Histology of Oral Mucosa and Gingiva and Alate

E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S. Tarrson Family Endow ed Chair in Periodontics.
HISTOLOGY OF ORAL MUCOSA AND GINGIVA AND PALATE
Professor and Chairman Division of Associated Clinical Specialties UCLA School of Dentistry
THE MUCOGINGIVAL JUNCTION DELINEATES THE ORAL MUCOSA WHICH IS VASCULAR ,HAS LOOSE COLLAGEN AND ELASTIC FIBERS AND MUSCLE .IT IS COVERED BY A THIN LAYER OF NON KERATINISED EPITHELIUM.THIS PERMITS THE MOVEMENT AND STRETCHING ASSOCIATED WITH MASTICATION ,SPEECH AND FACIAL EXPRESSION.
UPPER MOLAR ON THE LEFT ARE THE LOOSE ELASTIC BUCCAL ORAL MUCOSA BLENDING INTO THE DENSE FIRM GINGIVA .ON THE RIGHT GINGIVA AND PALATE ARE SIMILAR WITH DENSE FIRM COLLAGEN COVERED WITH KERATINISED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S. Tarrson Family Endow ed Chair in Periodontics. Professor and Chairman Division of Associated Clinical Specialties UCLA School of Dentistry
ORAL
MUCOSA
THE ARROWS SHOW MUSCLE FIBERS SURROUNED BY LOOSE ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN ORAL MUCOSA ATTACHING TO CRESTAL BONE. ABOVE THIS THE DENSE NON ELASTIC COLLAGEN OF THE GINGIVA RESISTS MUSCLE PULL FROM MOVING THE GINGIVAL MARGIN AWAY FROM THE TOOTH SURFACE THIS REULTS IN GINGIVAL MARGIN STABILITY WITH NO PROGRESSIVE GINGIVAL RECESSION
E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S.
THE FUNCTION OF GINGIVA IS DIFFERENT FROM ORAL MUCOSA.GINGIVA MUST RESIST THE MECHANICAL Professor and Chairman Division of Associated Clinical Specialties UCLA School of Dentistry STIMULI OF COURSE FOOD PARTCLES IMPINGINGING ON IT DURING MASTICATION AS WELL AS HAVING LARGE ACCUMULATIONS OF PLAQUE BACTERIA IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE GINGIVAL SULCUS. GINGIVALTISSUE MUST FORM A SEAL IN THE SULCUS THAT PROTECTS THE UNDERLYING TISSUE FROM SUB GINGIVAL PLAQUE. ANDPREVENTS LOSS OF TISSUE FLUID.
Tarrson Family Endow ed Chair in Periodontics.
THE OUTER SURFACE OF GINGIVA IS COVERED WITH A THICK Professor and Chairman Division of Associated Clinical Specialties LAYER OF KERATINISED SRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM UCLA School of Dentistry WITH FINGER LIKE PROJECTIONS [RETE PEGS] INTO THE DENSE COLLAGEN UNDERNEATH. THE STRONG ATTACMENT OF COLLAGEN TO EPITHELIUM BETWEEN THE RETE PEGS CAUSES THE GINGIVA TO HAVE A STIPPLED SURFACE WHEN IT IS NORMAL AND NOT INFLAMED
THE TIP OF THE GINGIVAL CREST HAS AN OUTER LAYER OF KERATIN WHILE THERE IS NO KERATIN ON THE EPITHELIUM LINING THE GINGIVAL SULCUS
THE BASAL LAYER IS ATTACHED TO THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE BY HEMI DESMOSOMES. BASAL CELLS PROLIFERATE AND PASS THROUGH THE VARIOUS LAYERS UNTIL THEY REACH THE SURFACE AND HAVE BECOME INACTIVE AND ARE DESQUAMATED OFF AS DEMOSOMES FAIL TO HOLD THE CELLS TOGETHER. ON THE KERATINISED OUTER GINGIVAL SURFACE THESE CELLS HAVE LOST THEIR NUCLEI AND CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES AND HAVE ACCUMULATED KERATIN GRANULES
OUTER SURFACE OF GINIVA. TEN DAYS AFTER LABELLING PROLIFERATING BASAL CELLS WITH H3 THYMIDINE MANY OF THE CELLS HAVE PASSED TO THE OUTER SURFACE AND BECOMED KERATINISED .CELL TURNOVER IS 10 TO 12 DAYS.
