PROJECT REPORT HARDWARE INTERFACING

SUB MIT TE D B Y: SARMAD ASLAM (3178)

DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL

Via PARALLEL PORT

TABLE of CONTENTS
1. Component List 4 2. ICS Configuration
a. DM74LS04 Hex Inverting Gates: General Description 5 Function Table 5 Absolute Maximum Ratings .. 5 b. DM74LS138 Decoder: General Description 6 Function Table 7 Logic Diagrams 7 Absolute Maximum Ratings ...7 c. 555 timer IC: General Description 8 Connection Diagram 8 Absolute Maximum Ratings ...9

3. Introduction to Parallel Port.9 4. Construction...10 5. Circuit Diagram.10 6. Working11 7. Astable circuits11 8. Programming13

9. Programming Codes13 10. Application:

Office equipment, medical equipment...17 Commercial applications.17 Industrial applications.17 Vehicle applications.17

COMPONENT LIST:

IC1 74LS138 IC2 74LS04 IC3 74LS04 IC4 555 VARIABLE RESISTANCE: VR1-VR8 R1: 1M VARIABLE R2: 56K ohm R3: 1K ohm DIODES: D1-D8

C1: 0.1F C2:0.1 F

NPN Transistor

DC motor 5V

ICS CONFIGURATION:
DM74LS04 Hex Inverting Gates:
General Description:
This device contains six independent gates each of which performs the logic INVERT function.

Function Table:

Input A L H

Output Y H L

Absolute Maximum Ratings:

H = High Logic Level L = Low Logic Level

Supply Voltage 7V Input Voltage 7V Operating Free Air Temperature Range DM54LS and 54LS - 55 C to + 125 C DM74LS 0 C to + 70 C Storage Temperature Range - 65 C to + 150 C

DM74LS138 Decoder:
General Description:

These Schottky-clamped circuits are designed to be used in high-performance memory-decoding or data-routing applications, requiring very short propagation delay times. In high-performance memory systems these decoders can be used to minimize the effects of system decoding. When used with high-speed memories, the delay times of these decoders are usually less than the typical access time of the memory. This means that the effective system delay introduced by the decoder is negligible. The DM74LS138 decodes one-of-eight lines; based upon the conditions at the three binary select inputs and the three enable inputs. Two active-low and one active-high enable inputs reduce the need for external gates or inverters when expanding. A 24-line decoder can be implemented with no external inverters, and a 32-line decoder requires only one inverter. An enable input can be used as a data input for de-multiplexing applications. The DM74LS139 comprises two separate two-line-to-four-line decoders in a single package. The active-low enable input can be used as a data line in demultiplexing applications. All of these decoders/de multiplexers feature fully buffered inputs, presenting only one normalized load to its driving circuit. All inputs are clamped with highperformance Schottky diodes to suppress line-ringing and simplify system design.

Function Tables:

Logic Diagrams:

Absolute Maximum Ratings:

Supply Voltage 7V

Input Voltage 7V Operating Free Air Temperature Range 0C to +70 C Storage Temperature Range 65 C to +150 C

555 timer IC:

General Description:
The 555 timer is an extremely versatile integrated circuit which can be used to build lots of different circuits. It includes 23 transistors, 2 diodes and 16 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8). The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits.

Connection Diagram:

Absolute Maximum Ratings:

Supply Voltage Power Dissipation LM555CM, LM555CN LM555CMM Operating Temperature Ranges LM555C Storage Temperature Range +18V 1180 mW 613 mW 0C to +70C 65C to +150C

Introduction to Parallel Port:

The Parallel Port is the most commonly used port for interfacing. This port will allow the input of up to 9 bits or the output of 12 bits at any one given time, thus requiring minimal external circuitry to implement many simpler tasks. The port is composed of 4 control lines, 5 status lines and 8 data lines. It's found commonly on the back of your PC as a D-Type 25 Pin female connector. There may also be a D-Type 25 pin male connector.

CONSTRUCTION:

The interface circuit consists of 1-of-8 decoder IC 74LS138 (IC1), hex inverter ICs 74LS04 (IC2 and IC3), resistor networks, timer IC 555 (IC4) and motor driver transistor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WORKING:
This circuit allows you to control the speed of a DC motor (in eight levels) from your PCs parallel port. The PC uses a software program to control the speed of the motor. The motor is connected to the PC through an interface circuit. The decoder IC accepts binary weighted inputs A0, A1 and A2 at pins 1, 2 and 3, respectively. With active-low enable input pins 4 and 5 of the decoder grounded, it provides eight mutually exclusive active-low outputs (Q0 through Q7). These outputs are inverted by hex inverters IC2 and IC3.The resistor network comprising presets VR1 through VR8, resistors R1 and R2 and capacitor C1 are the timing components of timer IC 555 (IC4), which is configured in a stable mode. The output of IC4 is a square wave, which is fed to the base of transistor T1 via current-limiting resistor R3. Transistor T1 is used to drive the motor. The pulse-width modulation (PWM) method is used for efficient control of the motor. The output of the PC is decoded to select a particular preset (VR1 through VR8). The value of the selected preset, along with resistors R1 and R2 and capacitor C1, changes the output pulse width at pin 3 of IC4. Thus the motor speed can be increased/decreased by choosing a particular resistance. For high-power motors, the transistor can be replaced by an IGBT or a power MOSFET.

