ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING

- Termotehnic Project -
PROJECTS CONTENT
WRITTEN PARTS
DRAWING PARTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PROJECTS CONTENT
WRITTEN PART:
1. Content
2. Projects theme
3. Calculus steps:
Determination of the geometrically characteristics of the building
Determination of the specific themic resistance (R)
Thermic bridges identification
Determination of the corrected thermic resistance (R)
Determination of the average thermic resistance (R
m
)
Determination of the thermic insulated global coefficient (G)
Determination of the yearly heat quantity (Q)
DRAWING PART:
Ground Plan, scale 1:50
First Floor Plan, scale 1:50
Thermic bridges identification Ground level
Thermic bridges identification First Floor
Types of identified thermic bridges (sections)

PROJECTS CONTENT
GROUND PLAN
PROJECTSS STEPS
Determination of the geometrically
characteristics of the envelope
Plates Area over the basement (A
1
)
Plates Area under the ground level (A
2
)
Plates Area under the attic (A
3
).
A
1
=

A
2
(sometimes !!!)
Building perimeter (P)
Geometrically characteristics
0.00
Free height
of the
ground
level
H
HEATED
Height
of the
ground
level
3.00
Free height of the ground level
(measured between superior layer of the
floor and the first plate)
Height of the ground level
(measured between superior
layer of the ground floor and
the superior layer of the 1 floor

Exterior woodwork area (A
4
)
Exterior walls area (A
5
)
A
5
=P*H- A
4

Building envelope area (A)
A=A
1
+A
2
+A
3
+A
4
+A
5

Heated volume of the building (V)
V= A
1
*H

Geometrically characteristics
Table 1 Geometrically characteristics of the envelope
Denumirea elementului de anvelop Suprafa elem. de anvelop orientat cardinal Suprafa
[m
2
]
Nord Sud Est Vest
Pereti exteriori A4
parter
etaj
Ferestre A5
parter
etaj
Ui acces exterior A6
parter
etaj
Planeul inferior (peste subsol) A1
Planeul peste parter A2
Planeul superior (sub pod) A3
ARIA ANVELOPEI
A1+A3+A4+A5+A6
Planeul inferior (peste subsol) A1 Planeul peste parter A2 TOTAL VOLUM
NCLZIT
V=V1+V2
nlime parter h1 nlime etaj h2
Volum nclzit parter V1 (A1h1) Volum nclzit etaj V2 (A2h2)
Projects Steps
2. Determination of the specific thermic
resistance (R) on single direction





Re superficial thermic resistance at the exterior
surface of the element [m
2.
K/W]
Ri superficial thermic resistance at the interior surface
of the element [m
2.
K/W]
d thickness of the elements layer [m]
thermic conductivity coefficient [W/m
.
K]
] W / K m [ R
d
R R
2
i
n
1 i
i
i
e
+

+ =

=
Detail EXTERIOR WALL
Detaliu de izolare a peretilor exteriori:
1.perete exterior din zidarie de
caramida d=30 cm
2.izolatie termica montata pe
pereti prin exterior d=10 cm
3.tencuiala 1
2
3
10.00 30.00 2.00 1.00
Projects Steps
Detail PLATE OVER THE BASEMENT
2
1
3
4
5
Planseu inferior:
1.tencuiala
2.termoizolatie
3.planseu b.a.
4.sapa egalizare
5.mozaic
Projects Steps
Detail PLATE UNDER THE ATTIC
2
1
3
4
5
6
Planseu superior:
1.tencuiala
2.planseu b.a.
3.sapa de egalizare
4.termoizolatie
5.sapa slab armata
6.pardoseala
Projects Steps
Table 1 - Determination of the thermic resistance
(specific to each envelopes element)
Element
Layer
no.
Building material of each
layer
Thickness
of the
layer d [m]
Thermic
conductivity

Specific thernic
resistance
[m2.K / W]
Total thermic
resistance of the
envelope's element
[m
2.
K / W]

Thermic resistance of
the interior surface of
the wall 0.125
1 Interior plastering
2 Brickwork masonry
3 Thermo Insulation
4
Exterior plastering
polymeric reinforced

