Chuyen e 10:

CAC BAI TOAN C BAN CO LIEN QUAN EN KHAO SAT HAM SO O TH CUA HAM SO CO MANG DAU GIA TR TUYET OI
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

1.BAI TOAN 1 :

Phng phap chung: e ve o th cua ham so co mang dau gia tr tuyet oi ta co the thc hien nh sau: Bc 1: Xet dau cac bieu thc cha bien ben trong dau gia tr tuyet oi . Bc 2: S dung nh ngha gia tr tuyet oi e kh dau gia tr tuyet oi Phan tch ham so a cho thanh cac phan khong co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi ( Dang ham so cho bi nhieu cong thc) Bc 3: Ve o th tng phan roi ghep lai( Ve chung tren mot he truc toa o)

* Cac kien thc c ban thng s dung: 1. nh ngha gia tr tuyet oi :

A neu A = A neu
2. nh ly c ban:

A0 A<0

B 0 A =B A = B 3. Mot so tnh chat ve o th: a) o th cua hai ham so y=f(x) va y=-f(x) oi xng nhau qua truc hoanh b) o th ham so chan nhan truc tung lam truc oi xng c) o th ham so le nhan goc toa o lam tam oi xng

* Ba dang c ban:
Bai toan tong quat:

(C1 ) : y = f ( x) T o th (C):y=f(x), hay suy ra o th cac ham so sau: (C 2 ) : y = f ( x ) (C 3 ) : y = f ( x)

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Dang 1: Cach giai

T o th

(C ) : y = f ( x) (C1 ) : y = f ( x)

f ( x) neu f(x) 0 (1) B1. Ta co : (C1 ) : y = f ( x) = (2) f ( x) neu f(x) < 0 B2. T o th (C) a ve ta co the suy ra o th (C1) nh sau: Gi nguyen phan o th (C) nam pha tren truc Ox ( do (1) ) Lay oi xng qua Ox phan o th (C) nam pha di truc Ox ( do (2) ) Bo phan o th (C) nam pha di truc Ox ta se c (C1)
Minh hoa
y
y
f(x)=x^3-3*x+2
f(x)=x^3-3*x+2 f(x)=abs(x^3-3*x+2)

y=x3-3x+2
y = x3-3x+2

(C1 ) : y = x 3 3 x + 2
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

x
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-2

(C): y = x -3x+2 y=x3-3x+2

3

-2

-4

-4
-6

-6
-8

-8

Dang 2: Cach giai

T o th

(C ) : y = f ( x) (C 2 ) : y = f ( x) ) ( ay la ham so chan)

(1) f ( x) neu x 0 B1. Ta co : (C 2 ) : y = f ( x) ) = (2) f ( x) neu x < 0 B2. T o th (C) a ve ta co the suy ra o th (C2) nh sau: Gi nguyen phan o th (C) nam pha ben phai truc Oy ( do (1) ) Lay oi xng qua Oy phan o th (C) nam pha ben phai truc Oy ( do do tnh chat ham chan ) Bo phan o th (C) nam pha ben trai truc Oy (neu co) ta se (C2)
Minh hoa:
y

x 3 y=x -3x+2

f(x)=x^3-3*x+2

y
3

f(x)=x^3-3*x+2 f(x)=abs(x^3)-abs(3*x)+2

y = x3-3x+2
4
4

(C 2 ) : y = x 3 x + 2

x
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

x
x

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-2

y=x3-3x+2 55

(C): y = x3-3x+2

-2

-4

-4

-6

-6

-8

Dang 3: Cach giai

T o th

(C ) : y = f ( x) (C3 ) : y = f ( x)

f ( x) 0 B1. Ta co : (C 3 ) : y = f ( x) y = f ( x) y = f ( x)

(1) (2)

