Bi 3.

Gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s

1
BI 3. GI TR LN NHT, NH NHT CA HM S
A. GI TR LN NHT, NH NHT CA HM S
I. TM TT L THUYT
1. Bi ton chung: Tm gi tr nh nht hoc ln nht ca hm s
( )
f x
Bc 1: D on v chng minh
( ) ( )
; f x c f x c
Bc 2: Ch ra 1 iu kin
( )
f x c =
2. Cc phng php thng s dng
Phng php 1: Bin i thnh tng cc bnh phng
Phng php 2: Tam thc bc hai.
Phng php 3: S dng bt ng thc c in: Csi; Bunhiacpski
Phng php 4: S dng o hm.
Phng php 5: S dng i bin lng gic.
Phng php 6: S dng phng php vct v h ta
Phng php 7: S dng phng php hnh hc v h ta .
II. CC BI TP MU MINH HA:
Bi 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca P(x, y) = x
2
+ 11y
2
6xy + 8x 28y + 21
Gii. Bin i biu thc di dng P(x, y) = (x 3y + 4)
2
+ 2(y 1)
2
+ 3 3
T suy ra MinP(x, y) = 3
1 0 1
3 4 0 1
y y
x y x
= =

+ = =


Bi 2. Cho x, y > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca: S =
4 2 4 2
4 4 2 2
y y y x x x
y x y x y x
+ + +
Gii.
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2
y y y x
x x
S
y x y x y x
| |
| |
= + + + + +
|
|
\
\

S
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
1 1 2 2
y y y x x
x
y x y x y x
| |
| | | | | |
= + + + + +
|
| | |
\
\ \ \

S
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
( )
1 1 2 2
y y x y x
x
y x xy y x
| |
| | | |
= + + + +
|
| |
\
\ \
.
Vi x = y > 0 th MinS = 2
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng

2
Bi 3. Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s
2 2 2
sin sin sin ( ) S x y x y = + + +
Gii .
2 2 2
sin sin sin ( ) S x y x y = + + + =
2
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
1 cos ( )
2 2
y x
x y

+ + +
S
2 2 9 1
2 cos( ) cos( ) cos ( ) cos( ) cos( ) cos ( )
4 4
x y x y x y x y x y x y
(
= + + = + + + +
(


S
2
2 9 9 1 1
cos( ) cos( ) sin ( )
4 2 4 4
x y x y x y
(
= + +
(

.
Vi
3
x y k

= = + , (kZ) th
9
Max
4
S =
Bi 4. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 8 1 2 2 3 6 7 7 8 8
... ( ... ) S x x x x x x x x x x x x x = + + + + + + + + +
Gii.
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
1 3 2 4 3 5 4
2 4 3 6 4 8 5
S x x x x x x x x
| | | | | | | |
= + + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \

2 2 2 2
5 6 6 7 7 8 8
6 5 7 6 8 7 9 8 4 4
10 6 12 7 14 8 16 9 9 9
x x x x x x x
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \

Vi
1 2 2 3 6 7 7 8 8
1 2 6 7 8
; ;...; ; ;
2 3 7 8 9
x x x x x x x x x = = = = = , th
4
Min
9
S =
Bi 5. Cho , , x y z . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
S = 19x
2
+ 54y
2
+16z
2
16xz 24y +36xy
Gii. Bin i S f(x) = 19x
2
2(8z 18y)x + 54y
2
+16z
2
24y
Ta c
x
= g(y) = (8z 18y)
2
(54y
2
+16z
2
24y) = 702y
2
+168zy 240z
2


y
= (84z)
2
702.240z
2
= 161424z
2
0 zR g(y) 0 y, zR
Suy ra
x
0 y, zR f(x) 0. Vi 0 x y z = = = th 0 MinS =
Bi 6. Cho x
2
+ xy + y
2
= 3. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc:
S = x
2
xy + y
2

Gii Xt y = 0 x
2
= 3 S = 3 l 1 gi tr ca hm s.
Xt y 0, khi bin i biu thc di dng sau y
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
/ ( / ) 1
1
3 ( / ) ( / ) 1 1
x y x y
x xy y S t t
u u
x xy y x y x y t t
+
+ +
= = = = =
+ + + + + +
vi
x
t
y
=
Bi 3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s

