Features of stream erosion

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Potholes

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How potholes are formed in a road?

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River valley

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Origin (gullies)

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Valley deepening (Krishna river Mahabaleshwar)

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Gorge across Ganges, Joshimath

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Qutang Gorge, China

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CANYON

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Lengthening of river valley

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Headward erosion

River capture / piracy

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Valley widening

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Escarpments

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Mesa: Flat-topped hill capped with hard rock Cuesta: Gently-tilted layer of hard rock. The gentle upper slope, on top of the layer is called the dip slope

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Waterfalls

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The Jog falls (253m)

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Nohkalikai Falls (335 m)

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Sivanasamudra falls (98m)

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Gokak falls

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Stream terraces

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Sediment transport by rivers

Types of load
i) ii) iii)

The suspended load The Bed load The dissolved load

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Grading of streams:
i)

Degrading streams: fast flowing streams Graded streams: Mature streams Aggrading streams: Old aged streams

ii) iii)

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Deposition

Aeolian Fluvial Glacial Marine

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Types of fluvial deposit

1. 2. 3. 4.

Alluvial fans and cones Flood plains Deltas Channel deposits

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Alluvial fan: slope of the deposit is below 10 degrees Alluvial cone: slope of the deposit is in the range of 10-50 degrees

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Flood plains

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Deltas

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Ganges river delta

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Channel deposits

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Sand bars/ channel deposits: long narrow ridges

River meandering

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Life history of a meander

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Oxbow lake

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