B2. T o th (C) a ve ta co the suy ra o th (C3) nh sau: ( do (1) ) Gi nguyen phan o th (C) nam pha tren truc Ox Lay oi xng qua Ox phan o th (C) nam pha tren truc Ox ( do (2) ) Bo phan o th (C) nam pha di truc Ox ta se c (C3)

Minh hoa:
y

f(x)=x^3-3*x+2

f(x)=x^3-3*x+2 f(x)=x^3-3*x+2 f(x)=-(x^3-3*x+2)

y=x -3x+2 y = x -3x+2

3

(C3) : y = x3 3x + 2
x
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-2

x
x
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-4

-6

(C): y = x -3x+2 y=x3-3x+2

3

-2

-4
-8

-6

-8

BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Cho ham so : y = x 3 + 3 x (1) 1. Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th (C) cua ham so (1) 2. T o th (C) a ve, hay suy ra o th cac ham so sau: 3 b) y = x + 3 x a) y = x 3 + 3x Bai 2: Cho ham so : y =
x +1 (1) x 1 1. Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th (C) cua ham so (1) 2. T o th (C) a ve, hay suy ra o th cac ham so sau: x +1 x +1 x +1 x +1 b) y = c) y = d) y = a) y = x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1

c) y = x 3 + 3x

e) y =

x +1 x 1

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2.BAI TOAN 2 : Bai toan tong quat:

S TNG GIAO CUA HAI O TH

(C1 ) : y = f(x) Trong mp(Oxy) . Hay xet s tng giao cua o th hai ham so : (C2 ) : y = g(x)

(C1 )

y M 1 y2 y1

(C1 )

y
M0

(C1 )

M2

(C2 )

x
O (C2 )

x
x1 O x2
O (C2 )

(C1) va (C2) khong co iem chung

(C1) va (C2) cat nhau

(C1) va (C2) tiep xuc nhau

Phng phap chung: * Thiet lap phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua o th hai ham so a cho: f(x) = g(x) (1) * Khao sat nghiem so cua phng trnh (1) . So nghiem cua phng trnh (1) chnh la so giao iem cua hai o th (C1) va (C2). Ghi nh: So nghiem cua pt (1) = so giao iem cua hai o th (C1) va (C2).

Chu y 1 : (C1) va (C2) khong co iem iem chung * (1) vo nghiem * (1) co n nghiem (C1) va (C2) co n iem chung Chu y 2 : * Nghiem x0 cua phng trnh (1) chnh la hoanh o iem chung cua (C1) va (C2). Khi o tung o iem chung la y0 = f(x0) hoac y0 = g(x0). y

y0 x0 O
Ap dung: V du: Tm toa o giao iem cua ng cong (C): y =

2x 1 va ng thang ( d ) : y = 3 x 1 x +1

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Minh hoa:
y
15
f(x)=(2*x-1)/(x+1) f(x)=-3*x-1 x(t)=-1 , y(t)=t f(x)=2

10

-20

-15

-10

-5

(C ) : y =
5 10 -5 -10

2x 1 x +1
15

x
20 25

-15

-20

( d ) : y = 3 x 1

b. ieu kien tiep xuc cua o th hai ham so : nh ly :

f(x) = g(x) (C1) tiep xuc vi (C1) he : ' co nghiem ' f (x) = g (x)
y
M

(C 1 )

x
O

(C 2 )

Ap dung:

x 2 + 2x 3 . Chng minh rang (P) va (C) tiep xuc nhau V du: Cho ( P) : y = x 3 x 1 va (C ) : y = x 1 Minh hoa:
2
y
15
f(x)=x^2-3*x-1 f(x)=(-x^2+2*x-3)/(x-1)

(C )