3
u(t
2
+ t + 1) = t
2
t + 1 (u 1)t
2
+ (u + 1)t + (u 1) = 0 (*)
+ Nu u = 1, th t = 0 x = 0, y = 3 u = 1 l 1 gi tr ca hm s
+ Nu u 1, th u thuc tp gi tr hm s phng trnh (*) c nghim t
= (3u 1)(3 u) 0
1
1 3
3
u .
Vy tp gi tr ca u l
1
, 3
3
(
(


1
Min
3
u = ; Max u = 3
Min S = 1
1
Min
3
u = t = 1
2 2
1
3
x y
x y
x xy y
=

= =

+ + =

Max S = 9 Maxu = 3 t = 1
2 2
3, 3
3
3, 3
x y x y
x xy y
x y
= = =

+ + =
= =

Bi 7. Cho x,yR tha mn iu kin ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 4 0 x y x y x y + + + =
Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc S=
2 2
x y +
Gii. Bin i ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 4 0 x y x y x y x y + + + + =
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
3 1 4 0 x y x y x + + + + = ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
3 1 4 x y x y x + + + =
Do 4x
2
0 nn ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
3 1 0 x y x y + + +
2 2
3 5 3 5
2 2
x y
+
+
Vi x = 0, y =
3 5
2

, th
2 2
3 5
Min( )
2
x y

+ = .
Vi x = 0, y =
3 5
2
+
, th
2 2
3 5
Max( )
2
x y
+
+ =
Bi 8. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
( )
2
4 2 1 f x x x x = + + +
Gii. Gi y
0
l 1 gi tr ca hm f(x)
tn ti x
0
sao cho y
0
=
2
0 0 0
4 2 1 x x x + + +

2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 2 1 2 4 2 1 y x x x y y x x x x = + + + = + +
g(x
0
) =
2 2
0 0 0 0
3 2(1 ) 1 0 x y x y + + + = . Ta c g(x) = 0 c nghim x
0

=
2 2 2
0 0 0 0
(1 ) 3(1 ) 2(2 1) y y y y + = + =
0 0
2( 1)(2 1) 0 y y +
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng

4
Do y
0
=
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 ( 1) 3 3 0 x x x x x x x + + + + = + nn
0 2y
0
1 0
0
1
2
y . Vi x =
1
2
th Minf(x) =
1
2

Bi 9. Cho
( )
2
5 4 . y f x x x mx = = + + Tm cc gi tr ca m sao cho Min 1 y >
Gii. Ta c
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
5 4 ; x 1 4:
5 4 ; 1 4 :
x m x x P
f x
x m x x P

+ +

=

+ +

Gi (P) l th ca y = f(x) (P) = (P
1
) (P
2
) khi (P) c 1 trong cc
hnh dng th sau y







Honh ca cc im c bit trong th (P):
Honh giao im (P
1
), (P
2
) x
A
= 1; x
B
= 4 ; Honh nh (P
1
):
5
2
C
m
x

= .
Nhn vo th ta xt cc kh nng sau:
Nu x
C
[x
A
, x
B
] m[ 3, 3] th Minf(x) = Min{f(1), f(4)}.
Khi Minf(x) > 1
3 3
(1) 1
(4) 4 1
m
f m
f m

= >

= >

1 < m 3 (1)
Nu x
C
[x
A
, x
B
] m[ 3, 3] th Minf(x) = ( )
1 1
5
2
C
m
f x f
| |
=
|
\
=
2
10 9
4
m m +

Khi Minf(x) > 1
2
[ 3, 3]
3 5 2 3
10 13 0
m
m
m m

< < +

+ <

(2)
Kt lun: T (1) v (2) suy ra Minf(x) > 1 3 2 5 m 1 + < <

A
B
C
P
2
P
1
A
B
C
P
2
P
1
A
B
C
P
1
P
2
Bi 3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s

5
Bi 10. ( thi TSH 2005 khi A)
Cho , , 0 x y z > ;
1 1 1
4
x y z
+ + = . Tm Min ca S
1 1 1
2 2 2 x y z x y z x y z
= + +
+ + + + + +

Gii: S dng bt ng thc Csi cho cc s a, b, c, d > 0 ta c:
( )
( )
4
4
16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4. .4. 16 a b c d abcd
a b c d abcd a b c d a b c d
+ + + + + + = + + +
+ + +

