Plaxis version 8 Material Models Manual

1. Gii thiu ng x c l ca t c th c m hnh vi nhiu chnh xc khc nhau. nh lut Hooke, n hi ng hng, ly v d, c th cho l mi quan h n gin nht ca mi quan h ng sut - bin dng. V n ch lin quan n 2 thng s u vo, m un n hi E v h s Poisson v, nhng n qu th nm bt c ci tinh ty trong kh nng ng x ca t v . Tuy nhin, n hi tuyn tnh c v ph hp vi nhng m hnh kt cu ln v nhng lp cng. 1.1 Cc loi m hnh

M hnh Mohr Colomb (MC) M hnh n hi do MC lin quan n 5 thng s u vo, E v v cho kh nng n hi ca t, c v j cho kh nng o ca t v w l gc gin n. M hnh ny l cp chnh xc u tin m hnh kh nng ng x ca t v . Nn s dng m hnh ny ln phn tch u tin. c lng mt cng trung bnh v khng thay i cho mi lp t. Bi v cng khng i ny, s tnh ton s din ra nhanh hn v ta s thu c ci hnh dung u tin ca bin dng. Bn cnh 5 thng s u vo, iu kin ban u ca t ng vai tr quan trng trong hu ht cc vn bin dng ca t. ng sut ngang ban u ca t ph thuc vo gi tr K0 M hnh Joint Rock (JR) JR l m hnh n hi - do khng dng hng, c bit c ngha khi m phng ng x ca lp c lin quan n s phn tng v phng hng b t on. Bin dng do ch c th xy ra ti 3 hng c lc ct ln nht ( mt phng ct ). Mi mt phng c 1 gi tr c, j ring. lin khi c xem nh hon ton n hi vi cng khng i E v v. S gim cng c th xy ra cho hng phn tng M hnh Hardening Soil (HS) M hnh HS l m hnh cao cp m phng ng x ca t. Trong m hnh MC, trng thi gii hn ca ng sut ph thuc vo c, j v w. Tuy nhin, cng ca t c m t chnh xc hn bng cch s dng 3 cng u vo khc nhau: cng khi gia ti ca th nghim 3 trc E50; cng khi d ti ca th nghim 3 trc Eur; v cng gia ti ca th nghim oedometer Eoed. Theo gi tr trung bnh ca rt nhiu loi t, ta c Eur 3E50, Eoed E50, nhng c t rt mm v rt cht u a ra nhng con s khc nhau ca t s Eoed/E50 Ngc li vi m hnh MC, m hnh HS tnh ti s ph thuc vo ng sut ca h s cng. iu ny c ngha l tt c cng s tng theo p lc. Do , c 3 cng u c lin h vi ng sut lin quan, thng c ly l 100 KPa (1 bar)

M hnh Soft Soil Creep (SSC) M hnh HS ph hp cho tt c loi t, nhng n khng tnh n tc ng ca nht, nh l t bin v gim ng sut. Trong thc t, tt c loi t u c t bin v c nn th cp sau nn chnh. nn th cp th hin r nht trong t yu, vd t st c kt thng v t bn, v chng c m phng tt nht trong m hnh SSC. Cn lu l m hnh SSC l m hnh mi gii quyt cc vn nn mng v t p. i vi vn d ti, nh l cc bi ton ng hm v h o, m hnh SSC hu nh khng th thay th c m hnh MC. Nh m hnh MC, m hnh SSC cng cn nhng iu kin ban u ca t chnh xc. i vi m hnh HS v SSC u bao gm d liu trong ng sut tin c kt, v nhng m hnh ny u tnh n tc ng ca c kt trc. M hnh Soft Soil (SS) M hnh SS l 1 loi m hnh Cam Clay v n c bit c ngha cho nn chnh ca t st c kt thng. Mc d nhng kh nng ca m hinh ny c thay th bi m hnh HS, m hnh SS vn c gi li trong version ny, ... Phn tch vi cc m hnh khc nhau Nn s dng m hnh MC cho bc tnh ton v phn tch u tin. Khi co kt qu tt, khng cn phi s dng thm m hnh no khc c. Trong nhiu trng hp, nu cng trnh c xy trn nn t yu, th c th s dng m hnh HS cho ln phn tch thm. R rng l ta him khi c c kt qu ca c th nghim 3 trc v odeometer, nhng d liu t 1 loi th nghim c th c thm vo bng d liu t s tng quan hay/ v th nghim hin trng. Cui cng, phn tch SSC c th tnh ton c t bin, vd nn th cp trong t rt mm. tng gii quyt bi ton vi nhiu m hnh khc nhau c th c gi tr, nhng thng khng ai lm. L do th nht l m hnh MC gii quyt bi ton nhanh v n gin v th 2 gim sai lm 1.2 Nhng gii hn