10

(P )

x
-20 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15 20 25

-5

-10

-15

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BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Cho ham so y = ( x 1)( x + mx + m ) (1) Xac nh m sao cho o th ham so (1) cat truc hoanh tai 3 iem phan biet. Bai 2: Cho ham so y = 2 x 3 3 x 2 1 (C) Goi (d) la ngthang i qua iem M(0;-1) va co he so goc bang k. Tm k e ng thang (d) cat (C) tai ba iem phan biet. Bai 3: Cho ham so y = x 3 3x + 2 (C) Goi (d) la ngthang i qua iem A(3;20) va co he so goc bang m. Tm m e ng thang (d) cat (C) tai ba iem phan biet. Bai 4 : Cho ham so y = x 4 mx 2 + m 1 (1) Xac nh m sao cho o th ham so (1) cat truc hoanh tai 4 iem phan biet. x2 2x + 4 Bai 5: Cho ham so y = (1) x 2 Tm m e ng thang (d): y = mx+2-2m cat o th ham so (1) tai hai iem phan biet x2 x 1 (1) Bai 6: Cho ham so y = x +1 Tm m e ng thang (d): y = m(x-3)+1 cat o th ham so (1) tai hai iem phan biet x2 + 4x + 1 Bai 7: Cho ham so y = x+2 Tm cac gia tr cua m e ng thang (d):y=mx+2-m cat o th ham so tai hai iem phan biet thuoc cung mot nhanh cua o th. mx 2 + x + m Bai 8: Cho ham so y = (1) x 1 Tm m e o th ham so (1) cat truc hoanh ta hai iem phan biet va hai iem o co hoanh o dng . x 2 + mx 1 Bai 9: Cho ham so y = (1) x 1 nh m e ng thang y=m cat o th ham so (1) tai hai iem phan biet A, B sao cho OA OB . x 2 + mx 1 Bai 10: Tm m e tiem can xien cua ham so y = cat cac truc toa o tai hai iem A,B sao cho x 1 dien tch tam giac OAB bang 8. x2 + 3 Bai 11: Cho ham so y = x +1 2 Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) i qua iem M(2; ) sao cho (d) cat o th (C) tai hai iem 5 phan A,B va M la trung iem cua AB. x 2 + 3x 3 Bai 12: Cho ham so y = (1) 2( x 1) Tm m e ng thang y=m cat o th ham so (1) tai hai iem A,B sao cho AB=1 Bai 13: Cho ham so y = ( x 1)( x 2 + mx + m ) (1) Tm m e o th ham so (1) tiep xuc vi truc hoanh. Xac nh toa o tiep iem trong moi trng hp tm c
2

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Bai 14: Cho ham so y =

ham so

x2 x +1 . Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) qua M(0;1) va tiep xuc vi o th x 1 (C)

x 2 3x + 6 Bai 15: Cho ham so y = x2

1 Tm tren (C) tat ca cac cap iem oi xng nhau qua iem I ( ;1) 2 2 x 2x + 2 (C) va hai ng thang (d1 ) : y = x + m & (d 2 ) : y = x + 3 Bai 16: Cho ham so y = x 1 Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m e (C) cat (d1) tai hai iem phan biet A, B oi xng nhau qua (d2) 4 Bai 17: Cho ham so y = x + (1) x Chng minh rang ng thang ( d ) : y = 3 x + m luon cat (C) tai hai iem phan biet A,B. Goi I la trung iem cua oan thang AB, hay tm m e I nam tren ng thang ( ) : y = 2 x + 3

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TIEP TUYEN VI NG CONG 3.BAI TOAN 3: a. Dang 1: Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi o th (C):y = f(x) tai iem M 0 (x 0 ; y 0 ) (C)
y y0 M 0 x0
(C): y=f(x)

Phng phap:

Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) tai M(x0;y0) co dang: y - y0 = k ( x - x0 ) Trong o : x0 : hoanh o tiep iem y0: tung o tiep iem va y0=f(x0) k : he so goc cua tiep tuyen va c tnh bi cong thc : k = f'(x0)

