Bi 2.

Phng trnh ng thng trong mt phng

11
BI 2. PHNG TRNH NG THNG TRONG MT PHNG
I. VCT C TRNG CA NG THNG:
1. Vct ( )
1 2
; v a a =

l vc t ch phng (VTCP) ca () () // gi ca v

2. Vct ( ) ; n a b =

l vc t php tuyn (VTPT) ca () () gi ca n

3. Nhn xt:
() c v s vct ch phng v v s vct php tuyn ng thi v n

.
II. PHNG TRNH NG THNG
1. Phng trnh tham s: PT t () i qua M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) v c VTCP ( )
1 2
; v a a =

:
( )
0 1
0 2
x x a t
t
y y a t
= +

= +

2. Phng trnh chnh tc: PT t () i qua M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) v c VTCP ( )
1 2
; v a a =

:
0 0
1 2
x x y y
a a

=
3. Phng trnh h s gc: PT t () vi h s gc a l: y = ax + b.
4. Phng trnh tng qut: PT t () tng qut: 0 Ax By C + + = vi
2 2
0 A B + >
Nhn xt: (): 0 Ax By C + + = vi
2 2
0 A B + > c
VTCP ( ) ; v B A =

v VTPT ( ) ; n A B =

5. Phng trnh t () i qua M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) vi h s gc k l: ( )
0 0
y k x x y = +
6. Phng trnh t () i qua M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) vi VTPT ( ) ; n A B =

l:
( ) ( )
0 0
0 A x x B y y + =
7. Phng trnh t () i qua M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) vi VTCP ( ) ; v A B =

l:
( ) ( )
0 0
0 B x x A y y =
8. Phng trnh t () i qua 2 im M
1
(x
1
, y
1
), M
2
(x
2
, y
2
):
1 1
2 1 2 1
x x y y
x x y y

=


9. Phng trnh on chn i qua A(0; a), B(0; b) l: 1
y
x
a b
+ =
10. Phng trnh chm ng thng: Cho 2 ng thng ct nhau
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
: 0; : 0 a x b y c a x b y c + + = + + = vi I = ( ) ( )
1 2
.
ng thng () i qua I l: ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
0 p a x b y c q a x b y c + + + + + = vi
2 2
0 p q + >
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

12
III. V TR TNG I CA 2 NG THNG
1. Dng tham s: (
1
) i qua M
1
(x
1
; y
1
):
( )
1 1
1 1
x x a t
t
y y b t
= +

= +

,
(
2
) i qua M
2
(x
2
; y
2
):
( )
2 2
2 2
x x a t
t
y y b t
= +

= +

Nu ( )
1 1 1
; // v a b =

( )
2 2 2
; v a b =

1 2 2 1
0 a b a b th ( ) ( )
1 2
= im I.
Nu ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
; // ; v a b v a b = =

//
1 2
M M
( ) ( )
1 2 2 1
1 2 1 1 2 1
0
0
a b a b
a y y b x x
=

th (
1
) // (
2
).
Nu ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
; // ; v a b v a b = =


1 2
// M M
( ) ( )
1 2 2 1
1 2 1 1 2 1
0
0
a b a b
a y y b x x
=

th (
1
) (
2
).
2. Dng tng qut:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
: 0; ;
: 0; ;
a x b y c n a b
a x b y c n a b

+ + = =

+ + = =

;
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
; ;
x y
a b b c c a
D D D
a b b c c a
= = =
Nu D 0
1 2 2 1
0 a b a b th ( ) ( )
1 2
= im ;
y
x
D
D
I
D D
| |
|
\

Nu D = 0 v
2 2
0
x y
D D + >
1 2 1
1 2 2
a a c
b b c
= th (
1
) // (
2
).
Nu 0
x y
D D D = = =
1 2 1
1 2 2
a a c
b b c
= = th (
1
) (
2
).
IV. GC GIA 2 NG THNG:
1. Dng h s gc:
Cho
( )
( )
1 1 1
2 2 1
:
:
y a x b
y a x b
= +

= +

. Gc ( ) [ ]
1 2
1 2
1 2
, 0; 90 : tg
1
a a
a a

= =
+

2. Dng tng qut:
Cho
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
: 0; ;
: 0; ;
a x b y c n a b
a x b y c n a b

+ + = =

+ + = =

;
1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
cos
a a b b
a b a b
+
=
+ +

Bi 2. Phng trnh ng thng trong mt phng

13
V. KHONG CCH V PHNG TRNH NG PHN GIC
1. Khong cch t M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) n (): 0 ax by c + + = l:
( )
( )
0 0
2 2
,
ax by c
d M
a b
+ +
=
+