Plaxis code v nhng m hnh c pht trin tnh ton nhng bi ton c t thc t. C th coi Plaxis l 1 cng c m phng c t. Cc m hnh t c th xem nh l s gii thiu cc ng x ca t trong khi cc thng s u vo dng nh lng ng x ca t. Mc d rt quan tm n vic pht trin Plaxis code v cc m hnh t, s m phng vn ch l gn ng, ngha l vn c kh nng sai st. Hn na, s chnh xc trn thc t ph thuc phn ln vo nng lc ca ngi s dng... M hnh HS M hnh ny khng tnh n s mm ha gy bi s trng n ca t cc tc ng mt s kt dnh ca t. Trong thc t, y l m hnh ng hng nn n m hnh va khng hysteretic v ti trng lp cng khng phi cyclic mobility. m phng ti trng lp vi chnh xc cao ta cn 1 m hnh phc tp hn nhiu. Lu cui cng, s dng m hnh HS cho thi gian tnh ton lu hn, bi v ma trn cng c lp v phn tch tng bc tnh ton

M hnh SSC Tt c gii hn c nu trn u ng cho m hnh SSC. Thm na l m hnh ny thng d on ng x n hi ca t. y l trng hp c bit cho bi ton o t, bao gm c bi ton ng hm. M hnh SS Nhng gii hn trn ( k c trong m hnh SSC ) cng ng i vi m hnh SS. Trong thc t m hnh SS c thay th bng m hnh HS, nhng n c gi li bi ngi s dng quen vi n. Vic s dng m hnh ny nn c gii hn i vi tnh hung ch yu chu nn. N cng khng nn c dng trong bi ton o t. Mt phn cch Mt phn cch c m hnh bng m hnh song tuyn tnh MC. Khi 1 m hnh cao cp hn c s dng thit lp thng s vt liu ph hp, mt phn cch ch da vo s liu lin quan (c, j, w, E, v) i vi m hnh MC. Trong trng hp ny, cng ca mt phn cch c tnh l cng n hi ca t. V vy, E = Eur trong Eur ph thuc vo ng sut, vi Eur t l vi sm. i vi m hnh SSC, m = 1 v Eur c xc nh t hng s gin n k* ... 2.3 Bin dng n hi

M hnh vt liu cho t v thng c biu din bng mi quan h gia tng vi phn ca ng sut hu hiu v tng vi phn ca bin dng. mi quan h ny c th c din t bng cng thc (Eq. 2.18) M l ma trn cng ca vt liu. Lu rng vi dng tip cn ny, p lc l rng b loi tr khi mi quan h gia ng sut-bin dng M hnh vt liu n gin nht trong Plaxis da trn nh lut Hooke i vi ng x n hi tuyn tnh ng hng. M hnh ny c t tn l m hnh n hi tuyn tnh, nhng n cng l c s cho cc m hnh khc. nh lut Hooke c m t bi cng thc (Eq. 2.19) Ma trn cng vt liu n hi thng c k hiu l De. Hai thng s thng c s dng trong m hnh ny, m un Young c hiu E v h s Poisson c hiu n. Trong phn cn li ca cun Manual ny cc thng s c hiu s c k hiu khng c du dash (), tr khi mun nhn mnh s khc bit v ngha ca cc thng s. K hiu E v n trong cun manual ny thnh thong c s dng kt hp vi subcript ur nhn mnh rng thng s ny i din cho qu trnh unloading and reloading. M un cng cng c th xut hin subscript ref nhn mnh rng n da vo mt cao chun (yref) Theo nh lut Hooke, mi quan h gia m un Young E v m un cng khc, nh m un ct G, m un bulk K, v m un t th nghim oedometer Eoed, tnh bng cng thc G = E/2/(1+n)