Ap dung: V du: Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua o th ham so y = x 3 3 x + 3 tai iem uon cua no `b. Dang 2: Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi o th (C): y=f(x) biet tiep tuyen co he so goc k cho trc y (C): y=f(x)

y0 M 0 x0

Phng phap: Ta co the tien hanh theo cac bc sau Bc 1: Goi M ( x0 ; y0 ) (C ) la tiep iem cua tiep tuyen vi (C) Bc 2: Tm x0 bang cach giai phng trnh : f ' ( x0 ) = k , t o suy ra y0 = f ( x0 ) =? Bc 3: Thay cac yeu to tm c vao pt: y - y0 = k ( x - x0 ) ta se c pttt can tm.

61

Chu y : oi vi dang 2 ngi ta co the cho he so goc k di dang gian tiep nh : tiep tuyen song song, tiep tuyen vuong goc vi mot ng thang cho trc .

y
(C): y=f(x)

y k =a y = ax + b

(C): y=f(x)

1 2

x
k = 1 / a

2 : y = ax + b Khi o ta can phai s dung cac kien thc sau: nh ly 1: Neu ng thang ( ) co phng trnh dang : y= ax+b th he so goc cua ( ) la:
k = a nh ly 2: Neu ng thang ( ) i qua hai iem A( x A ; y A ) va B(x B ; yB ) vi x A x B th he so

goc cua ( ) la :
k = yB y A xB x A

nh ly 3: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang (1 ) va ( 2 ) . Khi o:

1 // 2 1 2 k 1 = k 2 k 1 .k 2 = 1

Ap dung: V du1:

1 3 1 2 4 x + x 2x 3 2 3 Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen song song vi ng thang (d): y = 4x+2. x2 + 3 V du 2: Cho ng cong (C): y = x +1 Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen vuong goc vi ng thang ( ) : y = 3 x

Cho ng cong (C): y =

c. Dang 3:

Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C): y=f(x) biet tiep tuyen i qua iem A(xA;yA) y (C ) : y = f ( x)

A( x A ; y A ) x

: y y A = k(x xA ) y = k(x xA ) + y A
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Phng phap: Ta co the tien hanh theo cac bc sau Bc 1: Viet phng trnh ng thang ( ) qua A va co he so goc la k bi cong thc: y y A = k ( x x A ) y = k ( x x A ) + y A (*) Bc 2: nh k e ( ) tiep xuc vi (C). Ta co: f(x)=k(x-x A ) + y A tiep xuc (C) he ' co nghiem (1) f ( x ) = k Bc 3: Giai he (1) tm k. Thay k tm c vao (*) ta se c pttt can tm.

Ap dung: V du1: Cho ng cong (C): y = x 3 + 3x 2 + 4 Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen i qua iem A(0;-1) 2x 5 V du 2: Cho ng cong (C): y = x 2 Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen i qua iem A(-2;0). BAI TAP REN LUYEN 1 Bai 1: Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua o th (C) cua ham so y = x 3 2 x 2 + 3 x tai iem uon va 3 chng minh rang la tiep tuyen cua (C) co he so goc nho nhat x2 + x 1 Bai 2: Cho ng cong (C): y = x+2 Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen vuong goc vi ng thang ( ) : y = x 2

x 2 + 3x + 6 (C) Bai 3: Cho ham so y = x +1 Tm tren o th (C) cac iem ma tiep tuyen tai o vuong goc vi ng thang ( d ) : y =
Bai 4:
1 x 3

Bai 5:

Bai 6:

Bai 7:

x2 + x + 1 Cho ng cong (C): y = x +1 Tm cac iem tren (C) ma tiep tuyen vi (C) tai o vuong goc vi tiem can xien cua (C). x2 + x 1 (C) Cho ham so y = x 1 Tm cac iem tren o th (C) ma tiep tuyen tai moi iem ay vi o th (C) vuong goc vi ng thang i qua hai iem cc ai, cc tieu cua (C). m 1 1 Cho ham so y = x 3 + x 2 + (Cm) 3 2 3 Goi M la iem thuoc (Cm) co hoanh o bang -1 . Tm m e tiep tuyen cua (Cm) tai iem M song song vi ng thang 5x-y=0 Cho ng cong (C): y = x 3 3x 2 + 2 Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen i qua iem M(2;-7)