16 16 1 1 1 1
2
16 16 1 1 1 1
2
16 16 1 1 1 1
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
16 4 16 Min 1
2 2 2
x x y z x x y z x y z
x y y z x y y z x y z
x y z z x y z z x y z
S
x y z x y z x y z x y z

+ + + =

+ + + + +

+ + + + =

+ + + + +

+ + + =

+ + + + +

| | | |
= + + + + =
| |
+ + + + + +
\ \

Bi 11. ( thi TSH 2007 khi B)
Cho , , 0 x y z > . Tm Min ca S
1 1 1
2 2 2
y
x z
x y z
yz zx xy
| |
| | | |
= + + + + + |
| |
\
\ \

Gii: S dng bt ng thc Csi cho 9 s ta c
S
4 4 4
2 2 2
9
4 4 4
9 9 9 1
. Min
2 2 2 2
y y x y z
x x z z
x y z S
yz yz zx zx xy xy
x y z
| |
= + + + + + + + + = =
|
\

Bi 12. Cho
, 0
1
x y
x y
>

+ =

Tm gi tr nh nht ca S =
1 1
y x
x y
+


Gii: ( ) ( ) ( ) 2
y x
S y x x y x y x y x y
y x
| | | |
= + + + + + + = +
| |
\
\

Mt khc, S =
1 1
y x
x y
+

=
1 1 y x
y x

+ =
( )
1 1
x y
x y
| |
+ + |
|
\

Suy ra 2S
1 1
x y
+
4
2 2
2 2
2
xy x y
=
+
2 S MinS = 2 .
Bi 13. Cho x, y, z > 0. Tm Max ca: S =
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
( )
xyz x y z x y z
x y z xy yz zx
+ + + + +
+ + + +

Gii: S dng bt ng thc Csi v BunhiaCpski ta c 3 nh gi sau:
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng

6
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
3 x y z x y z + +
;
2 2 2
3 3
3. . . 3. xy yz zx xy yz zx x y z + + =
( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 3. x y z x y z x y z + + + + + + = + + . T suy ra
( )
( )
2 2 2
3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
3
1 3
1 3 1 3 3 3
3 3 9
3.
3.
xyz x y z xyz xyz
S
xyz
x y z x y z x y z
+ + +
+ + +
= =
+ + + +

Bi 14. ( thi TSH 2003 khi B)
Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s
2
4 y x x = +
Cch 1: Tp xc nh [ ] 2; 2 D = ;

2
2
1 ; 0 4
4
x
y y x x
x
= = =

2 2
0
2
4
x
x
x x

max 2 2

min 2
y
y

Cch 2: t 2sin , ;
2 2
x u u
(
=
(

( )
( )
2 sin cos 2 2 sin 2; 2 2
4
y u u u

(
= + = +

; max 2 2 ; min 2 y y = =
Bi 15. ( d b TSH 2003 khi B)
Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca
( )
3
6 2
4 1 y x x = + trn on [ ] 1;1
Cch 1. t [ ]
2
0;1 u x = . Ta c
( )
3
3 3 2
4 1 3 12 12 4 y u u u u u = + = + +
[ ]
2
1 2
2
9 24 12 0 0;1 ; 2 1
3
y u u u u = + = = = >
Nhn bng bin thin ta c
4
max 4; min
9
y y = =
Cch 2. t
6 6
sin sin 4cos x u y u u = = + .
( ) ( )
6 6 6 2 2
sin cos 3cos sin cos 3 4 u u u u u = + + + + =
Vi 0 x = th max 4 y = . S dng bt ng thc Csi ta c:
6 6 2
3
6 6 2
3
8 8 8 8 4
sin 3 sin sin
27 27 27 27 3
4 4 4 4 4
4cos 3 4cos cos
27 27 27 27 3
u u u
u u u

+ + =

+ + =

( )
6 6 2 2 8 4 4 4
sin 4cos sin cos
9 3 3 9
y u u u u y = + + + = . Vi
2 4
min
3 9
x y = =

x 0
2
3

1
y 0 0 + 0
y
4


4
9


1


x 2
2
2
y + 0 0
y
2

2 2

2

Bi 3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s

7
Bi 16. a) Lp bng bin thin v tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s
2
3
1
x
y
x
+
=
+

b) Cho 1 a b c + + = . Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
1 1 1 10 a b c + + + + +
Gii. a) TX: D = ;
( )
( )
2 2
1 3 1 1
0 10
3 3
1 1
x
y x y
x x

