Thit lp mng LAN bng cch chia subnet

Chia subnet l mt trong nhng gii php hu dng xy dng mng

ni b, va bo mt, ngn chn broadcast, va tit kim ti nguyn trong
vic phn pht a ch IP cho tng my trm.
1. Quy hoch a ch IP
Bn cn xy dng mt mng ni b (mng LAN) cho mt vn phng,
mt cng ty quy m va v nh vi khong 7 n 8 phng, mi phng 30
my. Vn cn t ra l lm th no cho hiu qu, va bo mt c h
thng mng, phng trnh cc ri ro c th xy ra, m cn c th tit kim
c ti nguyn mng.

Mt m hnh mng LAN.

Mt trong nhng phng php xy dng hiu qu l quy hoch a ch IP
bng cch chia subnet. Vi phng n ny, bn s ch cung cp va s
a ch IP cho cc my tnh s dng, va chia ra thnh nhiu mng con,
phng trnh c hin tng broadcast v nu xy ra s c th ch b
trong cc b mt nhnh mng con.
Mt a ch IP gm 4 octet, mi octet l 1 byte cha 8 bit, tng cng l 32
bit. a ch IP s c nhn din lp A, B hay C thng qua a ch
subnet mask. Vi bi ton nh trn, chng ta s s dng lp mng C. Bn
cn 30 my, ta thy 25 = 32, tr i 2 a ch u v cui l a ch
network v a ch broadcast ca nhnh mng, bn s cn li 30 a ch.
Nh vy, 1 octec c 8 bit, ta s ly 28 - 23 = 25, ngha l bn s mn

thm 3 bit chia subnet cho mng ca mnh.

Cch chia theo mt th thut nh sau:
Lp C c subnet mask 255.255.255.0 hay cn c vit l /24. Mt octet
c 8 bit, bn mn i 3 bit th s bit c mn s bt ln gi tr l 1, s
bit cn li s vn nm gi tr l 0.
128
1

64
1

32
1

16
0

8
0

4
0

2
0

1
0

Bn ly 3 bit c gi tr 1 cng li: 128 + 64 + 32 = 224. Tng t, nu

bn mn 4 bit th subnet mask s l 240. T , cho d nh, dn c
trn mng t ra mt bng tra cu.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255

-128
-64
-32
-16
+8
+4
+2
+1

Bn ch cn nh gi tr bit th 4 cn mn s c gi tr subnet mask

tng ng l 240, t bn cng, tr theo nh bng trn l tm ra c
a ch subnet mask ca cc bit khc.
Tr li bi ton trn, s dng lp mng C v mn thm 3 bit (24 + 3 =
27), bn s c subnet mask 255.255.255.224, v mi nhnh mng con s
c chia ra tng ng nh sau:

0. 192.168.1.0/27

1: 192.168.1.32/27

2: 192.168.1.64/27

3: 192.168.1.96/27

4: 192.168.1.128/27

5: 192.168.1.160/27

6: 192.168.1.192/27

7: 192.168.1.224/27

8: 192.168.1.254/27

y, bn lu s th t th 8, gi tr 224 + 32 = 256, nhng do lp C

ch c 254 a ch IP, a ch 255 l a ch broadcast, do vy network
y l 192.168.1.254, v phng s 8 bn c th t a ch IP t
192.168.1.225/27 192.168.1.253/27. Tng t, bn t cho phng s 1
di a ch IP: 192.168.1.1/27 192.168.1.30/27, trong c th s dng
a ch 192.168.1.1 lm a ch default getway cho phng s 1 ny.

2. ng dng xy dng h thng mng

Bn hon thnh vic chia subnet, by gi s ng dng vo trong mng
ni b. Lc ny cc phng u l mt nhnh mng con, hon ton tch
bit. Bn khng th ngi phng s 1 truyn d liu, truy cp hoc
dng giao thc ICMP nh lnh ping n 1 my khc phng s 2.
cc phng c th kt ni ra internet, bn cn phi c mt my tnh lm
chc nng router. My router ny s gip cc my trong tng mng cc
b kt ni n modem ADSL v truy cp ra ngoi internet. Nu bn s
dng thit b ca Cisco nh Router 2800 th vic chia subnet trong router
c gi l k thut Inter Vlan.
Ty theo chnh sch bo mt ca cng ty hay c quan m bn c th xy
dng thm tng la (firewall), access list v c ch Nat inside hay
outside cc my trm truy cp ra ngoi internet, bn ngoi internet
remote vo trong mng ni b.