K = E/3/(1-2n) Eoed = (1-n)E/(1-2n)/(1+n) ... 2.4 Phn tch ng sut c hiu khng thot nc vi cc thng s cng c hiu

Plaxis c th chuyn mn ha ng x khng thot nc trong phn tch ng sut c hiu s dng nhng thng s c hiu. iu ny t c bng cch la chn Material type ca lp t l Undrained. Phn ny s gii thch Plaxis gii quyt s la chn c bit ny nh th no. S c mt ca p lc l rng trong t, thng l bi nc, ng gp vo trong ng sut tng. Theo Terzaghi, ng sut tng s c th c phn chia thnh ng sut hu hiu s v p lc l rng pw. Tuy nhin, nc c cho l khng th chu ng sut ct, cho nn ng sut ct hu hiu bng ng sut ct tng: (Eq. 2.22a 2.22f) Lu rng, ging nh nhng thnh phn ng sut tng v hu hiu, pw c xem nh m i vi p lc. Mt s phn bit khc l gia p sut l rng trng thi n nh psteady, v p sut l rng thng d pexcess Pw = psteady + pexcess p sut l rng trng thi n nh c xem nh d liu u vo, tc l c sinh ra t mc nc ngm hay dng chy ca nc di t. S xut hin ca p lc l rng trng thi n nh c tho lun Section 3.8 ca Refenrence Manual. p lc l rng thng d c sinh ra trong qu trnh tnh ton do i vi trng hp khng thot nc hay trong qu trnh phn tch c kt. Qu trnh khng thot nc v s tnh ton p lc l rng thng d c trnh by nh sau: ... Xem nh nc l vt liu c th nn c, t l ca p lc l rng nh sau: (Eq. 2.27) Trong Kw l bulk modulus ca nc v n l rng ca t Mt dng khc ca nh lut Hooke s dng nhng thng s khng thot nc Eu v nu: (Eq. 2.28) Trong Eu = 2 G(1 + vu) n = Kw/(3n K) vu = [v + n(1 + v)]/[1 + 2n(1 + v)] K = E/3/(1 2v)

V vy, s la chn c bit cho ng x khng thot nc ca Plaxis l cc thng s c hiu G v v c chuyn sang thng s khng thot nc Eu v vu theo nhng cng thc trn. Lu rng ci ch s u c s dng cho nhng thng s cho t khng thot nc. Cho nn, khng nn nhm ln Eu va vu vi Eur v vur c dng ch qu trnh unloading / reloading ng x hon ton khng nn c th vu = 0.5. Tuy nhin, nu ly vu = 0.5 s dn n ma trn cng khng xc nh c. Trong thc t, nc khng phi l vt liu hon ton khng nn c, nhng bulk modulus ca nc l rt ln. trnh rc ri s hc do kh nng nn c cc nh ca nc, mc nh vu = 0.495, iu ny lm cho t khng thot nc c th nn c 1 cht. m bo kt qu tnh ton thc t, bulk modulus ca nc phi cao hn nhiu bulk modulus ca ht t, tc l Kw>>nK. iu kin ny c m bo khi v<=0.35. Ngi s dng s nhn c c 1 cnh bo cng sm khi s dng 1 h s Poisson c hiu v cng ln i vi ng x khng thot nc. Hu qu l, i vi vt liu khng thot nc bulk modulus ca nc c t ng thm vo ma trn cng. Gi tr ca bulk modulus: Kw/n = 300(0.495 v)K/(1 + v) > 30K t nht v<=0.35. hiu r hn v vn ny ta hy xem li H s Skempton B H s Skempton Khi Material Type c set l Undrained, Plaxis s t ng gi s 1 bulk modulus khng thot nc, Ku, i vi ton b t ( ht t + nc ) v phn bit gia ng sut tng, ng sut hu hiu v p lc l rng thng d ... Lu rng nhng thng s cng c hiu phi c nhp vo trong d liu ca vt liu, tc l E v v ch khng phi Eu v vu, hay l nhng thng s cng tng t trong cc m hnh khc. Undrained bulk modulus c t ng tnh ton bi Plaxis s dng nh lut Hooke Ku = 2G(1 + vu)/[3(1 2vu)] V vu = 0.495 trong G = E/[2(1 + v)] ( khi s dng Standard setting ) ( khi s dng Manual setting )

