Chapter 5

Electrons in Atoms

The Bohr Model

Rutherford said that e- orbited the atoms nucleus. His model couldnt explain chemical properties of elements. Niels Bohr was a student of Rutherford Bohr said that e- were found in specific paths, or orbits, around the nucleus. These paths have fixed energies and are called energy levels. The energy levels are like rungs on a ladder (see Fig. 5.3 pg 129) As you move further away from the nucleus, the energy levels get closer together.

Modern Atom

Electron Cloud Model = Quantum Mechanical Model Developed by Schrodinger This model uses energy levels called orbitals. An atomic orbital is a region in the atom in which there is a high probability of finding an eEvery orbital has sublevels See table 5.1, pg 131 The number and kinds of atomic orbitals depend on the energy sublevel.

Atomic Orbitals and Electron Arrangement

Energy levels where electrons are found are numbered 1,2,3,4, etc. The number of sublevels of an orbital = # assigned to the energy level
Ex: Energy level 1 = 1 sublevel Energy level 2 = 2 sublevels Sublevels contain orbitals: s orbital (1), p orbitals (3), d orbitals (5), f orbitals (7) Remember, each orbital can hold 2 electrons!

5.2 Arrangement in Atoms

3 Rules tell us how to find the electron configuration (where e- are) of an atom. Aufbau Principle: e- occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first. Pauli Exclusion Principle: an atomic orbital can have 2 e-. Each e- has opposite spin. Hunds rule: e- occupy orbitals of same energy so that number of e- with same spin is as large as possible. See pg 133 and table 5.3 pg 135 for examples of e- configurations.

Electron Configuration

Electrons fill orbitals in an orderly manner See table 5.3 Example: Sodium, element # 11, 11 e3s 2p 2s 1s Shorthand form:

1s22s22p63s1