Astable circuits:
Astable circuits produce pulses. The circuit most people use to make a 555 astable looks like this:

As you can see, the frequency, or repetition rate, of the output pulses is determined by the values of two resistors, R1 and R2 and by the timing capacitor, C. The design formula for the frequency of the pulses is:

PROGRAMING:

The software is written in C language and compiled using Turbo C compiler. Initially, when the motor is off, the program prompts you to press Enter key to start the motor. Once you press the key, the motor starts running at full speed. After a few seconds, the program asks you to press any key from the keyboard to go to the next screen for controlling the speed of the motor. This screen has

options for increasing and decreasing the motor speed and also for exiting from the program. For increasing the speed enter choice 1 and press Enter key, and for decreasing the speed enter choice 2 and press Enter key. This action changes the speed by one step at-a-time and the message Speed de creased or Speed increased is displayed on the screen. To go to the main menu, again press Enter key.

PROGRAMING CODES:
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> int a[7],i,c; void start (void); void main (void) { int P=0x0378,j,c=7,c1,x,y; clrscr(); outportb(P,0); textbackground(9); textcolor(3); for(x=0;x<=80;x++) for(j=0;j<=25;j++) { gotoxy(x,j); cprintf(" "); } for(i=0;i<8;i++) a[i]=i; gotoxy(23,11); printf("press Enter to start the motor"); getch(); gotoxy(28,13); printf("WAIT STARTING MOTOR");

start(); gotoxy(25,15); printf("Motor started successfully"); gotoxy(2,17); printf("Press any key for speed control"); getch(); while(1) { clrscr(); gotoxy(25,3); for(j=0;j<79;j++) { gotoxy(j+1,2); printf("*"); } gotoxy(23,3); printf("DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING PC"); for(j=0;j<79;j++) { gotoxy(j+1,4); printf("*"); } printf("\n"); printf("\t\t\t1.INCREASESPEED\n\t\t\t2.DECREASE SPEED \n\t\t\t3.EXIT"); for(j=0;j<79;j++) { gotoxy(j+1,8); printf("*"); } for(j=0;j<79;j++) { gotoxy(j+1,10); printf("*"); } gotoxy(1,9);

printf("Enter your choice"); scanf("%d",&c1); switch(c1) { case 1:

if(c==7) { clrscr(); gotoxy(23,13); printf("MOTOR IS RUNNING IN FULL SPEED"); getch(); } if(c<7) { clrscr(); c++; outport(P,a[c]); gotoxy(33,13); printf("SPEED INCREASED"); getch(); } break;

case 2: if(c==0) { clrscr(); gotoxy(23,13); printf("MOTOR IS RUNNING IN LOW SPEED"); getch(); } if(c>0) { clrscr(); c--; outport(P,a[c]); gotoxy(33,13); printf("SPEED DECREASED"); getch();

} break; case 3: for(j=c;j>=0;j--) { outportb(0x0378,j); delay(100); } outportb(P,0); clrscr(); gotoxy(17,13); textcolor(2); getch(); exit(1);

} void start() { outportb(0x0375,0); for(i=0;i<8;i++) { outportb(0x0378,i); delay(1000); } }

APPLICATION:

Office equipment, medical equipment:

There is a wide variety of motorized office equipment such as personal computers, computer peripherals, copy machines and fax machines as well as smaller items such as electric pencil sharpeners. Motor controllers for these types of equipment are built into the equipment. Some quite sophisticated motor controllers are used to control the motors in computer disc drives. Medical equipment may include very sophisticated motor controllers.

Commercial applications:
Commercial buildings have larger heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment than that found in individual residences. In addition, motors are used for elevators, escalators and other applications. In commercial applications, the motor control functions are sometimes built into the motordriven equipment and sometimes installed separately.

Industrial applications:
Many industrial applications are dependent upon motors (or machines), which range from the size of your thumb to the size of a railroad locomotive. The motor controllers can be built into the driven equipment, installed separately, installed in an enclosure along with other machine control equipment or installed in motor control centers. Motor control centers are multi-compartment steel enclosures designed to enclose many motor controllers. It is also common for more than one motor controller to operate a number of motors in the same application. In this case the controllers communicate with each other so they can work the motors together as a team.

Vehicle applications:
All types of engine-driven vehicles from automobiles, airplanes, aircraft carriers and agricultural equipment to zambonis may have electric motors to perform a variety of functions. In electric vehicles, diesel-electric vehicles, and hybrid vehicles, electric motors are used to propel the vehicle. The motor controllers in vehicle applications are integrated into the vehicle.