Hay vu = [3v + B(1 2v)]/[3 B(1 2v)] ...

S la chn c bit ny m hnh vt liu khng thot nc da trn cc thng s c hiu c p dng cho tt c cc m hnh vt liu trong Plaxis. iu ny cho php tnh ton khng thot nc c thc hin vi nhng thng s u vo c hiu, vi s phn bit r rng gia ng sut c hiu v p lc l rng ( thng d ) Qu trnh phn tch i hi cc thng s c hiu nn nu cc thng s ny c sn th s rt thun tin. i vi bi ton t yu, thng s c hiu chnh xc c th khng c sn. Thay vo , th nghim hin trng v th nghim trong phng c th cung cp cc thng s khng thot nc. Trong cc trng hp ny, m un Yong khng thot nc c th d dng chuyn i thnh m un Young c hiu bng cch

E = 2(1 + v)Eu/3 i vi cc m hnh khc khng c s chuyn i trc tip. Trng hp ny ta nn c lng gi tr thng s cng c hiu cn thit t nhng thng s cng khng thot nc o c, sau thc hin 1 th nghim khng thot nc n gin kim tra cng khng thot nc thu c c ph hp vi cng hu hiu nu cn thit 2.5 Phn tch ng sut c hiu khng thot nc vi nhng thng s sc chu ti c hiu