2. Cho
( )
( )
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
: 0
: 0
a x b y c
a x b y c
+ + =

+ + =

ct nhau th phng trnh 2 ng phn gic

1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
a x b y c a x b y c
a b a b
+ + + +
=
+ +







VI. CC BI TP MU MINH HA
Bi 1. Trn mt phng Oxy cho im A(2;2). Vit phng trnh ng thng
i qua im ( ) 3;1 M v ct trc Ox, Oy ti B v C sao cho tam gic ABC cn
Gii
Gi ( ) ; 0 B b Ox = v ( ) 0; C c Oy = suy ra ():
( )
1 0
y
x
bc
b c
+ =
(3;1) ( ) M
3 1
1
b c
+ = , (1). Tam gic ABC cn ti A
2 2
AB AC =
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 4
2 4 4 2
2 2
b c b c
b c
b c b c
= + = +
+ = + +

= =


Vi 4 b c = + :
( )
2
1 2
2, 6
1 4 ( ) : 1; ( ) : 1
6 2 2 2 2, 2
c b
y y
x x
c
c b
= =
= + = + =

= =

Vi b c = :
( )
1 2 2 b c = = (loi, do trng vi
( )
2
)
Bi 2. Cho tam gic ABC c nh A(1; 3)
a. Gi s hai ng cao (BH): 5 3 25 0 x y + = , (CK): 3 8 12 0 x y + = .
Hy vit phng trnh cnh BC.
b. Gi s ng trung trc ca AB l (): 3 2 4 0 x y + = v G(4; 2) l
trng tm ca tam gic ABC. Xc nh ta cc nh B v C .

Du hiu Phn gic gc nhn Phn gic gc t
1 2 1 2
0 a a b b + >
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
a x b y c a x b y c
a b a b
+ + + +
=
+ +

1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
a x b y c a x b y c
a b a b
+ + + +
=
+ +

1 2 1 2
0 a a b b + <
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
a x b y c a x b y c
a b a b
+ + + +
=
+ +

1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
a x b y c a x b y c
a b a b
+ + + +
=
+ +

Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

14
Gii
a. (AB) (CK) nn (AB) c phng trnh l 8 3 0 x y c + =
im
( ) ( )
1 : 8 3 1 0 A AB c AB x y = = .
( ) ( )
AC BH nn
( )
AC c phng trnh 3 5 0 x y m + =
im
( ) ( )
12 : 3 5 12 0 A AC m AC x y = =
( ) ( ) B BH AB Ta ca B tha mn h: ( )
8 3 1 0
2; 5
5 3 25 0
x y
B
x y
=

+ =

( ) ( ) C CK AC Ta ca C tha mn h: ( )
3 5 12 0
4; 0
3 8 12 0
x y
C
x y
=

+ =

Phng trnh cnh BC l (BC):
5
2
5 2 20 0
4 2 0 5
y
x
x y

= + =


b. (AB)
( )
: 3 2 4 0 x y + = v cha A(1;3)
( )
: 2( 1) 3( 3) 0 AB x y + + =
hay
( )
: 2 3 7 0 AB x y = . Gi M l trung im AB suy ra ta ca M tha h:
( )
3 2 4 0
2; 1
2 3 7 0
x y
M
x y
+ =

, khi : ( )
2 5
5;1
2 1
B M A
B M A
x x x
B
y y y
= =

= =

im G(4;2) l trng tm ABC nn:
3
3
A B C G
A B C G
x x x x
y y y y
+ + =

+ + =

( )
1 5 12 8
8; 4
3 1 6 4
C C
C C
x x
C
y y
+ + = =



+ + = =


. Vy ( ) ( ) 5;1 , 8; 4 B C
Bi 3. Cho
1 2
( ) : 5 0; ( ) : 2 7 0 d x y d x y + + = + = v im ( ) 2; 3 A .
Tm
1
B ( ) d v
2
C ( ) d sao cho ABC c trng tm ( ) 2; 0 G .
Gii
t
( )
1 1 1
B ; 5 ( ) t t d v
( )
2 2 2
C 7 2 ; ( ) t t d
im G(2; 0) l trng tm ABC nn:
3
3
A B C G
A B C G
x x x x
y y y y
+ + =