Thermic resistance of
the exterior surface of
the wall

0.04
E
x
t
e
r
i
o
r

W
a
l
l
Projects Steps
K/W] [m
' U
1
' R
2
=
A A
) l (
R
1
' U

_
+
+
+ =
where:
R thermic resistance on a single direction, in the zone without thermal
bridges, where the element is made by one or many layer, which are
honogeneous considered, including non-ventilated air layers, all disposed
perpendicular on the thermic flux direction;
R = R
si
+R
s
+ R
a
+ R
se
[m
2
K/W]
+ liniar specific coeficients of the thermic transfer in the thermal
bridges zone, [W/mK];
l the length of the thermal bridges, [m];
_ punctual specific coefficients of the thermic transfer, [W/K]
Projects Steps
Determination of the corrected
thermal resistance (R)
THERMIC BRIDGES
Those zone of the buildings envelope in which the
thermic flux (in a single direction) is considerable
modified by:
Total or partial penetration of the building element
having different thermic conductivity
Variation of the envelope elements thickness
Variation between interior and exterior surfaces

PUNTI TERMICE
COLT IESIND
PUNTI TERMICE
COLT INTRAND
PUNTI TERMICE
IN T - CURENTA
THERMAL BRIDGES IDENTIFICATION
Unheated
basement
Unheated
garage
Heated
basement
Heated ground
floor
Heated
ground floor
Heated
first floor
Unheated roof
VERTICAL THERMAL BRIDGES
+
1

R.V. - OUTSIDE CORNER
+
2

INTERIOR
EXTERIOR
+
1
= +
2
1. OUTSIDE CORNER -
Vertical joint Outside Corner (Simetrically Bridge)
+
1
= +
2
= 0.05 W

/m
Length of the bridges = H
heated
+
1

R.V. - INSIDE CORNER
+
2

INTERIOR
INTERIOR
+
1
= +
2
= 0.01 W

/m

VERTICAL THERMAL BRIDGES
2. INSIDE CORNER -
Vertical joint Inside Corner (Symmetrically Bridge)
Length of the bridges = H
heated
+
1

CURRENT VERTICAL JOINT (T)
+
2

INTERIOR
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR
+
1
= +
2
= 0.02 W

/m

3. CURRENT THERMAL BRIDGE
Current Vertical Joint (T)
VERTICAL THERMAL BRIDGES
Length of the bridges = H
heated
+
1

CORNICE HORIZONTAL JOINT
+
2

INTERIOR
EXTERIOR
EXTERIOR
4. CORNICE HORIZONTAL JOINT
+
1
= 0.14 W

/m


+
2
= 0.24 W

/m

(UNSIMETRICAL BRIDGE)
Length of the bridges = P
FLOOR
P
FLOOR

Floors perimeter at
the interior side of
the walls

HORIZONTAL THERMAL BRIDGES
+
2

+
1

5. SOCLE HORIZONTAL JOINT
T
i
= 20
0
C
T
s
= +5
0
C
+
1
= 0.225 W

/m


+
2
= 0.30 W

/m

SOCLE HORIZONTAL JOINT
UNHEATED BASEMENT
TERMOINSULATION
H
termoinsulation
= MIN 70 CM
H
t
e
r
m
o
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

EXTERIOR
HORIZONTAL THERMAL BRIDGES
(UNSIMETRICAL BRIDGE)
Length of the bridges = P
FLOOR
+
2
+
1

6. INTERIOR WALLS HORIZONTAL JOINT
T
i
= 20
0
C
T
s
= +5
0
C
+
1
= 0.2 W

/m


+
2
= 0.2W

/m

Length of the bridges = L
WALL
INTERIOR
T
s
= +5
0
C
INTERIOR
T
i
= 20
0
C
HORIZONTAL THERMAL BRIDGES
(UNSIMETRICAL BRIDGE)
UNHEATED BASEMENT
UNHEATED BASEMENT
WINDOWS PERIMETER
THERMAL BRIDGES
+
1

7. THERMAL BRIDGES ARROUND THE WINDOWS
Length of the bridges = P
WINDOW
P
WINDOW
= 2(L+H)


H
L
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR
+
1
= 0.25 W

/m

Determination of the corrected
thermal resistance (R)
Envelope
Element
Thermic Bridge l l
R (calculate at
previous stage)
U R
E
x
t
e
r
i
o
r