Mt cch tng qut, trng thi ng sut ti im ph hoi c miu t kh tt bi tiu chun ph hoi MC vi thng s sc chu ti c hiu j v c. iu ny cng p dng cho iu kin khng thot nc. Trong Plaxis, cc thng s sc chu ti c hiu c th kt hp tt vi Material type set to Undrained, v Plaxis phn bit gia ng sut hu hiu v p lc l rng ( thng d ) ( = phn tch ng sut hu hiu ). u im ca vic s dng cc thng s sc chu ti c hiu trong iu kin khng thot nc l s gia tng ca sc chng ct c t ng tin hnh trong qu trnh c kt Tuy nhin, c bit i vi t yu, thng s sc chu ti c hiu khng lun lun c sn, v ta phi gii quyt iu ny thng qua sc chng ct khng thot nc o c (cu hay su) t th nghim khng thot nc. Tuy nhin, sc chng ct khng thot nc khng th s dng s dng xc nh thng s sc chu ti c hiu j v c. Hn na, thm ch nu ta c cc thng s sc chu ti c hiu ph hp, hy cn thn cn nhc liu cc thng s sc chu ti c hiu ny c cung cp sc chng ct khng thot nc chnh xc. Bi v l trnh ng sut c hiu trong phn tch khng thot nc c th khng ging nh thc t, v nhng gii hn ca m hnh t p dng. V d nh, khi s dng m hnh MC khng thot nc, m hnh s sinh ra 1 l trnh ng sut c hiu ni m ng sut c hiu trung bnh, p, khng i n khi ph hoi. Trng hp t c bit yu, nh l t st hay t bn c kt thng, s sinh ra 1 l trnh ng sut hu hiu trong qu trnh gia ti khng thot nc ni m p gim mnh. Kt qu l, ng sut lch ln nht c th c trong m hnh b nh gi qu cao. Ni 1 cch khc, sc chng ct di ng trong m hnh thay th sc chng ct khng thot nc c sn. Mt khc, k c nhng m hnh khc, s gim ng sut c hiu trung bnh trong qu trnh gia ti khng thot nc, nhng thm ch khi s dng cc m hnh cao cp ta nn kim tra sc chng ct di ng vi sc chng ct ( khng thot nc ) c sn 2.6 Phn tch ng sut c hiu khng thot nc vi nhng thng s sc chu ti khng thot nc Qu tht l kh khn khi s dng sc chng ct khng thot nc xc nh cc thng s sc chu ti c hiu j v c. C 1 cch khc cho phn tch khng thot nc vi cc thng s sc chu ti c hiu, Plaxis a ra 1 kh nng phn tch ng sut c hiu khng thot nc (Material type = Undrained) bng cch nhp trc tip sc chng ct khng thot nc, tc l j = ju = 0 v c = cu. S la chn ny ch ph hp vi m hnh MC, HS v HSS, nhng khng dnh cho m hnh SS, SSC v MCC Lu rng nu m hnh HS v HSS c dng vi j = 0, m un cng trong m hnh s khng ph thuc vo ng sut v m hnh khng cn compression hardening na, mc d m hnh vn gi tch bit m un unloading/reloading v shear hardening

Mt lu na l bt c khi no Material type set l Undrained, nhng gi tr c hiu phi c nhp vo nhng thng s cng ( m un Young E v h s Poisson v trong trng hp m hnh MC hay nhng h s tng t i vi nhng m hnh khc ) 2.7 Phn tch ng sut tng khng thot nc vi cc thng s khng thot nc

Nu, v bt c l do g, ta khng mun s dng option Undrained thc hin phn tch khng thot nc, ta c th m phng ng x khng thot nc bng cch s dng cch phn tch ng sut tng vi cc thng s khng thot nc. Trong trng hp ny, cng trong m hnh l m un Young khng thot nc Eu v h s Poisson khng thot nc vu v sc chu ti trong m hnh l sc chu ti khng thot nc cu (su) v j = ju = 0. in hnh l, i vi h s Poisson khng thot nc mt gi tr gn vi 0.5 c chn ( t 0.495 n 0.499 ). Mt gi tr chnh xc 0.5 l khng th, v iu ny dn n ma trn cng khng xc nh Plaxis c th thc hin phn tch ng sut tng vi cc thng s khng thot nc nu m hnh MC c s dng. Trong trng hp ny, ta nn chn Material type l Non-porous ( khng phi Undrained ). khuyt im ca s la chn ny l khng c s phn bit gia ng sut hu hiu v p lc l rng. hn na, tt c kt qu lin quan n ng sut hu hiu s c hiu l ng sut tng v tt c p lc l rng s bng 0. Lu rng trong th ng sut, ng sut trong khu vc Non-porous s khng c v. nu mun c th ng sut th ta nn la chn Drained thay v Non-porous v m bo rng khng c p lc l rng c sinh ra trong khu vc ny. Cng nn lu rng vic nhp trc tip sc chng ct khng thot nc khng t ng lm tng sc sc ct trong qu trnh c kt. Cch ny khng th s dng c trong m hnh SS, SSC hay MCC. Nu m hnh HS hay HSS c s dng phn tch ng sut tng vi cc thng s khng thot nc, tc l j = ju = 0. M un cng trong m hnh s khng ph thuc vo ng sut v m hnh khng cn compression hardening na, mc d m hnh vn gi tch bit m un unloading/reloading v shear hardening. ... 3.3 Cc thng s c bn ca m hnh MC