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4.BAI TOAN 4: BIEN LUAN SO NGHIEM CUA PHNG TRNH BANG O TH

C s cua phng phap:

Xet phng trnh f(x) = g(x) (1) Nghiem x0 cua phng trnh (1) chnh la hoanh o giao iem cua (C1):y=f(x) va (C2):y=g(x)

(C1 ) (C2 ) x

x0

Dang 1 : Bang o th hay bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh : Phng phap: Bc 1: Xem (*) la phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua hai o th:

f(x) = m (*)

(C ) : y = f ( x ) : (C) la o th co nh () : y = m : () la ng thang di ong cung phng Ox va cat Oy tai M(0;m) Bc 2: Ve (C) va ( ) len cung mot he truc toa o Bc 3: Bien luan theo m so giao iem cua ( ) va (C) T o suy ra so nghiem cua phng trnh (*)
(C ) : y = f ( x )
y

Minh hoa:

m2

x
O m1

(0; m )

y=m

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Dang 2: Bang o th hay bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh : Phng phap: at k=g(m) Bc 1: Xem (**) la phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua hai o th: (C ) : y = f ( x ) : (C) la o th co nh

f(x) = g(m) (* *)

() : y = k

: () la ng thang di ong cung phng Ox

va cat Oy tai M(0;k) Bc 2: Ve (C) va ( ) len cung mot he truc toa o Bc 3: Bien luan theo k so giao iem cua ( ) va (C) . D a vao he thc k=g(m) e suy ra m T o ket luan ve so nghiem cua phng trnh (**).

y
Minh hoa:

K2 O M1

(0; k )

y=k

Ap dung: V du: 1) Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th ham so y = 2 x 3 9 x 2 + 12 x 4 2) Bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh: 2 x 3 9 x 2 + 12 x 4 m = 0 3 3) Tm m e phng trnh sau co 6 nghiem phan biet: 2 x 9 x 2 + 12 x = m BAI TAP REN LUYEN Bai 1: Bien luan theo m so nghiem cua cac phng trnh : x2 x2 =m a. b. =m x 1 x 1 Bai 2: Tm k e phng trnh sau co ba nghiem phan biet: x 3 + 3 x 2 + k 3 3k 2 = 0 Bai 3: Tm m e phng trnh sau co nghiem duy nhat: x 3 3mx + 2 = 0 Bai 4 :Tm m e phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet: 2 x 2 4 x 3 + 2m x 1 = 0 Bai 5: Tm m e phng trnh sau co 6 nghiem phan biet: x 3 + 3 x 2 2 log2 m = 0 Bai 6: Bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh : Bai 7: Tm a e phng trnh sau co nghiem:
e3 x 2e2 x + 3e x = m 3

65

91+
5. BAI TOAN 5:

1t 2

(a + 2).31+

1t 2

+ 2a + 1 = 0

HO NG CONG
( m la tham so )

BAI TOAN TONG QUAT: Cho ho ng cong (C m ) : y = f ( x, m) PHNG PHAP GIAI:

Bien luan theo m so ng cong cua ho (C m ) i qua iem M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 ) cho trc.

