Tony Gee and Partners

An example of the use of Eurocodes in the design of underground metro structures

Presented by

David Beadman

British Standards

Eurocodes

Eurocode 7 Retaining wall design

Temporary construction stages

Cases B and C Design Approach 1 Combinations 1 and 2
Design parameters Serviceability loadcase Ultimate loadcases Case B / DA1 Comb 1 Partial factor on soil shear strength (cu/c) Partial factor on soil friction (tan ) Over-dig allowance Case C / DA1 Comb 2

1.0 1.0 0 1.0

1.0 1.0

1.6 1.25

Lesser of 0.5m or 1/10th of the depth below the last prop

Effects of actions

1.35

1.0

Temporary construction stages Cases B and C Design Approach 1 Combinations 1 and 2

Stage 1 Install retaining wall

Stage 2 Excavate and construct roof

Stage3 Excavate and construct waling beam

Stage 4 Excavate to formation level

Case C / Design Approach 1 Combination 2 Design only critical for final excavation stage
Only necessary to check the stability of each construction stage Actually analysed the full construction sequence
Stage 4 Excavate to formation level

Case B / Design Approach 1 Combination 1 Design critical at intermediate stages Serviceability Limit State (crackwidth limit)

Stage 1 Install retaining wall

Stage 2 Excavate and construct roof

Stage3 Excavate and construct waling beam

Stage 4 Excavate to formation level

Eurocodes
Principles (P) general statements and definitions no alternatives Application Rules examples of generally recognized rules that follow the Principles and satisfy their requirements

Eurocode 7 Geotechnical Design Report (GDR)

Eurocode 7 Observational Method

4000 3500 3000 2500

Load Kn

2000 1500 1000 500 0 -500 -1000

Time

Eurocode 7 Observational Method

(2)P The following requirements shall be met before construction is started: Establish limits of behaviour Assess range of possible behaviour Plan monitoring Review monitoring Plan contingency

Eurocode 7 Observational Method

Temporary Prop

Eurocode 2
Rules for Buildings

Piles require some special attention for buildability

Eurocode 2
Analysis programs unavailable

Spreadsheets written and checked

Comparison between BS5400 and the Metro Specification

Requirements Design life Concrete grade Minimum cover for durability for retaining wall members, as concrete cast in non-aggressive ground Minimum cover for structures cast against the ground Maximum crack width BS5400 120 years fcu=35N/mm2 35mm Metro Specification 100 years fck=30N/mm2 50mm

75mm

90mm

0.25mm

0.2mm

Retaining wall structure

Ground Conditions: Made ground Glacial till Limestone

Retaining wall
Hard soft Secant piles above the limestone. 750mm dia. soft piles 1180mm dia. hard piles at 1450mm c/c. 1060mm dia. Contiguous piles within the limestone with grout pipes between the piles.

Eurocode 2 Crack width calculation

Station cross-section
Structure hung from roof Large fixed-end moments

Eurocode 2 Lapping of bars

Principle not permitted to lap bars greater than 32mm diameter. (Not satisfied)

Eurocode 2 Equivalent diameter of bar bundles

Number of bars in bundle: Two:

(Assume 40mm diameter bars) Equivalent perimeter of bundle = 40 x (2 + ) = 206mm

Equivalent diameter of a single bar =

56mm

Perimeter of equivalent bar =

56.6 x

= 178mm

Eurocode 2 Equivalent diameter of bar bundles

Number of bars in bundle: Three:

(Assume 40mm diameter bars) Equivalent perimeter of bundle = 40 x (3 + ) = 246mm

Equivalent diameter of a single bar =

69.3mm

Perimeter of equivalent bar =

69.3 x

= 218mm

Eurocode 2 Equivalent diameter of bar bundles

Bundles of equivalent diameter greater than 55mm not permitted (Application Rule) Bundles to be considered as notional bars for purposes of crack-width calculation (Application Rule)

Use of Eurocodes
Consistent design approach Common design language between the different nationalities Enabled the use of the Observational Method

Use of Eurocodes
Learning curve Development of design tools Use of EC7 checklists Incomplete suite of new codes

Use of Eurocodes