W
a
l
l
s

R.V. Inside cornerplate
R.V. Outside corner
R.V. current (T)
R.O. Socle
R.O. Balcony
R.O. Int. Wall
R.O. Cornice
Arround the carpentry
Total exterior walls A =
P
l
a
t
e

o
v
e
r

t
h
e

b
a
s
e
m
e
n
t

R.O. Socle
R.O. Interior walls
Total plate over the
basement
A =
P
l
a
t
e

u
n
d
e
r

t
h
e

a
t
t
i
c

R.O. Cornice
R.O. Interior walls
Total plate under the
attic
A =
Determinarea coeficientului global
de izolare termic (G)
n 34 , 0
R
A
V
1
G
'
+
|
.
|

\
|
t
=

'
Tamplarie
Tamplarie
'
inf _ planseu
inf _ planseu
'
sup _ planseu
sup _ planseu
'
ext _ pereti
ext _ pereti
'
R
A
R
A
R
A
R
A
R
A
t
+
t
+
t
+
t
=
|
.
|

\
| t

Este un parametru termo-energetic al anvelopei cladirii pe

ansamblul acesteia si are semnificatia unei sume a fluxurilor termice
disipate (pierderile de caldura directe) prin suprafata anvelopei
cladirii pentru o diferenta de temperatura de 1 grad raportata la
volumul cldirii la care se adauga cele aferente reimprospatarii
aerului interior.
Determinarea Coeficientului
Global de izolare termica - G
V Volumul interior incalzit al cladirii
V = A
1
* H
i

n = Viteza de ventilare naturala a cladirii,
numarul de schimburi de aer pe ora
n = 1
t - Factor de corectie a temperaturilor
exterioare
t = 1

Necesarul anual de caldur (Q
an
)
Q = necesarul anual de cadur pe metru cub de
volum nclzit [kWh/m
3.
an]
C = coeficient de corecie
G = coeficientul global de izolare termic a cladirii
= numarul de grade zile de calcul corespunzator
localitii unde este amplasat cldirea
Q
i
= aportul util de caldur rezultat din locuirea cldirii
Q
s
= aportul util de caldura provenit din radiaia solar
Q
i
+

Q
s
= aporturi gratuite de caldur
] [kWh/m3.an ) Q Q ( G N C
1000
24
Q
s i 12
+ =
u
u
12
N
Q
an
= Q
.
V
inc


N
u
12 = N
20
12-(20-u)*D
12

Numarul de grade zile de calcul
Numarul de grade zile de calcul
Numarul de grade zile de calcul
Coeficient de corectie - C
Aporturi gratuite de caldura Q
i
+

Q
s

Q
i
= aportul util de caldura rezultat din
locuirea cladirii
Q
s
= aportul util de caldura provenit din
radiatia solara
Q
i
= 7, pentru cladirile de locuit
Provine din:
fluxul termic al celor care locuiesc in cladire,
utilizarea apei calde, prepararea hranei, utilizarea
energiei electrice pentru diferitele activitati,
iluminatul general, functionarea diferitelor aparate
electrice, etc..
Aportul util de caldura provenit
din radiatia solara

- Q
s
Aportul util de caldura provenit din
radiatia solara
Se considera ca provine NUMAI prin
suprafetele vitrate (ferestre si usi
exterioare prevazute cu geamuri)
Nu se tine seama de aportul provenit din
radiatia solara prin suprafetele opace
Aportul util de caldura provenit
din radiatia solara

Q
s
Aportul util de caldura provenit
din radiatia solara

Q
s
I
gj
= Radiatia solara globala
Intensitatea radiatiei solare totale
Intensitatea radiatiei solare totale
Necesarul anual de combustibil
si Emisia anuala de CO
2

Pe baza necesarului anual de caldura,
Q
an
= Q*V
inc
,determinat se pot calcula:

Necesarul anual de combustibil
Emisiile anuale de CO
2
, SO
2
, CO, NO
2
, etc
Necesarul anual de combustibil si
Emisia anuala de CO
2