= = = =
+ +

( ) ( )
2
2
2
3 / 3 /
lim lim lim lim
1
1
1
x x x x
x x x x x
y
x
x
x
x

+ +
= = =
+
+
.
Suy ra lim 1; lim 1
x x
y y
+
= = . Nhn BBT
ta c
2
3
10 max 10
1
x
y y
x
+
= =
+

b) Theo phn a) th 10 , y x
2
3 10. 1, x x x + + .
c bit ha bt ng thc ny ti cc gi tr , , x a x b x c = = = ta c:

2
2
2
: 3 10. 1
: 3 10. 1
: 3 10. 1
x a a a
x b b b
x c c c

= + +

= + +

= + +

( )
2 2 2
9 10. 1 1 1 a b c a b c + + + + + + + +
2 2 2
10 1 1 1 a b c + + + + +
Cch 2. Trn mt phng ta Oxy t
( ) ( ) ( ) ;1 ; ;1 ; ;1 OA a AB b BC c = = =

.
Khi ( ) ; 3 OC OA AB BC a b c = + + = + +

.
Do OA AB BC OA AB BC OC + + + + =


T suy ra
2 2 2
1 1 1 10 a b c + + + + +
Bi 17. ( 33 III.2, B thi TSH 1987 1995)
Cho
2 2
1 x y + = . Tm Max, Min ca A = 1 1 x y y x + + + .
Gii. 1. Tm MaxA: S dng bt ng thc BunhiaCpski ta c
A ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 x y y x x y x y ( + + + + = + + + + = +

.
Vi
1
2
x y = = th Max A = 2 2 +

x 1/3 +
y + 0 0
y
1

10

1

a
a+b a+b+c
C
A
B
1
2
3
O x
1
y
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng

8
2. Tm MinA: Xt 2 trng hp sau y
Trng hp 1: Nu 0 xy , xt 2 kh nng sau:
+) Nu 0, 0 x y th A>0 Min 0 A >
+) Nu x 0, y 0 th
|A| [ ]
2 2
( ) (1 ) (1 ) 2 x y x y x y + + + + = + + = ( )
2 2
2 2 1 x y x y + =
T 2 kh nng xt suy ra vi 0 xy th Min A = 1
Trng hp 2: Xt 0 xy < : t x y t + =
2
1
0
2
t
xy

= < ( ) 1,1 t
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 A x y xy x y y x xy x y xy x y xy = + + + + + + = + + + + + +
=
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 2 1
2 2 2
t t t
t t

+ + + +
( )
2
1
1 2 2 1
2
t
t

(
= + + +



( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 2
2
A f t t t t
(
= = + + + +


Ta c:
( )
( )
2
1 2
3 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 0 ; 2 1
2 2 3
f t t t t t t t
+ + +
= + = = = = =
Th
1 2
, t t vo phn d ca
( )
f t chia cho
( )
f t ( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 19 3 2
; 0
27
f t f t

= = .
Nhn bng bin thin suy ra:
( ) ( )
2
1 1
A f t A f t suy ra
( )
( )
1
2 19 3 2
Min 1
27
A f t

= = <
xy ra
1
x y t + = ;
2
1
1
2
t
xy

=
x, y l nghim ca
2 1 2 2 3
0
3 9
u u
+
+ + =
( )
1 2 15 2 2
,
6
x y
+
=
Kt lun: Max A = 2 2 + ;
( )
2 19 3 2
Min
27
A

=
Bi 18. Cho [ ] , , 0,1 x y z tho mn iu kin:
3
2
x y z + + = .
Tm Max, Min ca biu thc: ( )
2 2 2
cos S x y z = + +
Gii. Do [ ] , , 0,1 x y z nn
2 2 2 3
0
2 2
x y z x y z

< + + < + + = < .
V hm s cos y = nghch bin trn
( )
0,
2

nn bi ton tr thnh.

t 1 t
1
t
2
1
+ 0 0 +
1

( )
1
f t

( )
2
f t

1

Bi 3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s

9
1. Tm MaxS hay tm Min ( )
2 2 2
x y z + +
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1
1 1 1
3 4
x y z x y z x y z + + = + + + + + + = .
Vi
1
2
x y z = = = th MaxS =
3
cos
4