+ + =

1 2 1 2 1
1 2 1 2 2
2 7 2 6 2 3 1
3 5 0 2 1
t t t t t
t t t t t
+ + = = =


+ = = =

. Vy ( ) ( ) 1; 4 , 5;1 B C
Bi 2. Phng trnh ng thng trong mt phng

15
Bi 4. Cho
1 2
( ) : 1 0 ; ( ) : 2 1 0 x y x y + = + + = v im M(2;1).
Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua im M v ct
1 2
( ), ( )
ln lt ti A, B sao cho M l trung im ca on thng AB.
Gii
im
( ) ( )
1 1 1
A A ; 1 t t + ; im
( ) ( )
2 2 2
B B ; 2 1 t t
M(2; 1) l trung im AB nn:
1 2
1 2
2 4
2 2 2
A B M
A B M
x x x t t
y y y t t
+ = + =

+ = =


1 2
10 2
,
3 3
t t = = . Suy ra
( ) ( )
( )
10 13 7 2 4
; , ; AB 2; 5
3 3 3 3 3
A B =

(d) qua M v nhn AB

lm VTCP c PT l:
1
2
5 2 8 0
2 5
y
x
x y

= =
Bi 5. Cho
1 2
( ) : 2 5 0 ; ( ) : 3 0 x y x y + = + = v im M(2; 0).
Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua im M v ct
1 2
( ), ( )
ln lt ti A v B sao cho MA 2MB =


Gii
im
( ) ( )
1 1 1
A A ; 2 5 t t + ; im
( ) ( )
2 2 2
B B ; 3 t t
Suy ra:
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
MA 2; 2 5 , MB 2; 3 t t t t = + + = +


( )
( )
1 2
1 2
2 2 2
MA 2MB
2 5 2 3
t t
t t
+ = +

=

+ =

( )
1
1 2
1 2 2
1
2 2
MA 3; 7
1
2 2 1
2
t
t t
t t t
=
=

=

+ = =

(d) qua M v nhn MA

lm VTCP c PT l:
2
7 3 14 0
3 7
y
x
x y
+
= + =
Bi 6. Cho ABC c nh A(2;7) phng trnh mt ng cao v mt trung
tuyn v t hai nh khc nhau ln lt l: 3 11 0, 2 7 0 x y x y + + = + + = .
Vit phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC.
Gii
Nhn xt: Do A(2; 7) c ta khng tha mn phng trnh mt trong hai
ng thng cho nn cc ng cao v trung tuyn khng i qua A(2; 7).
t (BH): 3 11 0 x y + + = v (CM): 2 7 0 x y + + = .
Ta c:
( )
( ) B BH B ; 3 11 t t . Gi M l trung im AB khi ta M l
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

16
A
C B
H
M

2
2 2
3 18
2 2
A B
M
A B
M
x x
t
x
y y
t
y
+
+
= =

+

= =

( )
( )
2 3 18
M CM 2 7 0
2 2
t t +
+ + =
( ) 4 B 4;1 t =
Phng trnh ng thng cha cnh AB l:
7
2
4 3 13 0
4 2 1 7
y
x
x y
+

= + + =
+

(AC) (BH): 3 11 0 x y + + = v (AC) i qua im A(2; 7) nn phng trnh
(AC) l: ( 2) 3( 7) 0 x y + =
( )
AC : 3 23 0 x y =
im C (AC) (CM) suy ra ta C tha h: ( )
3 23 0
5; 6
2 7 0
x y
C
x y
=

+ + =

Phng trnh cnh BC l (BC):
1
4
7 9 19 0
5 4 6 1
y
x
x y

+
= + + =
+

Bi 7. Cho ABC c nh A(1; 2), ng trung tuyn (BM): 2 1 0 x y + + = v
phn gic trong (CD): 1 0 x y + = .Vit phng trnh ng thng BC.
Gii
im C(CD): 1 0 x y + = ( ) ;1 C t t
trung im M ca AC l
( )
1 3
;
2 2
t t
M
+

im M(BM): 2 1 0 x y + + =

( )
( )
1 3
2 1 0 7 7;8
2 2
t t
t C
+
+ + = =
T A(1;2) k (AK) (CD): 1 0 x y + = ti I (im
( )
K BC )
Suy ra (AK): ( 1) ( 2) 0 x y = 1 0 x y + =
Ta ca I tha h: ( )
1 0
0;1
1 0
x y
I
x y
+ =

