\sub \fs10\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {H}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {p}\i0 {\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of}\fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}}\
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 {\sub \fs10\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}}\par\pard\li3853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li3853\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {No }\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {on the following three different cases:}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1) If}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {
\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {>}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {, then}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {el}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\
sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {. That is, if the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {radiation level is high enough, the PV array empow-}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ers the load and the excess pow
er is stored in hydro-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {gen by the electrolyser.}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {(2) If}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {PV}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {<}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i
0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {PV}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8804X}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fc}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {, then }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{L}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0
{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fc}}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {That i
s, if the PV generator cannot power the load,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {then the load is connected directly to the PV genera}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tor and the fuel c
ell is switched on.}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2120\fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {(3) If}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {PV}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {<}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i
0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { and}\tab \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}}\fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {>}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100

\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fc}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, th
en }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}}\fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs12\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {fc}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=0 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \*\tx426\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {. That is, if the PV generator cannot}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {power the load and the fuel cell fails to st
art, then the }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {load
and fuel cell are disconnected and the electro-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lyser is connected directly to the PV generator, t
hen}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the load is con
nected according to the conditions in }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Eq.(1) or Eq.(2).}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Simulation result
s }\b0 \par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The main
technical parameters of the PVFC}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {parts are illustrated in Table 1 and are used in the}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {simulation and calculation in th
e paper.}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The perf
ormance of the PVFC hybrid power}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {system is simulated and calculated by simulation}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {software based on the MATLAB/Simulin
k, and the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {results
are shown as Figs.5~7.}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { Two classes of input data are necessary to de-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fine the system simulation model. The first
class}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {comprises the
technical characteristics, and these }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {will be defined for the simulation model. This class}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {was shown in detail in Tab
le 1. The second class of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {data consists of weather data and user load demand.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {All these data are stored in files and a
re called when }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nee
ded by the used components within the simula-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tion system.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893
3\colsr-0\colno3\colw440\colsr-0\colno4\colw2680\colsr-0\colno5\colw5653\pard\li
1160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1160\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {No }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {p}\i0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
<}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {off}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {No }\par\column\pard\li133\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {<}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{L}}\par\pard\li440\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yes }\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 \fs10\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {L}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {P}\i0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {>}\fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fc}\par\column\pard\li426\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Figs.5~7 show simulation results
for a day of}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the sy
stem in one summer day. From Fig.5, it can be}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {seen that the solar radiation varies according to the
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\c
ols5\colno1\colw1813\colsr-0\colno2\colw1000\colsr-0\colno3\colw906\colsr-0\coln
o4\colw1720\colsr-0\colno5\colw5653\pard\li986\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {p}\i0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
>}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\l
i1266\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yes }\par\pard\li826\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {L}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}
\i0 {\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fc}}\par\column\pa
rd\li120\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yes }\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {No }\par\column\pard\li400\ri0\sl-2
00\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yes }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 \
fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cl}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {P}\i0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fc}\fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {=}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{L}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=0}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {<}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \fs10\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {stop}\par\pard\li466\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N
o }\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {End }\par\co
lumn\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {PV}
}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\s
ub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {P}\i0 {\sub \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yes }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {time. During the period of low solar radia
tion, the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {state of
charge for hydrogen storage in the tank drops}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {because the hydrogen production is lower than con-}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sumption. The fuel ce
ll is switched on. When the}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {solar radiation is high enough, the PV array powers}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the load and the excess power is store
d in hydrogen }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {by t
he electrolyser. Form 11:00 to 17:00, the user }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {load is at a constant low and the radiation is high
. All}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the power fro
m the PV could be used to run the elec-}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893
53\pard\li773\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Fig.4
Basic fl
ow diagram of the control strategy fo}\b0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {r}\b0 \p
ar\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {the PVFC system}\
b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {trolyser,
which gives an ideal situation for high hy-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {drogen production. The fluctuations in the pressure of
}\par}

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