2. Tm MinS hay tm Max ( )
2 2 2
x y z + +
Cch 1: Phng php tam thc bc hai:
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s { }
1
, , ;1
2
z Max x y z z
(
=
(

. Bin i v nh
gi a v tam thc bc hai bin z
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 9
2 2 3
2 4
x y z z x y xy z z z z f z + + = + + + = + =
Do th hm y = f(z) l mt parabol quay b lm ln trn nn ta c:
( )
( )
( )
{ } ( )
( )
5 1 1
Max Max ; 1 1
2 2 4
f z f f f f = = = = .
Vi
1
1; ; 0
2
z x y = = = th MinS =
5
cos
4

Cch 2: Phng php hnh hc
Xt h ta cc vung gc Oxyz. Tp hp cc im ( ) , , M x y z tho mn
iu kin [ ] , , 0,1 x y z nm trong hnh lp phng ABCDABCO cnh 1 vi
A(0, 1, 1); B(1, 1, 1); C(1, 0, 1); D(0, 0, 1); A(0, 1, 0); B(1, 1, 0); C(1, 0, 0).
Mt khc do
3
2
x y z + + = nn ( ) , , M x y z nm trn mt phng (P):
3
2
x y z + + =
Vy tp hp cc im ( ) , , M x y z tho mn iu kin gi thit nm trn thit
din EIJKLN vi cc im E, I, J, K, L, N l trung im cc cnh hnh lp
phng. Gi O l hnh chiu ca O ln EIJKLN th O l tm ca hnh lp
phng v cng l tm ca lc gic u EIJKLN. Ta c OM l hnh chiu ca
OM ln EIJKLN. Do OM
2
=
2 2 2
x y z + + nn OM ln nht OM ln nht
M trng vi 1 trong 6 nh E, I, J, K, L, N.
T suy ra:
( )
2 2 2 2 5 1
1
4 4
x y z OK + + = + =
( )
( )
2 2 2 5
cos cos
4
x y z + +
Vi
1
1; ; 0
2
z x y = = = th MinS =
5
cos
4

y
3/ 2
O
E
1
1
K
3/ 2
J
M
z
x
I
L
N
3/ 2
1
O
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng

10
Bi 19. Cho a,b,c 0 > tha mn iu kin
3
a b c
2
+ +
Tm gi tr nh nht ca
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
S a b c
b c a
= + + + + +
Gii. Sai lm thng gp:

2 2 2 2 2 2
3 6
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
3. 3. S a b c a b c
b c a b c a
| | | | | |
+ + + = + + +
| | |
\ \ \


6 2 2 2
6
2 2 2
1 1 1
3. 2 2 2 3. 8 3 2 Min 3 2 a b c S
b c a
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
| | |
\ \ \

Nguyn nhn:
1 1 1 3
Min 3 2 1 3
2
S a b c a b c
a b c
= = = = = = = + + = > mu thun vi gi thit
Phn tch v tm ti li gii :
Do S l mt biu thc i xng vi a, b, c nn d on Min S t ti
1
2
a b c = = =
S im ri:

1
2
a b c = = =
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
4
1 1 1 4
a b c
a b c

= = =

= = =

1 4
4
=

16 =
Cch 1: Bin i v s dng bt ng thc Csi ta c
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
16 16 16
1 1 1 1 1 1
... ... ...
16 16 16 16 16 16
S a b c
b b c c a a
= + + + + + + + + + + +


2 2 2
17 17 17 17 17 17
16 32 16 32 16 32 8 16 8 16 8 16
17 17 17 17
16 16 16 16 16 16
a b c a b c
b c a b c a
(
+ + = + +
(


3 17 17 17 17
8 16 8 16 8 16 8 5 5 5
1
17 3 3 17
16 16 16 16
a b c
b c a a b c
(
( =
(


( )
17 5 15
17
3 17 3 17 3 17
2
2 (2 2 2 )
2 2 2
2
3
a b c
a b c
=

+ +

. Vi
1
2
a b c = = = th
3 17
Min
2
S =
Bi 3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s