+ =

. Tam gic ACK cn ti C nn

I l trung im ca AK Ta ca K: ( )
2 1
1; 0
2 0
K I A
K I A
x x x
K
y y y
= =

= =

ng thng BC i qua C, K nn c phng trnh:
1
4 3 4 0
7 1 8
y
x
x y
+
= + + =
+

A
B C
D M
K
I
Bi 2. Phng trnh ng thng trong mt phng

17
Bi 8. Vit phng trnh ng thng () i qua M(4; 1) v ct cc tia Ox, Oy
ln lt ti A v B theo cc trng hp sau:
a. Din tch OAB nh nht. b. Tng OA + OB nh nht.
Gii
Gi s () ct tia Ox ti A(a; 0) v Oy ti B(0; b) (vi a, b > 0)
suy (): 1
y
x
a b
+ = . Do M(4; 1) () nn
4 1
1
a b
+ =
4
a
b
a
=

a > 4
a. Ta c:
4 1 4 4
1 2
a b ab
ab
= + =
1
. 8
2 2
OAB
ab
S OAOB = =
Du bng xy ra
4 1 1
8; 2
2
a b
a b
= = = = (): 4 8 0 x y + =
b.
4
4 5
4 4
a
OA OB a b a a
a a
+ = + = + = + +

( )
4
2 4 5 9
4
a
a
+ =

Du bng xy ra
4
4 2 6
4
a a
a
= = =

b = 3
( )
: 2 6 0 x y + =
Bi 9. Lp phng trnh ng thng () i qua im M(2; 1) v to vi
ng thng (d): 2 3 4 0 x y + + = mt gc
o
45
Gii
Phng trnh () i qua im M c dng:
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 1 0 0 A x B y A B + = +
2 0 Ax By A B + = v c vect php tuyn ( )
1
; n A B =

ng thng (d) c VTPT l ( )
2
2; 3 n =

. () hp vi (d) mt gc
o
45 th:
1 2 o
2 2
1 2
.
2 3 2
cos 45
2
.
. 4 9
n n
A B
n n
A B
+
= =
+ +


( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2 3 13 A B A B + = +
2 2
5 24 5 0 B AB A + =
1
2
( ) : 5 11 0 5
5 ( ) : 5 3 0
x y A B
B A x y
+ = =


= + =


Vy c hai ng thng cn tm l
1 2
( ) : 5 11 0 ; ( ) : 5 3 0 x y x y + = + =
Bi 10. Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD c din tch bng 4. Bit A(1; 0), B(0; 2)
v giao im I ca hai ng cho nm trn ng thng y x = .
Tm ta nh C v D.
Gii
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

18
Ta c: ( ) 1; 2 5 AB AB = =

Phng trnh (AB) l: 2 2 0 x y + =
( )
( ) : ; I d y x I t t =
I l trung im ca AC v BD nn ta c:
( ) ( ) 2 1; 2 , 2 ; 2 2 C t t D t t
Mt khc: . 4
ABCD
S AB CH = = (CH: chiu cao)
4
5
CH =
Ngoi ra:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
5 8 8 4 2
; , ;
6 4 4
3 3 3 3 3
, 3 2 2
5 5
0 1; 0 , 0; 2
t C D
t
d C AB CH t
t C D

= = =

Vy ta ca C v D l
( ) ( )
5 8 8 2
; , ;
3 3 3 3
C D hoc ( ) ( ) 1; 0 , 0; 2 C D
Bi 11. Cho ( ) ( ) 0; 6 , 2; 5 A B . Tm trn
( )
: 2 2 0 d x y + = im M sao cho:
a. MA + MB c gi tr nh nht. b. MA MB c gi tr ln nht.
Gii
t ( ) , 2 2 f x y x y = + .
Ta c:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
10
. 0
6
f A
f A f B
f B
=

>

Suy ra hai im A v B nm cng pha
i vi ng thng (d)
1. Gi A l i xng ca A qua (d)
Ta c: MA MB MA MB A B + = + (c nh)
( )
min MA MB A B + = , t c khi ba im , , A M B thng hng
( ) ( )
M A B d =
( ) ( ) ( )
: 2 0 AA d AA x y C + + =
( ) ( )
6 : 2 6 0 A AA C AA x y = + =
Gi
( ) ( )
H AA d = th ta ca H tha mn h: ( )
2 6 0
2; 2
2 2 0
x y
H
x y
+ =