M hnh MC yu cu 5 thng s rt quen thuc vi cc k s c t v c th thu c t cc th nghim c bn. Cc thng s bao gm E : m un Young V : h s Poisson J : gc ma st trong C : lc dnh W : gc gin n M un Young (E) [kN/m2] [-] [] [kN/m2] []

Plaxis s dng m un Young l m un cng c bn trong m hnh n hi v m hnh MC, nhng vi m un cng khc cng c trnh by. Mt m un cng c chiu ca ng sut. Gi tr ca thng s cng c chp nhn trong tnh ton yu cu mt s ch c bit v nhiu vt liu t c biu hin phi tuyn ngay t khi bt u gia ti. Trong c hc t, gc nghing ban u c gi l E0 v m un ti 50% sc chu ti c gi l E50. Vi nhng vt liu c di n hi tuyn tnh ln th nn dng E0, nhng i vi gia ti t ta nn dng E50. Cn i vi bi ton d ti, nh trong bi ton ng hm v h o, ta cn Eur thay v E50. i vi t, k c m un d ti Eur v m un gia ti u tin E50, c xu hng tng vi p lc xung quanh. Do , lp t su thng c cng ln hn lp t nng. Hn na, cng c quan st ph thuc vo l trnh ng sut theo sau. cng s cao hn khi d ti v gia ti li so vi khi gia ti ban u. Cng nh, cng ca t theo m un Young c th thp hn i vi nn (c thot nc) so vi ct. Do , khi s dng 1 m un cng khng i i din cho ng x ca t ta nn chn gi tr ph hp vi ng sut v l trnh ng sut. Cn lu rng mt vi tnh ph thuc vo ng sut ca t c tnh n trong cc m hnh cao cp ca Plaxis. Trong m hnh MC, Plaxis a ra 1 s lc chn c bit i vi vic khai bo s tng cng theo chiu su. H s Poisson (v) Th nghim 3 trc c thot nc c th lm gim rt nhiu th tch cc mu t ti thi im gia ti nn dc trc, hu qu l, to ra 1 gi tr h s Poisson rt nh (v0). Trong nhng trng hp ny, vd nh nhng bi ton d ti, thc t nn s dng gi tr ban u nh, nhng tng qut trong m hnh MC ta nn s dng 1 gi tr cao hn. Chn la h s poisson kh n gin khi ta s dng m hnh n hi hay m hnh MC trong bi ton gia ti trng lc ( s tng Mweight t 0 n 1 trong tnh ton do ). Trong loi ti trng ny Plaxis thng a h s thc t K0 = sh/sv. C 2 m hnh u a ra h s ph bin sh/sv = n/(1-n) i vi nn 1 phng d dng chn 1 h s Poisson m a ra gi tr thc t ca K0. Do , n c c lng cho khp vi K0. Trong nhiu trng hp ta s t c gi tr v trong khong t 0.3 n 0.4. Tm li, nhng gi tr trn c th cng c s dng cho gia ti hn l nn 1 chiu. i vi d ti, tuy nhin, thng s dng gi tr trong khong t 0.15 n 0.25 Lc dnh (c) Lc dnh c chiu ca ng sut. Plaxis c th x l c ct khng dnh (c=0), nhng vi ch s khng c thc hin tt. trnh rc ri, ngi mi s dng c khuyn nn a vo 1 gi tr c nh (c>0.2 kPa). Plaxis cng a ra 1 s la chn c bit i vi s tng lc dnh theo chiu su Gc ma st trong (j) Gc ma st trong, n v l . Gc ma st ln, thng trong ct cht, thc cht s lm tng khi lng tnh ton do. Thi gian tnh toan s t l thun theo hm m vi gc ma st trong. Do , nn trnh s dng gc ma st trong ln khi tnh ton bc u cho 1 d n. Gc ma st trong dng xc nh sc chng ct nh trong hnh bng phng php vng trn ng sut Mohr. Mt s miu t tng qut hn ca