11
Cch 2: Bin i v s dng bt ng thc BunhiaCpski ta c

( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 4
1 4
17 17
1 1 1 1 4
1 4
17 17
1 1 1 1 4
1 4
17 17
a a a
b b b
b b b
c c c
c c c
a a a

| | | |
+ = + + +
| |
\ \

| | | |
+ + = + + +

| |
\ \

| | | |
+ = + + +
| |

\ \

1 4 4 4
17
S a b c
a b c
| |
+ + + + +
|
\
1 1 1 1 15 1 1 1
4 4 4 4
17
a b c
a b c a b c
(
| |
= + + + + + + + +
| (
\

6 3
3
1 1 1 1 15 1 1 1 1 45 1
6 3 3
4 4 4 4 4
17 17
abc
a b c a b c
abc
( | |
| |
+ = + ( |
|
\ \

1 45 1 1 45 3 17
3 3 2
4 4 2
17 17
3
a b c
| | | |
+ + =
| |
+ +
\
|
\
. Vi
1
2
a b c = = = th
3 17
Min
2
S =
Cch 3: t
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
, ; , ; , u a v b w c
b c a
= = =


Do u v w u v w + + + +

nn suy ra :
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
S a b c a b c
a b c b c a
| |
= + + + + + + + + + +
|
\

=
( )
2 2
2 1 1 1 1 15 1 1 1
16 16
a b c
a b c a b c
| | | |
+ + + + + + + +
| |
\ \


( )
( )
2
3
15
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3
4
16
a b c
a b c a b c
| |
+ + + + +
|
\


( )
3
3
2
3
1 135 1
1 1 1
3 3
2 16
abc
a b c
abc
+
( )
2
9 135
1
2 16
3
a b c
+
+ +


9 135 18 135 153 3 17
4
2 16 4 4 4 2
+ = + = = . Vi
1
2
a b c = = = th
3 17
Min
2
S =
Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng

12
B. CC NG DNG GTLN, GTNN CA HM S
I. NG DNG TRONG PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh:
4 4
2 4 2 x x + =
Gii. t
( )
4 4
2 4 f x x x = + vi 2 4 x
( )
( ) ( )
3 3
4 4
1 1 1
0 3
4
2 4
f x x
x x
(
= = =
(



Nhn BBT suy ra:
( ) ( )
[ ] 3 2 2, 4 f x f x =
Phng trnh
( )
4 4
2 4 2 f x x x = + = c nghim duy nht x = 3
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh: 3 5 6 2
x x
x + = +
Gii. PT
( )
3 5 6 2 0
x x
f x x = + = . Ta c:
( )
3 ln 3 5 ln 5 6
x x
f x = +

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 ln 3 5 ln 5 0
x x
f x = + > x (x) ng bin
Mt khc (x) lin tc v
( )
0 ln3 ln5 6 0 f = + < ,
( )
1 3ln3 5ln5 6 0 f = + >
Phng trnh (x) = 0 c ng 1 nghim x
0

Nhn bng bin thin suy ra:
Phng trnh
( )
3 5 6 2 0
x x
f x x = + = c khng qu 2 nghim.
M
( ) ( )
0 1 0 f f = = nn phng trnh (1) c ng 2 nghim 0 x = v 1 x =
Bi 3. Tm m BPT:
2
2 9 m x x m + < + c nghim ng x
Gii.
2
2 9 m x x m + < +
( )
2
2 9 1 m x x + <
( )
2
2 9 1
x
m f x
x
< =
+

Ta c:
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
9 2 9
2 9 2 9 1
x
f x
x x
+
=
+ +
= 0
2
2 9 9 6 x x + = =
( )
2
1 1
lim lim
9 2 1
2
x x
f x
x x
+ +
= =
+
;
( )
2
1 1
lim lim
9 2 1
2
x x
f x
x x