ELECTRON MICROGRAPH 47,000 MAGNIFICATION OF EPITHELEALCONNECTIVE TISSUE JUNCTION. Pv = pinocytotic vesicles of basal eptihelial cells secreting glycoprotein laminin for the lamina lucida layer of basement membrane. h= lamina densa layer type IV collagen from connective tissue with adjacent epithelial attachent organelle hemi-desmosome binding the epithelium to the connective tissue.
ELETRON MICROGRAH 32,000 MAGNIFICATION. SUPRA BASILAR EPITHELIAL CELL WITH ACTIVE NUCLEUS, MITOCHONDRIA , ENDO PLASMIC RETICULUM AND GOLGI COMPLEX..
Tarrson Family Endow ed Chair in Periodontics. Professor and Chairman Division of Associated Clinical Specialties UCLA School of Dentistry
ELECTRN MICROGRAPH SUB SURFACE EPITHELIAL CELL. NO NUCLEUS, NO FUNCTIONING CYTOPLAMIC ORGANELLES. PERIPHERY OF CELL STILL JOINED TO ADJACENT CELLS BY DEMOSOMES, TIGHT JUNCTIONS AND INTERMEDIATE JUNCTIONS,
SURFACE EPITHELIAL CELL. NO CYTOPLASMIC NOR NUCLEAR ACTIVITY. COTAINS LIPIDS AND KERATINO-HYALINE DEPOSITS., HELD TO SUB-SURFACE LAYER BY DESMOSOMES WITH NO TIGHT OR INTERMEDIATE JUNCTIONS SURVIVING. CELL IS ABOUT TO BE DESQUAMATED.
IN SOME PATIENTS THE BASAL LAYER OF THE GINGIVA CONTAINS MELANOCYTES--PIGMENT CONTAINING CELLS WHICH GIVE A BROWNISH HUE TO PORTIONS OF THE GINGIVA. THERE ARE ALSO AFEW CELLS IN THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE WHICH HAVE TAKEN UP MELANIN GRANULES -MELANOPHORES.
ANOTHER TYPE OF CELL FOUND IN NORMAL GINGIVA ARE LANGERHANS CELLS . THESE CELLS HAVE DENDRITIC EXTENSIONS AND ARE IN THE SUPRA BASILAR LAYER.THEY FUNCTION AS ANTIGEN PROCESSING CELLS AND ARE MODIFIED MACROPHAGES.
ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF A MERKEL CELL FOUND IN THE DEEP LAYERS OF EPITHELIUM. THEY FUNCTION AS TACTILE PROPRIOCEPTIVE CELLS AND ARE CONNECTED TO NERVE FIBERS.
THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF GINGIVA IS MADE UP OF MAINLY TYPE 1 COLLAGEN BUNDLES WIH SOME TYPE 1V FIBERS BETWEEN THE BUNDLES AND IN THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE. THERE ARE AFEW ELASTIC FIBERS MADE UP OF ELASTIN ELAUNIN AND OXYTALAN AMONG THE COLLAGEN FIBERS. THE GROUND SUBSTANCE IS MAINLY PROTEO GLYCANS---HYALURONIC ACID, CHONDROITIN SULFATE AS WELL AS FIBRONECTIN A GLYCO PROTEIN THERE ARE ALSO BLOOD VESSELS WHICH HAVE TERMINAL LOOPS EXTENDING BETWEEN THE RETE PEGS .NERVES PRESENT ARE MAINLY MYELINATED WITHTACTILE RECEPTORS AND TEMPERATURE RECEPTORS
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF DENSE COLLAGEN FIBERS OF GINGIVA
HEALTHY GINGIVA CONTAINS MANY FIBROBLASTS AND A FEW INFLAMMATORY CELLS SUCH AS MACROPHAGES ,NEUTROPHILS, PLASMA CELLS AND LYMPHOCYTES.
THE MAJOR GROUP OF GINGIVAL FIBERS ARE THE GINGIVO DENTAL GROUP EMBEDDED IN CEMENTUM AND FANNING OUT TO THE GINGIVAL MARGIN THE ELECTRO MICROGRAPH SHOWS ORGANISED COLLAGEN FIBERS ATTACHED TO CEMENTUM THERE ARE ALSO CIRCULAR FIBERS IN A RING AROUND THE TOOTH AND TRANSSEPTAL FIBERS BETWEEN ADJACENT TEETH RUNNING HORIZONTALLY AND ATTACHED AT EACH END TO THE CEMENTUM OF EACH TOOTH
THE GINGIVAL SULCUS EXTENDS FROM THE GINGIVAL MARGIN APICALLY TO THE CEMENTO-ENAMEL JUNCTION. IT FORMS ASEAL AGAINST THE TOOTH AND ACTS AS A BARRIER TO SUB GINGIVAL PLAQUE BACTERIA AND PREVENTS FLUID LOSS FROM THE UNDER LYING CONNECTIVE TISSUE
THE CORONAL HALF OF THE GINGIVAL SULCUS IS LINED BY THE SULCULAR EPITHELIUM.THIS IS A NON KERATINISED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM THAT IS THINNER THAN THE OUTER GINGIVAL EPITHELIUM AND IT SERVES AS A PROTECTIVE BARRIER. THE APICAL HALF OF THE GINGIVAL SULCUS IS LINED BY THE JUNCTIOAL EPITHELIUM WHICH ACTS AS ASEAL AGAINST THE ENAMEL SURFACE.
JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM. THIN LAYER OF CELLS 10 TO 20 CELLS THICK TAPERING TO 1 TO 2 CELLS AT APICAL END. e = enamel .BASAL CELLS AGAINST CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROLIFERATE WITH TURNOVER RATE OF 1 TO 6 DAYS. CELLS MIGRATE THROUGH TO BE EXFOLIATED INTO THE GINGIVAL SULCUS. THE OUTER SURFACE OF THIS EPITHELIUM FORMS A SEAL AGAINST THE ENAMEL WITH A SECRETION OF A PROTEIN CUTICLE LIKE SUBSTANCE AND PRESENCE OF HEMIDESMOSOMES
E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S. Tarrson Family Endowed Chair in Periodontics. Professor and Chairman Division of Associated Clinical Specialties UCLA School of Dentistry
ELECTRON MICROGRAPH JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM 47,000 MAG ES enamel surface DL dental lamina. HD hemidesmosome BL basal lamina M mitochondria.THE OUTER CELLS OF JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM HAVE A HIGHLY SPECIALISED FUNCTION-- THEY ARE METABOLICALLY ACTIVE, HAVE HEMI DESMOSOMES SECRETE LAMININ AS A BASAL LAMINA AND THESE TOGETHER WITH THE PROTEINS OF THE DENTAL LAMINA ATTACH THE GINGIVA TO THE TOOTH AND FORM A SEAL AT THE APICAL END OF THE GINGIVAL SULCUS,
THE JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIAL SEAL IS ESSENTIAL FOR A HEALTHY GINGIVA .IT IS DEPENDANT ON AN INTACT EPITHELIAL LAYER AND AND THE STRONG ORGANISED COLLAGEN GINGIVAL FIBERS THAT KEEP THE GINGIVA IN INTIMATE CONTACT WITH THE TOOTH. A SIMILAR ARRANGEMENT CAN OCCUR ON CEMENTUM ANB EVEN ON DENTAL IMPLANTS.
PALATAL MUCOSA
ON THE RIGHT SIDE IS THE PALATAL MUCOSA WHICH IS CONTINUOUS AND SIMLIAR WITH THE GINGIVA IT IS COVERED WITH STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM WITH A HIGHLY KERATINISED SURFACE. AND HAS UNDER THIS A DENSE LAYER OF COLLAGEN.
HIGHER POWER VIEW OF PALATE. EPITHELIUM SAME AS GINGIVA PROVIDES ATHICK PROTECTIVE COVER AGAINST MECHANICAL. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL INSULTS THE IMMEDIATE SUB MUCOSA IS DENSE COLLAGEN. AND BELOW THIS IS A LOOSE CONECTIVE TISSUE THAT CONTAINS MAJOR NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS. IN THIS TISSUE THERE ARE ADIPOSE CELLS IN THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE PALATE AND ACCESORY SALIVARY GLANDS IN THE POSTERIOR PART. IN THE DEEPEST LAYER THERE IS PERIOSTEUM COVERING THE PALATAL BONE.

Histology of Oral Mucosa and Gingiva and Alate

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E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S. Tarrson Family Endow ed Chair in Periodontics.

HISTOLOGY OF ORAL MUCOSA AND GINGIVA AND PALATE

E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S.

Tarrson Family Endow ed Chair in Periodontics.

E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S.

E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S.

E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF DENSE COLLAGEN FIBERS OF GINGIVA

E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S.

E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S.

E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S.

E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S.

E. Barrie Kenney B.D.Sc., D.D.S., M.S., F.R.A.C.D.S.

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