tiu chun chy c trnh by trong hnh 3.2. Tiu chun ph hoi MC chng t tt hn miu t kh nng chu lc ca t hn l m hnh xp x Drucker Prager. Gc gin n (w) Gc gin n w (psi), c n v l . Ngoi t qu c kt nng, t st thng c gc gin n nh (w0). S gin n ca ct ph thuc v cht v gc ma st trong. i vi ct thch anh gc gin n tun theo cng thc - 30. Tuy nhin, i vi ct c j nh hn 30 , gc gin n gn nh bng 0. Mt gi tr m nh ca w ch xy ra i vi ct cc k ri. bit thm thng tin v mi quan h gia gc ma st v gc gin n, xem Bolton (1996). Gc gin n dng m ch rng trong iu kin thot nc t s tip tc gin n min l bin dng ct vn cn xy ra. iu ny r rng l khng thc t, v hu ht cc loi t s tin ti trng thi ti hn ti 1 im v sau bin dng ct s xy ra m khng c s thay i v th tch. Gc gin n dng trong iu kin khng thot nc, kt hp vi s hn ch thay i th tch, dn n s sinh ra ca p lc ko trong l rng. Cho nn trong phn tch ng sut hu hiu khng thot nc, kh nng chu lc ca t c th b nh gi qu cao. 3.4 Cc thng s cao cp trong m hnh MC

Khi s dng m hnh MC, nt Advanced trong tab Parameters c th c click nhp vo vi thng s ph cho chc nng m hnh cao cp. Kt qu l, mt ca s xut hin nh trong hnh 3.6. Cc chc nng cao cp bao gm s gia tng ca cng v lc dnh theo su v s s dng ca tension cut-off. Trong thc t, tension cut-off c s dng nh mc nh, nhng n c th b deactivated, nu mun. S gia tng ca cng (Eincrement) Trong thc t, cng ph thuc nhiu vo ln ca ng sut, c ngha l cng s tng theo chiu su. Khi s dng m hnh MC, cng l 1 hng s. tnh n s gia tng ca cng theo chiu su c th s dng gi tr Eincrement, l s gia tng ca m un Young trn mt n v su ( n v l ng sut trn su ). Ti cao c a ra bi thng s yref, v trn cao ny, cng bng vi m un Young (Eref), nh in vo trong Parameter tab. Gi tr thc t ca m un Young trong cc im ng sut s c tnh t Eref v Eincrement. Lu rng trong qu trnh tnh ton, cng tng theo chiu su khng lm thay i cng thc trong trng thi ng sut. S gia tng ca lc dnh (Cincrement) Plaxis a ra mt s la chn cao cp i vi cc loi t st m c lc dnh tng theo su. tnh n s gia tng ca lc dnh theo su th gi tr Cincrement c th c s dng, l s gia tng ca lc dnh trn mt n v su ( n v l ng sut trn su ). Ti cao c a ra bi thng s yref, v trn cao ny, lc dnh bng vi cref, nh trong Parameter tab. Gi tr thc t ca lc dnh trong cc im ng sut s c tnh ton t cref v cincrement. Tension cut-off Trong nhiu bi ton thc t mt khu vc c th c ng sut ko tng ln. Theo ng cong Columb trong hnh 3.5 iu ny c cho php khi ng sut ct ( bn knh ca vng trn Mohr ) l nh. Tuy nhin, b mt t gn mt con mng trong t st thnh thong li xut hin nhng vt nt do lc ko

gy ra. iu ny ch ra rng t c th b ph hoi bi lc ko thay v lc ct. S ng x ny c th c m hnh trong Plaxis bng cch s dng tension cut-off. Trong trng hp ny vng trn MC vi ng sut chnh dng khng c cho php. Khi la chon tension cut-off tc l ta cho php xut hin sc chu ko ca t. i vi m hnh MC v HS tension cut-off, mc nh cho sc chu ko ca t bng 0