= =
+ +

Nhn BBT ta c
( )
f x m > , x
( ) ( )
3 3
Min 6
4 4 x
f x f m m

= = > <

x 0 x
0
1 +
f 0 +
f



(x
0
)




x 6 6 +
f 0 + 0




1
2

3
4


3
4


1
2




x 2 3 4
0 +



2



Bi 3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s

13
Bi 4. Tm m PT:
( )
2
2 2sin 2 1 cos x m x + = + (1) c nghim ,
2 2
x
(

(


Gii. Do ,
2 2
x
(

(

,
2 4 4
x (

(

nn t [ ] tg 1,1
2
x
t =

2
2
1
cos
1
t
x
t

=
+
;
2
2
sin
1
t
x
t
=
+
. Khi (1)
( ) ( )
2 2
2 sin cos 1 cos x x m x + = +

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 1 1
2 1 2 1 2
1 1
t t t
m f t t t m
t t
| | | |
+
= + = + =
| |
+ + \ \
(2)
Ta c:
( ) ( )( )
2
2 2 1 2 2 0 1; 1 2 f t t t t t t = + = = = Bng bin thin
Nhn bng bin thin suy ra:
(2) c nghim [ ] 1,1 t
th
[ ]
( )
[ ]
( )
1,1 1,1
Min 2 Max
t t
f t m f t


0 2 4 0 2 m m . Vy (1) c nghim ,
2 2
x
(

(

th [ ] 0; 2 m .
Bi 5. Tm m h BPT:
2
3 2
3 0
2 2 4 0
x x
x x x m m

(1) c nghim.
Gii. (1)
( )
3 2
0 3
2 2 4
x
f x x x x m m

(2).
Ta c:
( )
[ )
( ]
2
2
3 4 4 0; 2
3 4 4 2; 3
x x x
f x
x x x

=

+

;
(x) = 0
2
3
x = . Nhn BBTsuy ra:
[ ]
( ) ( )
0;3
Max 3 21
x
f x f

= =
(2) c nghim th
[ ]
( )
2
0;3
Max 4
x
f x m m

2
4 21 m m 3 m 7
Bi 6. Tm m 0 h:
3 2
2
35
sin cos 6
4
33
cos sin 6
4
x y m m m
x y m m

= +

= +

(1) c nghim.
Gii

x 0
2
3
2 3
f 0 + +
f
0
CT
8
21


t 1 1 2 1
(t) 0 +
(t)
4

0

4

Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng

14
(1)
3
3 2
sin cos cos sin 12 17
1
sin cos cos sin 2
2
x y x y m m
x y x y m m

+ = +

= +

( )
( )
3
3 2
sin 12 17
1
sin 2
2
x y m m
x y m m

+ = +

= +

(2)
Xt
( )
3
12 17 f m m m = + . Ta c:
( )
2
3 12 0 2 0 f m m m = = = >
Nhn BBT suy ra: (m) (2) = 1,m 0
kt hp vi ( ) sin 1 x y + suy ra h (2)
c nghim th m = 2, khi h (2) tr thnh:
( )
( )
sin 1
1
sin
2
x y
x y
+ =

c nghim ;
3 6
x y

= = . Vy (1) c nghim m = 2.
II. NG DNG GTLN, GTNN CHNG MINH BT NG THC
Bi 1. Chng minh rng:
( )
2 2
1 ln 1 1 x x x x + + + + , x
BT
( ) ( )
2 2
1 ln 1 1 0 f x x x x x = + + + + x
Ta c:
( ) ( )
2
ln 1 0 0 f x x x x = + + = =
Bng bin thin.
Nhn bng bin thin suy ra:
( ) ( )
0 0 f x f = (pcm)
Bi 2. Cho
2 2 2
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c
>

+ + =

CMR: T =
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
2
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + +

Ta c: T =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
a b c a b c
a b c
a a b b c c
+ + = + +


.
Xt hm s
( ) ( )
2
1 f x x x = vi x > 0
Ta c
( )
2 1
1 3 0 0
3
f x x x = = = > .
Nhn bng bin thin
( )
2
0
3 3
f x x > .
Khi :
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3 3
2 2 b
a b c
T a b c
f a f f c
= + + + + =
ng thc xy ra
1
3
a b c = = = .

x 0 +
f 0 +
f



0




x
1
3

+
f + 0
f


2
3 3






m 0 2 +
0 +

17

1

+

Bi 3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s

15
Bi 3. Cho 3 n l. Chng minh rng: x 0 ta c:

( ) ( )
2 2 3
1 ... 1 ... 1
2! ! 2! 3! !
n n
x x x x x
x x
n n
+ + + + + + <
t
( ) ( )
2 2 3
1 ... ; 1 ...
2! ! 2! 3! !
n n
x x x x x
u x x v x x
n n
= + + + + = + + .
Ta cn chng minh
( ) ( ) ( )
. f x u x v x = < 1
Ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 1
2 1
1 ...
2! ! 1 !
1 ...
2! ! 1 !
n n
n n
x x x
u x x u x
n n
x x x
v x x v x
n n