+ =

A i xng vi A qua (d) nn ta c: ( )
2 4
4; 2
2 2
A H A
A H A
x x x
A
y y y

= =

= =

A
A
H
M

(d)
B
M
0
C
H B A
D
y = x
I
Bi 2. Phng trnh ng thng trong mt phng

19
Phng trnh ng thng
( )
A B l
2
4
7 2 24 0
2 4 5 2
y
x
x y
+

= + =
+

Ta ca M tha h:
( )
11
2 2 0
9 19 11
;
4 8 19 7 2 24 0
8
x
x y
M
x y
y

=
+ =


+ =

2. Ta c: MA MB AB (c nh)
max MA MB AB = , t c khi ba im M, A, B thng hng
( ) ( )
M AB d = . Phng trnh ng thng (AB) l: 2 12 0 x y + =
Ta ca M l nghim ca h phng trnh:
( )
5
2 2 0
7
5;
7
2 2 12 0
2
x
x y
M
y x y
=
+ =


= + =

Bi 12. Cho
( )
1
: 0 D kx y k + = v
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
: 1 2 1 0 D k x ky k + + =
a. Chng minh khi k thay i
( )
1
D lun lun qua mt im c nh.
b. Tm giao im ca
( )
1
D v
( )
2
D suy ra qu tch giao im ny khi k thay i.
Gii
a. Ta c
( )
1
D t:
( )
1 0 k x y + = . Ta im c nh m
( )
1
D lun i qua l
nghim ca
1 0
1, 0
0
x
x y
y
+ =
= =

. Vy
( )
1
D lun qua im A(1, 0).
b. Ta giao im ca
( )
1
D v
( )
2
D l nghim ca h phng trnh
( )
2
2
1 2 1
kx y k
k ky k
=

+ = +

gii h ta c
2
2 2
1 2
,
1 1
k k
x y
k k

= =
+ +

Vy
( )
1
D
( )
2
D =
2
2 2
1 2
,
1 1
k k
M
k k
| |

|
+ + \

2
2
2
2 2
2 2
1 2
1
1 1
k k
x y
k k
| |
| |
+ = + =
| |
+ + \ \

Do qu tch ca M l ng trn tm O bn knh R = 1.
Bi 13. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho cc im A(0; 1), B(2; 1) v cc ng thng
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
: 1 2 2 0 ; : 2 1 3 5 0 d m x m y m d m x m y m + + = + + =
a. Chng minh
1
d v
2
d lun ct nhau.
b. Gi P l giao im ca
1
d v
2
d , tm m sao cho PA + PB ln nht.
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

20
Gii
a. Xt
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 2 0
2 1 3 5 0
m x m y m
m x m y m
+ + =

+ + =

c:
2
1 2
2 6 5
2 1
m m
D m m
m m

= = +


2 2
2 2 2 1
4 14 12 ; 2 4 1
1 3 5 3 5 2
x y
m m m m
D m m D m m
m m m m

= = + = = +


Do
( )
2
3 1
2 0,
2 2
D m = + > nn h phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
Vy
1
d v
2
d lun lun ct nhau ti im P (pcm)
b. Tm m PA + PB ln nht
Ta ca P l:
2
2 2
2
2 2
4 14 12 2 2
2
2 6 5 2 6 5
2 4 1 4 2
1
2 6 5 2 6 5
x
y
D
m m m
x
D
m m m m
D
m m m
y
D
m m m m

+
= = = +

+ +

+
= = = +

+ +

Ta c:
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 4 4
2 ; 2 8
2 6 5 2 6 5 2 6 5
m m
PA PA
m m m m m m
| |
= + + =
|
+ + + \

2
2 2 2
2 2 2 4 4
;
2 6 5 2 6 5 2 6 5
m m
PB PB
m m m m m m
| |
= =
|
+ + + \

Suy ra:
2 2
8 PA PB + = . Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacpski, ta c:
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 16 4 PA PB PA PB PA PB + + = +
( )
max 4 PA PB + = , t c
2 2 2
2 2
1
4 4
8 3 2 0
2 2 6 5 2 6 5
m
PA PB PA PB m m
m m m m m
=
= = = + =

= + +


Cch 2:
1
d v
2
d c vect php tuyn l: ( ) ( )
1 2
1; 2 , 2 ; 1 n m m n m m = =


Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
. 1 2 2 1 0 n n m m m m = + =

nn
1 2
d d ti im P.
rng
1 2
, A d B d v 2 2 AB = nn theo bt ng thc Bunhiacpski th
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 16 4 PA PB PA PB AB PA PB + + = = +
( )
max 4 PA PB + = ,
t c khi PA PB PAB = vung cn ti P

( )
o
1
, 45 d AB =
Ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 o
2 2
1
.
2 3 1
cos 45 ; 1,1
2 .
2. 1 2
AB
AB
AB
n n
m
n
n n
m m

= = =
+

( )
2
2 2
2 3 2 6 5 3 2 0 1 2 m m m m m m m = + + = = =