Ta co : Ho ng cong (C m ) i qua iem M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 )

y 0 = f ( x 0 , m)

(1)

Xem (1) la phng trnh theo an m. Tuy theo so nghiem cua phng trnh (1) ta suy ra so ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua M0 Cu the: Neu phng trnh (1) co n nghiem phan biet th co n ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua M0 Neu phng trnh (1) vo nghiem th moi ng cong cua ho (Cm) eu khong i qua M0 Neu phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi m th moi ng cong cua ho (Cm) eu i qua M0 Trong trng hp nay ta noi rang M0 la iem co nh cua ho ng cong (C m )
Ap dung: V du: Goi (Cm) la o th ham so y = x + m + 1

A(2;0) V du: Cho ham so y = x 3 3mx 2 + 9 x + 1 (1). Tm m e iem uon cua o th ham so (1) thuoc ng thang y=x+1 TM IEM CO NH CUA HO NG CONG BAI TOAN TONG QUAT: Cho ho ng cong (C m ) : y = f ( x, m) ( m la tham so ) Tm iem co nh cua ho ng cong (Cm) PHNG PHAP GIAI
Bc 1: Goi M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 ) la iem co nh (neu co) ma ho (Cm) i qua. Khi o phng trnh:

m2 . Tm m e tiem can xien cua (Cm) i qua iem x+m

y 0 = f ( x0 , m) nghiem ung m
Bc 2: Bien oi phng trnh (1) ve mot trong cac dang sau: Am + B = 0 m Dang 1: Am 2 + Bm + C = 0 m Dang 2: A = 0 Ap dung nh ly: Am + B = 0 m (2) B = 0

(1)

A = 0 Am + Bm + C = 0 m B = 0 (3) C = 0
2

66

Bc 3: Giai he (2) hoac (3) ta se tm c ( x0 ; y 0 ) 6. BAI TOAN 6:

TM CAC IEM AC BIET TREN O TH CUA HAM SO

x 2 + 3x + 6 x+2 Tm tren o th ham so tat ca nhng iem co cac toa o la nguyen . x2 + 2x + 2 Bai 2: Cho ham so y = x +1 Tm iem thuoc o th ham so sao cho khoang cach t o en truc hoanh bang hai lan khoang cach t o en truc tung . 2x + 1 Bai 3: Cho ham so y = x +1 Tm tren o th ham so nhng iem co tong khoang cach en hai tiem can nho nhat x2 + 2x 2 Bai 4: Cho ham so y = x 1 Tm iem M tren o th (C) sao cho khoang cach t M en giao iem cua hai ng tiem can la nho nhat x2 + 4x + 5 Bai 5: Cho ham so y = x+2 Tm iem thuoc o th ham so sao cho khoang cach t iem o en ng thang y+3x+6=0 la nho nhat. Bai 6: Cho ham so y = 2 x 4 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1 Tm tren o th ham so iem M sao cho khoang cach t M en ng thang (d):y=2x-1 la nho nhat. 1 Bai 7: Cho ham so y = x + (C) x 1 Tm hai iem A,B tren hai nhanh khac nhau cua (C) sao cho o dai oan AB nho nhat x2 + x + 2 Bai 8: Cho ham so y = x 1 5 Tm tren o th ham so hai iem oi xng nhau qua iem I (0; ) 2 2 x Bai 9: Cho ham so y = x 1 Tm tren o th ham so hai iem oi xng nhau qua ng thang y=x-1

Bai 1: Cho ham so y =

67

7. BAI TOAN 7: Bai 1: Cho ham so y =

2

CAC BAI TOAN VE S OI XNG

x x +1 (C). Chng minh rang (C) nhan giao iem hai tiem can ng va xien x 1 lam tam oi xng. x 2 + 2m 2 x + m 2 Bai 2: Cho ham so y = (Cm) x +1 Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e o th (Cm) co hai iem phan biet oi xng nhau qua goc toa o Bai 3: Cho ham so y = x 3 3mx 2 + 3(m 2 1) x + 1 m 2 (Cm) Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e o th (Cm) co hai iem phan biet oi xng nhau qua goc toa o x 2 4mx + 5m Bai 4: Cho ham so y = (Cm) x 2 Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e o th (Cm) co hai iem phan biet oi xng nhau qua goc toao

----------------------------------Het-----------------------------------

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