= + + + + =

= + + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. .
! !
n n
x x
f x u x v x u x v x u x v x u x v x
n n
( (
= + = +
( (



( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
!
n
x
f x u x v x
n

= +
( )
2 4 1
2
1 ...
! 2! 4! 1 !
n n
x x x x
n n

(
= + + + +
(

Do 3 n l nn (x) cng du vi (2x)
Nhn bng bin thin suy ra:
( ) ( )
0 1 0 f x f x < = (pcm)
Bi 4. Chng minh rng:
3 3 4 4
3 4
2 2
a b a b + +
a, b > 0.
( )
( )
4
4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3
1
2 1 2
2 2
1
1
a
a b t b
a b t
a
b
+
+ +
=
+ +
+

Xt f(t) =
( )
( )
1
4 4 4
4
1
3 3
3
3
1 1
1
1
t t
t
t
+ +
=
+
+
vi 0
a
t
b
= >
f(t) =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
3 1 2
4 3 3 4 2 3
4 4 3 3
2
3
3
1 1 1 1
1
t t t t t t
t

+ + + +
+
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
3 2
3
2 4
4 3
2
3
3
1 1 1
1
t t t t
t

+ +
=
+

f(t) = 0 t = 1 Bng bin thin ca f(t)
T BBT
4
3
2
2
f(t) < 1 t > 0
4 4 4 4
3
3 3 3
2
2
a b
a b
+

+

3 3 4 4
3 4
2 2
a b a b + +
.
Du bng xy ra a = b > 0.

x 0 +
f + 0
f


1





t 0 1 +
f 0 +
f
1


4
3
2
2


1

Chng I. Hm s Trn Phng

16
III. BI TP V NH
Bi 1. Cho ABC c A B C > > . Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s:
( )
sin sin
1
sin sin
x A x B
f x
x C x C

= +


Bi 2. Tm Max, Min ca: y =
6 6
sin cos sin cos x x a x x + +
Bi 3. Cho ab 0. Tm Min ca
4 4 2 2
4 4 2 2
a b a b a b
y
b a
b a b a
| |
= + + + +
|
\

Bi 4. Cho
2 2
0 x y + > . Tm Max, Min ca
2 2
2 2
4
x y
S
x xy y
+
=
+ +

Bi 5. Gi s phng trnh
2
2
1
0 x px
p
+ + = c nghim x
1
, x
2
.
Tm p 0 sao cho
4 4
1 2
S x x = + nh nht.
Bi 6. Tm Min ca
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 2 3 8 2 3 2 3
x x x x
y
(
= + + + +


Bi 7. Cho x, y 0 v 1 x y + = . Tm Max, Min ca 3 9
x y
S = + .
Bi 8. Cho
2 2 2
1 x y z + + = . Tm Max, Min ca P x y z xy yz zx = + + + + + .
Bi 9. Tm m PT:
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 x x x x m + + + = c nghim.
Bi 10 Tm m PT:
2
9 9 x x x x m + = + + c nghim.
Bi 11 Tm m PT:
( )
3
2 2 2
2 2 4 2 2 2 4 x x x x x x m + + = + c 4
nghim phn bit.
Bi 12 Tm m PT:
2
3 1
2 1
2 1
x
x mx
x

= +

c nghim duy nht.

Bi 13 Tm m PT: cos 2 4sin cos 2 0 m x x x m + = c nghim
( )
0,
4
x

.
Bi 14 Tm m PT: sin . cos 2 .sin 3 x x x m = c ng 2 nghim ,
4 2
x
(

(

.
Bi 15 Tm m h BPT:
2
2
3 2 1 0
3 1 0
x x
x mx

+ <

+ + <

c nghim.
Bi 16 a. Tm m :
2
8 2 m x x + = + c 2 nghim phn bit.
b. Cho 12 a b c + + = . CMR:
2 2 2
8 8 8 6 6 a b c + + + + +
Bi 17 Chng minh: ( ) ( )
3 3 3 2 2 2
2 3 x y z x y y z z x + + + + , [ ] , , 0,1 x y z